1) 2) 3) 4)

TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTH INDIA: 4 styles developed Dravidian

Vesara Nayaka Vijayanagara In pallava school, temple architecture developed

PALLAVAS: Mamallapuram cave temples - panchapandava, varaha Descent of ganga and arjuna's penance Pancha pandava raths and 2 pidari raths - Narasimhavarman II

Shore temple at mamallapuram and kailasanath temple at kanchi - structural temples Kailasanth temple - barrel vaulted pyramidal tower

Pallava school of temple architecture emerged in 4 stages

STAGE I - MAHENDRA GROUP

Rock cut architecture Word mandapa is used instead of temple

STAGE II - NARASIMHA GROUP

Decoration in rock cut caves Mandapa became rathas Biggest rath - Dharmaraja rath Smallest - draupadi rath Dravidian style - dharmaraj rath was a precursor

STAGE III - RAJASIMHA GROUP

Development of real structural temples Shore temple and kailasanath temple

STAGE IV - NANDIVARMAN GROUP

Development of small temples Dravidian style continued

Vijayanagar:

Ceylon:

INDIAN ART AND

CULTURE FOR

CIVIL SERVICES

EXAMINATION

1)

2) 3) 4)

DRAVIDIAN STYLE: Oldest style of architecture

4 parts - differ according to ages in which they are executed Principal part - temple > vimana - square in plan & pyramidal proof - image of god is placed Mandapas - covers and precede the door leading to the cell Gate - pyramids, gopurams > principal features in quadrangular enclosures Pillared halls or chaultris - various purposes Dravida style of temples are founded more in southern India. Here the shikara reduces in size along certain steps and not in a curve Ex: Brihadeswara temple at tanjore - RAJARAJA I, Gangaikonda cholapuram -

RAJENDRA, SON OF RAJARAJA I Shikara is a crowning element at the top of the temple - octagonal cupola - equal to

"AMALAK" & "KALASH" of nagara style Dravidian - only one vimana, crucified ground plan, uprised platform Dravidian style started during pallavas but flourished during the rule of cholas

FUNCTIONS OF TEMPLES: Religious Administrative centre Controlling vast areas of land in terms of revenue collection Centre of education Various sources of revenues of temples - donation and revenue collection

CHOLAS: Vijayalaya - choleswara temple at Narttamalai > earliest chola temple Brihadeswara temple - great pyramidal tower (vimana) crowned by dome (kalasa) set the style for dravidian shikhara Rajendra I introduced the mahamandapa before the ardhamandapa in the Brihadeswara temple at Gangaikondacholapuram

VESARA STYLE/ CHALUKYA STYLE/ KARNATAKA STYLE Features of both Nagara and Dravidian style 2 principal components - vimana and mandapa > joined by Antarala Dont have covered ambulatory around sanctum Pillars, door frames and ceilings are carved Ex: dodda basappa temple at dambal Lad khan temple at aihole and temples at badami Developed in mid 17th century

NAYAKA STYLE Best ex - meenakshi temple at madurai Meenaksi was the daughter of a pandyan king who married Sundereswara (Siva) All the features of dravidian style are present Additional feature - prakarns Prakarn - huge corridors along with roofed ambulatory passage ways Interior carvings are seen - temple walls Tank was added Constructed with initiative of Tirumalai Mid 17th century

VIJAYANAGARA STYLE: Some variations from Dravidian style in temple architecture

1) Gopuram now enlarged 2) High enclosure walls 3) More decoration 4) Sculpture of motif of supernatural horse

God's chief wife AMMAN was provided with a separate shrine Kalyana mandapam - god and goddesses married Mandapa - 1000 pillared hall Decorative motifs like prancing horses, leoglyphs and

monsteres were added.

These additions can be seen at vittalswami temple at hampi Secular structures - vijayanagar throne room gateways in

rajasthan and entrances to wells in gujarat

Concept of secular buildings was introduced by vijayanagar empire. Ex: lotus mahal