Task Grammar 01

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Simple Present Tense and Present Progressive

I.

Simple Present TenseSimple Present Tense is expressed daily habits or general truth of fact. Or simple

present tense is used for events or situation that exist always, usually, or habitually in the

present with the following stative verbs.

Stative Verbs :

Know Hear Smell

Understand Love Want

Have Appear Taste

Believe See Wish

Hate Like Sound

Need Seem Own

NB : The verb listed above are almost never used in the present or past progressive(continuous), although it is possible in some cases.

The Rule of Simple Present Tense :Active :

(+) S + V1+ (for she, he, it + V1 + s/es)

(-) S + do/does + not + V1 +

(?) Do/does + S + V1 + ?

Ex:

(+) She cooks in the kitchen.

(-) She doesnt cookin the kitchen.

(?) Does she cook in the kitchen ?


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Passive :

(+) S + is, am, are + V3 +

(-) S + is, am, are + not + V3+

(?) Is, am, are + S + V3 + ?

Ex:

(+) Doni is called me.

(-) Doni isnt called me.

(?) Is Doni called me ?

Nominal :

(+) S + is, am, are +

(-) S +is, am, are + not +

(?) Is, am, are + S + ?

Ex:

(+) They are here.

(-) They arent here.

(?) Are they here ?

For subject she, he, it the verb add s or es :1. Many verbs end ine. Finals simply added.

Ex:

Hope Hopes Write Writes, etc.

2. Finals is added to most verbs.Ex:

Speak Speaks Visit Visits, etc.

3. Finales is added if the verb ends inch, -sh, -s, -x, -z, -o.Ex:

Catch Catches Wash Washes Pass Passes


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Fix Fixes Buzz Buzzes Go Goes, etc.

4. If a verb ends in a consonant + -y, change they toi and addes.Ex:

Study Studies Try Tries, etc.

5. If a verb ends in a vowel + -y, simply adds.Ex:

Pay Pays Buy Buys, etc.

Adverb of Time : Usually Always Every , etc.

II. Present ProgressivePresent Progressive is express an activity that is in progress (is occurring, is

happening) right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the

sentence.

The rule of Present ProgressiveActive :

(+) S + is, am, are + Ving+

(-) S + is, am, are + not + Ving +

(?) Is, am, are + S + V ing + ?

Ex:

(+) We are meeting now.

(-) We arent meeting now.

(?) Are we meeting now ?


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Passive :

(+) S + is, am, are + being + V3+

(-) S + is, am, are + not + being + V3+

(?) Is, am, are + S + being + V3+

Ex:

(+) Mary is being bitten by dog.

(-) Mary isnt being bitten by dog.

(?) Is Mary being bitten by dog ?

Nominal : is same with Simple Present Tense.

NB : But there are some non progressive verbs :Hear Know Possess Like

See Be Belong Love

Believe Exist Need Hate

Think Own Want Forget

Understand Have Prefer Remember

Spelling of

ing Forms :

1. If the verb ende adding.Ex:

Smile Smiling Hope Hoping, etc.

2. If the verb ends in two consonant just adding.Ex:

Help Helping Learn Learning, etc.

3. If the verb ends two vowels + a consonant, just adding.

Ex:


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Rain Raining Heat Heating, etc.

4. If the verb has one syllable and ends in one vowel + one consonant, double theconsonant to make theing.

Ex:

Stop Stopping Plan Planning Run Running, etc.

5. If the first syllable of a two syllable verb is stressed, dont double the consonant, justadding.

Ex:

Visit Visiting

Offer Offering, etc.

6. If the second syllable of a two syllable verb is stressed, double the consonant and adding.

Ex:

Admit Admitting Permit Permitting, etc.

7. If the verb ends in a vowel + -y, keep they dont change it to i and adding.Ex:

Play Playing Enjoy Enjoying, etc.

8. If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, keep they and adding.Ex:

Worry Worrying

Study Studying Cry Crying, etc.

9. If the verb endie, changeie toy and adding.

Ex:


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Die Dying Tie Tying, etc.

Adverb of Time : Now Tonight, etc.

Exercise :Simple Present Tense and Present Progressive. Choose either the simple present tense and

present progressive in the following sentence.

1. Something ____________ (smell) very good.2. We __________________ (eat) dinner at seven oclock tonight.3. He __________________ (practice) the piano every day.4. They ________________ (drive) to school tomorrow.5. I ___________________ (believe) you.6. Maria _______________ (have) a cold.7. George ______________ (swim) right now.8. John ________________ (hate) smoke.9. Jill always ___________ (get) up at 6:00 A. M.10.Jerry _______________ (mow) the lawn now.


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Simple Past Tense and Past ProgressiveI. Simple Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense is used to talk about activities or situations that began and

ended at a particular time in the past, or used for a completed action that happened at one

specific time in the past.

The rule of Simple Past Tense :Active :

(+) S + V2+

(-) S + did + not + V1+

(?) Did + S + V1+

Ex:

(+) Mark washed the dishes last night.

(-) Mark didnt wash the dishes last night.

(?) Did Mark wash the dishes last night ?

Passive :

(+) S + was/were + V3 +

(-) S + was/were + not + V3 + ...

(?) Was/were + S + +

Ex:

(+) George was cooked dinner for his family.

(-) George wasnt cooked dinner for his family.

(?) Was George cooked dinner for his family ?

Nominal :

(+) S + was/were +

(-) S + was/were + not +

(?) Was/were + S + ?

Ex:

(+) We were at home.

(-) We werent at home.

(?) Were we at home ?


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Adverb of Time : Yesterday Last . Ago, etc.

II.Past ProgressivePast Progressive is expressed an activity that was in progress (was occurring, was

happening) at a point of time in the past or at the time of another action.

The rule of Past Progressive :(+) S + was/were + Ving+

(-) S + was/were + not + Ving+

(?) Was/were + S + Ving+

The Past Progressive is used to indicate :1. An action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action.

In this case , the general rule is :

OR

Ex:

When Mark came home, Martha was watching television.

Martha was watching television when Mark came home.

2. Two actions occurring at the same time in the past. In this case, the followingrules usually apply.

When + Subject1 + simple past tense + Subject2+ past progressive +

Subject1 + past progressive + when + Subject2 + simple past tense +


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OR

Ex:

I was singing while she was listening to the radio. While Rina was playing in the yard, Joko was reading the magazine.

Note : The following construction is also possible, but it is not as common as the

preceding two.

OR

Ex:

While my mother was watering the flower, I cried. She bought a bag while her father was cutting the grass.

Subject1 + past progressive + while + Subject2 + past progressive +

While + Subject1 + past progressive + Subject2+ past progressive +

While + Subject1 + past progressive + Subject2+ simple past tense +

Simple past tense + while + past progressive +


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Exercise :Simple Past Tense and Past Progressive. Use either the simple past tense and past progressive

in the following sentences as appropriate.

1. Gene ___________ (eat) dinner when his friend called.2. While Maria was cleaning the apartment, her husband ______________ (sleep).3. At three oclock this morning, Eleanor ______________ (study). 4. When Mark arrived, the Johnsons ________________ (have) dinner, but they stopped in

order to talk to him.

5. John _____________ (go) to France last year.6. When the teacher _____________ (enter) the room, the students were talking.7. While Joan was writing the report, Henry ______________ (look) for more information.8. We _____________ (see) this movie last night.9. At one time, Mr. Roberts _____________ (own) this building.10.Jose _______________ (write) a letter to his family when his pencil __________ (break).


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Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is expressed activities or situation that occurred before

now, at some unspecified time in the past or expresses activities that were repeated

several of many times in the past.

The rule of Present Perfect Tense :Active :

(+) S + have/has + V3+

(-) S + have/has + not + V3 +

(?) Have/has + S + V3+

Ex:

(+) I have finished my homework.

(-) I have not finished my homework.

(?) Have I finished my homework ?

Passive :

(+) S + have/has + been + V3+

(-) S + have/has + not+ been + V3+

(?) Have/has +S + been + V3+ ?

Ex:

(+) Dian has been cut the tree.

(-) Dian has not been cut the tree.

(?) Has Dian been cut the tree ?

Nominal :

(+) S + have/has + been +

(-) S + have/has + not+ been +

(?) Have/has +S + been + ?

Ex:

(+) Linda has been success.

(-) Linda has not been success.

(?) Has Linda been success ?


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Adverb of Time : Since For Already, etc.

Exercise :Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use the Present Perfect.

1. (Alice, go, never) ________________ to the Museum of Science and Industry inChicago, but she would like to the zoo.

2. (I, finish) __________________ my work. I finished it two hours ago.3. (She, fly) Ms. Parker travels to Washington D. C., frequently _______________ there

many times.

4. (They, know) Bob and Jane are old friends. __________________ each other for a longtime.

5. (It, be) I dont like this weather. _____________________ cold and cloudy for the lastthree days.

6. (You, learn) Your English is getting better. ___________________ a lot of English sinceyou came here.

7.

(We, be) My wife and I came here two months ago. ___________________ in this cityfor two months.

8. (He, finish) Rob can go to the bed now. ________________ his homework.9. (He, be) Matt is at home in bed. __________________ sick for three days.10.(She, be) Kate is falling behind in her schoolwork. _______________ absent from class a

lot lately.


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Kind of Noun and Pronoun

I.NOUN Definition of nounNoun is the part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action and

can function as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive.

Types of noun1. Concrete Nouns

A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive

through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell.

Ex:

Plate Bed Doll, etc.

2. Abstract NounAn abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can notperceive through

your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.

Ex:

Wisdom Faith Friendship, etc.

3. Proper NounProper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific

person, place, or thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents,

institutions, organisations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns.

A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun.

Ex:


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Monday Harvard University Indonesia, etc.

4. Common NounCommon Noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense.

We usually should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common

noun is the opposite of a proper noun.

Ex:

teacher mountain plane, etc.

5. Collective NounCollective Noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You

could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a

whole is generally as one unit.

Ex:

Class Division Flock, etc.

6. Countable nounCountable noun is the name of thing that can be counted or divided into singular

or plural.

Ex:

Radio Plate Glass, etc.

7. Uncountable nounUncountable noun is the name of thing that can not be counted or divided into

singular or plural.


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Ex:

Tea Water Oil, etc.

8. Material nounMaterial noun is the name of material or substance out of which things are made.

is the name of material or substance out of which things are made.

Noun GenderGender is indicates whether a person or an animal is male or female. The word gender is

originated from Latin genus which means kond or sort.

Types of gender:1. Masculine gender: a noun which denotes a male person or an animal is known asmasculine gender.

Ex:

uncle, gentleman, lion, etc.

2. Feminine gender: noun which denotes a female person or an animal is known as femininegender.

Ex:

aunt, princess, mother, etc.

3. Common gender: is a noun which denotes both male and female person or an animal isknown as common gender.

Ex:

friend, servant, rider,etc.

4. Neuter gender: a noun which denotes neither male nor female person or an animal isknown as neuter gender.

Ex:

poetry, college, lamp,etc.

Noun NumberNumber is a word which indicates whether a noun is singular or plural is known as number.


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Types of Number1. The singular number is a noun which denotes one person or thing.Ex:

Tree, box, ox, man, boy, girl, cow, bord, pen, book, etc.

2. The plural number is a noun which denotes more than one person or thing.Ex:

Trees, radios, men, boys, dictionarys, etc.

Exercise:Write the plural forms of the nouns.

1. One potato, two ______________2. A dormitory, many ____________3. One child, two _______________4. A leaf, a lot of _______________5. A wish, many ________________6. An opinion, many _____________7. A thief, many ________________8. A possibility, several __________9. One woman, two _____________10.A tax, a lot of ________________

II. PRONOUN Defenition of pronoun

Pronoun is a word used in place of nouns is known as a pronoun.

Ex:

I, we, you, they, she, he, it. Types of pronoun:

1. Personal pronoun is a pronoun for three persons such as:a. First person is a pronoun used for the person speaking.


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Ex:

I, we.b. Second person is a pronoun used for the person spoken.

Ex:

you.c. Third person is pronoun used for the person spoken.

Ex:

she, he, it, they.2.Reflexive pronoun is a pronoun used with self or selves to reflect the action of the very

on the subject.

Ex:

Myself Yourself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Himself Herself Itself

3. Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun used to point out the person or thing. (this, that,these, those).

This with its plural these refer to what is close at hand, and nearest to the thoughtor person of the speaker.

Ex:

This book is mine. These are his buses.

That with its plural those is used to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun.Ex:

Thatbook is yours. The street of Jakarta are larger than those of Yogyakarta.


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4. Indefinite pronoun is a pronoun used a person or thing indefinitely.(one, something, anybody, someone. none, somebody, everybody, anyone, nobody,

all, another, anything, nothing, few, both, everyone, some, many, several, everything,

other, any, no other, no).

Ex:

Nobody helped me. Nothing is so sweat as honey. Few attended the function.

5. Interogative pronoun is a pronoun used to make a question.(who, whose, which, whom, what)

Ex:

Whatcan I give up ? Whose are these book ? Whatdo you expect me to do ?

6. Distributive pronoun is a pronoun used to talk about each and every personseparately. (each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, either, neither, none, any).

Ex:

Each should love his own country. Everyone cheated me. She lost everything in life.

7. Relative pronoun is a pronoun used to combine or relate sentences or clausestogether. (who, which, as whom, what, but, whose,that).

Ex:

The woman whom you met in the library is my mother. The girl whom you wanted to marry is a teacher in a convent school. The poems which I wrote were praised by all.

8. Possesive pronoun is a pronoun to express possession or ownership.(mine, his, theirs, ours, yours, hers, its)


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Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

This is your pen This book is hers

This is our house This house is mine

That is our flower That flower is ours

Exercise:Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.

1. Are you okay, Heidi ? Did you hurt _______________ ?2. David was realy embarrassed when he had togo to the job interview with a bandage on

his face. He had cut _______________ while was shaving.

3. Do you ever talk to ________________ ? Most people talk to ____________ sometimes.4. It is important for all of us to have confidence in our own abilities. We need to believe in

_______________.

5. Sara is self-employed. She doesnt have a boss. She works for _______________.6. Steve, who is on the wrestling team, wishes ______________ good luck before each

match.

7. Theres plenty of food on the table. Would all of you please simply help _____________to the food ?

8. Brian, dont blame _______________ for the accident. It wasnt your fault. You dideverything you could to avoid it.

9. I couldnt believe my good luck ! I had to pinch _______________ to make sure I wasntdreaming.

10.A newborn puppy cant take care for ________________.


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Modals and Related Expression

Principal

Auxiliary

Modal Auxiliary Semi-modals

To be Can Could To need

To have May Might To dare

To do Must Had to Used to

Ought

Shall Should

Will Would

Expression Polite:1. May I2. Could I this is used to informal situations. (present and future).3. Can I

Ex:

May I borrow your pen, please ? Could I bring your jacket ?

1. Could you2. Will you3. Would you more polite.4. Can you

Ex:

Could you pass the salt, please ? Would you mind is followed by simple past tense. (asking permission and more polite to

formal situation).

Ex:

Would you mind if I opened the window ?


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Asking Someone To Do Something is followed by gerund.Ex:

Would you mind listening to the radio ?

Another Expression of Modals1. Can

Used to ability, capacity, permission.

Ex:

She can understand the poem. Can I have a cup of tea ?

2. CouldUsed to ability, capacity, permission, possibility. (past tense)

Ex:

Could I smoke in the room ? If I were you, I could do it easily.

3. MayUsed to permission, wish, possibility.

Ex:

May God help you ? You may pass the exam.

4. MightUsed to permission, possibility. (past tense)

Ex:

He might attend the meeting Might I clean the table ?

5. MustUsed to necessity, obligation, determination.

Ex:

You must study hard. She must go with her husband.


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6. OughtUsed to necessity, desirability, strong probability.

Ex:

You ought to love your parents. The football team ought to win.

7. ShallUsed to first person, command, promise, threat.

Ex:

He shall be punished for her mistake. He shall sign the documents.

8. ShouldUsed to duty, obligation. (past tense)

Ex:

You should help the poor. We should be in the post office now.

9. WillUsed to future, characteristic habit, assumption, invitation, request.

Ex:

Tomorrow will be a holiday. He will listen to the news on TV in the evening.

10.WouldUsed to volition, past habit, assumption, invitation, request. (past tense)

Ex:

She would meet him. Would you mind getting me a taxi ?

11.NeedUsed to negative sentences, interrogative sentences.

Ex:

Do you need tell me about it? You need not worry about your future.

12.Dare


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Used to negative sentences, interrogative sentences.

Ex:

She dare not speak with her father. I dare not ask him for money.

13.Used ToUsually used to describe habitual past.

Ex:

He used to play in the garden. We used to live in France.

14.To be (is, am are)Used to as link verbs, to express a command or advice.

Ex:

Be considerate to others. I am a writter.

15.To doUsed to perform or act, to make question, and avoid repetition.

Ex:

Do we speak Japan ? I dont like coffee.

16.To haveUsed to form perfect tense, form question, passive voice.

Ex:

We have met Shiela before. Have we stayed there ? You have sent me the book.


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Exercise:Add to where necessary. If no to is necessary, writein the blank.

1. I have ______ go downtown tomorrow.2. Tom can ______ play soccer.3. Could you please ______ open the window ?4. The students must ______ learn all of the irregular verbs.5. Sally has ______ do her history report tonight.6. I think you should ______ take better care of yourself.7. I ought ______ go to the post office this afternoon.8. Would you ______ speak more slowly, please ?9. We may _______ go to Argentina for our vacation.10.Will you please _______ mail this letter for me ?


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Quantifiers and Article

I. QuantifiersA few and few, a little and little These expressions show the speakers attitude towards the quantity he/she is referring

to.

A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantityin a positive way:

Ive got a fewfriends (= maybe not many, but enough) Ive got a littlemoney (= Ive got enough to live on)

Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way: Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors) He had little money (= almost no money)

Graded Quantifiers

They are like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of increase or

decrease.

INCREASE (0% to 100%)

With plural countable nouns:

many more most

With uncountable nouns:

much more most

DECREASE (100% to 0%)

With plural countable nouns:

few fewer fewest

With uncountable nouns:

little less least


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Ex:

There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China.

Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent on

national defense. Fewrivers in Europe arent polluted.

Fewer people die young now than in the nineteenth century.

The country with the fewest people per square kilometer must be Australia.

Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010.

She had less time to study than I did but had better results.

Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.

Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nounsSome adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt,

rice, money, advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people).

The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

With Uncountable

Nouns

With Both With Countable Nouns

How much? How much? or How many? How many?

a little no/none a few

a bit (of) not any a number (of)

some (any) several

a great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

a large quantity of lots of a majority of


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II. ArticleBasically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.

English has two articles: the and a/an. Definite article: an article which is used to refer to a particular person or thing is known

as the definite article. (the)

Indefenite article: an article which does not refer to any particular person or thing isknown as the indefinite article. (a, an)

The Selection Of AOr AnThe selection between a or an is determined by sound.

A is used a word beginning with a consonant sound. Ex: a boy, a man, a table, etc.

A is used before a word beginning with h and also withy and u. Ex: a horse, a year, a union, etc.

A is used before a word beginning with a w sound. Ex: a one legged sailor, a one way ticket, etc.

An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound. Ex: an hour, an honest citizen , an honourable man, etc

The Use Of Indefinite Article The Indefinite Article A or An is used inthe sense of one of a.

Ex:

I met a friend (means one of a certain friend) It is used to represent a whole class or inthe sense of all or any.

Ex:

A student should be obedient. (means all or any student) It is used to convert a proper noun into a common noun.

Ex:

She is Mother Teresa. (a great social worker) In certain expression.


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Ex:

-A couple -A milion, etc.

It is used inthe sense of one.Ex:

a man, a girl, a country, etc. With words little and few.

Ex:

a little milk, a few people, etc. In the sense every.

Ex:

five times a year. It is used in exclamatory sentences.

Ex:

what a hot day ! what pity you are

AOr An Is Not Used A or An is not used with a plural noun.

Ex:

dogs, books, boys. With uncountable nouns.

Ex:

Advice News Sugar

Tea The words hair and experince may be used with or without articles.

Ex:

I used to tie the papers. (not hair) I have experince in teaching. (not an experince)

With material nouns.


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Ex:

spoon, cloth, bread, skirt, etc. With abstract noun.

Ex:

faith, happiness, miss, etc. With the names of meals.

Ex:

dinner, supper, lunch, breakfast. The Use Of Definite Articles

1. Unique thingsThe Definite Articles the is used with unique things in nature.

Ex:

the sky, the earth, the sea, etc.2. Particular persons or things

The is used to talk about particular persons or things.

Ex:

The man you met yesterday is my uncle.3. Persons or things mentioned for the second time.

Ex:

I went to a hotel. The hotel is very neat.4. Persons or things understood from the context.

Ex:

Isat the garden.(in my house)5. Singular noun representing the whole class.

Ex:

The rose is a lovely flower. (all or any rose or roses)

6. Names of rivers/gulfs/seas/groups of islands/mountain range and oceans.Ex:

The Pacific Ocean7. Well-known books.

Ex:


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the Bible, the Koran, the Vedas, etc.8. Proper noun used as common noun.

Ex:

Bombay is the Machester of India.9. Superlative adjective.

Ex:

the tallest, the longest, the biggest, etc.10.Adjective used as nouns.

Ex:

the poor, the strong, the bad, etc.11.Double comperatives.

Ex:

the more I read, the more I like.12.Directions.

Ex:

the north, the east, the south, the west.13.Historical buildings.

Ex:

the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, etc.14.Newspapers and magazines.

Ex:

the Indian Express15.Names of countries.

Ex:

the United States, the United Kingdom, etc.16.Famous historical events.

Ex:

the Republic Day, the Independence Day, etc.17.Nasionalities, sects and communities.

Ex:

the French, the Muslims, the British, etc.


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18.Train, ships and aeroplanes.Ex:

the Mandala Air, the Victoria, etc.19.Ordinals.

Ex:

the first, the last, the next, etc.20.Musical instruments.

Ex:

the violin, the flute, the guitar, etc Omission Of The Articles

1. No article is used with proper nouns.Ex:

Canada, Angelina Jolie, Madonna, etc.2. No article is places before abstract nouns.

Ex:

ugly, pleasure, grammar, etc.3. No article is used with common nouns used in wider sense.

Ex:

flower, book, photo, pencil,etc.4. No article is used with material nouns, but an article is required whwn they are

particularised.

Ex:

oil, sheet, gold, silver, etc.5. No article is used with language.

Ex:

English, Hindi, Telugu, etc.

6. Names of buildings.Ex:

scholl, hospital, university, college, market, etc.7. No article is used with the names of relations.

Ex:


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Mother gave birth to me.8. No article is used with the following prepositional phrases.

Ex:

at home, in hand, under ground, etc.9. Names of meals

Ex:

lunch, dinner, breakfast.10.Names of senses, seasons, days, months.

Ex:

We go to Kuta in summer Exercise :

In the following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no articleis necessary, leave the space blank.

1. Jasons father bought him _______ bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.2. _______ Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from _______ France.3. Rita is studying ________ English and _________math this semester.4. _______ big book on ________ table are for my history class.5. My _______ car is four years old, and it still runs well.6. On our trip to _______ Spain, we crossed _______ Atlantic Ocean.7. What did you eat for ________ breakfast this morning ?8. Shiela plays ________ violin and Yusi plays ________ guitar.9. David attended ________ Princeton University.10.Last night there was ________ bird singing outside my house.


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Absolute Construction

An absolute construction consists of a noun and an associated modifier, which together

forms an introduction to the whole sentence. The other part of the sentence is itself a standalone

sentence.

Ex:

Absolute construction is a very good grammatical device to easily convert two sentences intoone. The absolute construction is :

(+) S + verb +

(-) S + helping verb + not + verb +

(?) helping verb + S +

Exercise :Choose the correct alternative :

1. I dont think I (shall, should, can) be able to go.2. He (shall, will, dare) not pay unless he is compelled.3. You (should, would, ought) be punctual.4. I wish you (should, would, must) tell me earlier.5. (Shall, Will, Would) I assist you?6. (Shall, Should, Would) you please help me with this?7. You (ought, should, must) to pay your debts.8. He said I (can, might, should) use his telephone at any time.9. If you (shall, should, would) see him, give him my regards.10.He (need, dare, would) not ask for arise, for frar of lossing his job.

1. Fog all over the place, they found it difficult to see anything.2. She found her pet dog in the middle of the yard, its feet wounded.

3. All things considered, we found it acceptable to invest more this year.


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Affirmative, Negative, and Interrogative Sentence

I. Affirmative SentenceWhen indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that

another does the same, use the word so or too. To avoid needless repetition of words from

the affirmative statement, use the conjunction and, followed by a simple statement using

so or too.

a. When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of the verb beis used in the simple sentence that follow :

Ex:

I am happy, and you are too. I am happy, and so are you.

b. When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb). In the main clause, the auxiliary of themain verb is used in the simple sentence, and the subject and verb must agree.

Ex:

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too. They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

c. When any verb except be appears without any auxiliary in the main clause, theauxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple sentence. The subject and verb must

agree and the tense must be the same.

Affirmative sentence (be) + and + S + verb (be) + too

So + verb (be) + S

Affirmative sentence + and + S + auxiliary only + too

So + auxiliary only + S


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Ex:

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

II. Negative SentenceEither and neither function in simple statement much like so and too in

affirmative sentence. The same rules for auxiliary , be, and do, does, or did apply.

Ex:

I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either. Exercise:

Supply the correct form of the verb for the simple starement in each of the following

sentences.

1. We like to swim in the pool, and they ___________ too.2. I must write them a letter, and she ___________ too.3. He has lived Mexico for five years, and you ___________ too4. He has an early appointment, and so ____________ I.5. Their plane is arriving at nine oclock, and so ____________ mine.

Fill in the blank with the correct form of either and neither.6. I cant stand listening to that music, andshe cant ____________ .7. Im not interested in reading that book, and ____________ is she.8. We dont plan to attend the concert, and _____________ do they.9. Mary cant type well, and her sister cant ____________ .10.I dont like tennis, and he doesnt ____________ .

Affirmative sentence + and + S + do, does, or did + too

So + do, does, or did + S

Negative sentence + and S + negative auxiliary or be + either

neither + positive auxiliary or be + S


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III. Interogative sentencesYES/NO QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

A yes/no queestion is a

question that can be

answered by yes or no.

Do you know?

Yes, I do.

No, I dont.

Did it rain?

Yes, it did.

No, it didnt

Are you studying?

Yes, I am.

No, I am not.

Wass Ann in class?

Yes, she was.

No, she wasnt.

Will Rob be here?

Yes, he will.

No, he wont.

Can you swim

Yes, I can.

No, I cant.

An information question

A question that asks for information by using a question word: (where, when, why, who,whom, whose, which, what, and how).

Question

word(where,

when, why,

who,whom,

whose,

which,what, and

how)

Helping verb

Subject

(I, you we, they,

she, he, it)

Main verb ...?


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Exercise :Answer the question. Use short answer.

1. Is () in class today ?2. Does () have a mustache ?3. Is () wearing a sweater today ?4. Was () in class yesterday ?5. Did () come to class yesterday ?6. Is () from Indonesian ?7. Does () speak Arabic ?8. Are you going downtown tomorrow ?9. Will you be in class tomorrow ?10.Can you play the piano ?


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Abstract Noun Phrases

The noun phrases

Is a group of words that does the work of a noun. It contain determiners (the, a, this, etc),

adjective, adverbs and nouns.

Further examples of noun phrases:

1. Early to bedis a good maxim.2. We enjoyplaying cricket.3. He hopes to win the first prize.4. He love to issues hards orders.5. Did you enjoy reading this book?6. I tried to get the sum right.7. Standing about in a cold wet winddid me no good.

Exercise:Pick out the noun phrases in the following sentences.

1. His father wished to speak to the Headmaster.2. The wicked vizier loves getting people into trouble.3. He dislikes having to punish his servants.4. Horses prefer living in dark stables.5. I should hate to do such rubbish a thing.6. Your doing such a thing suprise me.7. Why do you like visiting such a man?8. Promise to come again.9. To write such rubbish is disgraceful.10.Thingking good thoughts precedes


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Apposite Noun Adjective Phrases

Adjective phrases

An adjective phrases is a group of words that does the work of an adjectives.

Adjectives Adjectives phrases

A golden crown. A crown made of gold.

A heavy load. A load of great weight.

A blue-eyed boy. A boy with blue eyes.

The Spanish flag. The flag of Spain.

A blank page. A page with no writing on it.

Exercise:Pick out the adjective phrases in the following sentences.

1. A man in great difficulties came to me for help.2. He is person of very considerable renown.3. He was a lad of great promise.4. A friend in need is a friend indeed.5. A stitch in time saves nine.6. He tell a tale with the ring of truth in it.7. A bird in the hand is worth two in the busy.8. Gardens withcool shady trees surround the village.9. The bore a banner with a strange device.10.In a low voice he told the tale of his cruel wrongs.


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REFERENCE

A.Pyle and Marry Ellen Munoz Page, Cliffs Toefl, Preparation Guide. Delhi: Nice

Printing Press. 2005.

A.J. Thomson and A.V Martinet. A Practical English Grammar. Walton: Oxford

Univercity. 1986.

Frank, Marcella.Modern English. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1972

Wren and Martin.High School Grammar and Composition. Nevada: Prasada Rao.

Schrampher, Betty Azar. Understanding and Using English Grammar. United States of

America: Prentice Hall Regents. 1989.

Schrampher, Betty Azar. Fundamentals of English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

1992.

Documents

Task Grammar 01