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FOOTNOTE:

A footnote is a notation at the bottom of the page in aprinted document. Footnotes are usually presented insmaller print than the dominant text, and they are used for avariety of purposes. The foot in footnote refers to the factthat the notation is located in the footer or bottom of thedocument. A similar concept is the endnote, a note which isprovided at the end of a document, rather than at thebottom of a specific page.

When a text has footnotes, they are indicated with varioussymbols or superscript numbers. The asterisk symbol, *, isa common symbol for footnotes, but a variety of symbolsincluding daggers, , may be used. In a text with a lot offootnotes, numbers are usually used to indicate footnotes,so that the reader can keep track of what is going on.Endnotes are typically indicated with numbers, to make iteasier for people to look them up.

Different style manuals have different rules about usingfootnotes, and it is important to follow style guidelines whensubmitting material for publication. Because footnoting canget very complicated, most style guidelines devote at leasta few pages to the footnote. Some people avoid usingfootnotes at all, while others relish footnotes, becausefootnotes provide a great degree of freedom when they areused well.

One common reason for footnoting is to provide citations.Whenever an author quotes someone else or discussessomeone else's ideas, he or she is expected to provide acitation, both to provide credit and to allow readers toexamine the source for themselves. Some style guidelineslike citations inline in the text, while others prefer to seecitations footnoted. Footnoting citations allows readers tofocus on the text, consulting the citation whenever they feellike it, rather than being forced to read it.

Footnotes really flourish in the sense of additional

commentary. Authors may use a footnote to providecomments or extra information, especially if that informationdigresses. Academics in particular cannot resist sharinginteresting tidbits with their readers, but these tidbits maynot be strictly relevant to the text at hand. Usinga footnote allows authors to talk about matters which maybe of interest without detracting from the primary focus ofthe text. Sometimes, the footnotes take up more room onthe page than the actual text.

It is not uncommon to see footnotes used to makehumorous asides. For people who enjoy academic jokes,footnotes are often a great source for amusing commentsand side notes which would not be appropriate in thecentral text. Footnotes may also be used to recount

anecdotes or to provide a subtle commentary on the sourceor topic being discussed.

ENDNOTE:

End notes, sometimes written as endnotes, are citationsused within written documents. This often includes formalacademic or research documents, but they may be used inany type of written document, even fictional stories.Generally, end notes are found at the end of a chapter, oreven at the end of a book. These are similar to footnotes,except footnotes are typically found at the bottom of a page.Each of these help to elaborate on a specific point made in

the document, or they may provide a citation for a quote orother reference.

Generally, the presence of an end note in a document willbe designated with a subscript or superscript number at theend of the sentence. The numbers always go in order; if it isnecessary to add additional end notes in the chapter, it isnecessary to rewrite the numbers so they are in numericalorder. If a reader wants to see the source of a quote, then,he or she can simply note the number, flip to the end of thechapter and look through the list to find the correspondingnumber, and read the end note.

Citations, in which the last name of the author, the pagenumber, or the publishing year are listed parenthetically atthe end of the sentence, are a similar concept, but follow adifferent format. These citations generally do not provideany additional information in an end notes section,however. They are usually just associated with a referencessection, in which the full publication information of thesource is listed.

The purpose of using end notes can vary. Sometimes, awriter will want to expand on a point a bit more or make anexplanatory comment, but doesn't wish to interrupt the maintext with this information. An end note is a good solution forthis problem. Another frequent example is when a writer willput a portion of a quote in the body of the text, and will then

include the complete quote in an end note. Simplepublication and reference information may also be placed inthe end notes of a document as well.

SUMMARY:

A summary is short statements that give only the mainpoints or core information of something excludingredundant information. Basically it reproduces the mainpoints of a speech, article, section, chapter or book. It doesnot strive for the style and tone of the original.

Todays work culture ultimately requires summary writingskills to save time, money and energy as use ofsummarized versions in a business organization is essentialat various stages. Thus, today candidates with adequatesummarization skills are in great demand for employment.

Summarization is a skill and requires proper guidance,constant practice, special efforts and proper training. Anabstact is written by an expert for experts. It presentsspecific analysis, whereas synopsis is brief account ofresearch or business proposal and an outline is primarily asketch presented professionally. These types of writinginvolve summarization skills. While writing summary onehas to remember that he or she is not directed or allowed tomould, alter or change the main idea and introduce newideas. Thus, summarization is process that requires careful

attention.

A summary is required at various stages in an organization.Board of directors, chief executive secretary, chairman andothers may not have sufficient times to read completeproposal. They prefer a perfect summary. A prejudiced orpartial summary will misguide and hinder smooth flow ofcommunication. Thus, a complete, candid, perfect andunbiased summary is welcomed and used in the process ofdecision making.

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TECHNIQUES IN MAKING A SUMMARY:

There are three important summarization techniques. Theyare selection, rejection and substitution. They are discussedhereunder.

1. SELECTION: Selection is an important summarizationtechnique. It is essential to select major idea, keywords and phrases, special terms and interpretationspresented in the original resources. These aspectsmust be considered seriously while writing summary. It

is an important summarization technique as it helps toinclude all major ideas in summary.

2. REJECTION: Rejection is an important summarizationtechnique. It is a process of removing unnecessarydata. As cited earlier, try to reject repetitions, examples,illustrations, anecdotes, redundant, expressions, tablesand statistical data. Basically rejection helps to preparea perfect summary.

3. SUBSTITUTION: It is also an important summarizationtechnique. Basically it includes synthesis. It is a modeof combining several sentences into one sentence. It isrecommended to use sentence substitutions, shortsentences to replace lengthy sentences. Use of one-

word substitution is an added advantage in thesummary writing process.

HOW TO SUMMERIZE ANY GIVEN PASSAGE:

1. Be careful to select the theme of passage or readingmaterial.

2. Do not reproduce sentences from the original text.3. Do not provide scope for ambiguity.4. Include all major ideas.5. Be objective and write summary in third person.6. Observe proportion.7. Do not include any redundant data.8. Never introduce your ideas.

9. Do not criticize or change the original source.10. Limit your summary; it must not be more that

rdthe

length of the original passage.11. Prefer short, simple and self-dependent sentences.12. Be straight with words.13. Avoid cluttering, pleonasm or redundant phrases.14. Avoid needless repetitions.15. Logically link each section.

QUESTIONNAIRE:A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of aseries of questions and other prompts for the purpose ofgathering information from respondents. Although they are

often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, thisis not always the case.

The aim of questionnaire is to gather information forpurposes of research for market surveys, analysis or evento corroborate other research findings. They are one of thecheapest and most feasible ways of gathering data. Inquestionnaire it is important that it should be framed in asimple language and care should be taken to avoidgrammatical and spelling mistakes. In questionnairequestions should have clarity and must convey the samemeaning to all kinds of readers, so it is best to use directquestions rather than ambiguous ones.

CLOSE-ENDED QUESTION:A closed-ended question is a form of question which cannormally be answered using a simple "yes" or "no", aspecific simple piece of information, or a selectionfrom multiple choices.

Examples include: Question: Do you know your weight?Answer: Yes. Question: What is your weight?

Answer: 167 lbs.

Close-ended questions can be used for clarifiying facts,verifying information already given or controlling aconversation, among other things.Examples of closed-ended questions: Do you get along with your supervisor? Is that a photograph of your children? Are you leaving right at 5:00 today? Are you awake?

OPEN ENDED QUESTION:An open-ended question is a form of questions, whichcannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no", or with a

specific piece of information, and which give the personanswering the question scope to give the information thatseems to them to be appropriate. Open-ended questionsare sometimes phrased as a statement which requires aresponse.

Examples of open-ended questions: Tell me about your relationship with your supervisor. How do you see your future? Tell me about the children in this photograph. What is the purpose of government? Why did you choose that answer?

LEADING QUESTION:A leading question or suggestive interrogation is a questionthat suggests the answer or contains the information theexaminer is looking for. For example, this question isleading:

You were at Duffy's bar on the night of July 15, weren'tyou?

It suggests that the witness was at Duffy's bar on the nightin question. The same question in a non-leading form wouldbe:

Where were you on the night of July 15?

This form of question does not suggest to the witness theanswer the examiner hopes to elicit.

Many leading questions are framed as yes or no questions,with the subject of the questions essentially being coachedinto a specific answer. Others may be open ended, butframed in a way which embeds the information that thequestioner wishes to elicit. Yes or no questions are notalways leading, but they often are, so they should beconstructed carefully.

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