Publications2003

anuvaada paathaalu(Lessons on Translation)

ByBudaraju Radha Krishna

© AuthorFirst Published: August, 2003

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75 75 100 50 100

1007 150 70 90 70 150 50 50 70 100 75 80 100 100 30 60 50

60 30 Damodaram Sanjivayya

and his times Dr. G.Venkat Rajam 450

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interpreter).

tenses),moods) he sat He satdown

He has abook

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(Interpreter)(Transformation), (Transcrip-tion),(Transliteration)

(Script) (Trans-literation) (Transcription)

(Transcreation)

(Source Language) (Tar-get Language)S.L.T.L. 'amma'.

(Transformation), International phoneticAlphabet (I.P.A.) (Broad), (Narrow).

(Stress),(Tonal difference)I.P.A.

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"ae, f''

(Transliteration) John

John stress) 'O' 'h'

ae f,

transliteration)

"International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)'' broad transcription, narrow transcription. diacritic marks

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capital and small letters)

concepts) x,H A+B=C

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i)

ii) DonQuixote, quixotic

(Competence) (Performance)

(Second

language)

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(Bilingual)

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(a) Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the

closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language,first in meaning and secondly in style.

(b) The replacement of textual material in one language by equiva-lent textual material in another language.

(c) Translation is the transference of the content of a text from onelanguage into another, bearing in mind that we cannot always dis-sociate the content from the form.

(d) All translation is a compromise between the effort to be literaland the effort to be idiomatic.

(e) Good translations are one of the vital necessities of our time.(f) Translation is siphoning a bottle of wine into a pail of water.

receptor = target, replacement = transference)

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Manshe is a man-hater man Young manyoungmanMinisterAmerican Negro Minister

spelling) borrowing) doubt) nation, nationality

holy spoon holy thread

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feel

break-fast, lunch, dinner

semantics) SOV) SVO)

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The translator must be a master of two languages, but have added that

his mastery must not be of the same sort in both tongues, for his knowledgeof the foreign language must be critical, while that of his own must bepractical. (Tongue

Not long ago I found myself in a small prairie town and fell into con-

versation with a bright - eyed 70 year - old farmer who asked,"Where you from, son?''I told him, "Washington''"Washington, D.C.?''"That's right.''"You've got some pretty smart fellas back there, ain't ya?'' he asked. I

nodded. "You've got some that ain't so smart, too, ain't ya?'' Again, I agreed."Damn hard to tell the difference, ain't it?'' he concluded.

("That's right''

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

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(b)

(c) The boy who fell from the tree died in the hospital

Adoptation)

Simultaneous Translation)

I (a) (b)

II (a)

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(b)

(c)

(d)

III. Text) (a) Full):

(b) Partial):

IV.

(a) Total):

(b) Restricted):

free)literal or faithful)oral),written) human), machine)collective), individual)

freetranslation)

literal translation, faithful translation Rama is a boy is word-for-word translation SVO S subject V verb O object SVO, SOV is

capital letters, small letters copula copulative languageRama a boy (verbpredica-tion

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copulativeis

(partial translation) (restricted translation).

(cultural translation)

(literary translation). moon, ship

(graphological translation)(phonological translation)

(monolingual method) (basic abstract words) (bilingual method) (grammatical translation)

Rama is a boyRama

is (contrastive study)

(lexical translation).

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idiomatic translation "This knowledge openedhis eyes" "open one's eyes''

(subjective qualities) (objective (machine translation)

I.

The average white American simply cannot fully understand what rac-ism is. Most whites interpret racism as joining lynching parties, not want-ing Negros to sit beside them in a bus, or voicing racial slurs. But modernracism is a good deal more subtle than that. It pervades our society andinfects everyone in it.

A black doctor I know is always being stopped by policemen who seea black man behind the wheel of a car with MD Plates and assume it'sstolen. Black professionals often find that when they walk into a luxury

apartment building, the doorman looks them up and down as if Jack theRipper were coming to violate every tenet in the place. Similarly, whilepolice brutality exists, many more blacks feel the weight of what we mightcall police humiliation - an overbearing manner, a refusal to show the leastpoliteness, an attitude of fear mixed with a uniform and a gun sees them assomewhat less than human.

All these occurrences are part of the black experience in WhiteAmerica, random evidence of our society's racism. Racism, in fact, is theassumption of superiority, and the arrogance that goes with it.

It also takes another, equally condescending form putting up with out-rageous behaviour from a black man simply because he is black. Early in1968 the New Left held a convention in Chicago, and a small group ofblacks - perhaps ten percent of the delegates - organized themselves into ablack caucus. The white radicals fell all over themselves trying to complywith their ridiculous demands. They gave the blacks half the conventionvotes, approved insulting resolutions, listened to wild talk that debased thepurpose for which they had assembled. This itself was a subtle kind ofracism, for the implicit assumption was that the blacks had to be humored;that no outrage was too great not to be accepted from the poor oppressedblacks.

I call this the "hit me again', guilt syndrome, and I've seen it countlesstimes. I don't happen to think that the mission of black people in America isto play this kind of game.

Racism exists less in overt acts of brutally than in the silent complicitythat preserves the status quo. If we understand that, it becomes clear thatthe federal government is the institution most responsible for its perpetua-tion. The laws passed in recent years, and the very real, determined effortsof recent administrations to break down the barriers of race and poverty,have been mere Band - Aids instead of the drastic surgery needed.

(Cancus = Jack the Ripper =

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(a)

(b) (a)

(b) (a)

(b) (a)

(b) (a)

(b)

(a) (b)

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There is no such girl like EnkiThere is no such girl like Enki

(multiple translation)

(simultaneous translation) (urgent translation)

It is an excellent brandy. itcan be relished neat or on rocks-

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'neat'On the rocksneat

(Time-oriented translation)

(Interpreter) (Interpretative translation)

(Excepton).

(Word order) The second world war was more devastating than the first

'than the first'

'than'

'Than the first' 'Than the first world war'

the was

It is said that a complaint was lodged

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It is said

flesh and bloodHe is my fleshand blood Edward Fitzerald's Rubayat of Omar Khayyam.

I.

It is a fact of life in present day America that 85 million adults-about79 percent of all men and 63 percent of all women-drink alcoholic bever-ages. One drinker in 18 (more than 4,800,000 Americans) is an outright

alcoholic. Four to five million more are "heavy'' drinkers-meaning theirconsumption is enough to cause serious personal problems. That leaves 75million of us moderate or social drinkers. We may take a cocktail or twobefore dinner, wine with a meal or a few beers at a cookout, but we seldom,if ever, come anywhere near getting drunk.

Until quite recently, such occasional imbibers were believed to sufferno permanent ill effects. Even when they did get "high'', physiologists wereconvinced, their slurred speech and slowed-up reactions evidenced only atransitory effect upon the brain and nervous system. Now, however, strongevidence indicates there is no guaranteed "safe'' level of drinking.

Let's look at what happens when we drink. Whether we swallow beeror wine or whiskey or vodka, the substance that affects us is ethyl alcohol.It is extremely soluble in the water that is the principal component of al-most all the tissues of our bodies. It is so soluble, in fact, that a part of everysip of alcohol you take is absorbed right through your tongue and gumsbefore you have time to swallow it.

Nor is the rest of it broken down or digested like ordinary foods. In-stead, it is absorbed directly into your bloodstream through your stomach'swalls or the lining of your small intestines - so rapidly that on an emptystomach fully 90 percent of it may enter your blood stream within an hour.It is quickly carried to every organ of your body - especially those which,like the brain, have a high water content and a rich blood supply.

Physiologists have established a direct relationship between the quan-tity of alcohol and the area of our brain it affects. If, for example, a 150-pound man consumes two bottles of beer on an empty stomach, the level ofalcohol dissolved in his blood will reach about .05 percent. Normal activityof the cortex, or outer layer of the brain - particularly in the centres con-cerned with worry or anxiety - will be affected. The drinker will feel falsely"lifted up'', because the inhibitions that usually hold him steady have, ineffect, been paralyzed.

If he drinks enough to raise his blood alcohol level to about .1 percent,activity in the motor centres at the back of his brain will be depressed. He'llbegin to lose the ability to control his muscles. If his blood alcohol levelrises to .2 percent, the deeper portions of his mid - brain will become af-fected and he'll become increasingly sleepy. Should the level pass .5 per-cent, the respiratory centres in the lowest part of his brain may becomeparalyzed and the drinker will pass from stupor to death.

(Ethyl alcohal

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"literal translation or faithful translation

(free translation).

I ONCE asked Ford where ideas come from. There was something likea saucer on the desk in front of him. He flipped it upside down, tapped thebottom with his fingers and said: "You know that atmospheric pressure ishitting this object at 14 pounds per sqare inch. You can't see it or feel it, butyou have to know it is happening. It's that way with ideas. The air is full ofthem. They are knocking you on the head. You only to know what you want,then forget it and go about your business. Suddenly the idea you want willcome through. It was there all the time.''

One day I saw this work. At lunch, Ford was talking to me and WilliamJ.Cameron, who did the company's radio broadcasts, when his tall bodystiffended; the expression of his face, which had been lively, changed to thatof a sleepwalker, and he said to no one in particular, "Ah-h! I'am not reallythinking about that at all!''

With no other word he rose and walked rapidly away. An idea he hadbeen wanting had come through, and he had gone to do something about it.Cameron said, "That happens often. We may not see him again for a week.''

Ford was persuaded by someone to set up a statistical department. Ayear later he ruthlessly abolished it. He found it had grown to a huge bureau-and he knew the nature of bureaus. They grow like demon weeds. It you cutone down to half size, a year later it will be twice as big. The only way tocontrol it is to kill it.

He said that statisticians' facts are dead before they are written down,and that by the time a large collection of facts on any subject has been as-sembled their value has so changed that they are a record of the past and areuseless, even dangerous, as guides to the future. The only facts he caredabout were the ones he found as he moved forward.

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(Indo-Aryan)

(Contrastive linguistics or grammar)

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All over England the Allied airborne armies boarded their planes andgliders. The pathfinder planes had already left. Over at the 101st AirborneDivision's headquarters at Newbury, General Eisenhower, with a small groupof officers and four correspondents, watched the first planes get into posi-tion for take - off. He was more worried about the airborne operation thanany other phase of the assault. Some of his commanders were convinced thatthe airborne. assault might result in upward of 75 percent casualties.

Eisenhower stood watching now as the planes trundled down the run-ways and lifted slowly into the air. One by one they followed each other intothe darkness. Above the field they circled as they assembled in formation.Eisenhower, his hands deep in his pockets. gazed up into the night sky. Asthe huge formation of planes roared once more over the field and headedtoward France, the NBC correspondent looked at the Supreme Commander.Eisenhower's eyes were filled with tears.

Minutes later, over the Channel, the men of the invasion fleet heard theroar of the planes, too. It grew louder by the second as wave after wavepassed overhead. The formations took more than an hour to pass. Then thethunder of their engines began to fade. On the decks of the ships the mengazed up into the darkness. Nobody could say a word. And then as the lastformation flew over, an amber light blinked down through the clouds on thefleet below. Slowly it flashed out in Morse code three dots and a dash: V forVictory.

t

f f f X Z =f -

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Ls Ls

Thomas (John (Plato (Balzac (Jespersen (Aristotle (Archemedis (

MitterandJean Paul SartreDas kapital (Micrographia (America (Europe (Briton (Italy (France (Canada (Moscow (New York (London (Feudalism (prorogue (Curfew (Chromosomes (Vitamin (Petrol(Restorant (

Psychology P P Spelling)

Bombay DelhiMadras

ae

(a) Transliteration)

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Fan= Film= Cinema=

(b) Transcription) Rousseau

Ground War CarnageOn February 23, 1991, with the ground war, a new phase of the killing

began, one that we may never have reliable numbers about. Some intima-tions of the kind of massacre that took place for instance on the Kuwait-Basra highway-appeared briefly in the Western press, particularly from Feb-ruary 26 to 28. Subsequently, there has been little news and few descrip-tions of the killing.

On March 1, the New York Times reported that neither the Iraqi mis-sion to the United Nations nor the representative of the International RedCross at the United Nations had figures on Iraqi casualties. The Ambassa-dor of Saudi Arabia has said the Saudi military estimated that 85,000 to100,000 "enemy combatants'' were dead or wounded. The U.S. led coali-tion has refused to give numbers on Iraqi dead. On December 27, 1990,speaking of the Iraqi troops on the southern Kuwaiti front, General NormanSchwarzkopf said that "there's a very large number of dead in these units, avery, very, large number of dead.'' Asked if there would be an accounting,he said: "No, there will never be an exact count''.

The U.S. military command had made it clear that the military wouldattack fleeing Iraqi troops. What must be remembered is that the retreating

Iraqis could hardly be described as "combatants''; they were tired,demoralised, bedraggled people running for their lives, "fleeing peasants'',as one scholar has characterised them.

On February 26, after Saddam Hussain had announced a "withdrawal''-what in reality was large scale and disorderly flight. George Bush said thatalthough the U.S. led coalition would not attack unarmed retreating sol-diers. "We have no choice but to consider retreating combat units as a threatand respond accordingly. Anything else would risk additional U.S. and al-lied casualities. The deaths of fleeing Iraqi soldiers, mere Iraqi deaths were,of course, acceptable. On the same day, Brig, Gen. Neal confirmed thatU.S. led coalition forces "are attacking and continuing to attack a retreatingforce'' and that "we're outflanking them, outmaneuvering them and destroy-ing them in place''.

Reports of the carnage on the Kuwait-Basra highway on February 26indicate that it was a scene of massive and inhuman killing of panic-strikenpeople. These are from some reports from Kuwait. They were not followedup with detailed stories; a comprehensive account of this phase of the kill-ing is yet to be published, if ever it will be.

All night long, American war planes pummelled Iraqi tanks, armouredpersonnel carriers and trucks on the road leading north from Kuwait City asthey sought to reach Basra. The movement created a column 25 to 30 mileslong, three or four abreast in places, and except for a few surface to airmissiles they were defenceless against the F-15, F-11 and F-16 fighter -bombers that came at them, wave after wave along with Navy planes, in thewind and driving rain. It was like Armageddon, an Air Force officer said.(New York Times, February 27, 1991).

****Lt. Brain Kasperbauer, 30, a U.S. pilot who flew on a mission over the

jammed roads yesterday, said the Iraqis were easy targets for his clustermunitions, and iron bombs. "This morning it was bumper-to-bumper''.Kasperbauer told a pool reporter, "It was the road to Daytona Beach atspring break. Just bumper-to-bumper, Spring break's is over''. (BostonGlobe, February 7, 1991).

****The terrible punishment the (Iraqi) army has taken is visible all along

the 620 mile route from Kuwait City to the border town of Safwan. Theroad is choked with burned out vehicles and littered with dead bodies.

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Where the road passes Multa Ridge, a large Iraqi fortification near Jahracommanding the Kuwait City-Basra highway, there is a mile-long, impass-able mass of devastated tanks, trucks, tankers and looted vans and cars -anything the Iraqis could use to escape from the city. As they fled on Tues-day night they were attacked by the allied airforce and later by a U.S.armoured brigade. The result is what amounts to a massacre. Thousands ofvehicles are jammed together, destroyed by rockets and cluster bombs orwrecked as they smashed into each other in panic. As the first vehicles werehit, the ones behind piled up behind them. Many drove off into the deserton the side of the road in a futile attempt to escape the slaughter. There aretoo many corpses to count. Many of the dead are charred at the controls.Others have been incinerated beyond recognition. The rest are lying be-tween the vehicles, some covered with the cheap blankets they took withthem. Judging by the scene, with vehicles pointing in all directions, it ishard to believe they were offering any resistance when they were hit. (Fi-nancial Times, March 2/3, 1991).

Even if the world is not informed for a long time of the complete num-bers of casualties, the numbers of dead will eventually be known, fromthose who wait for them in the homes to which they shall not return. (Front-line, May 11-24, 1991).

(Armageddon: Daytona Beach:

Brother elder, younger uncle Maternal, paternal aunt cousin Nephew, niece

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exclusive), 'we', cow, ox, bull she-buffalo, he-buffalo mist, dew, frost, snow, ice, sleet, slush Purple, blue, green, yellow,orange, red, pink, grey, brown, violet, indigo green,yellow pink, red, scar-let grey, purple

divorce, parent, widower Sentiment, extrovert, introvert, feel, pub-lic, private introvert

house, home marriage, wedding Air, wind,breeze

temple He hit him onthe temple Man Youngman Man hater ManOld manOld wine Time What is the time? timeMany times

The word came from thehorse's mouth horse's mouth bull's eye, fall in love

Non-alignment policy Whitepaper demands time capsule

to resign to arrest to transfer to nationalise Illegal unofficial

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(a) The year's Biggest Clearance sale ever offered by co-optex: Fabu-lous Reduction on Select Varieties.

(b) Needle sharp pictures. Colours so natural, you can feel the skintones and the lush greens. The sound that can capture the liveexcitement. Own the BPL-TV & Video. With the best track-recordof reliability in the industry.BPL- The name is the guarantee.

SOV (Subject-Object-Verb)(Indo-Aryan)

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SVO (Subject - Verb - Object)

Rama gave a book to Gopal

'He doctor''He is adoctor''She is a teacher' He went home (active) (passive) 'This house is built by me'

relative construc-tions The boy whocame yesterday went away.

'I have faith in what you say' (direct) (indirect) that

Gopal said that he will go

"With the clarity and brilliance of genius, this work outlines a newworld conception, committed to materialism, which also embraces the realmof social life, dialectics, as the most comprehensive and proposed doctrineof development, the theory of the class struggle and of the world - historicrevolutionary role of the proleteriate - the creater of a new communist soci-ety''

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(deep) (surface) Visiting relatives can be a nuisance (Immediate constituents):

Tall boys and girls are going. Tallboysboysgirls

I have learnt my lession (my)

articles

He is a good boy

I rented the house to him

"The moon is essentially gray, no color,'' Lovell reported. "Looks likeplaster of paris, or sort of grayish deep sand. We can see quite a bit ofdetail. Langrenus is quite a huge crater. It's got a central cone to it. Thewalls of the crater are terraced - about six or seven terraces on the waydown.''

On Christmas Eve, during their ninth circuit of the moon, theastronanuts presented the longest and most impressive of the mission's sixtelecasts. "This is Apollo 8 coming to you live from the moon,'' reportedBorman, focusing the TV camera on the lunar surface drifting by below."The moon is a different thing to each of us. My own impression is that it's

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a vast, forbidding type expanse of nothing. It looks rather like clouds andclouds of pumice stone. It would not appear to be a very inviting place tolive or work.''

Lovell: The loneliness up here is awe-inspiring, and it makes you real-ize just what you have back there on earth. The earth from here is a grandoasis in the great vastness of space.''

Anders: "The horizon is very stark. The sky is pitchblack, and themoon is quite light. The contrast between the sky and the moon is a vividdark line.''

As the Apollo spacecraft sped toward the terminator (the continuouslymoving line that divides the day and night hemi-spheres of the moon), thesun dropped from directly overhead toward the horzon, lengthening shad-ows and bringing out more surface detail. Anders observed that the Sea ofCrises was "amazingly smooth as far as the horizon.''

(natural gender) (grammatical gender)

moon"The moon has hidden her face behind clouds' his face spring shipship she it, he

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hundred, thousand five hundred rupees,five thousand people.

trousers, pants, scissorsNews peoplepeoplespeople peoples Five thousand people couple

you 'you' Came

'He is suffering from fever'frompreposition 'He is writing with pen,Gopi is going with Ramu' 'with'preposi-tion'from'with 'in'preposition 'in'

He has faith in his friend.

We will have to go a little ahead of time.His name was mentioned at the lecture.What have you done with the book?He is absent from the class.

(times), (moods)

He is working.

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He has been working for the last ten years.He works in a newspaper.'is working', 'has been working', 'works'

I worked there.Those days I worked there.Rama is sittingI am suffering from fever

I am just coming

PrayerLord, thou knowest better than I know myself that I am growing older,

and will some day be old.

Keep me from getting talkative, and particularly from the fatal habit ofthinking. I must say something on every subject and on every occasion.

Release me from craving to try to straighten out everybody's affairs.Keep my mind free from the recital of endless details - give me wings

to get to the point..I ask for grace enough to listen to the tales of others' pains. Help me to

endure them with patience. But seal my lips on my own aches and pains -they are increasing and my love of rehearsing them is becoming sweeter asthe years go by.

Teach me the glorious lesson that occasionally it is possible that I maybe mistaken.

Keep me reasonably sweet, I do not want to be a saint - some of themare so hard to live with - but a sour old woman is one of the crowning worksof the devil.

Make me thoughtful, but not moody, helpful, but not bossy. With myvast store of wisdom, it seems a pity not to use it all - but Thou knowest,Lord, that I want a few friends at the end.

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Child's play = Crocodile's tears = Broken hearted = Bird's eye view = To throw mud = Ups and downs of life = To throw dust into one's eyes =

Cold war = Iron curtain = Black market

to build castles in the air

To add fuel to flame = To rain cats and dogs =

Cock and bull story =

To lick the boots = He does not know a b c =

Bull's eye, Horse's mouth

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He hit the bull's eye = The word came fromthe horse's mouth = To findoneself in hot water

dead as dodo to beat black and blue to go to dogs to have at one's finger's ends he fell in love with her

fell in love with

It requires two hands to clap = Empty vessel makes much noise =

Familiarity breeds contempt -

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Killing two birds with one stone Barking dogs seldom bite All is well that ends well Cut your coat according to your cloth A bird in hand is worth two in the bush;

All that glitters is not gold; Affection blinds reason; Health is wealth; A drop in the ocean; Out of the frying-pan

into the fire;

I.

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.Beggars and borrowers could not be choosers.Prevention is better than cure.

Example is better than preceptEvery thing looks yellow to a jaundiced eyeEven death cannot be had for the askingIt is no use crying over spilt milkMake hay while the sun shinesToo many cooks spoil the brothThe wine is the master's but the goodness of it is the butler's.

II. At arm's length.Afraid of one's own shadow.To let the cat out of the bag.Back bite blow hot and coldBurn one's fingerA feather in one's capMind one's own businessHouse of cards play one's cards well

III.

IV.

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rest room taxicab Liftelevator nation, nationality time many times two times tone), stress)

se-mantics) synchronic or descriptive) , 2. diachronic or his-torical) 3. comparative) .

idi-oms), polynyms), homonyms), synonyms) time He did not speak of you Very well Knowing that he is coming... That is another thing. There is no alternative.

word, promise, opin-ion, rumour

lady; car

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semantic change) opinion accident

(a) extension or generalization of meaning):

(b) restriction or specialization of meaning):

(c) degradation of meaning):

(d) elevation of meaning):

(e) transfer of meaning):

inference), guess (

interior).

time, occasion).

necessity (bit, proper, right).

free (body (

dead body) nationality

Z Z 8180

uncle, aunt,cousin, nephew, niece uncle uncle All the five of his uncles came for dinner uncles uncles

A Study of Telugu sementics

baptism of blood, witch - hunt, one's Waterloo, Holy spirit, evil spirit, cross,demon

snow, fog, ice, dew, mist, smog

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sunbreakfast, lunch, supper, dinner

aunt brother uncle widow widowerwidowwidowerdivorcee

inn,fort, castle, knight

I.

White paper ReferenceClass war RejoinderUnderground ProclamationDemand CommuniqueCrossing the floor DespatchNon-alignment policy Endorsement

II. Px for Romance

When I met Sandra I was taking meprobamate, one tablet before eachmeal and two at bedtime. By coincidence she was also on tranquilizers,same dosage. On our first date we fell calmy in love. Before long I wasdown to one tablet twice daily, and she only had to take a half tablet everynow and then as needed, for relaxation.

When our romance grew more feverish I began to take a multivitamincapsule once daily before breakfast, and she went back on tranquilizers,one tablet before each meal and two at bedtime.

Every weekend I wined and dined her-she grew chubby and my uncleflared up. She began taking an appetite suppressant, one capsule daily andI an antacid gel, two tablespoons one hour after each meal.

On a skiing weekend we both caught deep chest colds, and the resortdoctor placed us on an elixir of terpin hydrate compound, one teaspoonevery four hours, as indicated, for cough. It was great sitting around the firein the lodge, sipping terpin hydrate, dreaming our little dreams.

At Christmas we exchanged pillboxes. We announced our engagementin February. Two days before the wedding, she got into a terrible argumentwith her mother over the invitation list and brokeout in the worst case ofhives her doctor had ever seen. He prescribed an antihistamine capsuleevery eight hours and renewed her tranquilizer prescription, one tablet be-fore each meal and two at bedtime. The next day she disappeared. I re-ceived a postcard from her a week later stating that she had eloped with herpharmacist.

I am now taking an antidepressant, two tablets before each meal andthree at bedtime. So far they haven't worked.

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(Concepts) (Technical terms)

(root) (metallurgy)

(Concepts)

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X,

Q, X, Y, Z voltmetre

binomial nomenclature) Hibiscus reosa Sinensis) Capital letter)

'wavelength'

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etymology) element) hydrogen hydra gen oxygen)

organic chemistryinorganic chemistry carbon) inorganic carbon inorganic chemistryelemental chemistry)

Eugene Wuster) basic concepts) most advanced researchlevel)

borrowing languages) fraud on constitution) Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology).

Z Z 9392

Pan - Indian terminology)

organised sector)

I

The Violent SunThe sun's power staggers the imagination. In one second this star of

ours (and the sun is, after all, a star-just one of an estimated 100 billion inthe Milky Way) radiates more energy than man has used since the begin-ning of civilization! It delivers to us in a few days as much heat and light aswould be produced by burning the earth's entire oil and coal reserves, andall the wood of its forests. Yet what earth receives is only one half of onebillionth of the sun's total radiant energy!

What makes the sun shine so brilliantly? The now accepted answer:atomic energy. The nuclei, or cores, of hydrogen atoms collide, and unite -

to form helium nuclei. As the union is accomplished, bursts of energy aregiven off.

This nuclear fusion goes on at, atomically speaking, a slow pace. Thesun may be considered as a very slow - burning hydrogen bomb. Only be-cause it is so large is its total production of energy so enormous. Pound forpound, the sun actually produces less energy than the human body - twocalories per pound daily, while the average human body generates aboutten.

Man's study of the sun was long seriously hampered by the earth'smurky, shimmering atmosphere, which distorts light beams and blots outthe sun's X rays as well as much of its ultra-violet and infrared radiation.But in 1946 rockets became available to carry telescopes and spectrographsabove the atmosphere. (I currently direct the solar rocket astronomy pro-gram at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washigton, D.C.). Nowsatellites point instruments steadily at the sun. Huge radar transmittersbounce beams off the swollen outer atmosphere of the sun to probe its struc-ture and movement. Meanwhile, with the optical spectroscope, we can ana-lyze light arriving from 93 million miles away and tell what the sun is madeof, just as accurately as if we had a sample in the laboratory.

Triangulating with other celestial objects, astronomers have gaugedthe size of the sun accurately. It has a diameter of 864,000 miles - com-pared with earth's 8000. It could hold 1,300,000 earths!

The spectrum shows that the sun consists principally of hydrogen. Hy-drogen atoms are roughly ten times as abundant there as helium, 1000 timesas abundant as carbon, nitrogen or oxygen, which are so common on earth.Except for this over abundance of hydrogen and helium, the chemical com-position of the solar atmosphere is much the same as that of earth's crust.

Although the density at its center must be about 11.4 times that oflead, the sun remains entirely gaseous. That is, the atoms are free to moveabout, unlike those in a solid, which are fixed in a regular pattern. Spots onthe sun show us that it rotates from east to west, and in a very peculiar way:different parts spin at various speeds. A spot close to the equator, for ex-ample, completes a rotation in 25 days; the polar zone may take 34 days.Most of the changing features observed on the surface of the sun must berelated in some way to this contortion.

When astronomers examine the sun with a solar telescope, its edgeappears sharp, as if it marked a definite surface. This apparent surface is in

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fact a transparent, higly luminous layer of gas about 200 miles thick, calledthe photosphere. From it comes most of the light we get. Outside lie twoother layers - a region of flamelike outbursts of gas, called the chromo-sphere, and an almost endless outer atmosphere called the corona.

The surface temperature is about 57000C. But we have good reason tobelieve that at the sun's center, close to half a million miles deep, pressurereaches 100 billion atmospheres, and to produce such pressure, gas must beheated to about 16,000,0000. A pinhead of material at that temperaturewould emit enough heat to kill a man 100 miles away.

checkup) clarifying); 3. condensing); 'Brevity is the soul of wit'

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nevertheless, however, provided,notwithstanding

flash back method)

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'U.N. has been marginalised'

- interview with Natwar SinghWhat has the war done to the power equations in the interna-

tional arena and what are the chances of lasting peace in the Gulfregion? Representatives of three main stream Indian political par-ties give their views on post-war scene and on questions of India'sforeign policy in this context.

Excerpts from an interview with K.Natwar Singh, former Min-ister of State for Foreign Affairs, gave Hasan Suroor:

Frontline: Now that the war is over, how do you look at thesituation in the Gulf?

Natwar singh: We would like the U.N. to play a more centralrole in the post-war situation. This is not happening. There is someU.N. involvement on the humanitarian side but not on the politicalfront. Resolution 679 adopted on March 3 does not mention any-thing about it. It is silent on the role of the U.N.Q: What kind of role? Would you like a U.N. peace keeping

force in the region, for example?A: Yes, kuch to hona chahiye (there should be something)... a U.N.

peacekeeping force or some sort of role to monitor the disen-gagement of forces.

Q: How do you see India's role in any post - war scenario?A: We are by any account a major country and we have been very

active in foreign affairs for a long time. At this crucial juncturewhere there is a very serious crisis not too far from us, we arenot playing a role. People ask what we would have done if our

party (the Congress-I) had been in power. We could have done agreat deal. The Non-aligned Movement did not become activetill September 10, five weeks after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwaiton August 2. As far as the V.P.Singh Government was concernedfrom August 2 to 17 nobody moved. The foreign minister leftfor Moscow on August 17 and after visiting Washington andNew York arrived in Baghdad on the 21st or 22nd. If the Con-gress (I) had been in office, then Rajiv Gandhi, I think, wouldhave certainly got together a group of senior non - aligned lead-ers and within two or three days - by August 4 or 5 - taken adelegation to Baghdad, Moscow, New York and Washington andproduced a plan on behalf of the non - aligned countries whichwould have set people thinking and also attracted the interest ofthe Chinese, who abstained from voting on Resolution 678, theFrench and the Soviets.You see NAM lacks effective leadership. Yugoslavia which isthe current Chairman has serious domestic problems. The nexusbetween domestic and foreign policies is very close. If the do-mestic scene is not cohesive and there is disharmony and disar-ray, your foreign policy cannot be cohesive and forceful. This isthe case with Yugoslavia and with us. This is a tragic situation.

Q: Now that the domestic uncertainties are likely to continueand probably grow, what role do you see for India?

A: Some people have been critising Rajiv Gandhi's visit to Mos-cow and so on. But at least people are now conscious that thereis an Indian point of view.

Q: What now?A: We are in the U.N. Security Council. We have a very experi-

enced man there but he has to act on instructions from NewDelhi, and now what advice he is getting we don't know. Yousee, you have to take a position in the Security Council. If thereis going to be a U.N. group on humanitarian help we should tryto be a part of it. If there is going to be a discussion about afuture security set up, we can't be indifferent to it. India shouldbe able to articulate its vision.

Q: What kind of security set-up do you envisage?A: One thing, no outside forces should stay there. That is one pos-

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sibility. But then that doesn't seem likely because the U.N. Se-curity Council resolution does not mention it. We want that thereshould be a U.N presence in the region. Aaakhir pehle bhi tohua hai. Korea mein hua hai, Gaza mein hua hai, Congo meinhua hai, Cyprus mein hua hai. (After all, this has happened be-fore. It has happened in Korea, in Gaza, in Congo, in Cyprus).The U.N. Secretary - General should take some initiative. He isnot being effective.

Q: Do you see some sort of a Western presence in the Gulf forsome time to come?

A: As of today, indications are that there will be Western presenceand if there is an Arab instrumentality, it will be working closelywith the multinational forces.

Q: For how long will this last?A: It is difficult to say about the duration but it could last for some-

time if the U.N. does not come up with something.Q: There is talk about an Arab peacekeeping force.A: The Arab world is divided. Divisions are clear. So an Arab

peacekeeping force will be partisan, consisting of Syria, Egypt,Saudi Arabia and so on. Here, countries like India and Iran haveroom for taking an initiative. This is a great challenge.

Q: Are we equipped to face the challenge?A: At this moment we are not. It is a sad situation. We are being

marginalised, and then NAM is being marginalised. It failed tocome up with a viable alternative. May be if the Soviet Unionhad taken a different position, things would have been differ-ent.

Q: How is Iraq placed now?A: Only the Government can tell us about the situation. But at the

moment there seems to be no viable substitute instrumentalityavailable in Iraq. What is more important is that we must knowSaddam Hussain's assumptions. If he had to accept all the 12U.N resolutions and vacate Kuwait, why didn't he do it on Janu-ary 15? We have to look into all this.

Q: So you think he is going to stay...A: Looks like it. After all, he has survived this tremendous up-

heaval.

Q: How does Israel emerge from all this?A: One of the miscalculations of Iraq was that Israel would be pro-

voked to join (the war). That didn't happen. Israel conducteditself with skill and restraint, and it has benefited in the sensethat it got more U.S. aid and arms. The Palestine LiberationOrganisation (PLO), on the other hand, has emerged with in-creased problems mainly because of its identification with Iraq.

Q: What about the Palestine question? Is it going to be re-solved?

A: Saddam Hussain has been able to bring it on the agenda and itwill stay on the agenda. But there is no mention of it in the U.Nresolution. We and several other countries want an internationalconference on Palestine and the U.N. must act. So it has been amixed bag for the Palestine cause.

Q: What is going to be the shape of the Arab world?A: It is going to be more divided. Stability in the region will de-

pend on what happens in Iraq and Kuwait.Q: Do you think fundamentalist forces will become stronger as

a reaction against the West?A: Yes, this is one of the possibilities; whether the anti-West con-

frontation will take a religious from - Islam versus Christianity.Q: Does the prospect of a stronger and more hawkish America

worry you?A: For countries like India, it is a new situation; and it is a worry-

ing situation in the sense that the U.N. has been marginalised.We have to act in a mature, balanced, sober and level - headedmanner bearing in mind our vital interests.

Frontline, March 16-29, 1991.

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ae

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f' f Copy: Coffee)

hybridization of language)

be, is, are'

that...which'

'passive construction' it is said'

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working papers(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v)

(vi)

Americans are queer people: they can't rest. They have more time,more leisure, shorter hours, more holidays and more vocations than anyother people in the world. But they rush up and down across their continentas tourists: they move about in great herds to conventions; they invade thewilderness, they flood the mountains, they keep the hotels full. But theycan't rest. The scenery rushes past them. They learn it, but they don't see it.Battles and monuments are announced to them in a rubberneck bus. Theyhear them, but they don't get them. They never stop moving.

Americans are queer people: they can't read. They have more schoolsand better schools than all Europe. But they can't read. They print morebooks in one year than the French print in ten. But they can't read. They buyeagerly thousands of new novels. But they read only page one. The lastAmerican who sat down to read died in the days of Henry Clay.

Americans are queer people: they can't drink. They have a fierce wishto be sober: and they can't. They pass fierce laws against themselves, shutthemselves up, shoot themselves; and they can't stay sober and they can'tdrink. They got this mentality straight out of home life in Ohio, copiedfrom the wild spree and the furious repentance of the pioneer farmer. Thenation keeps it yet. It lives among red specters, broken bottles, weepingchildren, barrooms and broken oaths.

Americans are queer people: they can't play. They want their work assoon as they wake. It is a stimulant- the only one they're not afraid of. Theyeat all night, dance all night, build buildings all night, make a noise all

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night. They can't play. They try to, but they can't. They turn football into afight, baseball into a lawsuit, and yatching into machinery. The little chil-dren can't play: they use mechanical toys instead- toy industrial depressionof infantile dullness. The grown up people can't play: they use a mechanicalgymnasium and a clockwork horse. They can't run: they use a car. Theycan't laugh: they hire a comedian and watch him laugh.

Americans are queer people: they don't give a damn. All the worldwrites squibs like this about them and they don't give a damn. Foreign visi-tors come and write them up; they don't give a damn. Lecturers lecture atthem; they don't care. They are told they have no art, no literature and nosoul. They never budge. Moralists cry over them, criminologists dissectthem, writers shoot epigrams at them, prophets foretell the end of them;and they never move. Seventeen brilliant books analyze them every month:they don't read them. The Chinese look on them as full of Oriental cunning;the English accuse them of British stupidity; the Scotch call them close -fisted; the Italians say they are liars: the French think their morals loose; theSoviets call them ruthless.

But that's all right. The Americans don't give a damn; don't need to-never did need to. That is their salvation.

(Pseudo - translation). (Cf. Michael Girdansky's "The Adventure of Language' - 1963, pub. GeorgeAllen & Unwin Ltd., London).

(mistranslation).demanderask;demand demand exiger

(Close resemblance of sound) 'barbarous' barboroi

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(illusory equivalence) (troop) (Hamilton) barber's street Pycroft road Crop -

Damascus - Alexander - Max Muller - Karl Marx - France - Portugese -

taboo/tabu

(ambiguity)

(implicit), (explicit) (mistakes of implicitand explicit information) (reduction),(expansion)

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(overlapping)(underlapping)

(subjectivity) (totally objective qualities) (untrans-latable).

"When I was very young and the urge to be some place else was onme,'' wrote John Steinbeek,

"I was assured by mature people that maturity would cure this itch.When years described me as mature, the remedy prescribed was middleage. In middle age I was assured that greater age would calm my fever, andnow that I am 58 perhaps senility will do the job. Nothing has worked. Fourhoarse blasts of a ship's whistle still raise the hair on my neck and set myfeet to tapping. The sound of a jet, an engine warming up, even the cloppingof shod hooves on pavement brings on the ancient shudder, the dry mouth

and vacant eye, the hot palms and the churn of stomach high up under therib cage. In other words, I don't improve. In further words, once a bumalways a bum. I fear the disease is incurable.''

When Herbert Bayard Swope was city editor of the New York World

he sat on a dias in the city room and took beguilingly possessive attitudetoward the news. "Who is covering my subway accident?'' he would shout,he would shout "who is covering my murder?''

Once he looked out of a window on a wintry day, frowned and barkedat an assistant, ""who is covering my snowstorm?''

The Alchemy of Woman

In the original Sanskrit, the creation of Woman by Tvashtri-the vulcanof Hindu mythology-is described thus: "He took the lightness of the leafand the glance of the fawn, the gaiety of the sun's rays and the tears of themist, the inconsistancy of the wind and the timidity of the hare, the vanityof the peacock and the softness of the down on the throat of the swallow. Headded the harshress of the diamond, the sweet flavour of honey, the crueltyof the tiger, the warmth of fire and the chill of snow. He added the chatter ofthe joy and the cooing of the turtle dove. He melted all his and formed awoman. "Then he made a present of her to man.''

Character Reference

The bridge - club members were discussing half - forgotten boy friendsof years long gone. A name was mentioned. "What was he like?". "Well,''said one, "I think you'll know when I tell you this. Sometimes a big gang ofus would go on picnics to a remote beach area. We girls solve the undress-ing problem by forming a circle around the one who was changing into herswimsuit, and take turns. We'd tell the boys to put their hands over theireyes and not peek. And Jack would do it''.

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(examina-tion of over - all length) Rama is a boy

(method of examiningexpansion or reduction).

(error analysis)

(re-translation or back translation)

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(Balzac)'Droll Stories'(machine translation) 'flesh and blood' 'meatand blood'

(alternative translation)

(aesthetic consideration)(subjectivity) (Edward Fitzerald, 1809-83)"Rubayats of Omarkhayyam''

(objective study) 'No man evertranslates; he can only transcreate'

(readability)

(faithfulness to origi-nal)

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(Cultural transference)

(i) Moscow is still astonishingly clean, and has no smog. This is

because the authorities have modernized or transferred some ofthe most insalubrious factories. The city's gas is piped in from theUkraine and the Caucasus, or from Saratov, 450 miles away onthe Volga. During winter the snow is removed from the streets byno fewer than 1500 trucks and other vehicles. Together with thou-sands of street cleaners, many of them women, wielding rough,tousled brooms. Muscovites seem to have a passion for coveringthings up to keep them clean; parked automobiles are often pro-tected by a large slipcover, like a raincoat, and on Soviet aircraftmost passengers encase their luggage in removable fabric jack-ets.

(ii) Alcohol is still a problem - one which has recently become moreacute. For a long time, authorities hoped that alcoholism would

gradually disappear. Who, in a ""perfect'' classless society, wouldwant to relieve tensions or blot things out with alcohol? A 25percent rise in the sale of vodka (a government monopoly) wasrecorded a year or so ago, after introduction of the five - dayweek. Presumably, many workers found nothing much else to doin their increased leisure time. The city maintains "drunk tanks''to which police take the obviously intoxicated. There the citizen,receives a "cure'', and is cleaned up and released the next morn-ing, having had to pay a substantial fee.

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(concepts)

Droll stories

Fitzerald

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thigh

(transfer of code/ information)

(copyright)

(Simultaneous translation)

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(concept) (infinite) - (finite). (One-to-one corre-spondence)

(abstract concept);

machine translation)

flesh andblood meat and blood

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"Mind-less Slovenly amateur Translator'

T

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'English'

1961: Arrowsmith, William & Shattuck, Rogar (Edd.): Craft and Con-

text of Translation, Univ. of Texas.

1963: Girdansky, Michael: The Adventures of Language, George Allen& Unwin Ltd., London.

1967: Catford, J.C.: Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford Univ.Press, London.

1968: Savory, Theodore: The Art of Translation, Oxford Univ. Press,London.

1969: Nida Eugune A: Language Structure and Translation, StanfordUniv., California.

1973: Smeaton, Hunter B: Lexical Expansion due to Technical change,Moliana Univ., Bloomington.

1980: Sagar, J.C. (Ed.): International Journal of Sociology of Language(IJSL), Vol. 23, Mouton, The Hague.

1981: Newmark, Peter: Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Press,Oxford.

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