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Green Technologies for the 21st century
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THE GREEN REVOLUTION: SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND BEYOND
Arch. Liza Morales-Crespo, LEED AP, AIA, UAP
Arch. Liza Crespo, LEED AP, AIA, UAP
• Principal, Liza Crespo Ecotecture
• Registered Architect in New York State & the Philippines
• LEED Accredited Professional - USGBC
• Licensed Architect by the Philippine Professional Regulation
Commission (1997 Board Exam, 6th place)
• University of the Philippines, Diliman- BS Architecture (Cum Laude)
• Columbia University, New York - Master of Science in
Architecture & Urban Design
• New Jersey Inst. Of Tech., New Jersey - Master of Science in
Infrastructure Planning
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
Source: http://wbcsdcement.org/pdf/CSI-RecyclingConcrete-Summary.pdf
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The Problem with Concrete…
•Concrete accounts for 7-10% of CO2 emissions worldwide….
Source: http://climatetechwiki.org/technology/energy-saving-cement
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Portland Cement Production
•Production of Portland
cement is currently
exceeding 2.6 billion tons
per year worldwide and
growing at 5 percent
annually.
Imperviousness of Concrete
Heat Island
Sources:
1. Kun Li and Zhuang Yu, Article: Comparative and Combinative Study of Urban Heat island in Wuhan City with Remote Sensing and CFD Simulation Sensors 2008, 8(10), 6692-
6703; doi:10.3390/s8106692
Albedo is a means by which the amount of
sun reflected is measured.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Sustainable Concrete
•Better re-use of waste and other secondary
materials such as water, aggregate, fuel or
other cementitious material;
•Lower reliance on quarrying material or
sending construction and demolition waste
to landfill by maximising the use of recycled
material where practical;
•Development of low-energy, long-lasting
yet flexible buildings and structures;
•Exploiting the thermal mass of concrete in a
structure to reduce energy demand;
•Environmental restoration after industrial
activity has ceased.
Prefabricated Foundation Walls
•XI wall by Superior Walls, a prefabricated foundation wall system
manufactured in Pennsylvania, uses reduced amounts of concrete as
compared to standard foundation walls
•which the manufacturer claims to be 80% less. This system is
comprised of steel, a built-in insulation layer and some concrete. These
panels are then cast in a configuration similar to
•stud walls, and allows for basements to be erected at a much shorter
period of time while requiring minimal coordination.
Source: http://www.buildingproductsnews.com/category/concrete/
Solar Masonry Units
• Prototype design done by Rhode
Island School of Design student
(Alexander Keller)
•Winner of the Metropolis
Magazine Next Generation
•“Brick” bind together via
interlocking
Male and female parts (mortar not
Required)
Source: http://www.metropolismag.com/nextgen/ng_story.php?article_id=4259/
Green Aggregate
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
•synthetic lightweight aggregate material
•developed from various environmental waste processes (i.e. fly ash)
•Reduction of dead load
•Longer Spans
•Better fire ratings
•Lower foundation costs
•25%-35% lighter than normal weight concrete; but strength is
comparable
Geopolymer Concrete
•utilizes "fly ash," one of the most abundant
industrial by-products
•features greater corrosion resistance,
•substantially higher fire resistance (up to 2400° F
or1300°C ),
•high compressive and tensile strengths, a rapid
strength gain,
•and lower shrinkage
•life cycle greenhouse gas reduction potential -- as
much as 90% when compared with ordinary
Portland cement.
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
Bacteria+Sand+Urine=Brick
•1 Brick=1.3 pounds of CO2 emissions
•Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation
•Ginger Krieg Dossier @ UAE
•Still needs further study: Ammonia
by-product which can contaminate
water supplies
Source: http://www.metropolismag.com/nextgen/ng_story.php?article_id=4259/
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
Self Healing Concrete
•Uses carbon dioxide and water to heal itself
•By Prof. Victor Li of the University of Michigan
•Crack in the roadway when it gets wet and dries
up, additional cement paste in the mixture seals
the cracks like a scar after a wound
•Designed to bend and crack in thin hairlines
as opposed wider gaps=lead to safer and stronger
infrastructure
•Designed for tensile strains up to 5% compared to
normal concrete which fails at .01% strain
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090422175336.htm
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
Pervious Concrete: EcoCreto
•An additive to concrete to make it pervious (allowing
water to pass thru at 4” per minute)
•Developed by chemist Jaime Grau and Nestor de Buen
•Applied like asphalt laid over a sub-base of stones and
geotextile fabric. Wire and Rebars are NOT recommended
•Relatively strong, achieving 5000 psi within 28 days
•Claims: cut down pollutants from motor vehicle
emissions and indstrial processes i.e. Nitrogen oxides,
sulfur oxides and VOCs
•Air pockets in Ecocreto are said to help mitigate heat
island effects and filter rainwater
Source: Design Like You Give A Damn, Architecture for Humanity, Abrams, 2012.
Waterproof Concrete: Hycrete
•Concrete is typically porous, absorbent and
degrades when exposed to pollutants
•Typical methods of waterproofing concrete are
not green
•Hycrete is an admixture that incorporates the
waterproofing in the concrete by sealing
hydrocarbon in the capillaries (w/c occurs during
process of mixing with concrete)
•Helps with concrete-rebar adhesion= prevents
corrosion
Source: Design Like You Give A Damn, Architecture for Humanity, Abrams, 2012.
Papercrete
•Paper + Water + Concrete = Papercrete
•Has good insulating properties and makes use of
recycled material
•Relatively inexpensive and strong
•With borax and boric acid, it can be made fire
resistant
•With reinforcing and waterproofing it can have a
wide variety of applications
•Used in a school in Taiwan
Source: Design Like You Give A Damn, Architecture for Humanity, Abrams, 2012.
Source: Design Like You Give A Damn, Architecture for Humanity, Abrams, 2012.
Papercrete
Smog Eating Concrete: Italcementi
•For the design of the Jubilee Church in Rome,
architect Richard Meier asked Italian cement
manufacturer Italcementi to produce a cement
that would stay clean & white.
•Titanium Oxide: uses a photocalytic process
oxidizes chemicals that come into contact with the
cement
•Claims: cut down pollutants from motor vehicle
emissions and indstrial processes i.e. Nitrogen
oxides, sulfur oxides and VOCs
•30-40% more expensive than regular cement.
However, lower maintenance costs associated w/
repainting
Source: Design Like You Give A Damn, Architecture for Humanity, Abrams, 2012.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Lessons Learned
iomimicry
ntegrative Approach to Design
I.S.S. (Keep It Simple, Stupid)
radicate “One Size Fits All” Mentality
iomimicry
Nature runs on sunlight
Nature use only the energy it needs
Nature fits form to function
Nature recycles everything
Nature rewards cooperation
Nature banks on diversity
Nature demands local expertise
Nature curbs excesses from within
Nature taps the power of limits
- Janine Benyus “Biomimicry”
iomimicry
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
iomimicry
iomimicry
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
Biomimicry
•Bamboo, owing to its structural and geometric qualities, is quite efficient with handling
lateral loads
•This arrangement allows for
gravity loads to be supported by
The exterior skin leading to a more
Lightweight and efficient structure
Diagphragm: help resist buckling of
the culm wall along the entire
weight of the culm
Culm Wall: material that forms the
culm provides maximum bending
resistance
Cavity
Internode
Node
Node
Source: Learning from Nature, Mark Sarkisian, Civil Engineering, June 2011
Biomimicry
•Principle applied by SOM in their design entry for the China World trade Center tower
competition
Source: Learning from Nature, Mark Sarkisian, Civil Engineering, June 2011
iomimicry
Source: Learning from Nature, Mark Sarkisian, Civil Engineering, June 2011
iomimicry
Source: Learning from Nature, Mark Sarkisian, Civil Engineering, June 2011
•“…the logarithmic spirals were interpreted to
mimic the natural force flows of a cantilevered
structure to its foundation, resulting in a
braced structural system comprising radiating
structural members that would equally
distribute the stresses while minimizing the
amount of material used”
•Mitchell Truss: “radiating lines of a pure
cantilever in which force flow lines of
equivalent, constant stress result in
particular spacings and orientations from the
fixed support to the tip of the cantilever .”
iomimicry
Source: Learning from Nature, Mark Sarkisian, Civil Engineering, June 2011
iomimicry
Source: Learning from Nature, Mark Sarkisian, Civil Engineering, June 2011
ntegrative Approach to Design
INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
TO DESIGN
ntegrative Approach to Design
INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
TO DESIGN
ntegrative Approach to Design
I.S.S. (Keep it Simple, Stupid)
Recycling VS Downcycling…
•“To eliminate the concept of
waste means to design things ---
-products, packaging and
systems on the understanding
that waste does NOT exist.” •–Bill Mc Donough, Cradle to Cradle
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
I.S.S. (Keep It Simple, Stupid)
radicate “One size fits all” mentality.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Masdar City
Masdar City
1.6 km
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar-graphic.html
Masdar City
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar-graphic.html
Masdar City
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar-graphic.html
• How do welove all the
children of all
species for all time? ...
Liza Morales-Crespo, AIA, LEED AP, UAP
“How do we love all
the children of all
species for all time? ”-McDonough, Cradle to Cradle
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