Teaching of geological mapping at Geological Mapping Department,AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków

Ireneusz Felisiak*, Jacek Matyszkiewicz*, Tadeusz Soko³owski*

Abstract . This paper presents the methods and scope of teachinggeological mapping at the Geological Mapping Department, Facultyof Geology, Geophysics and Environments Protection, Stanis³awStaszic AGH University of Science and Technology. The maincurriculum of Structural Geology and Geological Mapping consists oflectures, laboratory exercises and a summer field practice in Poland,Croatia, Slovakia or Ukraine. Teaching of geological mapping islinked to research done by the staff and to the content of the courseGeomorphology and Quaternary Geology (geomorphological map-ping). Students have been also taught practical use of the GPS (GlobalPositioning System).

Key words: teaching, geological mapping

At the Stanis³aw Staszic AGH University of Scienceand Technology, Kraków, the essentials of geological map-ping for the students of the Faculty of Geology, Geophysicsand Environments Protection are taught at the GeologicalMapping Department (GMD). The basic course is Structu-ral Geology and Geological Mapping, including lecture,laboratory exercise and summer field practice in geologicalmapping. One of the basic principles of teaching at GMD,aimed at providing top-level instruction, is sharing withstudents the knowledge and expertise acquired by staffmembers in their own work. The results of this work arelargely published as textbooks, monographs, journal artic-les, conference notes, etc., from various fields. The studyinterests of the GMD staff include also geomorphologicalmapping, remote sensing and mineral resource mapping,reflecting the fact that a part of the staff came from Depart-ment of Building Stone Resources.

Recent work by the GMD staff focused on geologicalstructure of the Kraków–Wieluñ Upland, especially Kra-ków and its vicinity, and the Krzeszowice Graben withadjacent areas. Mapping was also done in the Pieniny, theNida Depression, near Miechów, Be³chatów, Tarnów andin the Suwa³ki Lake District. Research has been also car-ried abroad for several years. Noteworthy is mapping inGermany, in Swabian Alb area (Matyszkiewicz, 1997) andthe recently initiated work in Crimea, including mapping oflocal Mesozoic sedimentary formations (Krajewski &Olszewska, 2005).

The most important achievements of the GMD staff in thefield of geological mapping include making the sheet Krakówof the Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1 : 50,000(DGMP) by the team lead by J. Rutkowski and including I.Felisiak, T. Leœniak, J. Ma³ecki, J. Matyszkiewicz, J. Rut-kowski, T. Soko³owski and Z. Wiœniowski. The field workwas carried out with utmost care on topographic maps in 1 :10,000 scale. The precision of this work is apparent on thefragment of surficial geological map of St. Bronis³awaHill, made by I. Felisiak (Fig. 1 — see insert).

Currently, most important work is mapping, basedmainly on borehole data, of the open pit brown coal mineBe³chatów (Czarnecki & Felisiak, 2004; Felisiak, 2001;Szewczyk, 1997) and the work on the map of bottom sedi-ments of the Wigry Lake using seismoacoustics and sedi-ment cores, coupled with microfacies and geochemicalstudies (Rutkowski et al., 2005). Important for the study ofthe geological structure of the Kraków area are complexstudies of Upper Jurassic sediments including facies map-ping (Matyszkiewicz & Krajewski, 1996; Krajewski &Matyszkiewicz, 2004). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)and magnetic survey are used for the study of shallowstructures within the Kraków-Wieluñ Upland (Jêdrys et al.,2004). This work is being done in cooperation with theAGH Department of Geophysics.

The courses of geological mapping are addressed tostudents graduating in various specialities (Geology andMining, Management of the Environment, and Environ-ment Protection), hence they are adequately tailored to thestudents’ needs. In general, the lectures in Structural Geo-logy and Geological Mapping, besides the topics of rockdeformation, tectonic structures and styles, cover alsomaterial and methods used in geological and sozologicalmapping, including aerial photographs and other remotesensing data. Also discussed is classification of maps, withspecial attention given to various geological maps, but inc-luding also sozological, geomorphological and other the-matic maps from the area of Poland. Soil and forest mapsare also discussed. The students are taught writing projectsrelated to geological mapping. An important aspect con-cerns legal issues involved in the process of geologicalmapping.

During the laboratory exercises in geological mappingstudents learn basics of geological intersection and traindrawing geological cross-sections. The latter are doneusing maps and borehole data. Students learn interpretationof simple intersection maps of areas with various relief andstructural maps. They are also thaught about basic types oftopographic and geological maps of Poland.

A special place in the system of teaching geologicalmapping is taken by the summer field courses during whichstudents make a geological map of an area of a few squarekilometres. They base their work on the instructions forDetailed Geological Map of Poland 1 : 50,000. The aim of

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I. Felisiak J. Matyszkiewicz T. Soko³owski

*Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environments Protec-tion, University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30,30-057 Kraków, Poland; felisiak@geol.agh.edu.pl;jamat@geol.agh.edu.pl; tsokol@uci.agh.edu.pl

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this course is to familiarise students with the method ofproducing these maps and with the analysis of aerial photo-graphs. Students have been also taught practical use of GPS(Global Positioning System) receivers to locate their datapoints and transects on topographic maps 1 : 10,000 with“1992” coordinates. Traditional areas of these courses havebeen the Kraków–Wieluñ Upland and the Flysch Carpa-thians. Foreign locations have been recently added, incre-asing the attractiveness of the courses and the diversity oftectonic styles among the mapped areas. The foreign cour-ses started in the Caucasus, and later included locations inCroatia (Pag Island), Slovakia (Slovenske Rudohorie) andCrimea (Crimean Mountains).

Teaching of geological mapping is intrinsically linkedwith the content of the course Geomorphology andQuaternary Geology, also taught by the GMD staff. Geo-morphological maps, especially of the areas with extensiveQuaternary covers, are often more important for environ-mental studies than geological maps. Geomorphologicalmapping has been thus one of the methods widely used inthe Department and the maps have been published inpapers on various topics. The maps made in the departmentincluded maps of modern relief for sheet Kraków SMGP(Rutkowski, 1993 a) and more detailed maps of fragmentsof the Vistula valley in the area of the Brama Krakowskaand of the Rac³awka valley (Rutkowski, 1987, 1991). Mapsof modern and fossil (sub-Quaternary) relief were alsomade for Tenczynek Basin (Rutkowski, 1998), lower cour-se of the Dunajec river valley and neighbouring area (Fig.2) as well as for the Vistula valley between the confluenceswith Uszwica and Breñ rivers (Soko³owski, 1987, 1995;Gaba³a & Soko³owski, 2000). An important line of geo-morphological studies in the recent years has been the stu-dy of the bottom relief of the Wigry Lake. Anthropogenicforms of relief have been studied for several years (Rut-kowski, 2001, 2003; Mycielska-Dowgia³³o et al., 2001;Gêbica & Soko³owski, 2001). GPR sounding has beenrecently introduced to the studies of karst forms (Jêdrys etal., 2002).

Geomorphological mapping has its place also in tea-ching. It is included in the course of Geomorphology andQuaternary Geology for some specializations. Mapping ismostly dealt with during project works. Students usuallymake detailed geomorphological maps by interpretation ofcontour patterns on topographic maps. Students also makedescriptions of individual forms taking into account theirmorphological and morphometric characteristics, as wellas origin and, in some cases, age.

Students also learn how other types of geomorphologi-cal maps are used in research and make a map of slope gra-dients as an example. Then they estimate how suitable arethe slopes for various practical uses.

During laboratory exercises students are also taught inthe field on the types and uses of hand drilling equipment(peat probe, “INSTORF” corer, spiral corers and others)for studying lithology and extent of shallow subsurfacelayers.

Geomorphological maps have been also included intothe Geological Mapping field courses. One of the compo-nents of the final report from the course is a geomorpholo-gical sketch map of the mapped area.

An important innovation 30 years ago was introducingvarious remote sensing materials in the mapping. Thesewere used for mapping of mineral resources (Rutkowski &Soko³owski, 1977; Rutkowski et al., 1978) and basic geo-

logical mapping (Rutkowski, 1993 b), or the geomorpholo-gical mapping. Air and satellite photographs have beenwidely used as basic or supplementary material in makingvarious thematic maps (geological, geomorphological,economic. etc.) published in papers on highly diversifiedtopics (Rutkowski, 1981, 1983, 1996; Rutkowski &Soko³owski, 1985; Soko³owski, 1987, 1995; Gêbica &Soko³owski, 1999; Gaba³a & Soko³owski, 2000 amongothers).

The importance of the use of remote sensing material isreflected in teaching. This topic has been included in tea-ching for more than 30 years, since basics of photointerpre-tation became included in syllabus of Geomorphology and

Quaternary Geology. Lectures included information on thethen novel remote sensing methods. Laboratory exercisesinvolved learning stereoscopic analysis of eolian, fluvial,karst, glacial and other forms as well as lithology of surfacedeposits from various areas of Poland. Students presentedtheir results on photointerpretation sketches, complete withtext comments. Instruction was also given on transfer ofinformation from photointerpretation sketches drawn ontransparent substrate on topographic maps using LUZtransponder. An important role in the teaching was playedthose days by field exercises in vicinities of Kraków, wherestudents made a geological and geomorphological map of asmall area using photointerpretation sketches made bythem earlier at class.

More comprehensive coverage of this subject was inc-luded in the course of Photogeology realised during indivi-dual tutoring and as courses for postgraduates. A group ofstaff from the then organized Cartography Department ofPrzedsiêbiorstwo Geologiczne (Geological Enterprise)took part in the postgraduate studies in the late 1970s. Lateron, analysis of solid rocks (sedimentary, magmatic andmetamorphic) and tectonic structures was added, as well asbasics of analysis of Landsat satellite imagery from thearea of Poland. Similar content was included in the courseof the same name, taught for several years for the then newspecialization Prospection Geology. This course is discon-tinued now. Some elements of application of remote sen-sing in research are now present in syllabi of lectures andfield exercises within the basic course dealing with thissubject — Structural Geology and Geological Mapping.

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