Upload
vanduong
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and Ethnic MicroaggressionsDanielle N. Knight, MA, LPC-Intern (supervised by Christie Melonson)Christine D. Wong, MA, NCCTexas Counseling Association Professional Growth ConferenceNovember 13, 2014
IntroductionsWho Are We?
Danielle Knight
Christine Wong
Tell us a bit about yourself!Your backgroundsWhat drew you to this presentation?
Purposes/ Goals of Presentation
Learn a new way to attend to session that may increase awareness of racial microaggressions
Learn a multiculturally-sensitive way to attend to racial microaggressions that occur in session
Learning Objectives
1. To educate attendees on various psychological and physical effects of racial and ethnic microaggressions on minority individuals.
2. The impact of racial and ethnic microaggressions on the therapeutic alliance.
Learning Objectives (cont’d)
3. To educate attendees on Safran and Muran’s (2000) relational treatment approach and their rupture-resolution models.
4. To describe a multicultural counseling approach to Safran and Muran’s (2000) rupture-resolution models.
Learning Objectives (cont’d)
5. To provide attendees with practice recommendations and suggestions utilizing this approach.
Overview of Presentation
Why it is important to address race and ethnicity in therapy
Definitions of race and ethnicity
What are microaggressions?How they affect the counseling relationship?Consequences of racial microaggressions?
Overview of Presentation (cont’d)
What are alliance ruptures?Importance of addressing ruptures in
therapy?
Alliance-Focused Therapy and Basic Therapist Skills
Experiential activities!
Why it is important to address race and ethnicity in therapy
US is becoming increasingly diverse
Racism still exists – just changed forms
Minority clients less likely to come to counseling (Owen et al., 2011)
Why it is important to address race and ethnicity in therapy (cont’d)
Minority clients are more likely to terminate prematurely (Owen et al., 2011)
Misdiagnosis of minority clients –colorblindness (Ridley, 1995)
Definitions – US Census Bureau
RaceReflects a social definition, and not an
attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically
Ethnicityrefers to an individual’s self-identification of
their origin or descent, “roots,” heritage, or place where the individual or his/her parents or ancestors were born.
Definitions –Counseling & Psychology LiteratureRaceSocially constructedonly meaningful when understood from social,
historical, and political contextsNOT genetically based (Andersen & Collins, 2013)
Ethnicity“A group classification of individuals who share a
unique social and cultural heritage (customs, language, religion, and so on) passed from one generation to the next” (Richardson et al., 2010, p. 227)
Also socially constructed
Microaggressions - HistoryChester Pierce (1977)“Subtle, stunning, often automatic, and
nonverbal exchanges which are ‘put downs’ of blacks by offenders” (p. 65)
Other terms used to refer to microaggressionsSymbolic racism (Sears & McConahay, 1973)
Modern racism (McConahay, 1981)
Aversive racism (Dovidio et al., 2002)
Microaggressions – Definition
Sue, Capodilupo, et al. (2007)
“Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group” (p. 273).
Microaggressions – Types
Race
Ethnicity
Gender
Sexual Orientation
Consequences of Racial Microaggressions
Mental & physical health (Blume et al., 2012; Nadal et al., 2014)
DepressionAnxietyStressEmotional & psychological well-being
Difficult dialogues on race (Sue et al., 2009)
Consequences of Racial Microaggressions (cont’d)
In counseling, affects how clients view/rate
Working alliance
Counselor’s general counseling competence
Counselor’s multicultural counseling competence
Question to Audience
Experience with microaggression based on your race, ethnicity, culture directed at you?In general?During your counselor education?
In supervisory relationship?
Experience with committing a microaggression?
What are Alliance Ruptures?
Fluctuations in the quality of the allianceCan be major or minor
How they affect the therapeutic allianceClients rate lower working alliance for
unresolved rupturesSuccessful resolution of ruptures can create
an “emotionally corrective experience (Safran & Muran, 2000)
Basic Therapist Skills
Self-Awareness
Affect regulation
Interpersonal Sensitivity
Awareness Activity 1: Mindfulness
Raisin exercise (Segal, Williams & Teasdale, 2013)
Intentions for Raisin Exercise (p. 114)
1. Noting the contrast between mindful awareness and automatic pilot
2. Seeing how paying attention in detail can reveal things we had not noticed or had forgotten
3. Paying attention in this way can transform the experience
4. Noticing mind wandering as normal
Awareness Activity 1: Mindfulness
What was this experience like?Was there any difference between this
experience eating a raisin and past experiences?
How can this translate into the counseling process?
Awareness Activity: Role Plays
Way to practice metacommunication
10 min role-plays
About 5 min processing each
Role Play 1: When Racial Microaggression is NOT addressed
Questions to ClientWere you aware of the MA?What thoughts/ feelings did you have?Thoughts/feelings you had toward the
counselor?
Role Play 1 (cont’d)
Questions to CounselorWere you aware of any internal and/or
external reactions the client had?Was there a shift in the relational dynamic
after instigating the microaggression?
Role Play 2: When the Racial Microaggression IS addressedClientHow did you feel when you brought up that
a racial microaggression occurred?Did you feel the RM was “successfully”
resolved?How did playing a racially different client
help you become more aware of what a client of this background may be thinking or feeling?
Role Play 2 (cont’d)CounselorWhat was it like to have the client bring up
the racial microaggression?Were you satisfied with the way you
negotiated the racial microaggression? If not, how would you have done it
differently?How might being aware of your client’s
racial, ethnic, or cultural background help you be more mindful of when a racial microaggression occurs?
Final Questions?
ReferencesAndersen, M. L., & Collins, P. H. (2013). Race, class, and gender: An
anthology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Blume, A. W., Lovato, L. V., Thyken, B. N., & Denny, N. (2012). The
relationship of microaggressions with alcohol use and anxiety among ethnic minority college students in a historically white institution. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 45-54. doi: 10.1037/a0025457
Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Kawakami, K., & Hodson, G. (2002). Why can’t we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(2), 88-102. doi: 10.1037//1099-9809.8.2.88
Gaztambide, D. J. (2012). Addressing cultural impasses with rupture resolution strategies: A proposal and recommendations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(3), 183-189. doi: 10.1037/a0026911
References (cont’d)Henry, P. J. (2010). Modern racism. In J. M. Levine & M. A. Hogg (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of group process & intergroup relations (pp. 576-578). doi: http://dx.doi.org.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/10.4135/9781412972017.n174
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563-579.
McConahay, J. G., & Hough, J. C. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 23-45.
Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Wong, Y., & Hamit, S. (2014). The impact of racial microaggressions on mental health: Counseling implications for clients of color. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(_), 57-66. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x
Owens, J., Imel, Z., Tao, K. W., Wampold, B., Smith, A., Rodolfa, E. (2011). Cultural ruptures in short-term therapy: Working alliance as a mediator between clients’ perceptions of microaggressions and therapy outcomes. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 11(3), 204-212. doi: 10.1080/14733145.2010.491551
References (cont’d)Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Imel, Z. E., Wampold, B. E., & Rodolfa, E. (2014).
Addressing racial and ethnic microaggressions in therapy. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 45(4), 283-290.
Pierce, C. M., Carew, J. V., Pierce-Gonzalez, D., & Wills, D. (1977). An experiment in racism: TV commercials. Education and Urban Society, 10(1), 61-87. doi: 10.1177/001312457701000105
Ridley, C. R. (1995). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: A practitioner’s guide to intentional intervention. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
References (cont’d)Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A.
M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
Sue, D. W., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., Capodilupo, C. M., & Rivera, D. P. (2009). Racial microaggressions and difficult dialogues on race in the classroom. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 183-190. doi: 10.1037/a0014191
U.S. Census Bureau. Race. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/glossary/r/race.htm
U.S. Census Bureau. Ethnic origin or race. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/glossary/e/ethnic_origin_or_race.htm