Task Force on the Quality of Task Force on the Quality of EmploymentEmployment

Dimension 1. Safety and Ethics of Dimension 1. Safety and Ethics of Employment: Employment:

Forced LabourForced Labour

By Igor ChernyshevBy Igor Chernyshev

Paris, 12 June Paris, 12 June 20082008Paris, 12 June Paris, 12 June 20082008

Bureau of StatisticsBureau of StatisticsPolicy Integration and Statistics DepartmentPolicy Integration and Statistics Department

International Labour Office (ILO)International Labour Office (ILO)

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“How to recognize forced labour?”Forced labour is defined in Convention 29 as «  all work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily » (Art. 2.1.)

The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, (2000) defines trafficking as ‘…the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.’

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From conventions to indicators!

How to translate these convention and protocols into operational indicators?

How to recognize situations of forced labour and trafficking?

What are the forms of forced labour?

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Gaps in indicators

There are various forms of forced labour, with more modern and more traditional manifestations!

A typology of forced labour for statistical estimation

Forced Labour

State-imposed

Private-imposed

For commercial sexual exploitation

For other economic exploitation

of which victims of trafficking in persons

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Types of surveys

Set of questions embedded in national surveys

CostSensitive issue

Child labour surveyLabour Force survey (labour migration module)Budget and expenditure

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National Surveys on forced labour and trafficking

What is the national context? What forms of forced labour should be studied?

Forced labour in the country?Trafficking from the country?Trafficking to the country?

What kind of survey? Which sampling?What indicators ?

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Analysis of the data collected in the survey

Indicators on the situation of workers:% of successful workers% of exploited workers (no deception nor coercion)% of victims of forced labour/trafficking for forced labour

Profile of workers at risk of forced labourComparison of working conditions in the three groups of workers

Indicators are calculated by:SexCountry of destination/origin (in case of labour migration)Sector of activity

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From indicators to questions

Three dimensions:Recruitment: free, deceptive, coercive?Exploitation- Non-decent work (wages, hours of work, hazardous tasks, etc)Coercion

• Forced to do what?• What means of coercion?

Many situations of labour migrants are neither clear decent work, nor clear forced labour.

Introduction of a decision tree with combinations of the three dimensions including grey areas

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Customization to the local situation

Niger: indicator of coercion is the right of the employer to control the life and work of the children of the employee

Moldova: indicator of coercion for migrants is the threat of reporting to authorities

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Current surveysMoldova: LFS + labour migration-12’000HH-April-June 2008

Georgie: Ad-hoc survey-8’000 HH- June 2008

Paraguay: National census of indiegenous people

Zambia: LFS- Module on forced labour

Niger: Child labour survey

Russia: Survey on migrants (EC project ILO-IOM)- Non representative

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