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“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”
Flying the WeatherFlying the WeatherFlying the WeatherFlying the WeatherAnd Not Letting the Weather Fly YouAnd Not Letting the Weather Fly You
Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame
Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame
RoadmapRoadmapRoadmapRoadmap
Weather ReportsWeather ProblemsWeather Briefing Sources
Weather ReportsWeather ProblemsWeather Briefing Sources
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
Components of METARs South Bend 17th day of the month, taken at 1551 Zulu Time (GMT) Wind from 080° at 15 gusting to 20 Knots 10 Statute Miles Visibility Few clouds at 3000 feet, scattered 6000, overcast 8500 Temp 13° C / Dewpoint 7°C 30.28 inches of Hg 2nd level ASOS / Rain began 22 minutes after the hour
and ended 38 minutes past the hour
Components of METARs South Bend 17th day of the month, taken at 1551 Zulu Time (GMT) Wind from 080° at 15 gusting to 20 Knots 10 Statute Miles Visibility Few clouds at 3000 feet, scattered 6000, overcast 8500 Temp 13° C / Dewpoint 7°C 30.28 inches of Hg 2nd level ASOS / Rain began 22 minutes after the hour
and ended 38 minutes past the hour
KSBN 171551Z 08015G20KT 10SM FEW030 SCT060 OVC085 13/07 A3028 RMK AO2 RAB22E38
Day/Time
WindAirport Visibility Clouds Temp/Dewpnt
Altimeter Remarks
METAR ExamplesMETAR ExamplesMETAR ExamplesMETAR ExamplesMETAR KSBN 130554Z 30010KT 10SM OVC045 M04/M11 A3002 RMK AO2 SLP178
METAR KSBN 130454Z 30010KT 10SM FEW037 OVC050 M04/M09 A3002 RMK AO2 SNE0355B25E28
METAR KSBN 130354Z 31012KT 9SM -SN BKN029 OVC038 M03/M08 A3003 RMK AO2 SNE16B34
SPECI KSBN 130417Z 31011KT 10SM BKN031 BKN040 OVC055 M04/M08 A3002 RMK AO2 SNE0355
METAR KIAD 081055Z AUTO/COR 21019G27KT 1/2SM R04R/3000FT -SN FG SCT011 OVC015 01/M02 A2945 RMK PK WND 19029/16 SLP045 T00081016
METAR KSBN 130554Z 30010KT 10SM OVC045 M04/M11 A3002 RMK AO2 SLP178
METAR KSBN 130454Z 30010KT 10SM FEW037 OVC050 M04/M09 A3002 RMK AO2 SNE0355B25E28
METAR KSBN 130354Z 31012KT 9SM -SN BKN029 OVC038 M03/M08 A3003 RMK AO2 SNE16B34
SPECI KSBN 130417Z 31011KT 10SM BKN031 BKN040 OVC055 M04/M08 A3002 RMK AO2 SNE0355
METAR KIAD 081055Z AUTO/COR 21019G27KT 1/2SM R04R/3000FT -SN FG SCT011 OVC015 01/M02 A2945 RMK PK WND 19029/16 SLP045 T00081016
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
Components of TAF South Bend 17th day of the month, predicted at 1145 Zulu Time (GMT) Valid from 1200-1200 on the 17th Wind variable at 3 knots 2 Statute Miles Visibility Scattered 3000, Broken 8000 Temporarily between 1500-1700 Rain Showers From 2200 Wind 130 at 9 Kts, 1 SM visibility, overcast 3000 Between 0200-1000, No Significant Weather, Ceiling Broken 3000
Components of TAF South Bend 17th day of the month, predicted at 1145 Zulu Time (GMT) Valid from 1200-1200 on the 17th Wind variable at 3 knots 2 Statute Miles Visibility Scattered 3000, Broken 8000 Temporarily between 1500-1700 Rain Showers From 2200 Wind 130 at 9 Kts, 1 SM visibility, overcast 3000 Between 0200-1000, No Significant Weather, Ceiling Broken 3000
Day/Time
WindAirport Visibility Ceilings Temporarily
TAF KSBN 171145Z 171212 VRB03KT 2 SM SCT030 BKN080 TEMPO 1517 SHRA
FM2200 13009KT 1SM OVC030 BECMG0210 NSW BKN030
Valid
Wind / Visibility / Ceiling BecomingFrom Wx / Ceiling
TAF ExamplesTAF ExamplesTAF ExamplesTAF Examples
TAF KSBN 130537Z 130606 30009KT P6SM OVC040 FM0900 27009KT P6SM BKN040FM1400 22014KT P6SM SCT040 BKN100
TAF KORD 130520Z 130606 30009KT P6SM BKN035 FM0800 28009KT P6SM SCT035 SCT250FM1200 25008KT P6SM SCT150 BKN200FM1600 23012G22KT P6SM BKN150FM0200 28011KT P6SM SCT015
TAF KAZO 130520Z 130606 27008KT P6SM -SHSN OVC050 TEMPO 0610 4SM -SHSN SCT015 BKN025FM1400 24013G22KT 5SM -SHSN BKN035 OVC100FM0000 24008KT P6SM -SHSN BKN035
TAF KSBN 130537Z 130606 30009KT P6SM OVC040 FM0900 27009KT P6SM BKN040FM1400 22014KT P6SM SCT040 BKN100
TAF KORD 130520Z 130606 30009KT P6SM BKN035 FM0800 28009KT P6SM SCT035 SCT250FM1200 25008KT P6SM SCT150 BKN200FM1600 23012G22KT P6SM BKN150FM0200 28011KT P6SM SCT015
TAF KAZO 130520Z 130606 27008KT P6SM -SHSN OVC050 TEMPO 0610 4SM -SHSN SCT015 BKN025FM1400 24013G22KT 5SM -SHSN BKN035 OVC100FM0000 24008KT P6SM -SHSN BKN035
Pilot Report (PIREP)Pilot Report (PIREP)Pilot Report (PIREP)Pilot Report (PIREP)
Components of PIREPsGipperReported at 2200 Zulu Time (GMT)Flight Level 090 (9000 Feet)Piper CherokeeBroken Layer between 800 and 1600 feetTemp -3° C Wind from 270° at 25Light Turbulence / Negative Icing
Components of PIREPsGipperReported at 2200 Zulu Time (GMT)Flight Level 090 (9000 Feet)Piper CherokeeBroken Layer between 800 and 1600 feetTemp -3° C Wind from 270° at 25Light Turbulence / Negative Icing
/OV GIJ /TM 2200 /FL090 TP/PA28 /SK 008 BKN 016 /TA -3 /WV2725 /TB LGT /IC NEG
Time Flight Level
Over Type A/C
Sky Cover TempAloft
Wind Aloft
Turbulence Icing
PIREP ExamplesPIREP ExamplesPIREP ExamplesPIREP Examples
UA /OV FLW090022/TM 0534/FL095/TP C172/SK SKC/WX FV99SM/TB NEG
UA /OV MZB/TM 0547/FL295/TP MD80/TA M43/WV 27211KT/TB NEG
UA /OV HYP090028/TM 0639/FL220/TP MD80/TB MDT
UA /OV FRA320015/TM 0604/FL200/TP A320/TB MDT/RM NORCAL
UA /OV FLW090022/TM 0534/FL095/TP C172/SK SKC/WX FV99SM/TB NEG
UA /OV MZB/TM 0547/FL295/TP MD80/TA M43/WV 27211KT/TB NEG
UA /OV HYP090028/TM 0639/FL220/TP MD80/TB MDT
UA /OV FRA320015/TM 0604/FL200/TP A320/TB MDT/RM NORCAL
Winds Aloft ForecastWinds Aloft ForecastWinds Aloft ForecastWinds Aloft Forecast******** FD Winds Aloft Forecast ********DATA BASED ON 130000Z VALID 130600Z FOR USE 0500-0900Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000FT 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 24000 30000 34000 39000FWA 3315 3113-16 3119-19 3221-23 3226-31 3232-42 344752 345252 334851JOT 3114 3114-14 3323-16 3428-21 3548-30 3673-39 861450 369655 346952MKG 3015 3013-16 3220-18 3223-22 3338-33 3455-42 860151 358655 346353
First 2 Digits: TRUE Wind DirectionSecond 2 Digits: Wind SpeedThird 2 Digits: Temperature
******** FD Winds Aloft Forecast ********DATA BASED ON 130000Z VALID 130600Z FOR USE 0500-0900Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000FT 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 24000 30000 34000 39000FWA 3315 3113-16 3119-19 3221-23 3226-31 3232-42 344752 345252 334851JOT 3114 3114-14 3323-16 3428-21 3548-30 3673-39 861450 369655 346952MKG 3015 3013-16 3220-18 3223-22 3338-33 3455-42 860151 358655 346353
First 2 Digits: TRUE Wind DirectionSecond 2 Digits: Wind SpeedThird 2 Digits: Temperature
AIRMET (WA)AIRMET (WA)AIRMET (WA)AIRMET (WA)
Warn of hazards primarily to small aircraft
Classifications Tango – Turbulence Sierra – IFR Weather & Mountain Obscuration Zulu - Icing
Warn of hazards primarily to small aircraft
Classifications Tango – Turbulence Sierra – IFR Weather & Mountain Obscuration Zulu - Icing
AIRMET ExampleAIRMET ExampleAIRMET ExampleAIRMET Example
******** AIRMETs ********CHIS WA 130334 AMD AIRMET SIERRA UPDT 1 FOR IFR AND MTN
OBSCN VALID UNTIL 130900.AIRMET IFR...MN IA...UPDTFROM 30WNW MSP TO 50W ODI TO 50SE MCW TO 20SSW MCW TO 40NE RWF TO 30WNW MSPOCNL CIG BLW 010 AND/OR VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/BR. CONDS ENDG 05-07Z..AIRMET IFR...LM MI INFROM 50NNE MKG TO 30NE GRR TO 20ENE GIJ TO 30WSW GIJ TO 30NW MKG TO 50NNE MKGOCNL CIG BLW 010 AND/OR VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/BR. CONDS ENDG
07-09Z.
******** AIRMETs ********CHIS WA 130334 AMD AIRMET SIERRA UPDT 1 FOR IFR AND MTN
OBSCN VALID UNTIL 130900.AIRMET IFR...MN IA...UPDTFROM 30WNW MSP TO 50W ODI TO 50SE MCW TO 20SSW MCW TO 40NE RWF TO 30WNW MSPOCNL CIG BLW 010 AND/OR VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/BR. CONDS ENDG 05-07Z..AIRMET IFR...LM MI INFROM 50NNE MKG TO 30NE GRR TO 20ENE GIJ TO 30WSW GIJ TO 30NW MKG TO 50NNE MKGOCNL CIG BLW 010 AND/OR VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/BR. CONDS ENDG
07-09Z.
SIGMET (WS) and Convective SIGMET (WS) and Convective SIGMET (WST)SIGMET (WST)
SIGMET (WS) and Convective SIGMET (WS) and Convective SIGMET (WST)SIGMET (WST)
SIGMET Warn of conditions that could be dangerous to
all aircraft Severe Icing Severe Turbulence
Convective SIGMET Observations and/or forecasts that warn of
conditions associated with thunderstorms Tornados Large Hail Embedded Thunderstorms
SIGMET Warn of conditions that could be dangerous to
all aircraft Severe Icing Severe Turbulence
Convective SIGMET Observations and/or forecasts that warn of
conditions associated with thunderstorms Tornados Large Hail Embedded Thunderstorms
Additional Weather ServicesAdditional Weather ServicesAdditional Weather ServicesAdditional Weather Services Area Forecasts (FA)
Summary of weather over a large area Issued 3 times a day
12 hour forecast, + 6 hour categorical outlook
4 Sections: Product Header, Precautionary Statements, Synposis, VFR Clouds/Weather
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) Route forecast covering 25 miles either side of a particular
route Hazardous In-Flight Weather Advisory Services (HIWAS)
Continuous broadcast of in-flight weather advisories Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Continuous broadcast of recorded information at certain airports containing weather information, runway(s) in use, and other pertinent remarks
Area Forecasts (FA) Summary of weather over a large area Issued 3 times a day
12 hour forecast, + 6 hour categorical outlook
4 Sections: Product Header, Precautionary Statements, Synposis, VFR Clouds/Weather
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) Route forecast covering 25 miles either side of a particular
route Hazardous In-Flight Weather Advisory Services (HIWAS)
Continuous broadcast of in-flight weather advisories Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Continuous broadcast of recorded information at certain airports containing weather information, runway(s) in use, and other pertinent remarks
Weather ChartsWeather ChartsWeather ChartsWeather Charts
Weather Depiction Chart Information from METARs Broad overview of flying conditions
Surface Analysis Chart Location of pressure systems and fronts Isobars
Radar Summary Chart Shows areas and direction of heavy precipitation
Low-Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart 4 Panels Forecasts of surface and weather up to 24,000 MSL
Weather Depiction Chart Information from METARs Broad overview of flying conditions
Surface Analysis Chart Location of pressure systems and fronts Isobars
Radar Summary Chart Shows areas and direction of heavy precipitation
Low-Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart 4 Panels Forecasts of surface and weather up to 24,000 MSL
Weather ChartsWeather ChartsWeather ChartsWeather Charts
Convective Outlook (AC)Forecasts possibility for general, as well
as severe, thunderstorm activity during the following 24 hours
Radar Weather Reports (SD)Textual position and intensity of
thunderstorm cells
Convective Outlook (AC)Forecasts possibility for general, as well
as severe, thunderstorm activity during the following 24 hours
Radar Weather Reports (SD)Textual position and intensity of
thunderstorm cells
Sources of Aviation WeatherSources of Aviation WeatherSources of Aviation WeatherSources of Aviation Weather
Aviation sourcesFSS 800-WX-BRIEFDUAT(S)
www.duat(s).com
AOPA www.aopa.org
ADDS Aviation Digital Data
Service adds.aviationweather.gov
Aviation sourcesFSS 800-WX-BRIEFDUAT(S)
www.duat(s).com
AOPA www.aopa.org
ADDS Aviation Digital Data
Service adds.aviationweather.gov
Non Aviation-sourcesWeather channel
www.weather.com
Accuweather www.accuweather.com
Intellicast www.intellicast.com
Unisys www.weather.unisys.com
Non Aviation-sourcesWeather channel
www.weather.com
Accuweather www.accuweather.com
Intellicast www.intellicast.com
Unisys www.weather.unisys.com
BriefingsBriefingsBriefingsBriefings
Standard BriefingFull BriefingSee Table 18-1 on p. 395
Outlook BriefingMore than 6 hours away
Abbreviated BriefingIntended to supplement or update
previous information
Standard BriefingFull BriefingSee Table 18-1 on p. 395
Outlook BriefingMore than 6 hours away
Abbreviated BriefingIntended to supplement or update
previous information
Aviation Weather ProblemsAviation Weather ProblemsAviation Weather ProblemsAviation Weather Problems
VFR ProblemsVFR Problems Low CeilingsLow Ceilings
Forecast trendsForecast trends Few (<10%)Few (<10%)
Scattered (10-15%)Scattered (10-15%) Broken (60-90%)Broken (60-90%) Overcast (>90%)Overcast (>90%)
Low VisibilityLow Visibility Temp/Dewpoint spreadTemp/Dewpoint spread
High WindsHigh Winds Pressure gradientPressure gradient Spacing of isobarsSpacing of isobars
VFR ProblemsVFR Problems Low CeilingsLow Ceilings
Forecast trendsForecast trends Few (<10%)Few (<10%)
Scattered (10-15%)Scattered (10-15%) Broken (60-90%)Broken (60-90%) Overcast (>90%)Overcast (>90%)
Low VisibilityLow Visibility Temp/Dewpoint spreadTemp/Dewpoint spread
High WindsHigh Winds Pressure gradientPressure gradient Spacing of isobarsSpacing of isobars
IFR ProblemsIFR Problems Structural iceStructural ice
Above freezing levelAbove freezing level Rime iceRime ice Clear iceClear ice
T-stormsT-storms EmbeddedEmbedded
Need radar or Need radar or stormscope stormscope
Fog Fog
IFR ProblemsIFR Problems Structural iceStructural ice
Above freezing levelAbove freezing level Rime iceRime ice Clear iceClear ice
T-stormsT-storms EmbeddedEmbedded
Need radar or Need radar or stormscope stormscope
Fog Fog
Problems for both IFR/VFRProblems for both IFR/VFRProblems for both IFR/VFRProblems for both IFR/VFR
Thunderstorms Avoid by 20 nm
Turbulence Caused by:
Unstable air Warming from the ground
Friction with the ground Ridge effects Mountain waves
Frontal effectsCarburetor ice
Thunderstorms Avoid by 20 nm
Turbulence Caused by:
Unstable air Warming from the ground
Friction with the ground Ridge effects Mountain waves
Frontal effectsCarburetor ice
What can the prudent pilot do?What can the prudent pilot do?What can the prudent pilot do?What can the prudent pilot do?
While still on the ground Get actual weather (overall & hourly) Check trends (wind direction, ceiling, visibility.) Is actual similar to forecast?
In the air Always have an “out” 180 degree turn Climb/descend
Know terrain
Maintain basic instrument skills Explain your problem to ATC & ask for help
Call Flight Watch for WX updates
While still on the ground Get actual weather (overall & hourly) Check trends (wind direction, ceiling, visibility.) Is actual similar to forecast?
In the air Always have an “out” 180 degree turn Climb/descend
Know terrain
Maintain basic instrument skills Explain your problem to ATC & ask for help
Call Flight Watch for WX updates
Call Flight Watch on 122.0 between 0600L
and 2200L when above 5000 MSL!
Wind Shear PixWind Shear PixWind Shear PixWind Shear Pix
Not so nICENot so nICENot so nICENot so nICE