TaxonomyTaxonomy

TaxonomyTaxonomy•Taxonomy is the scientific Taxonomy is the scientific study of how living things study of how living things are classified.are classified.

•Each organism is given a Each organism is given a universally accepted name.universally accepted name.

ClassificationClassificationName three things that you classify at Name three things that you classify at

home.home.

1)1) Clothes Clothes

2) Music2) Music

3)3) Collections / hobbiesCollections / hobbies

Classification is the Classification is the groupinggrouping of of objects or information based on objects or information based on similaritiessimilarities..

Why do you think Biologists classify Why do you think Biologists classify things?things?

Classification has several Classification has several purposes:purposes:

• Easier to share information about Easier to share information about an organism by using one standard an organism by using one standard namename

• Identify characteristics of an Identify characteristics of an organism just by studying the organism just by studying the groups they are placed ingroups they are placed in

• Manage the information they collect Manage the information they collect on the 2.5 million known specieson the 2.5 million known species

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

• Linnaeus developedLinnaeus developed• Two word naming system which identifies Two word naming system which identifies

species.species.

First word:First word: Genus Genus (Capitalized)(Capitalized)

Second word:Second word: species species (Lowercase)(Lowercase)

Both words should beBoth words should be italicized italicizedEx/Ex/ Homo sapiens (Human) Homo sapiens (Human)

Passer domesticus (House sparrow)Passer domesticus (House sparrow) Canis rufus (Red wolf)Canis rufus (Red wolf)

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (1707-(1707-1778)1778)

•Brought order to Brought order to classifying and naming classifying and naming species.species.

•Classification system Classification system consists of levels. consists of levels.

•Each level is called a Each level is called a taxontaxon

More LinnaeusMore Linnaeus

• Morphology - basic shapeMorphology - basic shape• Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax…)Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax…)• Structure - bone and external supportsStructure - bone and external supports• Anatomy - muscle & organsAnatomy - muscle & organs• Described 1,000’s of plants & animals Described 1,000’s of plants & animals

in: in:

System NaturaeSystem Naturae and and Species Species PlantarumPlantarum

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (1707-(1707-1778)1778)

• Kingdom—largest taxaKingdom—largest taxa• Phylum—several classesPhylum—several classes• Class—similar ordersClass—similar orders• Order—similar familiesOrder—similar families• Family—similar generaFamily—similar genera• Genus—closely related speciesGenus—closely related species• Species—group of similar Species—group of similar

organisms that can breed and organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.produce fertile offspring.

Homo SapiansHomo Sapians

• KingdomKingdom: : AnimaliaAnimalia• Phylum: Phylum: ChordataChordata• Class: Class: MammaliaMammalia• Order: Order: PrimatesPrimates• FamilyFamily: Hominidae: Hominidae• Genus: Genus: HomoHomo• Species:Species:SapiensSapiens  

Cell OrganizationCell Organization• ProkaryoteProkaryote

– ““Before Nucleus”Before Nucleus”– Simple organisms, Simple organisms, – No membrane bound No membrane bound

organellesorganelles– (cell organs)(cell organs)

• EukaryoteEukaryote– ““True Nucleus”True Nucleus”– More complex organismsMore complex organisms– Membrane bound Membrane bound

organellesorganelles

End of Day 1 Notes on End of Day 1 Notes on ClassificiationClassificiation

Kingdom Profiles - MoneraKingdom Profiles - Monera

• Formerly known as ProkaryotaeFormerly known as Prokaryotae• all are prokaryotes - no membrane bound organellesall are prokaryotes - no membrane bound organelles

Chloroplast mitochondria nucleus

All are unicellular - simplest form of life (or most complex)

autotrophs and heterotrophs - ingest food

most are motile

example - Bacillus thuringiensis

4 phyla

Kingdom Profiles - ProtistaKingdom Profiles - Protista

• EukaryoticEukaryotic• some unicellular, most some unicellular, most

multicellularmulticellular• all are aquaticall are aquatic• autotrophic and heterotrophic - autotrophic and heterotrophic -

ingest food and absorb foodingest food and absorb food• most are motilemost are motile• 16 phyla16 phyla• Example: Example: Euglena, AmoebaEuglena, Amoeba

Kingdom Profiles - FungiKingdom Profiles - Fungi

• All are heterotrophic absorb food All are heterotrophic absorb food form dead or living organismsform dead or living organisms

• cell walls contain chitincell walls contain chitin• unicellular or multicellularunicellular or multicellular• eukaryoticeukaryotic• non-motilenon-motile• example: mushroomsexample: mushrooms• 4 phyla4 phyla

Kingdom Profiles - PlantaeKingdom Profiles - Plantae

• Non-motileNon-motile• all are photosynthetic - autotrophicall are photosynthetic - autotrophic• eukaryoticeukaryotic• cell walls contain cellulosecell walls contain cellulose

• example: Rosesexample: Roses• 12 phyla12 phyla

Kingdom Profile - AnimaliaKingdom Profile - Animalia

• MotileMotile• ingest food - all ingest food - all • multicellularmulticellular• no cell wallsno cell walls

• example: fishexample: fish• 9 phyla9 phyla

Characteristics of living thingsCharacteristics of living things• growthgrowth• developmentdevelopment• respond to stimulirespond to stimuli• require energy for survivalrequire energy for survival• influence / change environmentinfluence / change environment• metabolism (produce by-products)metabolism (produce by-products)• contain carboncontain carbon• adaptadapt• made of cells - levels of organizationmade of cells - levels of organization• contain genetic information - DNA and contain genetic information - DNA and

RNARNA• ReproduceReproduce• Exchange gas with the environmentExchange gas with the environment

VirusesViruses

• Don’t eatDon’t eat• don’t reproduce outside of host don’t reproduce outside of host

assistanceassistance• don’t respond to the environmentdon’t respond to the environment• don’t movedon’t move• don’t age or die under optimal don’t age or die under optimal

conditionsconditions• don’t have a metabolismdon’t have a metabolism• don’t grow or developdon’t grow or develop• not made of cells not made of cells

VirusesViruses• Contain organic molecules (carbon)Contain organic molecules (carbon)• have genetic information - DNA have genetic information - DNA or or

RNARNA• adapt as a group (not individual)adapt as a group (not individual)• influence / change host they live ininfluence / change host they live in• mimic living infectionsmimic living infections• have ability to replicatehave ability to replicate

• can be “killed” or inactivatedcan be “killed” or inactivated

Life or Non-Life ?