TEAMx –a New international Research Programme on Weather ... · Mathias W. Rotach Department of Atmospheric and CryosphericSciences University of Innsbruck TEAMx –a New international

MathiasW.RotachDepartmentofAtmosphericandCryospheric Sciences

UniversityofInnsbruck

TEAMx– aNewinternationalResearchProgrammeonWeatherandClimateintheMountains

2ÖAWKommissionfürKlimaundLuftreinhaltung|Rotach |26.4.2019

Outline

Ø Atmospherictransportandexchangeprocessesovermountains

→ relevance:

weather/climate/airpollution

→ whatdoweknow/needtoknow?

Ø TEAMx – anewinternationalprogram

ALPEX– MAP- TEAMx


MountainWeather and Climate

Ø longtradition→ orographicprecipitation→ gravitywaves,∼ breaking→ blocking→ Föhn,Bora&co→ dynamicfeatures

Ø Alpex,Pyrex,MAP

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/how-weather-works/highs-and-lows/blocks

http://blog.weatherflow.com/gravity-waves-over-new-hampshirevermont/


MountainWeather and ClimateØ commoninterest,traditional

→ impactofmountainsonstateoftheatmosphere→ e.g.,howdoes‘amountain’changetheproductionofrain?→ howdoes‘amountain’modifytheflow?→ etc.,etc....

Whicheffecthasthepresenceofthemountainontheatmosphere?


MountainWeather and Climate

Ø commoninterest,traditional→ impactofmountainsonstateoftheatmosphere→ e.g.,howdoes‘amountain’changetheproductionofrain?→ howdoes‘amountain’modifytheflow?

etc.,etc....

Ø mountain→ atmosphereperspective

Ø fromaglobalpointofview:

→ ‘mountain’ispartofthesurface

→ characterofthesurface

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/1724212


Exchange

Ø characterofthesurface→ determinestheexchange betweentheatmosphere

andtheearth→ couplingoftheatmospherewiththesurface

Ø mountain⟷ atmosphereperspective→ howdoestheatmophere– whichhasbeenmodifiedbythe

mountain – executethisexchange?

https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/energy-budget

energy budget water cycle carbon budget

slideshare.nethttp://www.algebralab.org/practice/practice.aspxfile=Reading_WaterCycle.xml


Exchange




mountain – executethisexchange?→ traditionally:thisistheroleoftheboundarylayer→ exchangeofheat,massandmomentumatthesurface→ transporttotheground/awayfromtheground

Ø example:CO2 budget


FateofAnthropogenicCO2 Emissions

9.3±0.5 PgC y-1

+1.0±0.5 PgC y-1

3.1±0.9 PgC y-1

30%Calculated as the residual

of all other flux components

26%2.6±0.5 PgC y-1

Average of 5 modelsGlobal Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2016 – budget: 2006-2015

4.5±0.1 PgC y-1

45%


Overall:→ aboutequalsharesgotooceans/landsurface→ uncertaintyoflanduptakethelargest→ landuptakemodeled dependsonmethod

(2.3vs.2.7/3.8/3.8 PgC y-1for2006-2015)→ modeled:doesnottakeintoaccount terrain

Landsurface carbon uptake

(LeQuere etal.2016)

Dynamicvegmodels

NH(>30° N)landCO2uptake

atmosphericinversions


ThediscrepancyofmodeledlandsurfaceuptakeofCandthat‘required’(i.e.theresidual)mightatleastpartiallydisappearif‘the

models’weretakingorographyproperlyintoaccount

Hypothesis


Ø atmosphericinversemodelingvs.

Ø dynamicglobalvegetationmodels,including→ ecosystemmodeling→ inventories→ upscaling from‘fluxtowers’

model approaches:

Modeledlandsurfaceuptake

allrelyonmeasurements:[CO2]or !wCO2!


Fluxtowersites

→ representecosystems→ butnotorography

Standarddeviationsubgrid-scaleorography(20km)

Rotachetal.(2014),BAMS


Fluxtowersites

→ representecosystems→ butnotorography

Chamau-grassOehnsingen-grass MonteBondone

Neustift-alpinepasture


Ø atmosphericinversemodelingvs.

Ø dynamicglobalvegetationmodels,including→ ecosystemmodeling→ inventories→ upscaling from‘fluxtowers’

model approaches:

Modeledlandsurfaceuptake

→ relyon‘boundarylayerexchange’


Exchangeovertopography


Exchange




mountain– executethisexchange?

Ø traditionally:thisistheroleoftheboundarylayer→ exchangeofheat,massandmomentumatthesurface→ transporttotheground/awayfromtheground

Ø (first)challenge:MountainBoundaryLayer→ where(what)isit?→ howdoesitinteractwithmeso-scaleflows?


Recentdevelopments(sinceMAP- 1999)

Ø betteratmosphericmodelresolution→ weather:O(1km)gridspacing→ climate:O(10km)gridspacing(regionalclimate)

Ø hugejumpinobservationalsystems→ lidar,commerciallyavailable(beginning:alsoRamanforH2O)→ satellites→ turbulenceinformation→ PTr-TOFS

Ø climatechange→ requiresimpactmodeling→ need:therighttemperatureatmtn.surface(notonlythemtn.

sfctemperaturethatyieldsthe‘bestprecipitation’)→ climatediagnostics


TheChangeinthePerspective

Ø atmosphericmodels(weatherandclimate)→ goal:useoutputasinputforEarthSystemServices/Climate

services→ hydrological/agricultural/health/airpollution/….

applications

‚correct‘atmosphericflow

exchange@sfc

correctpointforecast/diagnostics


AChangeinthePerspective

atmosphericflow:

→ ifrelatedtotraditional(prognostic)variables:downscaling(diagnosing)

→ forexample:heatwave (temperature...),windpower

→ ifapplicationmodelneedsmore:suchasturbulence,PBLheight?

→ forexample:airpollutionmodeling(frictionvelocity,TKE,PBLheight,...)


AnextensionofthePerspective

DeWekker and Kossman(2015), after Eckhart (1948)


Correctpointforecast

Ø radiation,turbulence,boundarylayerstate→ directinputtoimpactmodels→ hydrological[evaporation,sfcEB];vegetation(agriculture)[sfcEB,

canopy];windpower[TKE];solarpower[netSW];avalanche[sfcEB,albedo];airpollution[PBLheight,TKE,stability];pollen[PBLheight,TKE,stability]

→ forreliablepointweatherforecast/warnings/planning(now):EarthSystemServices

→ fordownscalingofclimatedata(future):Climate Services

Ø mountain⟷ atmosphereperspective→ howdoestheatmosphere– whichhasbeenmodifiedby

themountain – executethisexchange?→ translatesto‘correctpointforecast’

Ø interactionwithmeso-scaleflow(notPBLalone)


Exchange ofØ heat,momentumØ mass(watervapor,others,[CO2],…)

...determinedthroughØ availabilityØ efficiencyofexchange

Earth-atmosphereinteraction


LottandMiller(1996)

Ø Boundarylayerisinhomogeneous byconstruction

Ø thermallyinducedcirculations→ slope/valleyflows→ mountainventing

Ø dynamicmodification(gravitywavedrag,etc.)

Ø geometricaleffects(e.g.,narrowing/widening)formass

ExchangeoverOrography

Whiteman(2000)


ExchangeoverOrographyØ dothe(current)atmosphericmodelsappropriately

representthis?→ dependsonresolution...→ stateoftheArt:O(1km)gridspacingfor

NWP,O(10km)gsforregionalclimate

Ø physicalprocesses→ turbulentexchange→ radiation→ bothusually1d

Ø appropriatemeso-scaleflow(thermodynamic)field?→ dolowresolutionmodelsneedasgsparameterization?


Subgrid parameterization

→ totakeintoaccountunresolvedsub-gridscaleexchangeprocesses

→ necessarytoday?

Lehnerand Rotach 2018


Momentum→ zonalflow(globally)stronglyoverestimated

in‘earlydays’ofNWP→ exchangedueto(sgs)orography(gravity

waves)nottakenintoaccount


→ totakeintoaccountunresolvedsub-gridscaleexchangeprocesses

→ necessarytoday?


Momentumexchange

nogravitywavedrag

gravitywavedragincluded

meanJanNHSLP(84-86)Palmeretal1986(QJ)

→ totalexchange:subgrid-scalecontributionpara-meterized

observed modeled


Momentum

→ orographicdrag(e.g.Palmeretal.1986)

Heat

→ Noppel andFiedler(2002)

→ …..

→ Schmidli andRotunno (2010,2012)


ü


Heatexchange

→ perfectlyideal→ influenceofsurroundingorography→ influenceofgeometry/initialstratification/….

120km

Schmidli andRotunno 2010

=1km,ARPS Δx


Momentum

→ orographicdrag(e.g.Palmeretal.1986)

Heat


→ …..

→ Schmidli andRotunno (2012)

Mass

→ Weigel etal.(2007)


ü

>idealizedmodeling>systematic>noparameterizationyet

ü()


Ø MAPRivieraexampleØ two(example)dayswithweaksynopticforcingØ ARPS(excellentcorrespondencetomeasurements,notshown)

Moistureexchange

Weigel et al (2007)

(=++)

‘LES’(350m):

Coarsemodel:


Ø Idealizednumericalmodeling,passivetracerØ WRF,200mhorizontalmeshsizeØ differentgeometries

Massexchange

Wagner et al, QJ 2015

relativemassflux[%

]


Momentum

→ orographicdrag(e.g.,Palmeretal.1986)

Heat


→ …..

→ Schmidli andRotunno (2012)

Mass

→ moisture

→ CO2(notshown)


ü

>idealizedmodeling>systematic>noparameterizationyet

ü()

ü(())


Anewinternationalprogramme

TEAMxMulti-scaleTransportandExchangeProcessesintheAtmosphereoverMountains– Programme

andExperiment

Ø discussionstarted:afterICAM-2015Ø meetingsasideconferencesØ CoordinationandImplementationGroupestablished(9/2017)Ø WhitePaperinpreparation

Innsbruck,4.9.2015

ALPEX→ MAP→ TEAMx


topics:- BLsincomplexterrain- thermallydrivenflows- dynamictransport

(waves,breaking,…)- convection&orography- stableBLs- pollutanttransportand

dispersion→ andtheirinteractions


methods:- numericalmodeling

→ NWP(km-scale)→ regionalclimate→ processesand

parameterizations- observations

→ turbulentexchange→ Lidar,scintillometer→ obsstrategies

goal:→ coordinatedexperiment

(2022-23)


Where(what)istheMBL?

Specificresearchquestions

→ dependentonapplication(eveninHHFterrain)

‘TheAtmosphericBoundaryLayer isthatpartofthetropospherethatisdirectlyinfluencedbythepresenceoftheearth'ssurface,andrespondstosurfaceforcingwithatimescaleofaboutanhourorless’. Stull (1988)

diagnostics,ABLheight:→ basedon-profile(Zilitinkevich etal.2012,Seibertetal.2000,…)→ basedonturbulencestateofABL(e.g.,Ri /TKEcriterion)→ basedonotherinfluences(suchasaerosol/watervapor

mixing/concentrations)

θ


MountainBoundaryLayer(MBL)Ø heightoflayerinfluencedbysurface

→ notonlysurfacecharacter(turbulence)→ interactionwithmeso-scaleflow(valley/slopewinds)

Ø traditionaldiagnosticsdonotyieldzMBL

Lehnerand Rotach (2018)


Lehnerand Rotach (2018)

MountainBoundaryLayer(MBL)

Suggested definitionMountainBoundary Layer

TheMountainBoundaryLayer(MBL)is thelowestpartofthetropospherethatisdirectlyinfluencedbythemountainousterrain,respondstosurfaceandterrainforcings withtimescalesofaboutonetoafewhours,andisresponsiblefortheexchangeofenergy,mass,andmomentumbetweenthemountainousterrainandthefreetroposphere.

explicitresearchquestions:→ how(basedonwhat)todefinediagnosticsforzMBL?→ ‘general’structurefeasible?


Overarchingresearchquestions

Ø howdoesmountainousterrainimpactexchangetothefreeatmosphereofenergy,massandmomentum?(whichprocesses,interaction,abundance,...)

Ø doweunderstandtherelevantprocessesquantitatively?

Ø arecurrentmodels(regionalclimate,NWP)abletoadequatelyreproducetheseprocesses?

Ø doweneedasgs-parameterization(asgravitywavedrag)forO(10km)gridspacingmodels?

Ø howdoesmountainousterrainaffectairquality?

TEAMx


TEAMx - goalsandtargetsGoal Specific description Target

Understandingofexchangeprocessesovermountainsandtheirinteractions

- micro-scaletomeso-scale- interactions

- theoreticalbasisforregionalwater- andenergycycles

- modelparameterisationsNumerical modelling - point forecast (weather)

- point diagnostics (climate)- modelsfitforapplication

incomplexterrain- comparableaccuracy of

pointforecast/diagnoseasover‘flatterrain’

TEAMx joint experiment - spatialinhomogeneity- coordinationof

instrumentation

- testscientifichypotheses- development/verification

ofparameterisationsWeather/ClimateServices

- inputdatatoAtmosphere-influencedProcessModels(AiPMs)

- climatescenariosformountainousareasfeasible

- AiPMs canuse(reliable)modeloutputasinput

- accuracynotlimitedbyatmosphericinput



Understanding ofexchangeprocessesovermountainsandtheirinteractions








instrumentation

















instrumentation

















instrumentation

















instrumentation








partners(sofar…):

- UniversityofInnsbruck- KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology(KIT)- Mc GillUniversity- UniversityofLeeds(NCAS)- UniversityofTrento- UniversityofVirginia

- MeteoSwiss- Meteo France(CNRS)- NCAR- ZAMG

TEAMx


Ø TEAMx-Seed→ coordinationoffice(UIBK)→ institutionalcrowdfunding

Ø Researchisbottom-upfinanced→ individualprojects (e.g.CROSSINN,PIBiancaAdler,KIT)→ bilateral(e.g.,plannedMF-ACINN)→ multi-lateral(e.g.,ASTER[Euregio,PIManuelaLehner(ACINN),withUTrento

andUBolzano];e.g.plannedITN)→ similartoMAP

Ø Ressourcesforjointexperiment→ partners’(e.g.,KITcube,i-Box,MF,...)→ nationalobsprograms(e.g.,NCAS,NCAR,...)

Ø Computingressources:individual,PRACE,...

TEAMx – organization


Formsofgettinginvolved

PI’s/institutionsØ signTEAMxMoUØ participatein1st TEAMxWorkshop

→ August28-302019,Rovereto(I)→ refine/finalizeTEAMx-WhitePaper→ TEAMxworkinggroups(joinone...)

Ø writeproposal(getitfunded….)→ aloneorjoinateam→ getitapproved

Ø ‘observefromdistance’

TEAMx


SummaryØ exchangeofenergy,massandmomentum

→ relevantinatmosphere/climatesystem→ impactofmountainousterrain→ [mustbe]rightfortherightreason(climate&NWPservices):

correctpointforecasts(weather)&pointdignostics(climate)

Ø TEAMxMulti-scaletransportandexchangeprocessesintheatmosphereovermountains- programme andexperiment→ coordinatedinternationaleffort→ partnerswelcome→ willentertainusfortheyearstocome...

Thankyouforyourattention!

MathiasW.RotachDepartmentofAtmosphericandCryospheric Sciences



→ NWP(kmscale)→ regionalclimate→ processesand




(2022-23)


Heat export from idealized valley

idealizedWRFsimulations:→ dx=200m→ different(solar)forcing→ differentinititalstratification→ differentgeometry

→ howmuchheatisexported?

percen

tageofavailable

energyexported[%

]

B=Energyrequiredtobreakupvalleyinversion/avilableenergy

heatexportevenif‘notenoughenergyisavailable’[differentinitialstratification]

Leukauf etal.(2017)

DissertationDanielLeukauf







(2022-23)


Flowstructure inidealized valleyidealizedWRFsimulations:→ dx=200m→ differentvalleygeometry→ slopecirculation- exchange

DissertationJohannesWagner

Rotachetal.2015,basedonWagneretal.2015

totalvertical heat flux(average valley cross-sect)







(2022-23)


Turbulentexchange onslopes

i-Boxmeasurements:→ flux-scalarrelations→ non-dimensional

temperaturevariance

→ differencesto‘HHFterrain’?

onlyoneexample….

DissertationEleniSfyri

Ø eachsiteisdifferent(allarehigherthanref)

Ø notdependentonslopeangle

idealreference (Cabauw)

stability z/Λ Sfyri etal.(2018)

i-Boxdata







(2022-23)


Numerical models

TKEclosure of COSMOmodel:→ 1denough?→ addhorizontalshear

production

→ compare @ different i-Box sites (here: slope site)

DissertationBrigittaGoger

1-dimensionalTKEclosure

local timeGoger etal.(2018)

horizontalshear added


→ interactionsrelevant→ muchtobedone

Documents

TEAMx –a New international Research Programme on Weather ... · Mathias W. Rotach Department of Atmospheric and CryosphericSciences University of Innsbruck TEAMx –a New international