1 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Teacher Manual Classroom Curriculum 2 2014 Austin Classical Guitar In this Teacher Manual Overview of 9 skill levels in GuitarCurriculum.com sequence Characteristics exhibited by successful students at all stages of advancement Classroom set-up diagram Performance checklist for evaluating student performances Detailed explanation of skill levels with specific sequencing suggestions Technical Exercises This document is designed to provide a thorough understanding of the overall musical and technical goals and the nine levels of advancement upon which the GuitarCurriculum.com sequence is based.It is essential to develop an understanding of these goals and the framework of 9 levels in order to most effectively use the repertoire, sight-reading and written exams supplied through GuitarCurriculum.com. As you learn about the GuitarCurriculum.com sequence, keep in mind that the repertoire created for GuitarCurriculum.com is designed both to serve classes with students who are all at the same level (i.e. most beginning classes) as well as classes with varying levels represented.Non-beginner students entering a class should be evaluated through audition and should be assigned a skill level. The central philosophy of GuitarCurriculum.com is that, at all stages, students should be making beautiful, expressive music.While level-structure is primarily technical, the goal at every stage is primarily musical.For this reason, music at all levels contains ample expressive indications.3 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Overview of 9 skill levels in GuitarCurriculum.com sequence Theory/Fundamental 1.Technical 2. 3. 3. 4. !Identify parts of the guitar and!Sit in proper playing position including equipment associatedright and left hand placement !Identify staff, time signature, lines!Play single free stroke with p, i & m and spaceswith fixed fingers !Read open strings on the staff!Play music involving the left hand by!Read rests and notes half, quarter, eighth rote only Identify sixteenth !Identify right hand letters/left hand numbers !Read in first position on strings !," & #!Play G major scale 1st position!Read accidentals!Play ima rasgueados with simple!Read dotted rhythmschords (G, G7, Am, Em, E, C, Dm) !Identify key signatures C ,G, and D major!Play a 5 note C major scale !Play music involving left hand bassnotes by rote !Continue to play all notes with freestroke p, i & m fixed fingers !Read in first position on strings !," & #!Alternate i & m ! Incorporate accidentals, dotted rhythms!Right Hand string-crossing all note values !Read sixteenth notes !Read on strings $-%!Play a two-octave G major scale !Play a one-octave C major scale !Play a finger in chords!Play block chords using pima ! Play one-octave D major scale 4 2014 Austin Classical Guitar 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. !Read fluently on all strings in I position!Develop speed in scales and im!Read multiple rhythmic combinations alternation !Read multiple keys!Play simple slurs (one open string note)!Sight-read block chords!Play multi-linear music !Finger new pieces ! Identify all common key signatures!Play with timed, prepared extensions inmajor and minor up to 4 sharps and 3 flatsthe right hand !Play arpeggios pim, pima !Play arpeggios with alternation pimi,piai, pimiai (Giuliani RH Studies) !Play ascending/descending slurs with two fretted notes & trills. !Play using bars in the left hand !Develop speed in scale and arpeggioplaying !Read in II, III, and V positions!Combined Skills, Shifting !Play rest stroke !Play and read in all positions!Intermediate/Advanced Performance 5 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Characteristics exhibited by successful students at all stages of advancement A successful student exiting this program at any level will be able to do the following:1.Identify and/or define basic terms related to classical guitar and music notation 2.Sit with proper guitar position: a.Place left leg on footstool b.Lay guitar across left thigh c.Relax shoulders d.Raise the head of the guitar to eye level e.Face guitar straight up and down, not angled back f.Lay right arm on the edge of the guitar, just in front of elbow g.Position right hand just behind the sound hole h.Curve and relax right hand fingers i.Maintain straight and arched right wrist j.Place left hand thumb up-and-down, not sideways, on back of neck k.Straighten left wrist, not bowed in or out l.Situate left hand so that knuckles are parallel to strings 3.Play with efficient, accurate right hand free strokes from the big knuckle 4.Play with consistent, robust tone 5.Place left hand fingers on tips and just behind frets (avoid buzz) 6.Connect musical phrases (legato) 7.Perform level-appropriate repertoire accurately 8.Observe and execute all dynamic/style indications 9.Sight-read with accurate rhythm, pitches, and dynamics10. Exhibit proper, efficient rehearsal techniques 11. Display appropriate performance etiquette 12. Identify musical forms, styles, and periods13.Select repertoire for themselves 6 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Classroom set up diagram Part 2 Part 1Part 3 Conductor Above is the setup for the guitar classroom. Specifically, this is the arrangement for a piece in three parts.This is how the classroom will look for most of the repertoire at all levels of the curriculum. The students are organized just like an orchestra or choir so that each student can see the conductor and vice versa. It is important that the teacher/conductor can see and hear every student in the class individually as he or she will be constantly evaluating each students progress while on the podium.In this arrangement, parts can be moved around to different sections with ease. For the piece shown, part one is to the left of the conductor. However, part one might be to the right of the conductor in another. It is also important to note that while the teacher/conductor has a designated podium or space, he or she will move around the classroom freely and often to help individuals or listen from different places.7 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Performance checklist for evaluating student performances At every point of assessment from the first weeks to graduation, the students should perform all exercises, scales, ensemble pieces, and solo pieces meeting each of the following requirements. YESNO 1.Playing position A)Feet flat on footstool and ground B)Guitar neck elevated to 45 angle to the floor C)Shoulders are relaxed D)Face of guitar is straight up and down, not angled back E)Right arm meets the guitar just in front of the elbowF) Right hand is situated just behind the rosette G)Right wrist is straight and arched (not angled or flat) H)Left wrist is flat, not concave or convex I) Left thumb is vertical, not sideways on back of neck 2.Right and left hand technique A)Right hand im & a move inside hand, not up/away B)im & a strokes move in with 3 knuckles, including big knuckle C)im & a move through strings at an angle, not perpendicular D)im & a contact point on string is close to fingertip E)Left hand fingers are always placed on the tips and just behind frets F) Left hand palm is always parallel to the neck of guitar G)Left hand palm does not touch back of neck 3.Plays with musicality and expressiveness A)Performs all expressive markings on the page B)Plays with a consistent, robust tone C)Connects melodic lines by timing both hands (legato)D)Performs piece without talking, laughing, excessive movement 8 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Rehearsal Technique: Management Through Music Classroom management can be one of the most challenging aspects of teaching guitar ensemble. Set specific student expectations and communicate them clearly from day one. Effective rehearsal techniques that focus on musical expression can alleviate behavior problems before they begin and lead to a productive, joyful classroom. Below are several suggestions for your day-to-day rehearsal that can help engage students as well as some solutions for dealing with problem behaviors. Musical focus is the key to a happy classroom Create a hierarchy of importance in your instruction. Sequencing, pacing, technique, and management are all important parts of teaching guitar effectively, but it is important to communicate to the students that artistry and expression (aka tone, dynamics, style, ensemble, articulation) are the priority. Bad technique, unwanted behavior, frustration, poor tone, and lackluster performances are all incongruent with artistry. By communicating your passion for beautiful music and focusing on making it via the good stuff, your class will be full of happy musicians. Start from scratch each day Regardless of whether you are teaching a beginning middle school ensemble or an advanced high school ensemble, begin with a basic stroke focusing on beautiful tone and togetherness. This will call attention to the fundamental techniques that will make your ensemble sound fantastic and engage the student with an easy, meaningful task. Create a high standard for student performance based on a clear aural idea of what the music should sound like and always require that they meet it. Choose appropriate repertoire Often times, music teachers push their students with each new piece trying take leaps in technique and breadth of repertoire only to find that students are struggling or frustrated. This can lead to behavior problems and an inability to focus on the good stuff. Choose music that is easily attainable by every student in your classroom with one or two new elements to attend to. Focus on expression, character, style, ensemble, articulation etc Remember, you can always demand more from your students with any piece of music, but it is very hard to push through an unsuccessful, frustrating experience. Create an environment of refiningCreate an environment where musical mistakes are viewed as opportunities to fix things and students feel comfortable performing short excerpts individually in front of the class during rehearsal. We fix the ensemble by fixing individual students. Rehearse small sections of music and call attention to all of the little things that can be improved such as crescendo, dynamic contrast, ensemble, and tone. Ask the students to rate these short performances and to articulate issues and solutions. This keeps students listening intently and focused on the quality of their playing. Use specific, unemotional, and frequent negative feedback (statements regarding what needs to be improved) throughout rehearsal.Use emphatic, specific positive feedback only when the students accomplish their goal. 9 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Listen to individuals and small groups Many teachers are hesitant to call on individuals or small groups to perform short sections of music because the experience might upset the student. Communicate to your ensemble that guitar class is a place where we are supposed to make mistakes. Let them know that you will call on individuals to play from time to time and this is simply an opportunity to fix something. We fix an ensemble by fixing individuals. This is also a very effective way to keep students engaged. It is important to note that we would not want to call upon an individual that we know would not have a successful performance after the teacher gives feedback and makes a few quick adjustments. Make a point to know every student. Have an up-to-date list of each individual student, his or her strengths, needs, and instructors goals for that student. Be tenacious. Do not move on from an individual or group rehearsal frame without truly fixing the problem and performing multiple successful repetitions. Engaging students who are not performing Provide the class with a task while listening to individuals or small groups. You can have the other students shadow play their part in the left hand alone while other students play. You can also give the class a listening task such as: I would like you all to listen to Aaron play measures 1-8 and afterwards, I will ask you to give me one positive statement and one area that needs improving for his performance. Autonomy support and choices Each day, allow the students to make a few decisions about the music. They can make dynamic or phrasing decisions. An individual can choose her favorite piece to play during the rehearsal. They can re-title a piece of music based on imagery that the music evokes. It is important to guide these choices so that they are not distracting or counterproductive. Making choices about music is a fundamental part of being an artist and something that we want to foster in our students. Decision-making also gives the students a feeling of volition and personal control over the learning process, which can lead to motivation and engagement. Establish contingenciesEveryones teaching style is different and classroom rules vary widely depending on the environment. But it is important that rules be established, articulated, and reaffirmed each period. The student has to be aware of the rules and know exactly what will happen if they are broken. Follow through with unemotional, functional punishment It is very important to follow through with a punishment that will truly function as punishment for the individual student. This might take some thought as to why the student is acting out. For some, being sent out of the room might be exactly what they want. For others, a call home to a parent might be terrifying. Find a contingency that functions for that student and follow through without anger or emotional attachment. After the punishment is carried out in a matter-of-fact manner, shower the student with positive feedback for engaging in productive behaviors. For example, Its so fantastic how Chelsea is sitting quietly with her strings down while guitar 2 performs. 10 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Detailed explanation of skill levels with specific sequencing suggestions Skill Level 1 Objectives: Students will: ! Identify all parts of the guitar and associated equipment ! Sit in proper playing position including right and left hand position ! Identify left hand numbers and right hand letters ! Identify and recognize fundamental terms: quarter, half, and eighth notes/ time signature ledger lines, staff, clef ! Read all open strings ! Play free stroke with p, i and m fingers using good technique ! Play numerous pieces utilizing above skills ! Learn pieces involving left hand fingers by rote Procedure: Students will ! Sit in three groups evenly distributed ! Identify parts of the guitar ! Sit in proper playing position a.Left foot elevated on footstool b.Right foot flat on floor c.Guitar placed on left leg so that neck is 45 to floor d.Seated with upright posture on front edge of chair ! Place right hand in appropriate playing position a.Place right hand just behind the sound hole b.Maintain straight and arched right wrist c.Lay the right arm on the guitar above or just behind the bridged.Contact the guitar just in front of the elbow in the right arm e.Relax the right shoulder ! Identify right hand letter names p,i,m,a ! Repeat playing position including right hand ! Play free stroke p on string #: Singles, p and i (see Appendix 1, #1) a.Use all three joints of thumb b.Tip of thumb proceeds through string, thumbs rests on outside of i tip joint ! Play free stroke i on string ": Singles, p and i (see Appendix 1, #1) a.i moves inside the hand and past the thumb b.All knuckles move together to push i through string and inside hand c.The big knuckle pushes inside, it does not pull up d.i travels diagonally through the string following the line of the arm, it does not push through the string perpendicularly ! Play piece with i on string " and p on string # by imitation or rote (e.g. Spy Tune Part 1 or Blue Magic Part 1) ! Place left hand in appropriate playing position a.Place left thumb vertically on the neck close the head b.Maintain straight and flat left wrist c.Curve fingers over to the fret board so that the tips touch the strings 11 2014 Austin Classical Guitar d.Do not touch palm of hand to back of neck ! Identify left hand numbers 1,2,3,4 ! Play On-Off Exercise (See Appendix 1, #3) ! Play Shifting Exercise (See Appendix 1, #4) ! Play beginning piece with left hand (e.g. Spy Tune Part 2 or Blue Magic Part 2) ! Play Guitar part 3 of Level 1 rote pieces (e.g. Spy Tune or Blue Magic) ! Learn definition and function of notation on the written page(As necessary to play each subsequent piece) ! Sight-Reading from GuitarCurriculum.com Level 1 sight-reading ! Read open G and B strings using quarter note value, then half, then alternating ! Play free stroke m finger moving from the big knuckle with a and pinky ! Play p, i, m exercises: Singles p, i and m (See Appendix 1, #5) ! Read open E string using m ! Play pieces and sight-reading using p, i, and m that also include rests ! Read open D, A and E string using p only ! Play pieces that incorporate all strings, pim, continuing to play left hand by rote Video Tutorials to Watch: All Technical Videos 1 3c *All techniques in Level 1 are discussed in detail in tutorial videos located in the Video Tutorials section of the GuitarCurriculum.com interface.Find the Video Tutorials section in the left side bar menu when you are logged in to GuitarCurriculum.com.Many teachers use videos both for self-study and also to share directly with students. 12 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 1/1 Please note: the following are recommendations. Classroom teachers will adjust his or her pacing to meet the needs of individual students, course length, and frequency of classes per week. Lesson 1 Students should be able to play something expressively by the end of the first day of instruction.Assign seating in three sections & introduce guitar anatomy.Students will then learn set up, practice set up, right hand position, practice right hand position, p (right hand thumb) & i (right hand index finger) free stroke, practice p & i with an exercise, and play a short piece with i only, on open strings by rote.This piece is repeated with expressive direction.In many cases, left hand can also be introduced in the first lesson using an appropriate Level 1 rote piece. Video support is available for all techniques, and may be shared directly with students.See Video Tutorials 1-3 on GuitarCurriculum.com Website. No extraneous information is needed (e.g. complete notational system, time signature, extra notes, etc.). Day 1 concepts communicated include: Materials guitar, footstool, strings (numbered !-% starting with ! as closest to ground). Anatomy body, neck, head, fret board, strings, sound hole, sound board, tuners, rosetteSitting/guitar Position Sit up straight, left foot on footstool, guitar 45 to ground on left leg, right hand positioned over base of sound hole with p on string #, i on string ", m on String ! and a (right hand ring finger) curved in the air alongside of pinky not touching the face of the guitar!Right arm contacts edge of guitar just in front of elbow.Right hand wrist up so that plane of the back of the hand is parallel to the plane of the face of the guitar.No lean to pinky or thumb side so, again, plane of the back of the hand is parallel to the plane of the face of the guitar.Right hand wrist is straight, not angled down (see additional comments, below).Right Hand Letters pima for right hand. Right Hand Strokes p goes straight down through string # and comes to rest against tip-joint of i.Only a small amount of finger is needed under string.i goes through string " and travels inside hand past p.i moves through the string at an angle (diagonally), not perpendicularly, through the string, thanks to the straight wrist.Play Singles p & i (see appendix 1, #1). Performance Play Spy Tune Part 1 or Blue Magic Part 1 with i. Learn by rote (imitating the instructor). Musical Expression The piece can be repeated with dynamic and speed indications with the key concepts of crescendo, decrescendo and ritardando.Expressive tags may be used, for example, slow and soft can be Sad, loud and quick might be Happy, or lengthier descriptors can be used like plodding through mud, walk in the park, running a race, etc.Left Hand Sit up straight, guitar neck at 45 degrees to ground, thumb going up and down in center or upper 1/3 of back of neck.Left Hand knuckles parallel to strings of guitar especially the pinky side of hand.Place fingers on tips right behind the fret. Left wrist is straight, not bent in or out.13 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Left Hand Numbers - 1234 Performance Play Spy Tune Part 2 or Blue Magic Part 2 with i. Learn by rote. Lesson 2 Reiterate and practice concepts of set up, quality p & i strokes, quality left position, and tone from Lesson 1.Review repertoire and add additional repertoire supporting these concepts with an emphasis on expressivity. Recommended Repertoire: Spy Tune or Blue Magic Parts 1-3, Technical Exercises 1-4 (see Appendix 1, #1-4) *Note: With Levels 1 and 2, all student sections learn all voices of all pieces and then rotate. Lesson 3 Reiterate and practice concepts of set up, quality i & i strokes, quality left position, and tone from Lesson 1 & 2.Review repertoire and add additional repertoire supporting these concepts with an emphasis on expressivity.Discuss performance exam requirements (see Appendix 2). Recommended Repertoire: Spy Tune 1-3, Blue Magic 1-3, Saw Dodge Blues 1 & 3 Technical Exercises 1-4 (see Appendix 1, #1-4) Lessons 4-5 No new material.Concentration on ensemble performance, different groups playing different parts of ensemble pieces.Review of technical and expressive concepts, direct wide-ranging dynamics and tempos clearly.Use plenty of individual or small group performances, review exam requirements. Quiz 1/1 Groups perform pieces involving fixed finger p and i strokes and limited use of Left Hand, all by rote.Students should be directed to perform with: 1) Perfect set up 2) Expressive indications And will be graded according to the Performance Checklist (See Appendix 2) Additional Comments: Week 1 is primarily about positioning and establishing good p and i free stroke.Though students should be provided notated music for the repertoire and exercises they are asked to do, they are, at this point, taught by rote so that their primary focus can be on their hands and connecting the sounds they are making with the motions they are making.Exercises are given to 14 2014 Austin Classical Guitar apply the right hand and left hand concepts.Have students come to the front of the class to display good position and have other students comment on what they see. Right hand set up and basic free strokes common pitfalls*: 1) i pulls up and away from the guitar instead of pushes through the string, past the thumb and under hand.This is usually a product of the wrist being too far back or too low because if the wrist is low or back, a finger pushing through will encounter extra strings leading students to alter their stroke up and away. 2) The right wrist becomes angled down instead of straight allowing the fingers travel perpendicularly through the strings instead of obliquely (approximately 45 degree angle). The wrist must be straight and fingers must travel oblique or diagonally through the string. A straight wrist allows students to create better, fuller sound (with nails, especially) and play with less tension. One of the main reasons most students angle their wrists is that they unconsciously seek to minimize resistance to the string by traveling perpendicularly instead of obliquely through the string.This incorrect impulse is strongest in students who A) try to play too loud (hard), or, B) are using too much finger under the string, or, C) both.Students should be reminded to play softly or easily if they show these problems and must be constantly corrected and reminded. 3) The right wrist of many students will collapse and lay almost flat to the soundboard of the guitar. It is important that the wrist stay arched to create space for the big-knuckle stroke. It should be communicated from the outset that first semester exam grades are based largely on perfection of right hand set up.Tone is extremely important and an indicator of correct right hand position. Cue the students to execute great tone at all times. The teacher must be able to model good and bad tone. *Video Tutorials 1-3 are helpful in illustrating these core concepts both for teachers and students.See Right Hand Pitfalls, video 2b(3). 15 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 1/2 At all times, be sure to spend ample class time reviewing previous concepts and pieces emphasizing core technical quality and musical expressivity. New in Sequence 1/2 is the introduction of the m stroke.If the right hand position is well established and the i stroke is generally understood, then learning the m stroke usually provides little challenge.Students should be reminded that, thanks to a straight and arched right wrist, i travels diagonally through the string, past p and under the hand: m does the same but differs in that a and Pinky (c) move along with m.m can be successfully introduced playing Part 1 of Spy Tune or Blue Magic substituting m for i. Watch and share Video Tutorial 3c. m (middle) Stroke. Students will then begin to read short pieces involving open G, B and E strings with rote left hand elements. p is placed on string #, G, i is placed on string ", B, and m is placed on String !, E. Students will learn about the fundamentals of reading including basic rhythm, note value, the staff, time signature and clef. This sequence includes the introduction of reading a new piece. Letters, rhythms and notational concepts, rests, tempo indications, crescendo and decrescendo markings are introduced. Only introduce terms and concepts necessary to read the pieces they are playing. New concepts communicated include: m Stroke Use Singles p, i m (See Appendix 1, Exercise 5).When m is played, be sure that i and p are fixed on strings # and ", and that a and pinky move with m three fingers moving together from the big knuckle inside the hand and past i.m travels diagonally through the string, past p, and under the hand moving primarily from the big knuckle. For more information see Video Tutorial 3c. m (middle) Stroke. Reading G, B & E Concepts of notation and lettering will be applied to the guitar only with G B and E open strings #, " and ! in week Sequence 1/2.It is reasonable to expect that after reading and saying letters of repertoire pieces and sight-reading exercises, and counting and clapping rhythms, that students will soon achieve relative fluency reading these notes in quarter and eighth note rhythms.Crescendo, Tempo Markings It is extremely important that they be applied in all music and sight-reading examples also!The use of decrescendo at the end of most pieces of phrases is particularly effective, most students are able to recognize that getting softer at the end of a piece of music provides a sense of finality. Rests Begin assigning sight-reading examples with rests. Maintain Technical and Musical Focus This is a reminder.Everything taught is cumulative.It is extremely important in level 1 that students are constantly reminded to keep the right wrist up, forward, and straight, to keep the finger up and over the strings and curved and relaxed, that m & i move diagonally through the string, past p, and into the hand, and that only a little bit of finger is required.Even if the exercise involves reading E, G and B in various simple rhythms, the instructor must maintain at least half of his or her focus on these important technical issues.16 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Students should also be directed to perform beautifully, rhythmically, and with all written dynamics.These musical directives, rather than making things confusing or overwhelming, often make the music more interesting and the repetitions less tedious.See Additional Comments below. Recommended Repertoire: Blue Magic, Saw Dodge, Spy Tune All voices New: Meditation #1 or Beginnings Exercises 1-5Level 1 Sight-reading exercises Quiz The written portion of the Quiz 1/2 will precisely resemble the worksheet completed earlier and involve identification of notational system elements, notes, rhythms, etc. Right and Left Hand ID can be included as well (pima, 1234) along with guitar anatomy (strings, neck, bridge, frets, etc.). The performance portion will include group and individual performances of fixed finger p, i and m repertoire pieces and sight-reading examples, group performances of Exercises 4 and 5 and an ensemble performance of rote material. Students should be directed to perform with: 1)Perfect set up 2)Expressive indications And will be graded according to the performance checklist (see Appendix 2) Additional Comments: The primary goal of Sequence 1/2 is to maintain the excellent technical set up accomplished in week 1 while providing conceptual framework and a small amount of complexity to expand the students application of their technical abilities.At the same time, the tasks are simple enough that there is plenty of room for discussion of dynamics, and accurate execution of those dynamics. It should be noted that a tremendous amount of repetition of this relatively simple material is required and there are plenty of ways to make those repetitions interesting for the students, for example:(instructor has taught class to perform 2 lines of music involving G, B and E open with quarter and eighth note rhythms and instructor accompaniments.Some students have it, some do not, the instructor wishes to repeat the 2 lines 20 times and says, for example), Okay everyone repeat these two lines: forte, piano, slow and loud, fast and furious, slow and thinking only about your i finger traveling past your thumb, watching your right hand and keeping up and over the strings, sitting up tall!, line 1 only, line 2 only, section ones only play loud, section twos play soft, everyone together, etc. (between each repetition there is room for a quick individual comment or group praise, etc.). 17 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 1/3In this sequence of instruction, students learn to read the remaining open strings, which require the explanation of ledger lines.Students continue study of basic musical concepts and incorporate ledger lines for which students will need to count down lines and spaces to determine note names.Students will be taught quarter note and eighth note rests which will also be incorporated into repertoire and must be conceptually reinforced with counting and clapping or tapping. New concepts: Open Bass Strings These should be relatively easily acquired.Students can use sight-reading examples to learn these notes.They should always say these notes while they play them in groups.Sight-reading examples never stray beyond three adjacent strings allowing students to set up p, i, and m and execute proper strokes.Sight-reading and repertoire examples contained on the bass strings ($, & and %) can be executed entirely with the thumb, now, leaving i and m fixed on strings ! and ". Ledger Lines A simple enough concept to introduce.However, this is a perfect opportunity to underscore the ladder or step arrangement of music.That is: if a note goes up from one line to the space above it, or one space to the line above it, then it is called one letter higher in the alphabet.The same is true descending.With this concept, students can figure out the notes of the ledger lines above or below the staff by counting up or down from the staff with which, at this point they are familiar.Once again, they will not be able to read any of these notes on the guitar (except for the open strings & and %, which they will quickly memorize). Recommended Repertoire: New: Minor Waltz, Night Club, Quanah Old: Spy Tune, Blue Magic, Meditation no. 1, Beginnings Exercises 1-5 Sight-Reading Quiz The written portion of the Quiz 1/3 will precisely resemble the worksheet completed earlier in the week and involve identification of notational system elements, notes, rhythms, Right and Left Hand ID, guitar anatomy, expressive and tempo concepts, rests and ledger lines. The performance portion will include group and individual performances of fixed finger p, i and m repertoire pieces and sight-reading examples, group performances of exercise 4 and an ensemble performance of rote material. Students should be directed to perform with: 1)Perfect set up 2)Expressive indications And will be graded according to performance checklist Additional Comments: 18 2014 Austin Classical Guitar With the emphasis on counting, clapping and tapping rhythms and saying letters, the division of the class into three sections can become extremely useful.For example, while section one plays a sight-reading example, section two can count or say letters, while section three claps or taps. This is a good time to identify certain students in need of extra attention, talk to them individually, address their parents, and remind them that the mid-term exam is approaching.If the students are having serious issues it will almost always be a lack of attention to right-hand set-up and stroke execution.If this is the case, they must understand that they cannot pass the mid-term exam unless their i and m strokes go through the string sideways, moving primarily from the big knuckle, past p and inside the hand because their wrists are high and straight and their fingers are up and over the strings, curved and relaxed. 19 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 1/4 Youre Never Finished with Anything: Creating a Culture of Excellence Through Refinement Improving as a musician is a cycle of focused, consistent refinement. Everything we do in the guitar classroom involves adjusting and fixing student behavior and thinking to consciously improve the music and ultimately communicate it artfully. Much of the joy in music making comes from these tiny victories when we ask our students to dig deeper into what they are doing and they suddenly see that playing something perfectly requires an adjustment. They make that adjustment, and the music is better. Refining is how we challenge each individual student in the ensemble regardless of skill level. There is always something to improve. Here are some suggestions for how to approach refining in the classroom: 1.Know precisely how you want the music to sound. Study the score and play each part. Listen to recordings and identify all of the small nuances that make this piece exciting. If you are working on a very small technical task like i stroke with good tone, ask yourself Could this be improved in any way? the answer is almost always yes.2.Rehearse very small sections of music and isolate even smaller things to fix. For example, the initial group performance might be four measures of music and the small rehearsal goal might be connecting three legato notes within that section. 3.Model exactly how you want the students to perform the small rehearsal goal. Call attention to the difference between your playing and the students.4.Have individuals, small groups, and the entire ensemble perform the rehearsal goal directing them how to improve. Ask students to tell you what needs improvement and how they will execute the change. 5.Give short, precise, and emotionally unattached negative feedback when the students need to make adjustments for improvement. Give emphatic specific positive feedback when they get it right.6.Be tenacious. Stick with an individual, small group or large ensemble until the issue is truly fixed. If you have heard many performances and suggested multiple ways to improve and the students are still not getting better, consider adjusting your goal so that it is more achievable.7.Ask for multiple positive repetitions. Students need practice doing things well. Multiple positive repetitions of the small rehearsal goal will help to ensure that the students will be able execute the task in the future and to develop positive habits of musicianship. Video Tutorials to Watch: Essentials of Teaching with Dr. Robert Duke videos 1-8 Sequence 1/4 will be dedicated to refining your repertoire based on 1) tone, 2) togetherness, and 3) expression. In this sequence, students will be designated a single part on each piece to be mastered for performance. Students will rehearse in large and small ensembles with a focus on choosing small portions of music to perfect based the three overarching goals above. When rehearsing the ensemble, the teacher should isolate individual players, small groups, and the 20 2014 Austin Classical Guitar entire ensemble working to create extreme dynamic contrast, rhythmic togetherness, balance among and between parts, robust tone, and focused performance habits. New concepts: Sectional Rehearsal This will be the first time you ask these students to self-govern. Have students break out into small groups. Provide them with Small Ensemble Practice Log (Appendix 3). They will rehearse as a small group with focused, small goals. Have the small groups perform small sections of music for the class and invite comments from the other students. Emphasize expression, rhythmic accuracy, tone, balance and togetherness both among and between parts, dramatic dynamic changes, etc. The more specific your directives are in these sectionals the better. It should be noted that this small ensemble rehearsal utilizes the same techniques for improving performance as individual practice. Your students should make this connection and know that this is how they practice all of the time. Performance Etiquette Absolute silence before playing.Individuals in the trios should wait before playing, take a moment to think about what they are about to do, position hands precisely before playing, complete the piece convincingly by staying in character until several seconds following the last sound, and standing and bowing together at applause.At this level, trios will begin after the instructors count. Recommended Repertoire All Selected Level 1 Repertoire Quizzes Quizzes 1/4, 1/5 and 1/6 will focus on the cumulative display of all knowledge and skills to this point and will reflect the worksheet given to the class at the beginning of the week. 21 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 2 Students entering skill level 2 should already have mastery of open string reading, be fluent in reading basic rhythms including whole, half, quarter and eighth notes and rests, and demonstrate excellent single p, i and m strokes as well as correct left hand set up during performance of rote material involving the left hand. All exercises and music at this level, with the exception of the rasgueado/chord playing, will be played with the right hand fingers assigned to strings as follows: m on !, i on " and p on #. Objectives: Students will ! Read notes in first position on strings !, ", and # with the left hand ! Read accidentals ! Identify key signatures C major, G major, D major ! Play a 5-note C major scale and 1-octave G major scale in first position ! Play ima (together) rasgueados with p planted on string $ to build extensors ! Play simple chords formed on strings !-# (C, G, G7, Am, A, Em, E, Dm)! Read dotted rhythms Procedure: (Recommended sequencing for Level 2) Students will ! Review all setup and pim free stroke ! Identify first position natural notes on strings ! and " (E, F, G) (B, C, D) ! Play B, C, D using i finger and E, F, G using m finger (Saying left hand finger #) ! Play 5-note C major scale using same right hand fingering ! Play open string # and the new note A with right hand thumb ! Sight-read incorporating new notes and left hand ! Play rasgueado chords on strings !-# C, G, G7, Am, Em, E, Dm ! Play piece that includes C major harmony, reading left hand, rote bass lines, rasgueado ! Identify and play F# on string ! with m ! Play a one octave G major scale on strings !-# in first position ! Play other accidentals ! Identify the G major key signature ! Play a new piece using G major harmony, G scale, rasgueado chords, bass by rote ! Identify the note C# on string " ! Identify D major key signature ! Identify dotted quarter notes ! Sight-read in D major with dotted rhythms ! Play piece using D major harmony, rasgueado chords, bass by rote, dotted rhythm 22 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 2/1 In sequence 2/1 of instruction, students learn to read notes on strings ! and " (B, C, D, E, F and G).Students will play all string ! notes with m and all string " notes with i.Use worksheet #6 for introduction and study of these notes and where to play them on the guitar.Students learn and memorize the five-note C major scale and should be encouraged to watch their hands for accuracy (perform the scale one time watching left hand, then one time watching right hand, etc.)Sight-reading examples and new repertoire choices should include these new notes and when learning the new selections students should be encouraged NOT to watch their hands but instead to keep their eyes on the music. New concepts: New Notes on Strings ! and " Students should be told the new notes, asked to play them one at a time as they are introduced.Notes on fret 1 should be played using the left hand first finger, notes on fret three should be played using the left hand pinky (4th finger).Students say and play the notes both from low to high and high to low.It is helpful to point out that the notes on string " (B, C, D) are on the same relative frets as the notes on string ! (E, F, G).As notes are introduced students can be encouraged to watch their hands, particularly their left hands, to be sure they are placing on the tips of their fingers, and immediately behind the fret. C Scale (Five notes) Once the new notes are introduced, the concept of a scale (as stepwise motion) can be introduced and the five-note C scale can be taught.Students should be encouraged to watch one of their hands while performing the scale.They can watch their left hand to ensure proper placement and accuracy, or their right hand to review proper strokes as introduced in the first 6 weeks.The scale can form part of the class warm up routine. Note Reading on Strings ! and " - An important distinction should be made about watching hands.Students should watch their hands when doing technical practice such as scale playing, but when reading new music they should watch the music exclusively.They should be instructed to set up their hands so that the right hand fingers are on the proper strings and the left hand fingers are near the correct strings and frets.But after set up, their eyes should not leave the music.Looking back and forth from the page to the hands is poor practice and causes confusion and slow learning. Recommended Repertoire: Old: One piece carried over from the first six weeks. New: Neptune Run (Part 1), Ode to Joy (Parts 1 & 2) Quiz The written portion of the Quiz 2/1 will precisely resemble the worksheet completed earlier in the week and involve the new notes on Strings ! and " and the C Scale. The performance portion will include group and individual performances of the new tune and sight-reading examples on strings ! and ".Use Performance Checklist (Appendix 2). 23 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Additional Comments: This is the first time the class will have been asked to read material involving both hands.The whole class should be carefully directed to read one measure of material at a time, say and play, clap and count, etc. until everyone is comfortable with the notes and rhythms.This is the ideal time to introduce the idea that practicing small amounts of material with great success is superior to any other approach. Preparing the Left Hand for Reading MusicThere are a number of various obstacles that a teacher will face when combining the skills of reading music and playing with a technically proficient left hand. Many teachers jump to the conclusion that the student is just having trouble reading music when this is usually not the case. Here are a couple of techniques to better prepare your students to read. 1.Introduce new notes through fixed-finger, single string warm ups.For example, only teach the notes B, C, and D on string " in one sitting. The student should only use m finger. This simplifies the right hand so that the student can concentrate on the page. 2.Preface all reading with the execution and repetition of good, open string, right hand strokes. You dont want to be addressingtone or execution issues when reading. This cuts down on thediscouragement factor. 3.Take many different approaches to reading the page before playing. Use techniques like speaking the note names both in and out of rhythm. Have the student speak the fret or finger numbersas well. Also have them play the left hand off of the instrument tapping the appropriate finger to the thumb in rhythm. Have thestudent play only left hand on the instrument as well (Shadow Fingering). *This can be a very frustrating experience for the student and teacher if not approached with the utmost care. Remember to always sequence these tasks from easiest to hardest and ask for performances of short sections of music at a time. This can even mean two notes. 24 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 2/2 In this sequence of instruction, students learn the note A on string #.Students are introduced to the concept of sharps and are taught to play the G major scale in its entirety across three strings in first position (p on #, i on " and m on !).Key Signature and accidentals as well as pertinent rules are introduced. New concepts: Sharps, Key Signature, Accidentals Recommended Repertoire: Old: Ode to Joy (Parts 1 & 2) Neptune Run (Part 1) Level 2 Pieces only, (drop level 1 piece, optional). New: Neptune Run (All Parts), Ode to Joy (All Parts), Kasaya, or Battles End Sight-Reading involving all natural notes on strings !-# in 1st position. Quiz The written portion of the Quiz 2/3 will precisely resemble the worksheet completed earlier in the week and involve sharps, key signatures, etc. The performance portion will include group and individual performances of all Level 2 pieces and sight-reading examples on three strings with key signatures and sharps.Use Performance Checklist (Appendix 2). In this sequence of instruction, students solidify their reading capabilities on strings ! and " by reviewing material from the previous week as well as learning new repertoire and sight-reading new examples that utilize notes on strings !, ", and #.Additional voices can be added to harmonize the new pieces including rote bass lines. 25 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 2/3 New concepts: Chords and Rasgueado Why chords?While standard chords are not generally taught as part of core classical guitar curriculum, they are used so frequently in all other styles of guitar playing that it is important that students are familiarized with them.Knowing basic chords is also an early step to understanding the concept of harmony and accompaniment.These chords are mini three string versions of standard chords that will be easily attainable for students beginning level 2.Why Rasgueado, and how?For the purpose of these early accompaniments, plant p on string four and simply extend i, m and a together through the strings using the backs of the fingernails to activate the strings.This alternative to strumming is used because it will not change the right hand position that has been carefully developed up until this point.Planting p on string $ will ensure that only strings !-# are played. Dotted Rhythms Be sure to use plenty of sight-reading examples with counting and clapping in groups, to practice these new rhythms.The new repertoire piece for week eight may also use these new rhythms. Recommended Repertoire: Old: Ode to Joy, Neptune Run, Kasaya, Battles End Carry-over from first 6 weeks 2-string, C major, 3-string G major scales New: Sight-reading with dotted rhythm, El Chinati or Dark Eyes Quiz The written portion of the Quiz 2/2 will precisely resemble the worksheet completed earlier in the week and involve dotted rhythms, and review notes on strings !-".Use Performance Checklist (Appendix 2). Additional Comments: It is important to stress the technical concepts introduced in Level 1 even as new material is introduced.It is equally important to emphasize beautiful and clear playing, and playing with expressive indications, even in the case of rasgueado accompaniments. 26 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 2/4-Week 4Continued work on all new and old pieces, C and G scales New piece in D major Examination of Key Signatures C, G and D, dotted rhythms, In the tenth week of instruction, students learn their last major repertoire selection of the semester, which should be in D Major. Though this is not an absolute requirement. With knowledge of C, G and D it will be easy to demonstrate and teach the principle of the circle of fifths especially on the sharps side.While students will not be learning to read flats regularly in the first year, or in keys with more than 3 sharps, the concept is now easily introduced. New concepts: D major Recommended Repertoire: Old: Ode to Joy, Neptune Run, El Chinati, Kasaya, Battles End New: Kemps Jig (Level 2 & 1 Parts), Saltarello (Level 2 Parts) other Level 2 selections from the Music Library Quiz The written portion of the Quiz 2/4 will precisely resemble the worksheet completed earlier in the week and involve key signatures, scales and dotted rhythm. The performance portion will include group and individual performances of final Level 2 sight-reading examples and all repertoire selections.Use Performance Checklist (Appendix 2). Sequence 2/5 Sequence 2/5 is flexible. Rehearse in large ensemble and in sectionals with designated section leaders as well as small ensembles.Address individual needs always.Begin to prioritize those pieces that will be performed at concert. Refine based on tone, togetherness, and expression. Consider balance and timbre issues as well. Many of the pieces in Level two call for Ponticello and Tasto playing. Students should be absolutely uniform either in their parts or in the entire ensemble when changing timbre. Sequence 2/6 Sequence 2/6 should be strictly devoted to large ensemble rehearsal of pieces in their entirety with focus on ensemble issues like beginning and ending pieces. Students should be looking at the conductor much of the time at this point and responding to dynamic conducting cues. Create the performance situation as closely as possible in the classroom during week twelve. There will be no written quiz this week. 27 2014 Austin Classical Guitar The Final WeeksThe main task in the final weeks of the semester is preparation for the public recital.This means establishing which groups will play which parts and who if anyone will perform in solo or trio format.This is an opportunity once again for sectional rehearsal and peer evaluation with room for individual attention where needed.As far as the programs (format, layout, printing etc.) one fun idea may be to hold a class competition for a line drawing that will become the cover of this semesters program. Publicizing the recital is another important task that the whole class should be involved in.Class members can create posters to place around school, and can brainstorm for ideas about how to get the word out (school announcements, even local media/TV, the skys the limit!).Assign duties!Understanding the publicity element of the fine arts world is extremely important, and this is an excellent opportunity to begin teaching that lesson. Planning for presentation of the recital is another extremely important task:Ushering, MC, refreshments, stage management, behavior during concert (especially when NOT on stage).This may require some parent involvement as well.But it is important that the students understand that it is their responsibility to make the performance look good, sound good, and run smoothly.Understanding presentation of the fine arts is extremely important, and this is an excellent opportunity to begin teaching that lesson. Some groups may opt to share a recital with the choir, band or orchestra and this is a great way to build the music community in the school and may help the program to be appropriate length (30-45 min.). Review the important lessons from the semester.Once the work is largely over, possibly following the recital, it is important to take time to reflect on what the key elements were.The main skills go all the way back to the very first week about set up and strokes.This will be very important for student transfer of knowledge and skills.It will help them to appreciate what they have learned. Make sure that the performance is video taped so that the students and parents can both enjoy the experience again and learn from it.

28 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 3 Skill Level 3 concentrates solely on introducing and mastering the technique of Right Hand im alternation and Right Hand String Crossing.No new rhythms or music theory concepts are introduced. The sixteenth note is introduced here because it is natural for the player to move faster when alternating. This important step must be made carefully because in order to alternate fingers and move the hand across the strings the student must leave behind the fixed finger positioning which, until now, has formed the basis of their right hand technical stability. Objectives: Students will ! Alternate im with good tone and a relaxed, big knuckle free stroke ! String cross keeping the right hand in good position ! Read sixteenth notes Procedure: (Recommended sequencing for skill level 3) Students will ! Alternate i and m from the fixed finger position (p on $, i on #, and m on ") ! Alternate i and m on string # (same string) with p fixed on $ ! Move thumb down to string " and alternate im on string !(string crossing) ! Move thumb to string # and alternate im on string " ! Continue moving the thumb to the next string and alternating on adjacent string ! Alternate 5-note C scale and one octave G scale (with sixteenth notes) ! Play pieces that incorporate im alternation and string crossing in all parts What is im alternation?im alternation is the usage of the i (index) and m (Middle) fingers alternately to play successive notes.Most scalar and melodic playing on the guitar is achieved in this manner, though at advanced levels of play, fingerings can become much more complicated.At skill level 3 the goal is to habituate alternation of i and m without losing the quality of stroke and tone carefully developed during levels 1 and 2. What is String Crossing?String crossing involves moving the right hand so that it is positioned ideally over a certain string allowing i and m access to that string without causing the fingers to reach or contract in order to play.The goal in string crossing is to ensure that, once again, the quality of stroke never degrades.Loss of stroke quality is a certainty if students are allowed to reach for strings rather than move the hand and align the fingers properly over the string. Imagine playing string # four times alternating fingers i and m.Imagine that the music then requires playing string ! four times with i and m.In order to play string !, the hand must move from its position over string # to be over string !.This movement, activated from the right shoulder and elbow, is called string crossing.Obviously it is much easier to begin string crossing slowly and carefully.For that reason string crossing will be introduced in the context of scales and pieces with multiple repeated notes on a single string before crossing up or down to the next string.By the end of level 3, however, students should be able to string-cross fluidly. Pitfalls:Most students acquire alternation quite easily.Students can be asked to prepare in their normal fixed-finger set up with, for example, p on $, i on # and m on ".They can then be 29 2014 Austin Classical Guitar instructed to play i on string # 10 times and make sure they are moving from the big knuckle, that i is traveling past p, that they are using only a little bit of finger and that they are going through the string sideways.At that point they can be asked to remove m from string " and leave only p and i fixed on the strings.Then they can be asked to play i the way you just practiced it one time, followed by the m finger playing the same string (string #).In effect switching fingers to play the same string repeatedly.This process, aided by instructor modeling, is generally easily attained.The goal, of course, is to teach alternation of i and m without compromising the quality of the strokes in any way. The trouble begins when it comes time to then play notes on a different string.The most common problem is that students will not cross at all and instead reach for lower strings.This is most common in students who have never been asked to string cross in the first place and for whom the concept is foreign altogether.Assuming that in this class, students will be introduced to string crossing immediately following im alternation, the most common problem will likely be crossing from the wrist rather than from the correct joints: elbow and shoulder.Recall that a basic tenet of good right hand technique is a straight right hand wrist and fingers that pull across the strings diagonally. Students who cross from the wrist drop their hands to lower strings from the wrist causing the wrist to bend and causing the fingers to begin pushing through the string perpendicularly rather than diagonally.This is a serious problem that must be consistently cued. If students reach for strings either because they are not crossing, or because theyre crossing only from the wrist, they are no longer positioned over the strings properly to allow them proper flexion from the big knuckle.This is a serious and common problem, which is extremely difficult to undo.It is for this reason that all of level 3 is devoted to this subject with no other material being introduced. How to Teach im alternation:As mentioned above, im alternation is quickly achieved by most students, especially if their basic i and m strokes from a fixed-finger position have been mastered.Every day of Level 3 study should begin in a fixed finger position with instructions position the right hand properly, push i past p, push through the string diagonally, push through the strings and not to pull up and away from the guitar, etc. When first introducing alternation, complete the fixed finger exercise, then: (taken from pitfalls above) they can be asked to remove m from string " and leave only p and i fixed on the strings.Then they can be asked to play i the way you just practiced it one time, followed by the m finger playing the same string (string #).In effect switching fingers to play the same string repeatedly.This process, aided by instructor modeling, is generally easily adopted.The goal is, of course, to teach alternation of i and m without compromising the quality of the strokes in any way. At that point it is a great idea to have them drop their right hands to their sides, reposition their hands with i on # and p on $ or &, and alternate 10 times on string #.This whole process of dropping, replacing and playing can and should be done several times with room in between for general comments and individual assistance. 30 2014 Austin Classical Guitar How to teach String Crossing:If the above method is employed to teach im alternation, then the result will be im alternation on string # with p fixed on string $ or &.The simplest way to introduce the concept of string crossing is to keep thumb fixed to a lower string.Have the class perform 4 notes with im alternation on string #.Then have them move im down so that the fingers are poised to play string !. p is still set on string $ or &.Alternating between string # (four times), and string ! (four times) using the stability of p and a straight right wrist to ensure good crossing is a successful way to introduce the concept.The key elements for success at the early stages are: Use p fixed on the adjacent string to ensure proper alignment Play each string 4 or more times no rapid string crossing Remind the class of proper stroke direction, wrist alignment, etc. At first provide extra time for crossing Once the large cross from string # to string ! is mastered, include string " as well and proceed with Exercise #6.Exercise #6 should form part of the daily warm-up routine for all level 3 and level 4 study. Level 3 Scales:The 5-note C and 8-note G scales should be carried over from Level 2 study.But at level three they should be introduced with im alternation by playing each note four times.Once both scales are mastered at four times per note, add playing the scales only one time per note.This is much more difficult because the rate of crossing increases as does the necessity for perfect coordination between the two hands. One helpful tool in introducing im alternating scales using one stroke per note is to play the notes on string # one at a time (repeat as needed for refinement), then do the same on string ", and finally combine the two strings. (example for G major scale) C and G Scales played both 4 times per note, and 1 time per note, should also be used as part of a daily warm up routine for level 3 and level 4 study. Perform scales with staccato and legato articulation, with crescendo and decrescendo, and varying accent. Level 3 sight-reading: All Level 3 sight-reading is to be completed with im alternation. Level 3 Repertoire:Repertoire in Level 3 will be larger in scope than that which was previously introduced.Level 3 melodic voices will be contained on strings !-# and be designed to develop im alternation and string crossing while using key signatures, accidentals, dynamic indications, etc. Some Level 3 pieces are Level 2 pieces that have different right hand fingering. For example, Part 1 from Saltarello becomes a Level 3 part when the student alternates im. 31 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 3/1 Basic Alternation/String crossing sequence from above using one-octave G Major scale and short excerpts from Level 2 melodies Sequence 3/2 Technical Exercise #6 Level 3 Exercise Sight-ReadingRecommended Repertoire: Intersection or All Wound Up Sequence 3/3 Daily Scales and Level 3 ExerciseSight-ReadingRecommended Repertoire: Old: Intersection and/or All Wound Up New: El Noy De La Mare (Level 3 version), Blue Zone, Packingtons Pound or other Sequence 3/4 Level 3 Exercise Exercise 6 & 7 Sight-Reading ExamplesRecommended Repertoire: Continued work on current Level 3 Repertoire Sequence 3/5 Level 3 Exercise Exercises 6 and 7 Finish learning/rehearsing 2 Level 3 selections Sight-Reading Sequence 3/6 Prep for and administer Mid-term performance Exam 32 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 4 Skill Level 4 completes the basic technical package for a beginning classical guitarist by introducing the a finger in the context of block chords, teaching the notes on the remaining 3 strings ($-%) in first position, and teaching the basic chords in first position.Level 4 begins with a 2-week intensive approach to reading notes on strings $-%.At this point, students will be quite fluent with the notes on strings !-#, and also with the notational system in general, and acquiring these new notes quickly is an attainable goal.With introductory knowledge of the new notes, basic chords, chord theory, right hand pima block chords, repertoire becomes more complex with melody, accompaniment, and middle/bass voice.Objectives: Students will ! Read all notes in first position including notes on strings $, & and % ! Play one octave C and D major scales ! Play two octave G major scale ! Play block chords using pima Procedure: (Recommended sequencing for Skill Level 4) Students will ! Play all new notes on strings 4-6 using a visual aid ! Play a one octave C major scale ascending and descending ! Identify D major key signature ! Play one octave D scale in first position ! Play two octave G scale in first position! Play basic block chords using PIMA Reading on Strings $-%:When teaching new notes on strings $-% instruct the class to use p only.This eliminates confusion that can arise from trying to learn new notes while at the same time crossing to the bass strings on the guitar for the first time.The bulk of the learning of these notes occurs in just two weeks of intensive study. Use a lot of repetition and playing and saying with the whole class to acquire these new notes.It is helpful to point out that the notes on string % are the same letters, on the same frets as the notes on string !.It is also helpful to point out that both string $ and & have their natural notes on open, fret 2 and fret 3.Early Level 4 sight- reading examples focus on one string at a time, while later examples have multiple strings involved and include accidentals. Level 4 Scales:As early as the first week, level 4 Scales can be introduced.As in level three these should be performed 4X per note and 1X per note for the duration of the semester.The 2- octave G scale, Complete C scale and D scale should all be introduced. These will form the basis of daily warm up in Level 4.Block chords and the a finger: At this stage of development, the addition of the a finger in the context of block chords will cause little or no difficulty.Instruct that when playing block chords the hand should close naturally with fingers moving inside the hand and p staying outside, and that the fingers should, as always, go by the thumb.The biggest challenge will be reading four notes at one time, one of which will be the P note on string $, &, or %.Go slowly. Use the 1st-Position Chord Chart located in the Scales and Exercises tab on Guitartcurriculum.com. Students 33 2014 Austin Classical Guitar can begin to learn full first position chords such as C, Am, Em, G etc. The right hand fingers can be placed p on the root base note and ima on any three successive strings as desired. Basic chords: E M/m, A M/m, D M/m, G, C:Block chords will be written in standard notation sometimes with chord symbols above. Sequence 4/1 Review Level 3 pieces, im alternation New Bass Notes with p Expanded 1st position Scales: C,Level 4 Sight-Reading Examples Sequence 4/2 Bass Notes Add G and D Scales Level 4 Sight-ReadingRecommended Repertoire: Old: Continued Level 3 Repertoire New: Level 4 Piece of choice (be sure to search various level repertoire such as Hush You Bye) Sequence 4/3 Block Chords a finger 1st-Position chord chart: have students learn left hand basic position then place right hand fingers on desired strings utilizing a finger.Level 4 Sight-ReadingRecommended Repertoire: Continued Level 3 and 4 Repertoire Hush You Bye, Pavana No. 6, Little Cannon. Sequence 4/4-Week 4 More Block Chords Sight-ReadingRecommended Repertoire: Continued Level 3 and 4 Repertoire Haydn Romanza, Canarios, etc. Sequence 4/5 Continue pima Recommended Repertoire: Finish Level 3 and 4 Repertoire all voices 34 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Sequence 4/6 Rehearse pieces, sectional rehearsals with individual attention Preparation for Public Performance In many cases, the completion of Level 4 marks the end of a school semester. It is important to schedule a performance as the culminating event for the course. There is no performance exam scheduled for Sequence Level 4. Instead, many teachers choose to use this concert as the performance exam. Be sure to record the concert for later analysis and to have record of the ensembles accomplishments. 35 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 5 *Note:Students entering skill level 5 will, in most cases, be entering into the Intermediate-Advanced class. Oftentimes, a few students at lower or higher skill levels are placed in these classes. Therefore, close attention is needed to ensure that each student is appropriately challenged and not overwhelmed. By and large the class will become more repertoire driven with the assumption that most students will have established basic set up, technique and reading trough Level 4. If there is a need for repertoire with varying skill levels, use the custom level search at the top of the music library. Instructors will be able to distribute level-appropriate sight-reading materials. History, Theory and Technique unit can be taught and tested at the teachers discretion and should be generalized to the point that students at all levels will be able to keep up. *Note:An extremely important element for teachers to understand is that students at different levels will still need to be carefully taught new techniques.For example, Level 5 students learn Simple Slurs for the first time they will need to be taught this skill carefully.As a result the teacher must make a decision: should the whole class learn simple slurs (even if there are students who have learned it already), or should there be sectional work while only the Level 5s are taught their new skill?Either way is fine as long as they are taught the skill completely, and understand how and when they will be expected to use it in their pieces and sight-reading examples. The instructor would not teach simple slurs to the whole class if there are students at Level 4 or below.Teachers will need to create a semester plan based on their class makeup, carefully choose their repertoire, and figure out when they will be introducing the skills they need for each individual group!For this reason we highlight the new skills to be acquired at each level. Many of the pieces in this curriculum can be played at different levels incorporating parts that require different skills. So a student may repeat a piece in the second year, but play a more demanding part. *Note:It is expected that students will remain at one skill level for longer from levels 5-9. Through the audition process, teachers will assess what levels are represented in their Intermediate-Advanced classes each year and plan accordingly.When at all possible, condense those students in the class into no more than 4 groups, lets take a difficult example: in your class you have a group of Level 8s, a group of 6s, some 4s and 5s, and a group of remedial students who somehow got signed up for the class and need basic skills development.It would be best to condense the 4s and 5s into Level 4 (it wont hurt the 5s to play some Level 4 material) and treat the remedial students all as Level 1s (assuming thats where the least advanced of them belongs).In general condense disparate groups downward in skill levels.In this example the teacher ends up with a class of 8s, 6s, 4s, and 1s not an ideal class at all, but manageable since there are arrangements that will be made to handle this type of situation. Most students entering their second year of study should be ready to begin skill Level 5 after a thorough revue of levels 3 and 4.In order to begin study at skill Level 5 students must have mastered basic right and left hand positioning and be able to execute im scales with good strokes and string crossing as well as block chords, and be able to read all notes in first position with correct rhythms and dynamics. 36 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 5 is meant to establish fluency on all 6 strings in 1st position, develop scalar speed, increase understanding of rhythmic complexity, and improve block chord reading and introduce multiple keys.These above skills will have already been taught in levels 1-4, making the task really one of refinement and improvement. New Level 5 Skills: Simple Slurs- Simple slurs include ascending and descending slurs that use fingers 1-2-3 in the left hand. Students typically have no trouble with ascending slurs, however, it is important to note that the left hand finger must strike the string on the tip. Descending slurs can pose a problem if not approached correctly. In descending slurs, the finger on first note will pull-off the string in a downward motion to the floor sounding the note behind. It is important to remember that this motion is a light gesture and there is no need for excess squeezing in the left hand. Principles of Fingering- Level 5 students should begin doing their own fingerings.At level 5 this means understanding that i and m should alternate wherever possible but that crossing from a lower pitched string to a higher pitched string should generally be done i to m and vice versa, repeating fingers should generally be reserved for spaces between longer notes or at rests, and where backwards crossing is unavoidable it should be indicated with a "/" between the fingerings.Above all, Level 5 students must begin writing in their own fingering choices!As they progress, the instructor needs to be able to suggest Left and Right hand fingerings and have students habitually write in those suggestions, understand and execute them properly. Multi-linear music At level 5 multi-linear music involves the addition of the occasional bass note underneath scale or melodic passages.The main issue there is to be sure, as usual, that strokes and positioning are maintained with the addition of the thumb.A common problem is that the thumb will drag the hand back or down causing negative effects on the quality of the finger strokes.This must be vigorously opposed.One helpful exercise is the Super-Stretcher Exercise, which involves playing p and i together while progressively increasing the gap between p and i. Emphasize legato playing, as many students will return the right hand fingers to the string early for stability, cutting note durations short. 37 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 6 Arpeggios are an extremely important part of classical guitar playing.As far as new material, Level 6 is devoted entirely to learning how to perform basic arpeggios well.Level 6 repertoire,will include plenty of pim and/or pima arpeggios, but will also continue the work from Level 5 with regard to scales, fingering and multi-linear playing.Of particular importance will be the skills required to change from a musical passage, which is scalar to one which is arpeggiated.With proper understanding of each element, students should be well-prepared for this challenge.Since arpeggios are chord-based, some of the repertoire will utilize chord symbols in order to review and solidify students knowledge of basic guitar chords. New Level 6 Skills: pim, pima: pim and pima are the first arpeggios that students will learn.In contrast to the block chords above, reading arpeggios will be slightly easier while the technical challenges are considerable and require great care.The main principle is extension timing or the sequential method by which we extend fingers back to the strings while others flex. Also the student will become familiar with all key signatures up to 4 sharps and 3 flats. pimStep 1: Fix pim on three strings ($, #, " for example). Step 2: Play p. Step 3: While leaving p in the air (or resting against the i tip joint), play i. Step 4: With both p and i in the air play m but at the same time return p to string $! (At this point, p should be on 4 while i and m are both inside the hand.) Step 5: Play p and return both i and m to the strings. Step 6: Go to step 3 and repeat. pimaStep 1: Fix pima on four strings ($, #, ", ! for example). Step 2: Play p. Step 3: While leaving p in the air (or resting against the i tip joint), play i. Step 4: With both p and i in the air play m.Step 5: With p, i and m in the air play a. but at the same time return p to string $! (At this point, p should be on 4 while i, m and a are inside the hand.) Step 6: Play p and return i, m and a to the strings. Step 7: Go to step 3 and repeat. Lead the class slowly narrating each step of the extension process.The first Level 6 Sight-Reading examples are all pim with increasing difficulty, and later examples are all pima with increasing difficulty.Instruct that all sight-reading and Level 4 repertoire be completed with proper extension timing. 38 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 7 Skill Level 7 is a real milestone for young guitarists.Many guitarists reach this level after 2 years of study.Students develop fluency with complex arpeggios and learn more advanced ascending and descending slurs, bars and speed development.Through it all they will be asked to move fluidly between different techniques at higher speeds. New Skills: Arpeggios with alternation: pima, piai, pimami pimiStep 1: Fix pim on three strings ($, #, " for example). Step 2: Play p. Step 3: While leaving p in the air (or resting against the i tip joint), play i. Step 4: With both p and i in the air play m but at the same time return i to string #. (At this point, i should be on 3 while p and m are both up.) Step 5: Play i and return p while leaving m (and i) inside the hand. Step 6: Play p and return both i and m to the strings. Step 7: Go to step 3 and repeat. piai (same as pimi, substitute a on !, for m on ") pimamiStep 1: Fix pima on four strings ($, #, ", ! for example). Step 2: Play p. Step 3: While leaving p in the air (or resting against the i tip joint), play i. Step 4: With both p and i in the air play m. Step 5: With p, i, m in the air, play a and return m only (i will drift out a bit) Step 6: Play m and return only i Step 7: Play i and return p leaving ima inside the hand. Step 8: Play p and return ima to the strings. Step 6: Go to step 3 and repeat. More complex Slurs- In Level 7, the student learns more complex descending and ascending slurs that involve the 4th finger in the left hand as well as 3-note slurs. Bars Generally students who work at barring are able to achieve consistent, successful bars in 2-4 weeks.Unlike most things on the guitar there is a real strength component to barring, so it can take a little time.The most important thing to teach is that the left wrist should be remain flat on " and # bars, often with just a slight bend in the wrist developing on 5- and 6-string bars.With 2-4 string bars, the left index finger generally only uses its tip- and mid-joints and the class should be instructed to maintain an approximate 90-degree angle in the first-finger mid-joint.39 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 8 Level 8 repertoire and sight-reading examples focus on reading in 2nd, 5th and 7th positions.Students must be asked to make fingering decisions, write them down, and submit their parts upon request. Parts in upper position will stay strictly in that position for maximum familiarity. Rest stroke Rest Stroke is the right hand technique where a finger travels through a given string and comes to rest on the next string behind it instead of traveling freely inside the hand to end in the air.This means that the trajectory of the stroke must be more toward the face of the guitar.The right wrist is still at the same height and is still straight, but the fingers extend outward and become straighter.Teach rest stroke as follows: 1)Explain what rest stroke is (above) 2)Instruct the class to alternate i and m free stroke on string # 3)Instruct the class to extend i to string ! without string crossing so that i becomes a little straighter (in effect, reaching for string !!) 4)Play i 5 times slowly moving the tip of the finger towards the sound board and through string ! coming to rest on string ". 5)Repeat step 2-4, but using m 6)Alternate im rest stroke slowly on string ! All of the same principles of string crossing apply to rest stroke as in free stroke, and the same crossing and scale exercises can and should be performed, on a daily basis.In a nutshell, the hand is simply set up about two strings behind where it would be for free stroke.It should be explained and underscored that while rest stroke results in a louder, fuller sound, it does not require more muscular effort.Rest Stroke is loud, you do not have to make it loud. 40 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Skill Level 9 Level 9 students are asked to read at any position on the guitar, and will often be asked to combine different positions successively.Level 9 students will need to be able to make independent musical and technical decisions and execute all techniques in combination.While students who have made it to level 9 are, to be sure, advanced students, there can still be a great amount of skill to be acquired with regard to tone, speed, accuracy, musicality, stage presence, etc.Level 9 guitarists should also be class leaders who can lead sectional rehearsals, offer fingering suggestions, make musical determinations for the class to follow, etc. 41 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Appendix 1 Technical (Warm Up) Exercises 1)Singles, p and i Fix p on #, i on ", m on !, and a & Pinky curved slightly and inside hand (not on face of guitar): play p repeatedly in various rhythms that can be modeled, written on the board, or passed out, repeat with i.Focus on quality of motions. 2)Singles on the move Same exercise as above except the hand can move from p fixed on 3 (im on ", !) to p on & (im on $, #) to p on % (im on &,$).This is valuable because it requires students maintain focus on establishing and then reestablishing set up.Give plenty of time to move between positions. 3)On-Off Exercise On string #, place and remove left hand fingers 1, 2, 3 and 4 (on frets 1,2,3 and 4 respectively) played with the right hand thumb.Each finger is placed and removed four times in a row, e.g. 1-0-1-0-1-0-1-0, 2-0-2-0-2-0-2-0, etc. and not 1-0-2-0-3-0-4-0.At least not at first!Focus on perfect Left Hand position.Play all notes with Right Hand p. 4)Shifting Exercise Using any Left Hand finger (1, 2, 3 or 4), play string #, fret 1 with p one time.Be sure that placement of Left Hand finger is on the tip and right behind the fret.Shift the same left-hand finger up to fret 2 and play again.Shift to fret 3, 4, 5, etc. up to any designated fret 5-12 and then back down.Special focus on excellent left hand form and ensuring that left hand thumb shifts along the back of the neck along with the rest of the hand so there is never any reaching. 5)Singles, p, i and m (also on the move) Fix p on #, i on ", and m on !: play p repeatedly in various rhythms that can be modeled, written on the board, of passed out, repeat with i.Repeat with m.When m is played, be sure that i and p remain fixed and that a and pinky move with m three fingers moving together from the big knuckle inside the hand and past i.Focus on quality of motions. 6)im alternation and simple string crossing Fix p on $, alternate im on string # four times, cross to string " (p moves to #) and repeat, cross to string ! and repeat go backward. 7)String Walking, i plays on %, m on &, i on $, m on #, i on ", m on ! and backwards. 8)Super Stretcher Exercise Play i and p on string ! and " respectively 4 times with i traveling past p.Repeat with p on #, $, & and %, all the while making sure that i travels past p and that the hand stays up and over string !. 9)Slurring exercise in first position.Fix pima on $, #, " and !.Playing p 4 times on string $, execute ascending slur from 0-1, repeat with i on #, m on " and a on !.Begin with a on ! performing a descending slur from 1-0, repeating 4 times.Work your way back to string $ with m on ", i on # and p on $ completing 4 descending slurs on each string.Repeat entire exercise from 0-2, 0-3, and 0-4 in the left hand on their respective frets. 10)Progressive Bar exercise: Bar 2 strings in first position and play each string 2 times listening for clear sound.Repeat with 3, 4, 5 and 6 strings barred. 42 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Appendix 2 Performance checklist for evaluating student performances At every point of assessment from the first weeks to graduation, the students should perform all exercises, scales, ensemble pieces, and solo pieces meeting each of the following requirements. YESNO 1.Playing position A)Feet flat on footstool and ground B)Guitar neck elevated to 45 angle to the floor C)Shoulders are relaxed D)Face of guitar is straight up and down, not angled back E)Right arm meets the guitar just in front of the elbowF) Right hand is situated just behind the rosette G)Right wrist is straight and arched (not angled or flat) H)Left wrist is flat, not concave or convex I) Left thumb is vertical, not sideways on back of neck 2.Right and left hand technique A)Right hand im & a move inside hand, not up/away B)im & a strokes move in with 3 knuckles, including big knuckle C)im & a move through strings at an angle, not perpendicular D)im & a contact point on string is close to fingertip E)Left hand fingers are always placed on the tips and just behind frets F) Left hand palm is always parallel to the neck of guitar G)Left hand palm does not touch back of neck 3.Plays with musicality and expressiveness A)Performs all expressive markings on the page B)Plays with a consistent, robust tone C)Connects melodic lines by timing both hands (legato)D)Performs piece without talking, laughing, excessive movement 43 2014 Austin Classical Guitar Appendix 3 Small Ensemble Practice Log This practice log will require you to organize two different practice plans.It is important to communicate respectfully to your classmates by using the specific musical language modeled in class.You will receive grades based on your ability to stay on task while remaining productive and respectful as a group, as well as the quality of your practice as documented on this log. Measures of focus (Keep it small): __________ List 2 musical goals 1. 2. Perform the selected measures as an ensemble.Evaluate your performance by providing one item of positive feedback and one item of negative feedback. 1. 2. What did your ensemble do in order to achieve your musical goals and/or improve your current performance level? (3-5 steps) Number of times measures are repeated correctly: