$tate department, 1898:We need new market$!

• “It seems to be conceded that every year we shall be confronted with an increasing surplus of manufactured goods for sale in foreign markets if American operatives and artisans are to be kept employed the year around. The enlargement of foreign consumption of the products of our mills and workshops has, therefore, become a serious problem of statesmanship as well as of commerce.”

President William McKinley, 1898

• Most popular president since Lincoln

• First modern cabinet: administrators, not politicians

The Anti-Imperialist League, 1898

“As for the flag of the Philippine province, it is easily managed. We can have a special one. We can just have our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross bones.”

Mark Twain

The Platt Amendment (1902)

• The U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba to “protect” its independence

• Cuba’s debt would be monitored by the U.S.

• a fiscal cleanup plan to make Cuba more attractive to U.S. investors

• a 99 year lease on Guantanamo Bay base

Emiliano Aguinaldo, leader of the Filipino revolt

• 1898, Treaty of Paris gives all Spanish controlled islands in exchange for $20 million.

• 120,000 U.S. soldiers sent to the Philippines

• Almost 220,000 Filipinos killed resisting U.S. occupation (some estimates much higher)

John Hay’s “open door” policy, 1899• All nations have equal

trading rights in China• Chinese tariffs shall

apply equally everywhere

• Only Chinese government will collect taxes and duties

The Panama Canal

1903: TR backs uprising that creates Panama

1906: U.S. approves Panama Canal as a lock canal; TR visits the site

1914: Panama Canal opens for business

• 1904: 1,300 trusts in the United States• Aggregate capitalization of 724 billion

dollars• Between 1897 and 1904, about a third of

all previously existing companies disappeared

• 1909: 5 percent of manufacturers employed 62 percent of all manufacturing workers

T.R.’s record, 1901-1908

• First president to effectively use the Sherman anti-trust act

• Helping settle a coal strike rather than breaking the union (1901)

• Passage of the Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection Acts (1906)

• T. Roosevelt used his executive authority to triple land set aside for national forests, to 150 million acres.

• Doubled number of national parks

• Established 16 “national monuments” such as Muir woods

• Established 51 wildlife refuges

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party

• 1908: Debs won 400,000 votes in his presidential bid

• Almost 120,000 members in 1912

• 1,150 socialists held office in 36 states and 325 towns and cities

• Eugene Debs ran for president in 1912 and 1920 and won almost a million votes

The Lawrence Massachusetts strike of 1912

• Led by the Industrial Workers of the World

• Multicultural immigrant strike

The Industrial Workers of the World

William Haywood, wild eyed radical (accept no substitutes)

• Advocated “anarcho-syndicalism”: a decentralized, stateless world run by unions (syndicato)

• Advocated sabotage, although its members rarely actually followed through on this

• Based in big western industries: lumber and mining, especially

Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)

1912• Called for Women’s

Suffrage . . . • Direct election of U.S.

Senators• Graduated income tax• Initiative, referendum,

and the recall

TR’s “New Nationalism” vs. Wilson’s “New Freedom”

• TR supportive of expansion of Federal government to regulate commerce and industry

• Supported women’s suffrage, lower tariffs, graduated income tax

• Supported policies that would protect small business, smaller cities, and the professions

• Especially anti-trust• Suspicious of federal

power• Sympathetic to “state’s

rights” democrats

The Presidential Election of 1912

• Democrat Woodrow Wilson (the winner): 42

percent of the vote• Progressive Roosevelt:

27 percent• Republican Taft: 23

percent • Socialist E.V. Debs: 6

percent!• . . . Distinctly leftward turn for American politics

Federal Income Tax, 1913

• 1895: Supreme Court declares Federal income tax unconstitutional

• 1913: Congress and the states ratify the 16th amendment, which gave Congress the right to levy direct taxes

• 1913: Congress puts 1 percent tax on individual and corporate incomes over 4,000 a year

The Federal Reserve Systemcreated on December 23, 1913

•Board of Governors appointed by the President (of the United States)

•The Chair and Vice Chair named by the President from the board

•Individual banks belong to 12 regional banks and keep some of their money in the regional banks

•The Federal Reserve lends money to banks at the Prime Rate, determined by the Board of Governors

The Clayton Act, 1914

• Specifically listed trade practices that were unlawful (so they couldn’t be called “manufacturing” practices)

• Prohibited “interlocking directorates” in corporations

• Unions could not be enjoined when “acting legally.”

1959: Federal Trade Commission waged a 15 year campaign to get the makers of Geritol to stop saying that it cured “iron poor tired blood,” which it didn’t.

1950s: Companies that manufactured “little liver pills” admitted to the FTC that the pills had no impact on the human liver.

Federal Trade Commission• Investigated

unfair trade practices

• Unfair methods of competition

phishing

Ways to stop the voting

• Poll taxes, 1 or 2 dollars, paid in advance of the election

• No assistants allowed for illiterate voters

• Literacy tests requiring elaborate recitation of state constitutions

• Grandfather clauses (did your grandfather vote before the Civil War?)

Disenfranchisement in the South (by percentage of adult male population eligible to vote)

1876 1900 1912

Alabama 72% 38% 22%

Georgia 63% 22% 18%

Louisiana 74% 20% 18%

Mississippi 80% 18% 17%

South Carolina

100% 20% 17%

Booker T. Washington

• Born in Virginia just before the

Civil War• 1881 founded

the Tuskegee Normal and

Industrial Institute

Race riot: Atlanta, Georgia, 1906

• 25 blacks killed

• 1 white killed

• 4 blacks beaten to death

DuBois’ three questions for Booker T. Washington, 1903

• How can African Americans advance themselves economically if they have no political power?

• How can they have pride in themselves if they are second class citizens?

• How can they maintain good common schools without teachers trained in colleges and universities?

Race riot: Springfield, Illinois, 1908• 4000

national guard troops brought in to stop the riot

• NAACP founded a year later

The Niagra Movement meeting of 1905 and public concern over the Springfield riot of 1908 resulted in the founding of the NAACP in 1909.

Niagra civil rights meeting of 1905

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• New Orleans black community sends Homer Plessy to test Louisiana train segregation law

• Supreme Court rules seven to one to uphold the “Separate Car Act” as long as there were equal accommodations for everyone

• Harlan’s lone dissent: “The arbitrary separation of citizens on the basis of race . . . Is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and equality before the law . . . “

Souls of Black Folk themes• Centrality of slavery as a

cause of the Civil War• The legitimacy of

Reconstruction• Challenging Booker T.

Washington• Calling for an educated

elite, a “talented tenth,” to engage in political action

• Calling for African Americans to become more engaged in civic culture, not just commercial activity

W.E.B. DuBois