Telling the Story: Ancient and Modern

Telling the Story: Ancient and Modern

7th Grade

BULLIS MIDDLE SCHOOL

Ancient

Golden AgeGreeks

Students researched famous ancient Greeks and created annotated bibliographies of their lives and works. Then in English classes, they transformed these bibliographies into biographic essays telling the story of a Golden Age Greek.

The Life and Works of a Golden Age Greek From Annotated Bibliography to Five Paragraph Essay

1. Choose a famous Greek form the Golden Age (5th and 4th centuries B.C)- Lottery

2. Begin research with the Specialized Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of World Biography, in our Bullis database

3. Find 4 other sources (General Encyclopedia, Specialized Encyclopedia or Website) using our Bullis database or the internet (Website articles must be .Gov, .Edu, or .org)

4. Enter citations into NoodleTools Software Program as sources are found

5. Write a 5 sentence annotation summarizing information about the life or works of the person for each source (also done in NoodleTools Program)

(cont.)

Golden Age Greeks: The Process

PRESENTED BY CHRIS GUTSCHICK

AND BRANDON RABOVSKY

Featured Greeks include:

Herodotus

Pericles

Socrates

Phidias

Thucydides

Protagoras

Aristotle

Hippocrates

Sophocles

Meander

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6. Export the final bibliography to a word document and print

7. Transform the annotated bibliography from History class into a five-paragraph essay for English class which tells a short story of the person’s life

4

During the Golden Age of Greece, there lived a Greek historian who was known for his books. Herodotus was one of the most famous historians of his time. Most everyone in southeast Europe read his most famous book named The Histories.

Herodotus, a Greek historian, was born in Halicarnassus (in modern day Turkey) around 485 B.C. As a young boy, a tyrant named Lygdamis forced Herodotus and his family out of Halicarnassus. Herodotus moved to the island of Samos, but later he returned to Halicarnassus to help overthrow the tyrant. Visiting Syria, Babylon, Egypt, and Palestine, he discovered a great passion for trading, writing, transportation, and culture. Around 450 B.C. Herodotus went to live in Athens. He later moved to Thurii in southern Italy where he died in 430 B.C.

Herodotus: The Embellishing Historian

AN ESSAY BY JEREMY ABRAMS

PRESENTED WITH NOAH NWOSU

Dalby, Andrew. "Herodotus." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Ed. Solomon H. Katz. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 198. World History In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.

"Herodotus." Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University, Jan. 1999. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ ancient/eb11-herodotus.asp>.

"Herodotus." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 330-333. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

“Herodotus." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2001. World History In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2013.

Starr, Chester G. "Herodotus (c. 485–430 B.C.)." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.

5

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-herodotus.asp




Herodotus wrote literatures, which were enjoyed by a lot of people. One of his first pieces, The Histories, was written about the peaceful and warlike interactions between the Greeks and Persians. A lot of his most popular stories were often biographies about kings, physicians, athletes, merchants, priests, and cooks. Book Two of Herodotus’ s Histories was written about the Egyptians and North Africans while books One and Three included information on Babylonia, Lydia, and other Persian provinces. Herodotus was known to be a writer who over exaggerated because of lack of knowledge of what he was writing about.

The works produced by Herodotus were mainly focused on Greek battles and wars. Herodotus’s Fourth and Fifth book covered information about the Ionian Revolt. The Persian mission to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon was a passion of Herodotus to write about.

Herodotus was greatly influenced by his ancestors. Herodotus excelled in his chosen profession and left a legacy.

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During the Golden Age of Greece, Pericles was a famous politician and general for Athens. He accomplished unbelievable achievements in his long life.

Pericles was famous for creating the Athenian Empire. Pericles built amazing temples and statues on the Acropolis, including the famous Parthenon. In addition, he is remembered for his contribution to the arts. In 472 BC, he put together the chorus for the play The Persians created by Aeschylus. He hired the sculptor Phidias to begin work on the Statue of Athena. Another role Pericles played was a diplomat. He was responsible for negotiating several peace treaties with the enemies of Athens. He reached a peace agreement with the Persians in 449 B.C. In addition, he developed a thirty year peace treaty with Sparta, which enabled the Spartans to accept the Athenian Empire. After these two peace treaties were put in motion, the Athenians focused on dealing with the cities of their empire.

The Life and Works of Pericles

AN ESSAY BY DEAN AHDAB

PRESENTED WITH ALEC MCINTOSH

"Pericles." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 12. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 219-221. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Pericles." Compton's by Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

"Pericles." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2013.

"Pericles." Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Carroll Moulton. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 110-112. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Feb. 2013.

"Pericles." Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham Universerty, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 1999. <http:// www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11- pericles.asp>.

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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-pericles.asp






Athens led the Delian League, which was a unification of Greek city-states. The Delian League was created after the Persian Wars in 478 B.C., with the objective of protecting Greece. Pericles managed to unite the members of the League as one Athenian Empire. He forced the other allies to follow Athenian rules. Pericles transported the treasury of the League to Athens and applied the money to build temples in Athens. He also forced the members to use Athens measuring, weight, and monetary systems. Pericles wanted to make people of Athens truly self-governing. He accomplished this goal by introducing the practice of payment from the government for state service. This practice enabled many government officials and magistrates, to be paid by the government for the first time. He also developed a system that allowed poor citizens of Athens to go to the theater by making the "Theorican" fund. Pericles also created the bonus payment system for soldiers who fought in the Peloponnesian War.

Pericles, the Greek statesman, was born in the city of Athens around the year 495 BC. Pericles was the son of Xanthippus, also a famous statesman and Agariste, a woman who was part of an important political family. Pericles was well educated for his time. He learned music from Damon the musician and mathematics from Zeno of Elea, an important theoretical physicist. He took Athens to great artistic and political heights during his life. He died suddenly from a plague that swept through Athens in 429 BC.

Pericles was a politician who did many worthy things to make Athens a true democracy. Also, he was an incredible Athenian who never betrayed his city.

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During the Golden Age of Greece, philosophers were the smartest people. Socrates, a genius in his time, was a more advanced thinker than anyone else. His life ended abruptly.

Socrates, a Greek philosopher, was born in 469 B.C.E in the city of Athens. His father was Sophroniscus who was a stone sculptor and a mason. He had a regular Athenian education. As a child Socrates had a huge interest in philosophy. He met his heroes, Zeno, Ela, and Parmenides, when he was around 19. As an adult he led at least three military campaigns for his birthplace, Athens. Socrates was always rejected by society for his views on life.

Socrates had one of the most epic deaths in history. In 399 B.C.E in front of 501 jurors, Socrates was pleading for his life. He was accused of corrupting the morals of the youth in Athens. The jury decided that he was guilty, so the jury forced him to drink hemlock. His last words were, “Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius (the god of medicine). Socrates was saying that he would pay for his crimes, but do not forget his crimes.

Socrates: No One Like Him

AN ESSAY BY ALEX BRODKOWITZ

PRESENTED WITH MATTEO SPILIMBERGO

Boeree, George. "Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle." Dr. George Boeree Homepage. Shippensburg University, n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/ athenians.html>.

O'Neill, W. H. "Socrates." New Catholic Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Vol. 13. Detroit: Gale, 2003. 291-293. World History In Context. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

"Socrates." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 14. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 320-321. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

"Socrates." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Ed. Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. Vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.- 476 C.E. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 250-254. World History In Context. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

Woodruff, Paul B. "Socrates." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

9

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/athenians.html




Not only was Socrates a philosopher, he was also a teacher. He taught multiple famous philosophers such as Plato and Xenophon. Recording his works were his students. He never wrote down any of his own works.

Socrates changed history forever. No one knew how advanced he actually was for the time.

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During the Golden Age of Greece, a sculptor was arguably considered the best carver of the era. Phidias created many statues and monuments to honor the gods and other great people. He was an extremely accomplished man.

Phidias lived from around 480-430 B.C. Hegias of Athens trained him to be a painter and a sculptor. Hegias was one of the best sculptors of his time. After beginning his work on the Athena Parthenos, Phidias was accused of stealing gold, but he was later cleared in court. Later, he was charged with impiety for disrespecting the gods, and he was imprisoned. Historians believe that he either died in prison or escaped to Olympia, where he created the marvelous statue of Zeus.

Phidias sculpted three statues of Athena by the names of the Athena Areia, the Athena Promachos, and the Athena Lemnia. The Athena Areia was said to have been a little larger than life size. The monument was designed with a complex technique in which the clothing was gold and the flesh parts were carved from marble. The Athena Promachos was said to have been a statue of Athena that was about twenty-five feet tall and armed with weapons. The Athena Lemnia was a statue of Athena appearing to be unarmed and holding a helmet in her right hand.

Phidias The Great

AN ESSAY BY SOPHIE MCINTYRE

PRESENTED WITH ROBERTO RAMOS

Peck, Harry Thurston. "Phidias." Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University, 11 July 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http://www.perseus. tufts.edu/hopper/>.

"Phidias." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 12. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 265-267. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Phidias." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

"Phidias." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.<http://www.school. eb.com/eb/article-9059633>.

"Phidias." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Ed. Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. Vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 452-453. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

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http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/




http://www.school.eb.com/eb/article-9059633




Phidias created a marvelous statue of the great god Zeus. The monument stood about sixty feet tall and was decorated gloriously. Zeus was seated on a throne of cedarwood, and he held in his right hand an ivory and gold statue of victory, and in his left hand he held a sceptre. The throne was decorated with stones, gold, ivory, jewels, and the chair was detailed with both paintings and sculptures.

Phidias was a man of many talents. His skill for sculpting and painting was unsurpassed in his time.

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During the Golden Age in Greece, a great historian was born around 460 B.C. in the region of Halimus, Greece. Thucydides was the son of Olorus and Hegesipyle. His family’s wealth came from gold mines along the Thracian coast. He moved to Athens later in life and was chosen to be a general in the Athenian army during the Peloponnesian War. However, he was exiled from that city-state after a loss to the Spartan army at Amphipolis early in the war.

During the war, he began writing his most famous work, History of the Peloponnesian War. His first-hand experience as a general helped him chronicle the war. He made every effort to make the facts he reported accurate, and was careful not to exaggerate and embellish like his predecessor and teacher, Herodotus.

The Life and Works of Thucydides

AN ESSAY BY KERRY MITCHELL AND JOHN ZOLET

PRESENTED WITH ETHAN SYPES

Fornara, Charles W. "Thucydides." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.

"Thucydides." Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University, 1999. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ ancient/eb11-thucydides.asp>.

"Thucydides." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Ed. Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. Vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 136-137. World History In Context. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.

"Thucydides." Compton's by Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 9 Mar. 2013.

"Thucydides." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 15. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 211-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-thucydides.asp




Thucydides’ work included all three stages of the war, which lasted from 431 to 404 B.C. He took notes on each stage, formed a chronological narrative, and finally constructed a full history of the war. His notes included such aspects of the war as its technical problems, its military features and its logistics.

Thucydides’ writing style was a stepping stone to modern history. Unlike other historians of his time, he believed that you should focus on one topic when writing historiography. He believed that the most important aspect of writing history is to be truthful and accurate. Opinion has no place in history.

When Thucydides died around 400 B.C., he was recognized as the foremost historian of his time. He was given the title, “Father of Scientific History,” and his writing skills influenced many who followed him.

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During the Golden Age of Greece, there was an extraordinary Greek philosopher. Protagoras, the great Sophist, was one of the most famous of the Greek thinkers. He taught many people.

Protagoras taught as a Sophist for forty years, giving lectures to groups and individuals. Protagoras’s teachings generally included topics such as public speaking, criticism of poetry, citizenship, and grammar. Usually, his audience consisted of rich men. “Man is the measure of all things,” was his most famous saying. This motto is also the topic sentence of a piece of work called Truth or Refutatory Arguments. He wrote on a vast number of topics.

Protagoras earned money in higher education and was known for the high fees he charged. His teaching style involved mostly lectures. One of the most important things that he did was teaching men “virtue” in the actions of their daily life. Plato titled one of his dialogs after Protagoras. Protagoras became extremely affluent and famous from his teachings.

Protagoras: The Great Sophist

AN ESSAY BY AFAM OBIOHA

PRESENTED WITH ALEX OH

Kerferd, G. B. "Protagoras of Abdera." Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Donald M. Borchert. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. 91-93. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

"Protagoras." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 5 Mar. 2013.

"Protagoras." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale World History In Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

“Protagoras.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Carol Poster, 27 Apr. 2005. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.iep.utm.edu/ protagor/#H2>.

"Protagoras (c. 490–c. 420 B.C.)." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

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http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/#H2




Protagoras was born in 490 B.C. and died in 420 B.C. He was born in Abdera, Greece. He was well known in Athens. He was asked to write the constitution for the new colony of Thurii because he was close with Pericles.

Protagoras was a wise man living in the years of Greece’s thriving period of time. Being able to meet him was an honor to many people.

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During the Golden Age of Greece, there was a philosopher who wrote many stories. Aristotle attended a school taught by Plato. His life and his works influenced the intelligentsia of Greece.

Aristotle was titled as one of the most honorable ancient thinkers. He also worked as a logician for many years of his life. Aristotle left Athens to lead biological and philosophical research. He wrote many major reports on these topics as well as many on politics. His books were valuable tools. Many of his works were inspired by places he had visited and different political systems he had interacted with. To write many books was his goal.

Aristotle was born in a colony off of the coast of Thrace. A man who taught him many lessons, his father, Nichomachus, died when he was young. His guardian, Proxenus, sent him to Athens when he was 17 years old. Working hard, he joined a famous school called “The Academy” where his teacher, Plato, taught him everything he knew. Aristotle later moved to the court of Hermeas, the ruler of a region in Anatolia. In Anatolia during his stay, he met and married Pythias, the niece of Hermeas.

Aristotle: The Life of a Philosopher

AN ESSAY BY KYLIE RAU

PRESENTED WITH SAM WALSH

"Aristotle." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 295-296. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Aristotle." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Ed. Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. Vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 260-263. Gale World History In Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Aristotle of Stagirus- Biography." The European Graduate School. The European Graduate School, 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http:// www.egs.edu/library/aristotle/biography/>.

"Aristotle's Political Theory." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. <http://plato.stanford. edu/entries/aristotle-politics/>.

"Political Philosophy." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 128 Feb. 2013.

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http://www.egs.edu/library/aristotle/biography/




http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/




Aristotle was a political philosopher who studied and wrote many books. He admired balance and moderation in a community. While teaching at The Lyceum, the school he founded, Aristotle wrote numerous books about political philosophy, for that subject intrigued him. In his books, Aristotle talked about the different kinds of city-states and their constitutional structures.

Aristotle was influential during his life. He not only worked for himself, he worked to teach other people.

18

During the Golden Age of Greece, a reputable philosopher was the first Greek doctor who changed the world of medicine. Many individuals consider Hippocrates the “Father of Medicine.” His life and works guide the practice of medicine for many doctors today.

The Hippocratic Oath has been effective in the practice of medicine in ancient and present times. The oath consists of both a moral code for the medicinal profession and a code for remedial apprenticeship. The oath contains six duties, which should always be followed when practicing medicine. Hippocrates also wrote numerous books related to medicine in the Hippocratic Corpus. Many of these books of Hippocrates related more towards the actual physician. Some books associated with the average person, which directed more attention to understanding medicine. Other books are also connected to the works of superstition.

The Life and Work of Hippocrates

AN ESSAY BY JOHN SITA

PRESENTED WITH CAROLINE BLAIR

Boylan, Michael. "Hippocrates (c.450-c.380 BCE)." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. U of Tennessee at Martin, 25 2 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.iep.utm.edu/ hippocra/>.

Hankinson, R. J. "Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Corpus (b. 460 BCE)." Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Donald M. Borchert. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. 373-376. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

"Hippocrates." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 408-410. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Hippocrates." Compton's by Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

"Hippocrates- Biography." The European Graduate School. European Graduate School, 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.

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http://www.iep.utm.edu/hippocra/




Hippocrates was born around 460 B.C. on the island of Cos in the Aegean Sea. Hippocrates, who was one of the greatest doctors of his time, came from a family of many great physicians. During his life, he traveled throughout Greece and even into Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) while teaching and working on medicine. Hippocrates also taught at a medical school in Cos, his homeland, but he was later exiled for the burning of a library. He later traveled to Larissa in Thessaly, where he died in 377 B.C.

Hippocrates’ theory of the Four Humors has been influential to individuals since about 400 B.C. In his idea of the Four

Humors, blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm are the main focuses. Hippocrates’ concept showed that balance in the humors of the body could result in good health, and sickness or disease was due to the imbalance of the humors. Many treatments were actually being tested for this theory up until the 19th century.

Throughout history, Hippocrates’ life and works have been effective in teaching the ways of medicine. Hippocrates, the founder of medicine, will always remain inspiring.

20

During the Golden Age of Greece, a writer was involved in politics. Sophocles, a playwright, wrote and did many things that allowed his life to live on in current history.

Sophocles influenced the Greeks not only in terms of his plays but also in changing Athenian theater. Instead of just two leading actors and a small chorus, he added one more actor, increased the size of the chorus, and enhanced the stage scenery. While other playwrights wrote their plays to be performed together as a unit, he wanted each of his plays to be independent. Sophocles died in 406 BC and his last play showed Sophocles’ concern that Athens was declining.

Sophocles, a politician and writer, wrote a number of plays that dealt with human suffering. In Antigone, a young princess goes against the order of the king, his uncle, forbidding the burial of her brother which shows the conflict between devotion to family and obedience to the king. Oedipus Rex is a play about a basically good man who does horrible things unintentionally; he kills a man who is his father, and he marries his mother. In this play, Sophocles brings up questions like why do good people suffer.

Sophocles: The Life and Works of a Greek Playwright

AN ESSAY BY MAGGIE WHATLEY

PRESENTED WITH ZOE SCHWARTZBERG

Michalopoulos, André. "Sophocles (496?– 406 B.C.)." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 28 Feb.2013.

"Sophocles." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 14. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 343-345. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Sophocles." Compton's by Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Sophocles." Department of Classical Studies. University of Pennsylvania, 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http://www.classics. upenn.edu>.

"Sophocles-Biography." The European Graduate School. The European Graduate School, 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http:// www.egs.edu/library/sophocles/biography/>.

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http://www.classics.upenn.edu




http://www.egs.edu/library/sophocles/biography/




Sophocles, who was chosen to lead a boy’s chorus when he was fifteen, was born in a town close to Athens, called Colonus. He studied music with the most noted musician of the time, Lamprus, and drama under Aeschylus. Because he was good with languages, he was a negotiator for Athens’s allies. Sophocles was active in Athenian public life, including being a general. He lived to an extremely old age for that time, probably ninety or more, and was really active until the time of his death.

Some of Sophocles’ works may be lost, but some of his works still live on and help writers today understand what Athenians thought of life. He is a role model for modern writers.

22

During the Golden Age of Greece, a Greek playwright was known as the “Master of New Comedy.” Menander started writing new kinds of comedy that made him greatly famous. He made numerous plays, but to write such great productions he had to have a life exposed to playwrights and great luxury.

Menander had access to many different areas in his lifetime. He was able to study under the philosopher, Theophrastus, who was a former student of Aristotle. To study under such superior professors could make anyone an excellent playwright. Menander was said to be the nephew of a Middle Comedy writer, Alexis. Menander was also able to serve in the military where he miraculously met another philosopher, Epicurus. Menander was intrigued with the matter of politics, for he integrated with the governors. However, Menander did not continue on the path of politics. Menander was able to be successful in the Golden Age because of these people.

Menander the Inordinate

AN ESSAY BY NELSON ZEUFACK

PRESENTED WITH BRETT GUTERMAN

"Menander." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 10. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 477-478. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

"Menander." Compton's by Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

"Menander." Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Carroll Moulton. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 42-43. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

"Menander." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Ed. Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. Vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 378. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

"Study Guide: Menander The Grouch." Greek Drama in Translation. Binghamton University, 2013. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.

23

The people in the Golden Age adored Menander’s new style of comedy writing. Menander, a marvelous playwright, made a masterpiece called Dyscolus, which received an award. Menander, who was praised for this play, went on to write over one hundred more plays. Menander was a talented creationist whose new style of writing included contrast between city and country life and characters who had predictable traits. These styles created New Comedy and made Menander known. During the Golden Age in Menander’s biography, there was reflection on the changes of Athens under the rule of the Macedonian Kingdom.

Menander had the life many dreamed of having, for he only did what he wanted to do. Menander’s father was a wealthy man, and Menander, much like him, enjoyed comfort, was well dressed, well mannered, easy tempered, and was said to be handsome. Menander became somewhat famous and received an invitation to Egypt, but he refused saying that going would put him out of his comfort zone. Because Menander created a new style of writing, many playwrights remembered him.

Even though Menander wrote countless amazing plays, he was not the most famous playwright in his time. However, his plays changed the style of many playwrights who came after him.

24

Chapter 2

Letters to Caesar

Students in Latin 1A created ancient personas and were charged with writing letters to Caesar, expressing their opinions of him as a leader and his campaign in Gaul. Once completed, students worked with Stanford University's ORBIS program, a Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World. Students mapped their letters' journeys to Caesar, documenting time, travel method and distance travelled. The following presentations are examples of students' correspondence, translations, and accompanying maps.

http://orbis.stanford.edu


Scheidel, W. and Meeks, E. (May 2, 2012). ORBIS: The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World. Retrieved 22 May, 2013, from http:// orbis.stanford.edu.

Jeremy Abrams, Maqui Carrillo and John Zolet

THE LETTER’S JOURNEY

Departure City: Carthago

Arrival City: Ravenna

Month of Travel: December

Travel Priority: Cheapest

Day 1-2: Traveled by open sea from Carthago to Lilybaeum

Day 2- Day 12: Traveled by costal sea from Lilybaeum to Ravenna

Total Travel Distance: 2041 kilometers (1268 miles)

Total Travel Time: 12 days

Letters from Carthago

26





Jeremy Abrams - Latin

Carus Julius Caesar,

Gratias ago vos pro tabellae vol. Mihi nomen est Remus Abramus, et sum a mercator iumenta in Roma. Sum a durus operatio vir, cum quattuor liberi. Tu sunt dans mihi subministratio mihi a multa magnam facultatem. Sed im non certus si im suscipientes tuus offero. Tu sunt interdum avidior, sum volo tu ut tractatus mihi cum dignitas. A periculum de haeca itero timēre mihi. Profectus est Senator non amant te quod es validus, but te amo .Condicio accipior a me.

Candidly,

Remus Abramus

Jeremy Abrams - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

Thank you for the letter to me. My name is Remus Abramus, and I am a livestock merchant in Rome. I am a hard working man, with four kids. You are giving me giving me a great opportunity, but I am not sure if I am accepting your offer. You are sometimes greedy, I want to be treated with respect. The danger of this journey is being feared by me. Senators do not like you because you are powerful, but I like that about you. The offer from you is being accepted by me to go.

Sincerely,

Remus Abramus

27

Maqui Carrillo - Latin

Careus Caesar,

Salve, mihi nomen est Coria Melena et sum nutrix meo conductori Dario. Meamus ad varios vicos et curamus murbos. Gratias tibi agō invitationem, sed incommode non possum juvare te. Sum sola nutrix in Athena, et possum sinere meus agrum pati. Cum homines multi morbi. Senatus Rubiconem transire tibi non vult, sed non audius. Praelium est periculum. Senatus credit me tenere meos agros vivos. Debeo manere. Bonam fortunam tibi.

Candidule,

Coria Melena

Maqui Carrillo - English

Dear Caesar,

Hi, my name is Coria Melena and I am a nurse for my boss Darius. We travel to different houses and we cure diseases. Thank you for the invitation, but unfortunately I am not able to help you. I am the only nurse in Athens, and I cannot allow for my patients to suffer. There are many people with serious diseases. The senate does not want for you to cross the Rubicon, but you do not listen. The battle is very dangerous. The Senate believes in me to keep my patients alive. Therefore I ought to stay. Good luck to you.

Sincerely,

Coria Melena

28

John Zolet - Latin

Care Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Maximilianus Superbus. Sum pullarius ā Carthegine. Tua condicio accipiris ā mē. Si eo cum te, possum acquire imperium in Romā. Tuus successus in Republica est commodo Romae. Tu es magnus politicus princeps. Tu quoque das ludos plebeiis. Romana pars libri De Bello Gallico est vero, sed Galliae fabula est non sicut sincera. Videris sicut potentum pricipem a Romanis. Tu exprimis te sicut potentem virum belli aliis gentibus.

Tuo amico,

Maximillianus Superbus

John Zolet - English

Dear Caesar,

I am Maximilianus Superbus, the keeper of the sacred chickens in Carthage. Your offer is being accepted by me. If I go with you, I can gain power in Rome. Your rise in the government is for the benefit of Rome. You are a great political leader. You also give games to the plebians. The Roman portion of the book “De Bello Gallico” is true, but the Gaul’s story is not as truthful. You are portrayed as a powerful leader by the Romans. You portray yourself as a powerful man to the other tribes.

Your Friend,

Maximilianus Superbus

29


Nicky Borden, Charles Coleman and Sabrina Hosmer


Departure City: Londinium

Arrival city: Ravenna


Travel Priority: Fastest

Day 1-3: traveled by land army from Londinium to Rutupiae

Day 4-6: traveled by boat from Rutupiae to Gesoriacum

Day 7-24: traveled by pack animal from Gesoriacum to Cabilonnum

Day 25-32: traveled by canoe on a river from Cabilonnum to Arelate

Day 33-38: traveled by boat from Arelate to Pisae

Day 39-40: took boat by river from Florentia to Flaventia

Day 40-42: traveled by pack animal from Flaventia to Ariminum

Day 43-44: went by gondola from Ariminum to Ravenna

Total Travel distance: 2214 kilometers (1375.7 miles)


Letters from Londinium

30





Nicky Borden - Latin

Care Caesar,

Ego non possum jugare te in militiā tuā. Habeo vitam bonam. Sum Mercator Romanus, et non volō derelinquere meam vitam.

Habeo liberos duos, et egent in mē curare eīs. Est meus officius curare eōs. Roma non est sustinetur a familiā meā. Habes satis vim, et senates est rectus non sinere te transere rivum. Tu es egoisticus et improbus, et non volo tē vincere.

Mea familia veniunt e Graeciā, et non volo regerī a Romā. Duo meī potrueli sunt mortuus, et eorum frater est fugitivus et instatur. Non ego scio in loco utro est sive est vivus. Habeo satis eventorum de sollicitare. Sum paupertinus sum non possum jugare tu.

Candidule,

Mamercus Horatius Martialis

Nicky Borden - English

Dear Caesar,

I am unable to join you on your campaigns. I have two children and they are depending on me to take care of them. It is my job to help them.

Rome is not supported by my family. I think you have enough power, and the senate is right to not let you cross the river. I think you are selfish and power-hungry, and I do not want you to succeed.

My family comes from Greece, and I do not want to be ruled by Rome. Two of my cousins are dead and their brother is a fugitive and he is being pursued. I do not know where he is, or if he is alive. I have enough issues to worry about. I am sorry I am unable to join you.

Sincerely,

Mamercus Horatius Martialis

31

Charles Coleman - Latin

Carus Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Marcus Marconius et sum ferrarius. Ego non eo cum tu trans Rubicon. Sunt duo causae: auxilium datur sculptorō ā mē et tu malus vir. Tu occido decuriarum adversariōrum. Innocī populī occiduntur tu legione et non iuvo facere. Tu significus non misericordium in pugna et tu occideris omnes in tuo iter. Me paenitet, sed tu non debes invidare tuus proprum terram.

Candidule,

Marcus Marconius

Charles Coleman - English

Dear Caesar,

My name is Marcus Marconius and I am a blacksmith. I am not going with you across the Rubicon. There are two reasons I will not go with you. Help is being given to the sculptor by me. You are a bad person. You kill supporters of your rival’s campaign. Innocent people are being killed by your army and I am not going to help do that. You show no mercy in a battle and kill everyone in your path. It is bad that you are thrown out of your country, but you cannot invade your own country.

Sincerely,

Marcus Marconius

32

Sabrina Hosmer - Latin


Salve, mihi nomen est Marcus Papirius Scaevola. Sum pistor in urbe in Roma. Mea uxor a me amatur, et habeo tres filli. Videtur habere te malum animum, Igitur supervenio non trans rubico tuum legionem. Mea Familia curatur. Audio senatorem, et in mentibus suis debes non transire in Roma cum tuo lergione. volo difficultatem in vita. Tuus lib es malos et tua scientia mala. Gratias tibi ago intellechi. Bonam fortunam tibi et tuis viris.

Vale,

Marcus Papirius Scaevola

Sabrina Hosmer - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

Hello, my name is Marcus Papirius Scaevola. I am a baker in down town Rome. My wife is passionately loved by me, and I have 3 sons. You seem like a mean soul, so I am not joining your army to cross the Rubicon. My family ought to be taken care of by me. I hear the senators, and in their minds you ought not to cross into Rome with your army. I do not want trouble in life. Your books are disgusting and your knowledge. I thank you for your understanding. Good luck to you and the men.

From,

Marcus Papirius Scaevola

33


Bridget Conway, Abdul Khanu and Brandon Rabovsky


Departure City: Constantinopolis




Days 1-7: Traveled by boat on coastal waterways from Constantinople to Isthmia.

Day 7: Traveled by pack animal on roads from Isthmia to Corinthus.

Days 7-17: Traveled by boat on coastal waterways from Corinthus to Ravenna.

Total Travel Distance: 2,563 kilometers (1,593 miles)


Letters from Constantinopolis

34





Bridget Conway - Latin

Care Julie Caesar,

Sum Eragonus Alagaesius Bromus. Ego sum plebeius mercator figulināe a Vroengardā. Non adsector tē transire Rubico. Tua gesta non diliguntur a mē quia sunt non bono a Romā. Tua rapida progressio per locos imperii est formidulosua, et videtur tē velle existere dictatorem. Haec est tua voluntas et non juvat Romam. “De Bello Gallico” est falsum. Cumulat modo tum simulacrum populīs. Amaris a populīs valdē, et videtur esse falsum. Non volo inrumpere meam terram. Quoque non volo linquere meam uxorem, Arya, at mei puerum geminum et puellam geminam.

Valē,

Eragonus Alagaesius Bromus

Bridget Conway - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I am Eragonus Alagaesius Bromus. I am a plebian merchant of pottery from Vroengarda. I am not accompanying you to cross the Rubicon. Your deeds are not being appreciated by me because they are not for the good of Rome. Your rapid progression through the ranks of government is intimidating, and it seems as if you are desiring to become a dictator. This is your wish and it does not benefit Rome. “De Bello Gallico” is false. It is only enhancing your image for the people. You are being loved by the people to a great extent, and it seems to be forced. I do not want to invade my country. I also do not want to leave my wife, Arya, and my twin boy and girl.

Goodbye,

Eragonus Alagaesius Bromus

35

Abdul Khanu - Latin

Carus Julius Caesar

Sum Abdulus Fageulus Medicus.Urbis Romae vivimus.Habeo tres filii.Habeo invitationis ad exercitum est et ego declinare.Vos es corrumpendi romanae cum festivitates,iam habes debitum.Sic vos Consuesse mihi redde.In goverment non amo te quia actionum tuarum.Tu non es ut sit bonus dux vos es dilatantur tua potestate et non iuvabat Romanos. Itaque vestrae offer negatur, a Abdulus Fageulus.

Abdul Khanu - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I am Abdulus Fageulus the doctor. I live in the city of Rome. I have three children. I have your invitation to join the army and I decline. You are bribing the Romans with your festivals, now you have debt. So you won’t pay me.The government does not like you because of your actions I lose money because the Senators will not come to me for appointments.You are not being a good leader because you are expanding your own power and you are not helping the Romans.Therefore, your offer is being denied by Abdulus Fageulus.

36

Brandon Rabovsky - Latin


Sum Swagulus Froyous. Sum juriscon sultus de Tarento (macron over the o) in Roma (macron over the a). Sum dives vir et ego adiuro, multos magnos populos. Tuus invatatio negatur a (macron over the a) me (macron over the e). Ego amo te, autem tu es periculosus vir. Non possum ire cum te quia ego debeo merere pecuniam uxori et libris. Tu es potens quia tu es progrederis per ordinem Romae (Questor...). Non adiuvas Romam. Tu es avarus. Tu videris plebeiis esse omnipotentiem virum, qui ducit legionem Romanum. Sed tu perficis multas res. Tu vincis Gallos. Liber “De Bello Gallico” est verus. Me paenitet, ego non possum ire supervenire tuum iter.

Swagulo

Brandon Rabovsky - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I am Swagulus Froyous. I am a lawyer from Tarentum in Rome. I am a wealthy man and I help many important people. Your invitation is being denied by me. I like you, but you are a dangerous man. I cannot go with you because I need to make money for my wife and kids. You are powerful because you are moving up in Rome (Questor....). You are not helping Rome. You are selfish. You seem to the plebian’s as being an almighty civilized man who leads a Roman army. But you are accomplishing many things. You are defeating the Gauls. “De Bello Gallico” is true. I am sorry, I cannot join you on your journey.

Swagulo

37


Matthew Heymann, Hayley Sanders and Liam Vinal


Departure City: Syracusae



Travel Priority: Cheapest

Days 1-9: Travel by boat on coastal waterways from Syracusae to Tarracina

Day 9: Travel by boat on river from Tarracina to Forum Appii

Days 9-17: Traveled by rapid military march on roads from Forum Appii to Ravenna

Day 10: Passed through Roma



Letters from Syracusae

38





Matthew Heymann - Latin


Mihi nomen est Sextus Petronius Verus. Sum uber aedile Vinimalis. Ego nunc accipio tuam invitationem iungare vos in tuo militio. Pencunia daratur you legioni a me et tempto habere alios ordines Senatus conmittere nos. Pugnsmus, possumus existere maximum consortium in Roma. Hic est bonus pro Romanae Respublicae. Potes capere multos gentum Galliae et suspicio tuam potestatem in bello. Frustraris non me. Sineris a Senatu intrare Romam nunc. Non audis eis. Es a bonus vir et debes esse in regno.

Candidule,Sextus Petronius Verus

Matthew Heymann - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

My name is Sextus Petronius Verus. I am a wealthy aediles from Vinimalis. I now accept your invitation to join you in your campaign. Money is being given to your army by me and I am attempting to get other members of the Senate to join us. Together, as we campaign, we are able to become the most powerful team in Rome. This is very good for the Roman Republic. You can seize most of the tribes in Gaul and I admire your war ability. You are not disappointing to me. You are not being allowed by the Senate to enter Rome now. Do not listen to them. You are a great man and you should be in power.

Sincerely,Sextus Petronius Verus

39

Hayley Sanders - Latin

Carus Rector Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Petronia Galeria et sum patricia nutrix et mater duorum liberorum de Roma. Gratias tibi ago invitationi. Sum beata. Sed, ego non volo supervenire tuum iter. Primus, transire Rubico est periculosus. Quoque, tu narraris a senatu te posse non transire. Non es boni animi. Senatus observatur a me. Ego non assentio alicui te de tuo auctoritati. Gratias tibi ago et bonam fortunam!

Candidule,

Petronia Galeria

Hayley Sanders - English

Dear Governor Caesar,

My name is Petronia Galeria and I am a patrician nurse and a mother of two children from Rome. Thank you for the invitation. I am happy. But, I do not wish to join you on your journey. First, crossing (to cross) the Rubicon is very dangerous. Also, you are told by the Senate that you are not able to cross. You do not have very good judgment. The Senators are respected by me. I do not support your decisions. Thank you and good luck.

Sincerely,

Petronia Galeria

40

Liam Vinal - Latin

Karus Julius Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Joshulus Letonius, faber lignarius. Accipio invitationem et supervenīre tibi. Potes mutare Romam. Senatus et Consul sunt non bonus. Tua repulsa reī publicae facit Romam esse magnam. Es validus vir. Es Pontifex Maximus, proconsul Hispaniae, proconsul Galliae, et vir dives. Habēs magnam scientiam legionis et civilem scientiam. Magna pars imperiī vincitur ā te. Roma dilabitur, et desideramus auxilium ā nobis. Volo adiuvo Romam, igitur adiuvo te.

Valet,

Joshulus Letonius

Liam Vinal - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

My name is Joshulus Letonius, the carpenter. I accept the invitation and I am joining you. You can change Rome. The Consul and Senate are not good. Your overthrow of the government creates a great Rome. You are a powerful man. You are Pontifex Maximus, governor of Spain, governor of Gaul, and a wealthy man. Your knowledge of military and of politics is large. The great empire is being conquered by you. Rome is falling, and help is being desired by us. I want to help Rome, therefore I am helping you.

Goodbye,

Joshulus Letonius

41


Will Evans, Cree Long and Tucker Wardell


Departure City: Alexandria




Days 1-4: Traveled by horse relay on roads from Alexadria to Apollonia-Suzouna

Days 4-9: Traveled by boat on open seas from Apollonia-Suzouna to Sallentinum Pr.

Days 9-10: Traveled by boat on coastal seas from Sallentinum Pr. to Brundisium

Days 10-13: Traveled by horse relay on the road from Brundisium to Ravenna


Total Travel Time: 11 Days

Letters from Alexandria

42





Will Evans - Latin

Care Julie Caesar,

Sum poeta, et mihi nomen est Roranus Emulatus Leviticus. Celebror a tuā invitione commitere tē. Accipio tuam invitationem. Semper narror de tuīs bonīs gestīs. Tempto frequenter narrare fabulās de tuā custodiā Romae et de expansione de nostro impero. Adoro fabulam de tuā novissimā victoriā versus Vercingetorigem. Habeo non amicus praeter populous quibus narro fabulas et poemata, et habeo non familiam. Est non durum linquere meum domum hīc. Visito ludōs, quōs das nobis, et audiō de gratiā qua tractas omnēs de plebiīs populīs. Currens senatus solummodo curat patricium ordinem. Es bonus imperator.

Habeō fidem in tē,

Roranus Emulatus Leviticus

Will Evans - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I am a poet, and I am called Roranus Emulatus Leviticus. I am being honored by your invitation to join you. I accept your invitation. I am always being told about your great deeds. I try a lot to tell the stories of your defense of Rome and about the expansion of our empire. I like the narrative about your recent victory against Vercingetorix. I do not have any friends except, for the people to whom I tell stories and poems, and I do not have a family. It is not hard to leave my home here. I attend the games which you give to us, and I hear about the kindness with which you treat all of the common people. The senate only cares for the upper class. You are a great ruler.

I have faith in you,

Roranus Emulatus Leviticus

43

Cree Long - Latin

Carus, Julius Caesar

Salve, mihil nomen est Camilla Lentula et sum pistrix et superba mataer tres liberorum. Meus vir, Quintus Hirtius Lentulus, rogo supervenirem belli. Quintus est mercator et magnus pater. Mercatores non debent ire bellum; ventunt alio homino,et provident pecuniam suis familis. Est validus; ad trahare meum viros bellum non bonus. Ego audio malos de te. Cum te cum invades et deles urbus, pura hominae dic tuis damis et non volo meumvirum laedi necari. Ego precor te, Caesar,noli impellere meo viro eum ire ad bellum. Habet familae, casae, negotium et,familiam qui curat eum.Muto vester animus.

Vale,

Camilla Lentula

Cree Long - English

Dear, Julius Caesar

Hello, my name is Camilla Lentula and I am a baker and a proud mother of three children. My Husband, Quintus Hirtius Lentulus, is being asked to become part of the war. Quintus is merchant and a great father. Merchants are not for war; they sell to other people, and provide money for their families. He is strong. To drag my husband to war is not a good idea! I hear terrible things about you. When you invade and destroy countries like Gaul, innocent people die from your damage and I do not want my husband to be hurt or killed. I beg of you, Caesar, do not command my husband to war. He has a family, a house, a job and people who care about and love him. You ought to change your mind.

Sincerely,

Camilla Lentula

44

Tucker Wardell - Latin

Ut Caesar

Sum Caius Sulla et supervenio tibi in tuo itinere et sum adiuvo te in tua pugna. Fio potentem sagatum possum iubere. Populus huius urbis debere ut observare te. Debeo grata et quod debere ut non irritarete vos. Liber “Bello De Gallico” est falsus. Mentiris de tuo nomine. Tu vis popululum posthac audire de te. Gratias tibi ago huic occasionī.

Gratias a,Caius Sulla

Tucker Wardell - English

To Caesar

I am Caius Sulla and I am joining you on your journey and I am helping you in your fight if, I become a higher rank and I have ability to lead the soldiers. The people of this city ought to not disrespect you. They ought to be grateful and ought to not anger you. They are making a bad name for you. The Bello de Gallico it is false. But you were lying to continue your name. You are lying about your name. I thank you for this opportunity.

Thank you,Caius Sulla

45


Dean Ahdab, David Kavteladze and Ben Vardi


Departure City: Jerusalem


Month Tavel: December


Day 1-6: Jerusalem to Ascalon

Day 7-12: Ascalon to Patara

Day 12-13: Patara to Rhodes

Day 13-14: Rhodes Samonion Pr.

Day 14-27 Samonion Pr. to Ravenna

Total Travel Distance: 3188 kilometers (1,981 miles)


Letters from Jerusalem

46





Dean Ahdab - Latin

Care Caesar,

Mē paeniteo sed recusō tuum condicionem. Ego non discisco ab senatū. Sum nunc emeritus ex senatu et ego volo degere reliquum vitae cum mea familia. non volō relinquere meam familiam. vaccae curantur ā mea uxore et non potest curare eōs sine meō auxiliō. quoque, ego non volo perdere pecuniam cum pwnsione legionibus. Si tu non rogas me solvere, ego vultē suprtventre. Quoque, ego volo vince3re sed si nos amittimus contra Romanam rem publicam. Tui victoriae contra Vercingetrorix est magnae. Caesar, honorāre ā populō. Bonam fortunam!

Valē,

Julius Gaese

Dean Ahdab - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I am sorry, but I decline your offer. I do not turn against the senate. I am now a retired senator and I plan to pass the remainder of my life with my family. I do not plan to leave my family. The cows are being cared for by my wife and she can’t take care of them without my help. Also, I do not want to lose money with payment for the troops. If you do not ask me to pay, I am desiring to join you. Also, I plan to win but what if we lose to the Roman Republic? Your victory against Vercingetrorix is great. Caesar you are being honored by the people. I wish you luck.

Sincerely,

Julius Gaese

47

David Kavteladze - Latin

Care Gaie Juli Caesar,

Sum senator in Romā. Gratias tibi agō tuae invitationi tuae caussāe. Senatus videt aeger mihi et volo illud mutare. Quamquam non amo tuam actionem ad Gaulos et alios gentes, amo tuas opiniones. Debeo monere: legio creatur ā senatore Pompeo. Quamquam non scio pugnos bene, potes vincere eum in pugna cum paucts catervis. Quia Pompeo est advorsaro mei et tui, debemus labore una. Si provideo mues pecuniam causa , desidero esse potens in senatu. Non probo tuum modum: del es Gallos et aes alienum conflas. Si vinicimus, vis esse vel consulem vel dictatorem? Tam accipio tuam invitationem Juli Caesar, sed moneo te, tu desideri non a me esse alius Sulla.

Ab tuo socio

Davius Fussius

David Kavteladze - English

Dear Gaius Julius Caesar,

I am a senator in Rome. Thank you for your invitation to your cause. The senate seems corrupt to me, and I want it to change. Although I do not like your actions towards the Gauls and other tribes, I like your views towards the government. I must warn you: an army is being created by the senator, Pompey. Although I do not know battles well, you can defeat him in battle with few troops. Because Pompey is an enemy of you and of me , we ought to work together. If I provide my money for the cause, I want to gain a high rank in the senate. I do not approve of your method: you destroy almost all the Gauls mercilessly and you go in debt. If we win the war, do you want to become a consul or a dictator? So, I accept your kind invitation Julius Caesar, but I warn you, you are not being desired by me to become another Sulla.

From your ally,

Davius Fussius

48

Ben Vardi - Latin

Care Caesar,

Salvē! Mihi nomen est Rimius Polius. Familia et ego amamus tuum laborem quia valdē adiuvare juvare Romam. Nōs habitamus in malam partem dē Hierusalem. Sum sculptor et mea uxor Silvia est ancilla. Johanna, Julius, et Sari nōn possunt alī a nobis. Nōs sumus laetum et mea uxor sum misera dum relinquo eam et nostram familiam. Sum credulus. Ego assentio alicui de tē, tū dēbēs concedī in Romam sed tū dēbēs rogāre alium committere. Familia et ego mitto nostram gratiam tuos contemplationī. Nōs habēmus aestimationem. Ego possum semper credere in bellō quia es valdē bonus dux legionis, sicut in Gallīs bellīs et in tuō librō “Dē Bellō Gallico”.

Gratias tibi agō,

Rimius Polius

Ben Vardi - English

Dear Caesar,

Hello! My name is Rimius Polius. My family and I are loving your work because you really want to help Rome. We live in the poor part of Jerusalem. I am a sculptor and my wife Silvia is a maid. Johanna, Julius, and Saris are not able to be fed by us. We are happy people and my wife is sad when I leave her and our family. I am being truthful. I agree, you should be allowed into Rome but you must go to ask someone else to join. My family and I send our thanks to you for your consideration. We greatly appreciate your offer. I can always trust you during battle because you are a very good leader of the army such as in the Gallic Wars and from your “Dē Bellō Gallicō” book.

Sincerely,

Rimius Polius

49


Danielle Clayton, Jason Hersh and Sean Hopkins


Departure City: Ilium




Days 1-2: by road from Ilium to Alexandria Troas

Days 2-7: by boat Coastal from Alexandria Troas to Isthmia

Days 7-8: by road from Isthmia to Corinthus

Days 9-18: by boat Coastal from Corinthus to Ravenna

Total Travel Distance: 2306 kilometers/ 1433 miles


Letters from Ilium (Troy)

50





Danielle Clayton - Latin

Carus Caesar,

Salve, mihi nomen est Claudia. Gratias tibi ago tuea acceptioni in tuum legionem. tua consideratio est bona. Facs magnas res meae patriae et volo supervenire in hanc pugnam. Me paenitet, non eo cumte; sunt multa negotia domi et dedent compleri a me. debeo curare fundus meus et mea soror debet curare a me . se sentit mala.sumus bonaespei dat tuo bello. Es conficis multos, et dedes countinuare. Es eruditus arte belli et adiuvat te. lador qui agris adiuvat te etiam. Bellum est in bonis manibus.

Vestra amici,

Claudia Cyrus

Danielle Clayton - English

Dear Caesar,

Hi, I am Claudia. Thank you for your acceptance me into your army. Your consideration is nice. You are doing great things to my country, and I want to join you in this battle. Sadly, I cannot join; there are many jobs at home and they ought to be done by me. I need to tend to my farm, and my sister ought to be cared for by me. Sadly she is feeling bad. We are both hopeful for your battle. You are doing great things, and you ought to continue. You are educated in war and it is helping you. The work which you are doing in the government is also helping you. The battle is in good hands.

Sincerely,

Claudia Cyrus

51

Jason Hersh - Latin

Care Julie Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Jasonus Hershicus. Es exquisitus viri , et honoror supervenire tuum legionem. Sum summissus fur. Senatus est difficilis quia non permittit tibi redire domi. Debes imperare Roma sicut rex . Es Magnus dux et verberas Roma. Senatus non sunt virī legionīs. Si Pugnamus eos, vincuntur in praelio. Mars est cum te. Deī laetantur militarum tuum a consilio dum vincis Vercengetorix. Vereor te. Volo supervenire tuum legionem.

Candidule,

Jasonus Hershicus

Jason Hersh - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

My name is Jasonus Hershicus. You are an exquisite man, and I am being honored to be asked to join your army. I am a humble thief. The senators are being difficult because it is not allowing you to return home. You ought to rule Rome as king. You are a great general and you can beat Rome. The senators are not men of the military. If we fight them they are being defeated in the battle. Mars is with you. The gods are being delighted by your military strategies while you defeat Vercingetorix. I am with awe of you. I want to join your army.

Sincerely,

Jasonus Hershicus

52

Sean Hopkins - Latin

Care Julie Caesar,

Debeo recusāre hunc quia sum agricola, meae segites debent metī ā mē debeo quoque paro cibum pro familia mea. Habeo uxorem et dous filii qui non accipiunt cibum et valentudinem. Filii debes erudiri a sua matre sed occupatus. Lego tua dē clade Vercingetorigis et Gallorum. Sunt Gallī innocent populi et vos plures necavisti! Non enim nostrae familiae curantur a te.

Candidule,

Juan Lano

Sean Hopkins - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I must decline this honor because I am a farmer my crops ought to be harvested by me. I also ought to provide food for my family. I have a wife and two sons who are not getting the food and health, which they deserve. I also want to school my sons to be schooled by the mother, but she is busy. You are seen by my family as an evil man and I believe them. If you are so great and powerful, why do you need a farmer as a soldier! I read about your defeat of Vercingetorix and the Gauls. The Gauls are innocent people and you kill many! I see many of my crops dead in my fields. Our lives and our families are not being cared for by you. We are now very scared and do not want to join your army!

Sincerely,

Juan Lano

53


Caroline Acocella, Haley Porter, Sam Stashower and Jeremy Walsh


Departure City: Corinthus




Travel Type: Horse Relay

Days 1: The letter travels by coastal waterways from Corinths to Delphi

Day 1-3: The letter travels by horse relay on roads from Delphi to Dyrrhachium

Day 3-4: The letter travels by coastal waterways from Dyrrhachium to Brundisium

Day 4-7: The letter travels by horse relay on roads from Brundisium to Ravenna



Letters from Corinthus

54





Caroline Acocella - Latin

Care Julius Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Laura Santi. Sum a Persia. Sum otiosa quia mea patruelis, Sylvia, est moribunda et curari debet a operlet nam sua ut versat captiva curo aput ego. Si possum supervenire te, non volo supervenire. Non supervenio te quia tus modus regulae. Tu temptas nimis ascendere per honores et popules vulnero a te. Tu quoque invidids tuam patriam.. Sed tu es malus vir. Sic ego possum non accipere tuum condicionem.

Gratias tibi agō,

Laura Santi

Caroline Acocella - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

I am Laura Santi. I am from Persia. I am unemployed because my cousin, Sylvia, is dying and she ought to be cared for by me. If I am able to join you, I do not wish to join. I am not joining you because your way of ruling is bad. You try a lot to make your way through the government and people are being hurt by you. You also attack your own country. But, you are a bad man. So I can not accept your offer.

Sincerely,

Laura Santi

55

Haley Porter - Latin

Cara Caesar,

Salve, mihi nomen est Halesta Portestis Italia. Sum artifex, et sum plebeiana. Quoque habito cum mea consobrina, Sara. Amo te quia vincis Vercingetorix. Quoque, non volo supervenire tuumlegionem quia tu solum putas de te et putas non de aliis. Quoque, tut mores ad Romanam rem publicam avari quia tu non quidem rogas tuo populo de te in Hispania sunt. Exempli gratia, amantne Plebiani Hispaniam? In conclusio, potes pingere te sicut beatus et homo potens.

Valde,

Halesta Portestis

Haley Porter - English

Dear Caesar,

Hello, I am Halesta Portestis from Italy. I am an artist, and I am a plebian. Also I live with my cousin Sara. I like you because you are defeating Vercingetorix. Also, I do not want to join your army because you only think about yourself and do not think about others. Also, your behavior towards the Roman Republic is selfish because you do not ask your own people about you in Spain. For example, do the Plebians like Spain? In conclusion, you are able to portray yourself as wealthy and powerful person.

From,

Halesta Portestis

56

Sam Stashower - Latin

Care Juliē Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Samulus Stashus. Meus professio est agricola ad extremum finem Romae. Ego volo supervenīre exercitum Caesaris. Ego audio multus fabula vester magnus praelium, et sum aihil dubium in meus sunt verī. Autem, ego habeo historia insipientia. Mues amica saepe vcocāre me “Insipientiam vaccam,” vel alia animalia. Tu nōm mentiris populous Roma. Ego praecise credo cuncta tu dico. Ego supervenio tuum expeditonem. Meus amicus, Lupus Grovian, curo fund dum ramgone. Tu habeo optimās notiones Romae intuo anima, at tu praeis non futurus dictator.

Tuuas “Insipientia vacca,”

Samulus Stashus

Sam Stashower - English

Dear Caesar,

My name is Samulus Stashus. My profession is a farmer on the outskirts of Rome. I wish to join the army of Caesar. I hear many stories of your great feats, and there is absolutely no doubt in my mind they are true. However, I have a history of gullibility. My friends occasionally call me a “Gullible Cow,” or other animals. You are not lying to the people of Rome at all. I absolutely believe everything. I am joining your army. My friend Lupus Grovian tends to the farm while I am away. You have the best interests of Rome in mind, and you are absolutely not a future dictator.

Your “Gullible Cow,”

Samulus Stashus

57

Jeremy Walsh - Latin

Care Caesar,

Mihi nomen est Pilus Iumulus, et ego sum magnus pistor Romae. Uxorem habeo sed libros non habeo. Tortas, pames, crusta, et lagana coquo. coquere amo, et mult popult amant meum cibum. Tu es probus. Te credo, quia Roma servatur a te et a tuo exercitu. Tu vincis terram sicut Galliā, et tu das Romae multas terras. Tu es imperator magnus et dux credibilis. Populus Romae iuvatur a te. Coquerre amo, et cum exercitu valde exspecto coquerre. Te adjuvo et cum exercitum, quia das auxilium Romae. Potes facere Romam esse magnum imperium.

Tuo servo fideli,

Pilus Iumulus

Jeremy Walsh - English

Dear Caesar,

My name is Pilus Iumulus, and I am a great baker of Rome. I have a wife but I have no child. I bake pies, breads, pastries, and cakes. I love to bake, and many people love my bakery. You are honest. I have faith in you, because Rome is being saved by you and by your army. You conquer land including Gaul, and you give Rome much territory. You are a great military general and a trustworthy leader. The Plebians of Rome are being helped by you. I love to bake, and with the army I very much anticipate to bake. I am supporting you and joining the army, because you are supporting Rome. You are able to make Rome be a great empire.

Your faithful servant,

Pilus Iumulus

58


Raphael Baumgardner, Ryan Rabovsky and Lewis Wilson II


Departure City: Delos



Travel Priority: Shortest

Day 1-2: Traveled by boat on coastal waterways to Isthmia

Day 3-4: Traveled by ox cart on road to Corinthus

Day 5-13: Traveled by boat on coastal waterways to Brumdisium

Day 13-17: Traveled by ox cart on road to Barium

Day 17-20: Traveled by boat on coastal waterways to Ancona

Day 20-32: Traveled by ox cart on road to Ravenna

Total Travel Distance: 1,637 kilometers (1,017 miles)


Letters from Delos

59





Raphael Baumgardner - Latin

Care Caesar,

Salve, paro superventre te et tuos viros in bello. Sum athleta a Hispania et volo pugnare. Timeo non neco in pugna tibi. Magnus vir et scientia tenentur a tuo legione. Possum petere victoriam tibi. Habeo multam ob servantia. Volo pugnare cum te valde diu. Viri bene curantur a te. Ego semper paro et exspecto victoriam. Audio fabulorum de tuis magnis et praeclaris bellis. Adiuvo omnes sicut sunt meam familiam. Ego volo amitari te in bello quia es magnus dux et observo te.

Amo,

Rufus Lutonius

Raphael Baumgardner - English

Dear Caesar,

Hello, I am preparing to join you and your men in war. I am an athlete from Spain and I wish to battle. I am not afraid to kill in battle. Great men and knowledge are being held by your army. I am able to gain a victory for you. I have much respect for you. I am desiring to fight with you for a very long time. Men are being well taken care of by you. I always prepare and expect victory. I hear stories of your great and famous wars. I help everyone like they are my family. I desire to join you in war because you are a great leader and I respect you.

Sincerely,

Rufus Lutonious

60

Ryan Rabovsky - Latin

Care Julie Caesar,

Salve, mihi nomen est Rianus Rallus. Sum aediles in plebeio ordine. Habito in Hispania. Habeo duo liberos et uxorem. Non volo supervenire te in tuam expeditionem ad Romam. Non possum supervenire te quia, non habeo satis pecuniae. Mea familia debet carari a me. Tu est immisericors et foedus. Odi tu, Caesar. Non magni aestimaris a populo in loco quo habito. Tu est ignominia mundo. Nihil meliorius facitur in Roma a te. Mē paenitet, sed facis ut aegrotem, Juli Caesar.

Candidule,

Rianus Rallus

Ryan Rabovsky - English

Dear Julius Caesar,

Hi, my name is Rianus Rallus. I am the commissioner of the police in the plebian class. I live in Spain. I have two kids and a wife. I do not want to join you in your campaign towards Rome. I am unable to join you because I do not have enough money. My family ought to be cared for by me. You are ruthless and disgusting. I hate you Caesar. You are not being appreciated by the people in the place I live. You are a disgrace to the world. Nothing is being improved in Rome by you. I am sorry, but you make it so that I am sick, Julius Caesar.

Sincerely,

Rianus Rallus

61

Lewis Wilson II - Latin

Care Juli Caesar,

Sum Umadus Raffus. Non supervenio tē. Propter meum familiam non supervenio tē. Ego curo meum familiam valde. Sum etiam sutor. Senator est importunus. Dei sunt tecum. Tu timeris propter tuum regnum. Tu ab amor me. Pompeyus superatur a te.

Ex,

Umadus Raffus

Lewis Wilson II - English

Dear Caesar,

I am Umadus Raffus. I am not joining you. Because of my family I am not joining you. I have a lot of care for my family. I am also a busy shoe- maker. The senator is being mean. The gods are with you. You are being feared because of your power. That is why people fear you. You are loved by me. Pompey is being defeated by you.

Sincerely,

Umadus Raffus.

62

Modern

Chapter 3

Pop-up Science

Students in Science 7 created pop-up books demonstrating the concepts they learned in a story form.

Ashlyn MacKenzie

Blood is unappreciated. No matter how

hard he works, the other organs don't seem

to notice. Learn about the role of red blood

cells in our bodies as you follow Blood's

quest for recognition.

Runaway Blood

65

66

Jeremy Walsh

Learn about the development of germ

theory as a misfit band of scientists try to

stop their evil nemesis from carrying out his

plan to unleash a deadly germ!

The Hunt for Germ Theory

67

68

Hayley Sanders

When Caleb comes down with a deadly

disease, Hanna, his true love, must find a way

to save him. Learn how scientists discover

and test medicines to stop diseases in their

tracks, as you follow Hanna's desperate

quest to save Caleb.

Hope Will Find a Way

69

70

Jason Gates

Timmy the Tomato undertakes a

dangerous mission to save Kerry the Cherry,

the princess of the Royal Fruit Family. Learn

about the digestive system as you follow his

journey back to complete his task.

Timmy the Tomato's Great Gastric Adventure

71

72

Siena McKnight

It's transformation day, and Oliver the

Oxygen molecule is hoping to become carbon

dioxide. Learn about the respiratory system as

Oliver travels all the way to the aveoli and

back to complete his task.

The Airy Journey

73

74

Sabrina Hosmer

Qualitative and quantitative data battle it

out in Mr. Miller's classroom to determine

which is more vital for scientists!

Descriptive Numbers

75

76

Danielle Clayton

Poor Alvin Alveoli has to perform in front

of the entire school for the 2nd Grade Talent

Show! With a little assist from his sisters, Lulu

and Lucia Lung, Alvin will teach us about the

respiratory system.

The Breezy Talent Show

77

78

Starr Howard

Pablo Pancreas is tired of doing the

same job all day long. He doesn't feel very

important and he's ready for something new.

Can his organ friends convince him he has a

vital role in helping a body function?

The Best Job Ever

79

80

Sean Weinberger

It's a crisis! There aren't enough red

blood cells in the body to give oxygen to all

the organs. Learn about the function of

various organs in our bodies as Pump, the

heart, calls a meeting to solve this emergency.

Judgement Day

81

82

Ben Weinberger

Joe has come down with the flu. It's up

to the soldiers of the immune system, led by

their captain, Tommy the T-cell, to defeat the

evil invaders and get Joe healthy again. Learn

about the immune system as you follow the

battle.

Flu Season

83

84

Sydney Schwartz

Pooh has eaten some bug-infested honey

and contracted a strange new disease. What

will friends Piglet, Eeyore, and Tigger do to

help him get better?

Not Just Another Day in the Park

85

86

Maya Pingho

Chad loves to surf. He's love surfing so

much, he's willing to ignore the signs telling

him he may get sick from going in the water.

Learn about contagious diseases as you listen

to Chad's adventure.

Sea Sick

87

88

Morgan Schwartz

Learn about treating cancer as a brave

red blood cell tries to help vanquish the

tumors taking over his body. Will a surprise

appearance by Gandalf the wizard be enough

to help him save the day?

The Terrible Tumor

89

90

Amanda Kay

Drip is a vaccine, sent into the body of a boy to help his body destroy the infected germ mafia. Learn about the some of the organs of the body as you follow Drip's quest.

Drip vs. the Infected Germ Mafia

91

92

Alonso Flores-Noel

The Hornets, a soccer team of organelles,

are close to being relegated to a lower league.

Can the organelles learn to work together in

time to help their team avoid a terrible fate?

The Dysfunctional Cell

93

94

Leah Mayo

It's the first game of the season in the

Inner Lung League of Football. The

Endostatins are playing last year's champions,

the Tumors. Learn about treating cancer as

the Endostatins try to stop the Tumor

juggernaut.

The Tumor Takedown

95

96

Niles McCoy

Ancient kingdoms battle in this story filled

with intrigue, action, and lots and lots of

snakes. Learn about infectious disease as

your root for the Kingdom of McCoynia to

vanquish its enemies.

Fangs

97

98

Sloan Melnick

George is a tumor. His best friends, Max

and Lindsey Blood Vessel, keep him well fed

and happy. But when accidentally drinks a

bottle of endostatin one day, he finds his

entire life changed. Learn about cancer as you

follow the travails of George.

Endostatin a Day Keeps the Doctor Away

99

100

Chapter 4

Current Publishing

Students explored what it takes to publish a book in today’s world, including analysis of various formats and cost. They also looked at trends and considered the future of publishing.

This year in math we have learned about newspaper circulation and how delivery has changed. The world has evolved dramatically throughout the years. The way we receive our news has also changed. People can receive news instantly through the Internet or the television. Circulation rates for traditional newspaper companies have gone down. Because of our evolving technology, you can receive any important information that you want instantly. Websites now have the news on their front page, apps are available for purchase on your smart phone or iPad, and televisions have multiple news stations for local and worldwide news.

- Kylie Rau

Alexandra Jones and Kylie Rau

PRESENTATIONS BY

Brookie Morgan Myles Traver

Nicole Gramm Brett Smith

Alexandra Jones Bradley Kay

Newspaper Circulation and the Future of News

102

In the future, I think newspapers will be obsolete. I believe that people will get their news only from T.V or online. Today people are not really using newspapers as much as they did in the past, because the Internet and social media have improved and been used by almost everyone in the world, to get information about almost anything.

In the past when the Internet was not invented, people would learn about important events around the world and in their communities, from newspapers. It was a way to share information, good or bad, with others.

Our world has modernized because of new technology and has changed a great deal because of the Internet. Because of these great advances newspaper circulations have plummeted. People are not really buying newspapers anymore, and rely on the news from T.V. or from the news online.

Although newspaper circulations have decreased, some people still enjoy having that nice paper feeling in their hands, as they read the day’s invents; and still enjoy going out to get their newly delivered mail in the morning. These kinds of people have really saved the newspaper market, and the newspaper companies. Without these people, newspapers would already be obsolete, and newspaper companies would already be out of business.

Moreover there are still people who enjoy the electronic feeling of getting their news, and enjoy listening or reading the news on a screen. There are also some people who are very green, and like that news is online, because it is helping our environment, by not cutting down trees. In the future, I think the world will hold more of those kinds of people, and sadly, I think newspapers will become extinct.

- Alexandra Jones

103

Thank you to our teachers, Mr. Hunter, Mr. Kelley, Ms. Maletta, Mr. Marusak and Mr. Miller, as well as Ms. Handelman and Ms. Foust Colburn for their help.

Thank you to Ms. Davis, Mr. Dickie, Ms. Gerharz and Mr. Gordon for their technology assistance.

A BIG thank you to our families for all of their support!

Pop-up Science photos taken by Joy Foust Colburn.

Other images from Wordle.net and Morguefile.com, a free photo archive.

104

Documents

Telling the Story: Ancient and Modern