Taxonomy (Classification)Chapter 18

Taxonomy the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristicsClassification the grouping of objects or information based on similarities

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed the first accepted systemCarlous Linnaeus made improvements on Aristotles systemBased on physical and structural similarities of organisms

Binomial nomenclature a two-word naming systemBi twonomial numbernomenclature nameThe first word indicates the genus (uppercased)The second word indicates the species (lowercased)

When typed, the two names are italicizedExample Canis familiaris (dog)When handwritten, the two names are underlinedExample Gorilla gorilla (Western gorilla)

Scientific and Common NamesLatin is the language of scientific namesAdvantages of using LatinNot a national languageThe language does not changeScientific names are unique

Scientific and Common NamesCommon names are used as nicknamesAn organism may have a different common name in different countriesScientific name Passer domesticusCommon namesU.S. and England house sparrowHolland huismus

Taxonomic RankingsTaxon a taxonomic group DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesMnemonic device

DidKingPhillipComeOverFor Great Spaghetti

Taxonomic RankingsException: Phylum is known as division in Kingdom Plantae

Taxonomic RankingsDomain the most inclusive (largest) taxonSpecies the least inclusive (smallest)taxon

Taxonomic Rankings

ClassificationBrown BearHouse CatDogKiller WhaleWolfDomainEukaryaEukaryaEukaryaEukaryaEukaryaKingdomAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaPhylumChordataChordataChordataChordataChordataClassMammaliaMammaliaMammaliaMammaliaMammaliaOrderCarnivoraCarnivoraCarnivoraCetaceaCarnivoraFamilyUrsidaeFelidaeCanidaeDelphinidaeCanidaeGenusUrsusFelisCanisOrcinusCanisSpeciesUrsus arctosFelis catusCanis familiarisOrcinus orcaCanis lupus

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous key a series of questions answered by yes or no, and each question is a choice between two characteristicsA tool used in plant or animal identification

Dichotomous Keya. Coin is silver in colorgo to step 2b. Coin is not silver in colorgo to step 4a. Coin has ridges around the edge go to step 3b. Coin doesnt have ridges around edgeNickela. Coin has a picture of George Washington.Quarterb. Coin doesnt have a picture of G. Washington..Dimea. Coin has a man with a beard on it..Pennyb. Coin doesnt have a man with a beard on itDollar

Candy Dichotomous Keya. packagedgo to step 2b. un-packagedgo to step 3a. boxed ?b. wrappergo to step 4a. soft?b. hardgo to step 5a. plastic wrappergo to step 10b. wax paper wrappergo to step 6a. round shapedgo to step 7b. not round shaped?a. on a stick ?b. not on a stick ?a. sphere-shaped go to step 8b. oval-shaped go to step 9a. multi-colored ?b. pale yellow colored ?9.a. circular shaped (should be marked with an s) ?b. A little less circular shaped (should be marked with an m) ?10.a. red-colored candy ?b. yellow-colored candy ?

Candy Dichotomous Keya. packagedgo to step 2b. un-packagedgo to step 3a. boxed Sugar Babiesb. wrappergo to step 4a. softGummy Bearsb. hardgo to step 5a. plastic wrappergo to step 10b. wax paper wrappergo to step 6a. round shapedgo to step 7b. not round shapedMike and Ikesa. on a stick Dum Dum Lollipopsb. not on a stick Tootsie Rollsa. sphere-shaped go to step 8b. oval-shaped go to step 9a. multi-colored Gobstoppersb. pale yellow colored Unpackaged Lemon Heads9.a. circular shaped (should be marked with an s) Skittlesb. A little less circular shaped (should be marked with an m) M&Ms10.a. red-colored candy Atomic Fireballb. yellow-colored candy Packaged Lemon Heads

CladogramA branching treelike diagram used to illustrate evolutionary relationships among organisms

CladogramCommon ancestor

DomainsThree domain levelsEukarya ArchaeaBacteria

KingdomsLinnaeus established two kingdoms: Animalia and PlantaeSince then, it has expanded from two to fiveMonera Prokaryotes (cells without nuclei)Protista Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei)FungiPlantaeAnimalia

KingdomsToday, there are six kingdoms (Monera is divided into two kingdoms)EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

KingdomsSix kingdomsEubacteria - BacteriaArchaebacteria Old bacteriaProtista The leftover kingdomFungi Mushrooms and moldsPlantae - PlantsAnimalia - Animals

Terms to know:Prokaryote a cell without a nucleus; a simple cell that is smallEukaryote a cell with a nucleus; more complex cell that is larger than a prokaryotic cell

Terms to know:Cell wall used for protection and support

Terms to know:Unicellular an one celled organismMulticellular an organism with more than one cell

Terms to know:Autotroph organism that can make its own nutrientsHeterotroph an organism that obtains its nutrients from other organisms (cant make its own food)

Domain BacteriaThis domain is the same as Kingdom EubacteriaBacteria is the most abundant organisms on EarthProkaryotesSalmonella

Domain ArchaeaThis domain is the same as Kingdom ArchaebacteriaProkaryotesCan be found in extreme environmentsExtremophiles - Salt lakes, hot springs, and ocean floorsMethanogens Live in oxygen-free environments

Domain Eukarya

KingdomCell WallUnicellular or MulticellularProkaryotes or EukaryotesNutrientsProtistaSome species have themCan be uni- or multi-EukaryotesCan be autotroph or heterotrophFungiYesCan be uni- or multi-Eu-Hetero-PlantaeYesMulti-Eu-Auto-AnimaliaNoMulti-Eu-Hetero-