Tasheel Alnahw 2nd Edition

5/23/2018 Tasheel Alnahw 2nd Edition

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TASHEEL AL-NAHW


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TASHEEL AL-NAHWbased on

Ilm al-Nahwof Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali

Revised & Edited by

Aamir Bashir


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Copyright Dr al-Sadah Publications 2011

First Online Edition July 2011Second Online Edition July 2012

ilmresources.wordpress.com

General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unalteredduplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.

In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.


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i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i

List of Tables viiAcknowledgments ix

Foreword xi

Arabic Terms xiii

CHAPTER 1 11.1. Arabic Grammar 1

1.2 The Word 2

Noun 2

Verb 3

Particle 3

1.3 4

Types of Noun 4

Types of Verb 4

Types of Particle 4

1.4 Sentences and Phrases 6

1.4.1 6

Nominal Sentence 6

Verbal Sentence 7

1.4.2 8

1.4.3 Types of Phrases 9

1. Descriptive Phrase 92. Possessive Phrase 93. Demonstrative Phrase 104. / Numerical Phrase 10


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5. Indeclinable Phrase 111.4.4 Additional Notes About 14

Summary 15

1.5 16

Signs of a Noun 16

Signs of a Verb 16

Sign of a Particle 16

1.5.1 General Notes 17

1.6 Personal Pronouns 19

1.7 Prepositions 20

1.8 Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 22

1.9 Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 25

CHAPTER 2Declinable and Indeclinable Words

27

2.1 27

Signs of Iraab 27

Conditions ofMurab 27

Difference Between and 28

2.2 Indeclinable Word 29

30

2.3 Declinable Word 31

2.4 Types of Indeclinable Nouns 32

2.4.1 Personal Pronouns 33

2.4.2 - Relative Pronouns 39

2.4.3 Demonstrative Pronouns 42

2.4.4 Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs 45

2.4.5 Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound 46


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2.4.6 Adverbs 47

Adverbs of Time 47

Adverbs of Place 49

2.4.7 Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity 522.4.8 Numerical phrase 52

2.5 Types of Declinable Nouns 53

53

53

53

2.6 Iraabof the Various Types ofMurabNouns 58

CHAPTER 3Further Discussion of Nouns

613.1 Relative Adjective 61

3.2 Diminutive Noun 63

3.3 Definite and Common Nouns 64

3.4 Masculine and Feminine Nouns 65

3.5 Singular, Dual and Plural 67

3.6 Types of Plural 68

3.7 - Words Which Are AlwaysMarfoo 73

3.7.1 Subject/Doer 73

3.7.2 / Substitute of 75

3.7.3 The Noun of Those and , Which Are

Similar to

76

3.7.4 The of That Which Negates an Entire

(Class)

77

3.8 Words Which Are AlwaysMansoob 79

3.8.1 Object 79


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3.8.2 8

3.8.3 8

3.8.4 8

3.8.5 823.8.6 State / Condition 84

3.8.7 / 87

Rules for (Numerals) 88

3.8.8 92

3.9 Words Which Are AlwaysMajroor 95

3.10 96

3.10.1 Adjective 96

3.10.2 Emphasis 11

3.10.3 Substitute 103

3.10.4 Conjunction 105

105

3.10.5 108

CHAPTER 4Governing Words

109

4.1 Governing Particles 110

Particles Which Govern Nouns 110

Particles Which Govern 110

4.1.1 Particles That Give Nasb 111

4.1.2 Particles That GiveJazm 114

4.2 Governing Verbs 116

4.2.1 Active Verb 116

4.2.2 Passive Verb 116

4.2.3 Intransitive Verb 116


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4.2.4 116

4.2.5 Transitive Verb 117

4.2.6 119

4.2.7 Verbs of Praise and Blame 1214.2.8 Verbs of Wonder 123

4.3 Governing Nouns 124

4.3.1 Conditional Nouns 124

4.3.2 126

4.3.2.1 127

4.3.3 129

4.3.4 That Adjective Which is Similar to 130

4.3.5 132

4.3.6 134

4.3.7 135

4.3.8 135

4.3.9 136

4.4 Non-Governing Particles 137

1. Particles of Notification 1372. Particles of Affirmation 1373. Particles of Clarification 1384. 1385.

Particles of Exhortation 138

6. Particle of Anticipation 1397. Particles of Interrogation 1398. Particle of Rebuke 1409. 140


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10. 14011. 14012. Extra Particles 14113.

Conditional Particles That Do Not Give

Jazm142

14. 14315. 143

Appendix 145Bibliography 149


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LIST OF TABLES

Table No Page No

1.1 Personal Pronouns 191.2 Prepositions 20

1.3 Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 22

1.4 Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 25

2.1 in (also called ) 34


2.3 and in (also called

and )

36


2.5 39

2.6 39

2.7 42

2.8 42

2.9 Nouns in the Meaning of 45

2.10 Nouns in the Meaning of 45

2.11 59

3.1 69

3.2 69

3.3 70

3.4 70

3.5 73

3.6 Different Forms of the Noun of and Its Iraab 77

3.7 Rules Governing the Iraabof 81


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3.8 93

4.1 111

4.2 114

4.3 1174.4 Verbs Requiring Three 118

4.5 119

4.6 124

4.7 127

4.8 130

4.9 132


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ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are many people whom I would like to thank for making this project a success. Tobegin with, I am in debt to the sister who typed up the old Tasheel al-Nahw, and thus helpedto kick-start the project. She does not want her name to be publicized. I would also like tothank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon and his students of Darul Uloom al-Madanias eAlimprogram for their valuable feedback. Last but not the least, I am indebted to my First yearstudents at Darul Uloom al-Madania (both 20102011 and 20112012), who have beencontinuously giving me feedback. I would especially like to mention my current First yearstudents Abdullah, Ayyub, Muhammad, Saeed, Umair, Umar, and Wahid. I have greatly

benefitted from their intelligent questions, wise comments, useful suggestions, and help with

proof-reading. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.


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FOREWORDThis book is the second edition of the revised Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn was a somewhatexpanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, Ilm al-Nahw byMawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawalis primers for Nahw (Arabic

grammar) and Sarf(Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. Theoriginal English translation of Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from MadrasahIslamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the Englishtranslation much more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At leasttwo versions of this translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typingissues. The newer version made some improvements but issues remained, especially withregards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. In 2010, we decided to bringout a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of ourrevision and editing, we consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharhibn Aqil,Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah, andA Simplified Arabic Grammar. We completelyrevised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization was changed in away that we felt would make it easier for students to understand how each section fits in theoverall picture.

This second edition has undergone more changes. Further improvements have beenmade in many sections; some sections have been completely revised; confusing sentences havebeen elaborated; more examples and exercises have been included, including many from al-Nahw al-Wadih and Muallim al-Insha; and where needed, the relevant al-Nahw al-Wadihsection has been pointed out in the footnotes. These footnotes are for the benefit of theteachers. The students can choose to ignore them. Lastly, an appendix has been attached atthe end, identifying Tasheel al-Nahws place in Nahw texts, as well as suggesting a possiblecurriculum of classical Arabic studies.

This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabicwords exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable withArabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easierto read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized to reflect theirnon-English origin. The documentation in the foot-notes does not follow any particularacademic standard; rather, it has been modified for ease of the students. It should also benoted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. Insome cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is,therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic.

We would also like to point out that this is not a do-it-yourself text. First of all, itassumes some prior knowledge of Arabic such as that acquired through studying Ten Lessons ofArabicand/or Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyahvol. 1. Moreover, it needs to be studied with a


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teacher. However, it can be used as a revision text by those who have already studied Nahwusing other texts. It is respectfully suggested to the teachers to also use al-Nahw al-Wadih(allsix volumes) while teaching, as reference and for additional examples and exercises, as andwhen needed. Moreover, it should also be pointed out that this is not an exhaustive text. Itdoes not cover every issue of Nahw, in brief or in detail. It is assumed that the student will be

studying relatively advanced Nahwtexts (such as Hidayat al-Nahwor al-Nahw al-Wadih) afterthis to round off his/her training of Nahw. The sample curriculum given in the appendix canbe used for that purpose.

To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merelyhuman. There are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement.Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact uswith your feedback at the email address given at the end.

We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. Wealso pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributedto it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers

and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers.And He alone gives success.

Aamir Bashir

Buffalo, NY

14thShaban, 1433 (4thJuly, 2012)

E-mail:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ARABIC TERMS

Arabic Term ApproximateTransliterationEquivalent English Term /Description of the meaning

ism Noun

fil Verb

harf Particle

mudhakkar Masculine

muannath Feminine

waahid Singular

tathniyah Dual

jam Plural

dammah

fathah

kasrah

harakah

plural: harakaat

Short vowels, i.e., dammah ,fathah , kasrah

huroof al-illah Long vowels i.e.,

iraabThese are the variations at the end of the word, whichtake place in accordance with the governing word.

tanween twofathahs( ),two dammahs ( ),twokasrahs ( )

sukoon

saakin A letter with sukoon

tashdeed

mushaddad A letter with tashdeed

faail Subject i.e. the doer

mafoolObject i.e. the person or thing upon whom or whichthe work is done.

aamilGoverning word i.e. that word, which causes iraabchange in the word(s) following it.


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Arabic Term ApproximateTransliterationEquivalent English Term /Description of the meaning

mamoolThe governed word i.e. that word in which the iraabchange occurred.

fil maroofThe active verb i.e. that verb whose doer isknown/mentioned.

fil majhoolThe passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is notknown/mentioned.

fillaazimThe intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be

understood without a .

fil mutaaddiThe transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be

fully understood without a .

marifahDefinite noun. It is generally indicated by an . For

example, the house (a particular/specific house).

nakirahCommon noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween.

e.g. a house (any house).

marfooIt is that word, which is in the state of , which is

generally represented by a dammahon the last letter.

mansoobIt is that word, which is in the state of , which is

generally represented by afathahon the last letter.

majroorIt is that word, which is in the state of , which is

generally represented by a kasrahon the last letter.


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CHAPTER 1

Section 1.1Arabic Grammar

Definition:Nahwis that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct

sentence, as well as what the (condition) of the last letter of a word should be.

Subject Matter:Its subject matter is (word) and (sentence).

Objective: The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and

to avoid making mistakes in this. For example, , , , and are four words.

The science of Nahwteaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence. The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Quran, Hadeeth,

Fiqhand other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them. The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah Most High.


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Section 1.2The Word

Any word uttered by humans is called a . If it has a meaning, it is called

(meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called (meaningless).

In Arabic, (meaningful word) is of two types: and .

1. Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called.

2. Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or anincomplete one.

Types ofThere are three types of :

1. (noun)

2. (verb)

3. (particle)

Noun: It is that whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with

another word. It does not have any tense.1 It is the name of a person, place or thing.2

e.g. man

house

Note:A noun can never have a (tanween) and an at the same time.

1 The first two bullets combine to form the classical definition of . See, for example, Abdullah ibn Aqil,

Sharh ibn Aqil ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik, (Cairo: Dar al-Turath, 1980), vol. 1, 15. The definition given by ibn

Aqil is as follows: ( ).2 This third bullet by itself is the definition found in more modern texts like al-Nahw al-Wadih. See, for

example, Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-

Maarif, n.d.), vol. 1, 16. Their definition of is as follows:

( )


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Verb: It is that whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with

another word. It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.3 It denotes an action.4

e.g. He hit. He helped.

Note:A can never have a (tanween) or an .Particle:

It is that whose meaning cannot be understood without joining an or a or both to

it.

e.g. (from)

(on top)

EXERCISES1. State with reason whether the following words are or .

i. (He sat.)ii. (and)

iii. (girl)iv. (He broke.)

2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.i.ii.

iii.iv.

3 The first two bullets combine to form the classical definition of . See Sharh ibn Aqil, vol. 1, 15.

4 The last two bullets combine to form the definition of as given in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-

Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 16.


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Section 1.3Types of Noun

is of three types:

1. Primary Noun: It is that which is neither derived from another word nor is anyword derived from it.

e.g. horse girl

2. Root Noun: It is that from which many words are derived.e.g. to hit to help

3. Derived Noun: It is that which is derived from a masdar.e.g. hitter the helped

Types of Verbis of four types:

1. Past tense e.g. He hit.

2. Present and Future tense e.g. He is hitting or willhit.

3. Positive Command/Imperative

e.g. Hit!

4. Negative Command/Prohibitive

e.g. Dont hit!

Types of Particleis of two types:

1. Causative Particle: It is that , which causes change in the word after it.e.g. Zayd is in the mosque.

2. Non-Causative: It is that , which does not cause change in the wordafter it.

e.g. then and


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EXERCISES1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning.

i.ii.

iii.iv.

2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.

i.ii.

iii.iv.

3. Translate the following sentences, and identify the different types of verbs in them.

i.ii.

iii.iv.


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Section 1.4Sentences and Phrases

is of two types: and .

is also called , and . This is a complete sentence.Often, it is just called .

is also called , and . This is a phrase,i.e., an incomplete sentence.

From now onwards, when we use sentence, we will be referring to complete sentences; and

when we use phrase, we will be referring to incomplete sentences.

Types of SentencesThere are two types of sentences:

A. : It is that sentence, which has the possibility of being true or false.B. : It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false.Section 1.4.1

is of two types:

1. Nominal Sentence:Definition:It is that sentence, which begins with a noun. The second part of the sentence can be a noun or a verb. The first part of the sentence is called (subject) or (the word about which

information is being given).

The second part of the sentence is called (predicate) or (the word giving theinformation).

The is generally and the generally . Both parts ( and ) are .

Sentence AnalysisThe house is clean.

= +


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Note:A sentence may have more than one .Sentence Analysis

The man is tall and strong.

= 2 + +

2. Verbal Sentence:Definition:It is that sentence, which begins with a verb. The first part of the sentence is called or . The second part of the sentence is called or and is always .

Sentence Analysis Zayd sat.

= +

Note: In the above example, the verb is i.e. it is a verb whose meaning can beunderstood without a .

Note: If the verb is i.e. a verb whose meaning cannot be fully understood withouta , then a will be added and will be .

Sentence Analysis Allah created the sky.

= + +

EXERCISES51. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.

i. ii. iii.

iv. v. vi.

2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above?

5 For more examples and exercise, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 11-19 & 36-46.


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Section 1.4.2is of ten types:

1. Positive Command e.g. Hit!

2. Negative Command e.g. Dont Hit!

3. Interrogative e.g. Did Zayd hit?

4. Desire e.g. I wish youth wouldreturn.

Note: is generally used for something unattainable.

5. Hope e.g. Hopefully, theexamination will be easy.

Note: is generally used for something attainable.

6. Exclamation e.g. O Allah!

7. Request/Offer e.g. Will you not come to meso that I may give you adinar?

Note: is a mere request; no answer is anticipated.

8. Oath e.g. By Allah!

9. Amazement e.g. How good Zayd is!

10. Transaction e.g. The seller says I sold this book.

and the buyer says I bought it.

Note: The sentences for are in reality . However, Islamic law recognizes them

as with respect to all contracts, and requires that they (past tense verbal sentences)

be used to convey definiteness.

Sentence Analysis:Did Zayd hit?

= + +

EXERCISE1. State what type of are the following sentences.

i.ii.

iii.iv.


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Section 1.4.3- Types of Phrases

Phrases are of five types:

1. Descriptive Phrase:6 It is a phrase in which one word describes theother.

The describing word is called . The object being described is called . The and must correspond in four things:

1. Iraab.2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine.3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural.4. Being marifahor nakirah.

For example,

a righteous men

the intelligent/wise girl

2. Possessive Phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word ( ) isattributed to the second one ( ). In some cases, this means that the second word

owns or possesses the first.

The never gets an or a . The is always .

e.g.

The iraabof the will be according to the governing it. For example,

6 For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 82-86.

Zayds book

I found Zayds book.


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Notes:1. Sometimes many , are found in one single phrase. For example,

the door of the mans house

2. If a of the is brought, it should come immediately after the with an

and should have the same iraabas that of the . For example,

the new door of the house

3. If a of the is brought, it should come immediately after it ( ), and

it should correspond to it ( ) i.e. in the four aspects mentioned earlier. For

example,the door of the new house

3. Demonstrative Phrase: It is a phrase in which one noun ( ) pointstowards another noun ( ).

The must have an .e.g. This man

Note:If the does not have an , it would be a complete sentence.e.g. This is a man.

= +

4. / Numerical Phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals arejoined to form a single word (number). A originally linked the two.

e.g. (eleven) It was originally .

This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19.e.g. (11), (12), (13), (19).


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Both parts of this phrase will always be except the number 12 ( ).e.g. ( ) ( )

Eleven men came. I saw eleven men.

I passed by eleven men.

As for number 12, its second part is always while the first part changes. Thus, in, it is written as , with an at the end of the first part. However, in

and , the first part is given a in place of the ( ).

e.g. ( ) ( )

Eleven men came. I saw twelve men.

( )

I passed by twelve men.

5. Indeclinable Phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined toform a single word.

The first part of this phrase is always . The second part changes according to the .

Examples:

1. is the name of a region in Yemen. It is composed of two words and

. is a verb, which means he/it became present and is a noun, which

means death. Thus, literally, means [a place where] death became present.

2. is a city in Lebanon. It is composed of two words and . was the name

of an idol and was the name of a king.

Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of acomplete sentence.

Example The trustworthy/honest tradergained profit.


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Example 2 Everyfaailis marfoo

and every mafoolismansoob.

Example 3 I bought this book.

+

Example 4 Fourteen men came.

Example 5 This is Balabakk.

EXERCISES1. Translate, fill in the iraaband analyze the following phrases.

i.ii.

iii.iv.

v.vi.

vii.viii.

2. What is the difference between the following sentences?

i. andii. and

iii. and


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iv. and3. Correct the following and state the reason(s).

i.ii.

iii.iv.

4. Translate, fill in the iraaband analyze the following.

i.


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Section 1.4.4Additional Notes About1. Sometimes, the is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden ( ).7

e.g. The Imam is in the mosque.

+

= + +

2. The can be a complete sentence.Example 1: Zayds father is knowledgeable.

= +

= +

Example 2: Zayd ate the food.

= +

= +

EXERCISE1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.

i. ii.

7However, generally, to simplify matters, the is taken to be . See Mawlana Hasan Dockrat,A Simplified

Arabic Grammar, (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37.


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Summary


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Section 1.5Signs of a Noun:

1. It is preceded by an . e.g. the man

2. It accepts . e.g. in Zayds new house

3. There istanweenon the last letter. e.g. a man

4. It ends with a round . e.g. a word

5. It is a dual .8 e.g. two men

6. It is a plural . e.g. men

7. It is a or . e.g. The man is strong.

e.g. Zayd sat.

8. It is . e.g. book of Zayd

9. It is . e.g. tall man

10. It is . e.g. O man!

11. It is . e.g. a little man

12. It is . e.g. a Makkan

Signs of a Verb:1. It is preceded by . e.g. He has gone out.

2. It is preceded by . e.g. He will soon go out.

3. It is preceded by . e.g. He will go out after a while.

4. It is preceded by . e.g. He did not go out.

5. It is preceded by . e.g. He will never go out.

6. It has a hidden . e.g. He went out.

7. It is an imperative . e.g. Go out.

8. It is a prohibitive . e.g. Do not go out.

9. It has taa saakin( ) at the end. e.g. She ate.

Sign of a Particle:That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own).

8Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers . The action is one. Thus, duality and

plurality are signs of a noun and not a verb.


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Section 1.5.1General Notes1. The indefiniteness of a noun is indicated by a tanween. Such a noun is called .

e.g. a house (any house)

2. The definiteness of a noun is indicated by an . Such a noun is called .e.g. the house (a specific house)

3. A noun can never have a tanweenand an at the same time.e.g. is incorrect.

4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon ( ), itis called (the meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon is

generally changed to a kasrah.e.g. will become . The before the will not be

pronounced.

In some case, the first sukoonis changed to afathah.

e.g. (from Japan) will become .

In some cases, the first sukoonis changed to dammah.

e.g. (you understood the lesson) will become .

5. When an appears before a noun, which begins with a letter from (sunletters) then the of must not be pronounced. The of will not get a sukoon. Instead

the will get a tashdeed.

e.g. the tree the sun

6. The remaining letters are known as (moon letters). In these, the of willget a sukoonand will be pronounced. The will not get a tashdeed.

e.g. the pen the moon

7. Generally, a noun ending with a round is a feminine noun.e.g. blackboard

8. The etc. of a (non-human) plural willgenerally be .


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e.g. many idols The idols do not benefit.

these idols The guard dogs are sitting.

The houses were many.

9. When writing a noun ending with twofathahs( ), an alif must be added at the end.e.g.

However, If there is a round at the end of such a word, alifshould not be

added.

e.g.


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Section 1.6Personal Pronouns

Definition: (singular: ) are those words, which are used in place of names and referto the speaker or the second person or the third person .

Table 1.1Personal Pronouns

Unattached Form Attached FormHe (one male), it his, its, him

They (two males) their, them

They (many males) their, themShe (one female), it her, its

They (two females) their, them

They (many females) their, them

You (one male) your

You (two males) your

You (many males) your

You (one female) yourYou (two females) your

You (many females) your

I (one male or female) my, mine, me

We (many males or females) our

In the unattached form, these dameerscan appear as mubtada,faail, etc. In the attached form,

they can appear as mafoolor mudaaf ilayhi. For more details, see section 2.4.1.

e.g. He is Zayd. your pen

I am a student. I helped her.

9 Sometimes, a is added before the to protect an iraabas in , which would otherwise

be incorrectly read as (the of is ).


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Section 1.710Prepositions

Effect:A gives a to the noun it enters upon, which is then known as .Table 1.2

PrepositionsMeaning Example

1. with I wrote with the pen.

2. by (for oath) By Allah!

3. like Zayd is like a lion.

4. for All praise is for Allah.5. by (oath) By Allah!

6. since I have not seen him since a week.

7. since/for I have not see him for four days.

8. besides, except The people came except Zayd.

9. many a Many a learned person acts on hisknowledge.


11. from I returned from the journey.


13. in, regarding Zayd is in the house.

14. from, regarding The doctor asked about the patient.

15. on The cloth/clothes is/are on the chair.

16. up to, until I slept till dawn.

17. up to, towards I travelled to Madinah.

Example 1: Grammar in speech is like salt in food.



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Example 2 with Sentence Analysis:I wrote with the pen.

+

=

Note:Together, the and are known as (connected) of the in(there is more detail to this, and will follow later), and of the in .

EXERCISE1. Translate, fill in the iraaband analyze the following sentences.

i.ii.

iii.iv.


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Section 1.811also called ) Those Particles That Resemble the

Verb These are called because like , they also govern two words. These appear before a and .Effect:Such a particle gives a to the which is then known as (or and soon) and a to the which is then known as (or and so on).

Table 1.3Those Particles That Resemble the Verb

Meaning Example1. certainly, verily, indeed Verily Allah is All-Knowing.

2. that I know that the examination isnear.

3. as if It is as if the house is new.

4. but, however The house is new but thefurniture is old.

5. if only, I wish I wish youth would return.

6. maybe, hopefully,

perhaps

Hopefully, the examination

will be easy.

Sentence Analysis:Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing.

Notes:1. Difference between and :

a. is generally used at the beginning of a sentence.

is generally used in the middle of a sentence.



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b. Sometimes, appears in the middle of a sentence. This happens in the following

two cases:

i. When it is used after a word with root letters .e.g. He says, indeed, it is a yellow cow.

ii. When it is at the beginning of a .12e.g. I visited the one whom I respect.

2. The can be a complete sentence.

Example 1: Indeed, Zayds mother is pious.

= +

Example 2: Indeed, Zayd ate the food.

= +

3. If the is ( ), then the will appear first and the second.

e.g. Indeed, to us is their return.

12 will be discussed in Section 2.4.2.


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4. When is joined to any of these , their effect is cancelled.

e.g. Your god is only one god.

Note:In this example, the meaning has also changed to only.5. by itself conveys emphasis. Sometimes, can be added before the to convey

even more emphasis. In this case, the must be .

e.g. Indeed, I know your brother.

EXCERISE1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.

i.ii.

iii.

iv.v.

vi.


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Section 1.913also called ) Auxiliary Defective) Verbs

is called (incomplete/defective) because even though it is a , it needstwo mamools( ). The sentence remains incomplete with one .e.g. Zayd was (the sentence remains incomplete).

These verbs enter on a and a .Effect:They give to the , which becomes known as (or and so on) and

to the , which becomes known as (or and so on).

Table 1.4Meaning Example

1. was The house was clean.

2. became The man became wealthy.

3. happen in the morning

OR

Zayd became ill in themorning.

became Zayd became rich.

4. happen in the evening,became

The worker became tired inthe evening.

5. happen at midmorning,became

The clouds became dense at

mid morning.

6. happen during the day,became

It rained the whole day.

7. happen during thenight, became

Zayd passed the nightsleeping.

8. as long as Sit as long as Zayd is sitting.

9. always, continuously Zayd was continuously sick.

10. always, continuously Zayd was always fasting.

11. always, continuously Zayd was always active.

12. always, continuously The trader was alwaystruthful.

13. no, not The servant is not strong.

13 For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 62-68 & vol. 2, 151-

155.


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Sentence Analysis:The house was clean.

Notes:1. When is used with , it gives the meaning of past continuous or past habitual.

e.g. Zayd was writing/Zayd used to write.

Note: Here, the of is a . Also, note the two ways it is translated above.

2. can be used in and as well.

3.

can be used in but not in .

4. and have a past tense only (no or ).5. must be preceded by another sentence.6. The of is sometimes prefixed with a .

e.g. Is Allah not the greatest of rulers/best of judges?

7. If the is ( ), then the will appear first and the second.


i.ii.

iii.iv.

v.vi.

vii.

e.g. There were clouds in the sky.


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CHAPTER 2Declinable and Indeclinable Words

Words are of two types with respect to changes, which may or may not take place at theirends. If the end of a word remains the same in all conditions, it is called ; and that word

whose end changes is called .

Section 2.114:Those conditions or states ( ), which remain unchanged at the end of words

are four: , , and . These are called .

:Those conditions or states ( ), which occur at the end of words are four:, , , and . These are called ( for short). These changes are

brought about at the end of a word in accordance with the requirement of the

(governing word).

Signs of IraabIraabcan be expressed in different ways. These are called (signs of iraab). The

two common ones are as follows:

1. : These are the basic signs and are the most common. Iraab is shown bymeans of a i.e. or or or (which is the absence of a ).

e.g.

2. : Sometimes, the iraabis shown by means of any of the i.e. oror .

e.g.

States of MurabAs mentioned above, the conditions or states that occur at the end of words are four.

Below, we look at them in more detail.

14 This section is based upon the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtidaiyyah, vol. 2,

7-18.


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1. is the condition in which a or its substitute such as appears at theend of a word. Such a word is said to be .

e.g.

2. is the condition in which a or its substitute such as appears atthe end of a word. Such a word is said to be .

e.g.

3. is the condition in which a or its substitute such as appears atthe end of a word. Such a word is said to be .

e.g.

4. is the condition in which a appears at the end of a word or its substitute (in the case of ) is dropped from the end. Such a word is said to be .

e.g.

Note:It should be remembered that verbs can only be in the state of , or , whilenouns can only be in a state of , , or .

Difference Between and The words are used to describe the states at the end of a , e.g. has

a at the end. It is . The words are used for all other places where ( ), ( ) and ( ) appear.In other words, ( ), ( ) and ( ) are normally called , respectively, wherever

they occur except when one needs to precisely point out the end of a word. Thus, one

could say has a on ( ), a on ( ), and a on ( ), but one must say ( ) is

.


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Section 2.2Indeclinable Word

As mentioned earlier, a is that word whose end remains unchanged in all conditions i.e.

irrespective of the requirement of the governing it.

e.g.

This came. I saw this. I passed by this.

Note: The at the end of remained constant and did not change according to the

requirement.

Types of :1. All Particles *2. *3. *4. Those seeghahsof that are ( and ) or have ( and

).

5. Amongst nouns , those whose ends remain constant are called i.e.nouns, which do not give place to changes. These nouns are and are recognized by

their resemblance with any one of the three types of words ( or

or ). This resemblance can be in any one of the following ways:a. Resemblance in meaning. For example, the noun (give grace/respite) resembles

the word , which is (one of the ) and has the same

meaning.

b. Resemblance in dependency. For example, the noun , which isdependent on a to give meaning, resembles a (one of the ),

which is also dependent on another word to give meaning.

c. Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the noun , which isless than three letters, resembles (e.g. ), which is also generally less than threeletters.

d. Resemblance in having had a originally. For example, the nounresembles a in the sense that originally it contained a .

*These three are known as .


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:15When a word appears in a sentence in a place where it is supposed to be in the state of ,

, , or , its end does not change because it is . However, it is said that it is in the

place of , , , or ( ), in accordance with its place in

the sentence.

For example,

We helped him.

Keeping in mind that all pronouns are , this sentence will be analyzed as follows:

is and is .

is , is and .

is , is and .

EXERCISE1. Analyze the following sentences like in the example given above.

i.

ii.

iii.



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Section 2.3Declinable Word

As mentioned above, a is that word whose end accepts any of the iraabaccording to the

requirement of the governing it.

e.g.

A man came. I saw a man. I passed by a man.

Note: The iraabof kept on changing according to the requirement of the .

Types of :1. Amongst verbs , all of the seeghahsof besides those of ( and

) and those with ( and ) are .

2. Amongst nouns , those nouns, which accept iraab changes are . They areknown as i.e. nouns which give place to iraabchanges.

Note:These nouns will be only when they are used in a sentence. If not used in asentence, such a word will be . For example, on its own, when not part of a

sentence, will be .

EXERCISES1. State with reason whether the following words are or .

i.ii.iii.iv.

v.vi.vii.viii.

2. Translate the following sentences and identify the and words in them.

i.ii.iii.iv.

v.vi.vii.viii.


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Section 2.4Types of Indeclinable Nouns

The types of are as follows:

1. (personal pronouns)

2. (relative pronouns)

3. (demonstrative pronouns)

4. (those nouns which have the meaning of verbs)

5. (those nouns which denote a sound)

6. (adverbs)

7. (those nouns which indicate an unspecified quantity)

8. (numerical phrase)

In the following pages, we will look at each of these in detail.


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Section 2.4.116Personal Pronouns

We have discussed before. Now, we will look at them in greater detail.

Definition: (singular: ) are those words, which are used in place of names and referto the speaker or the second person or the third person .

There are two types of :

1. Visible or Independent Pronoun: It is that , which is visible and has adistinct form. It can appear on its own, i.e. unattached to another word (known as

), or it can be attached to another word (known as ). These two are defined as

follows:

i. :The unattached pronoun is that pronoun which can be pronouncedon its own without being connected to another word.

ii. : The attached pronoun is that pronoun which cannot be pronouncedon its own without being connected to another word.

2. Hidden or Implied Pronoun: It is that , which is not visible but isimplied. It is always attached ( ).

Note: A hidden can only appear in . (refer to Table 2.2)

Below are tables showing different forms that the will assume in the various

conditions/states (haalaat).

16 For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 120-135.


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Table 2.1in also called )

e.g.


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Note:In the table above, the ,which in many cases is the , is indicated after itsrespective verb in parentheses.


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Table 2.3and in also called and )

Dameer Example

17

e.g. You alone we worship.

17Sometimes, a is added before the to protect an iraabas in , which would otherwise

be incorrectly read as (the of is ).


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There are two ways in which appears in . One is when it is preceded

by a ; and the other is when some other word is to it.


e.g. His house is his.

Note:The in will always be .


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:

It is that , which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a

(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a .

e.g. Indeed, the matter is that Zayd is standing.

:It is that , which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a

(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a .

e.g. Indeed, the matter is that Fatimah is standing.

:It is that , which appears between a and a for emphasis.

e.g. It is they who are successful.

EXERCISE1. Translate, fill in the iraaband analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the ,

as well as their type and .

i.

ii. iii.

iv.


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Section 2.4.218- Relative Pronouns

Definition:An is an whose meaning/purpose is understood through thesentence, which comes after it, which is called .

An cannot form a complete part of a sentence on its own. It must have awhich relates (refers back) to it. The , which is generally a , must have a

(visible or hidden) referring to the . This is called .

Table 2.5

who, that, which

those two who, that, which

those two who, that, which

those who, that, which

Table 2.6

who, that, which

those two who, that, whichthose two who, that, which



Examples1. The one(masculine) who helped you, came.2. The two(masculine) who helped you, came.3. I saw the two(masculine) who hit you.4. I met those(masculine) who helped me.5. The one(feminine) who helped you, came.6. The two(feminine) who helped you, came.



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7. I saw the two(feminine) who hit you.8. Those(feminine) who helped you, came.

Additional Relative Pronouns:1.

and (that and who)

These are used for all genders and all numbers. The difference is that is used for intelligent beings ( ) and is used for

non-intelligent beings ( ).

e.g. Show goodness to that person who hasshown goodness to you.

I read what you wrote.

2. and They are generally and used in . has the meaning of .

e.g. from which book

has the meaning of .e.g. which girl

3. , which appears before an and an , has the effect of .e.g. would equal

would equal

would equal

4.According to the dialect of the tribe , it is an .

It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing.

e.g. equals The one who hit you, came. equals I saw the one who hit you.

equals I passed by the one who hit you.


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Sentence Analysis:That person whose father is knowledgeable, came.

= +

= +


i.

ii.

iii.

iv.


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Section 2.4.319Demonstrative Pronouns

Definition:An is that noun, which is used to point at something. These nouns areof of two types.

i. : It is used for pointing at something near.ii. : It is used for pointing at something far.

Table 2.7

this that

thesetwo

thosetwo

thesetwo

thosetwo

these those

Table 2.8

this that

thesetwo

thosetwo

thesetwo

thosetwo

these those

e.g. that book

these women

those men



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Notes:1. In the case of , for both masculine and feminine, the in the beginning is

not part of the actual . It is, in fact, a . However, it is so often used with

the , that it is normally considered a part of them.

2. The of is sometimes changed according to the number of persons beingaddressed. The meaning will not be affected.

e.g. He is the Lord of both of you.

3. If the is a , then the will come after the .e.g. this book of yours

4. If the occurs as a , then the will generally be a .e.g. This is a book.

However, if the is also , then a suitable should be added between the ,

which is an , and the for it to remain a complete sentence.

e.g. This is the book.

If no is added, it would be an incomplete sentence.

e.g. this book

5. If the is a , then there will be no need for a to be added between the andthe .

e.g. This is the son of the king.

6. or (here) and (there) are also . However,they do not have any specialrules.

Sentence Analysis:This pen is precious.

+


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i.ii.

iii.

iv.v.

vi.


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Section 2.4.420Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs

Definition:These are nouns that have the meaning of verbs but do not accept its signs. That which has the meaning of , gives the noun after it a raf; and the one

which has the meaning of , gives the noun after it a nasb.

Table 2.9Nouns in the Meaning of

Noun Verb Meaning Examplehe/it became far, it isfar (from him)

It is far from (beyond)Zayd to do this.

same as above; and

what a difference,there is a differencebetween

What a difference there is

between the learned andthe ignorant!

he hastened Zayd hastened.

Table 2.10Nouns in the Meaning of

Noun Verb Meaning ExampleGive respite! Give Zayd respite.

Leave!; Give up! Give up thinking aboutthat which does notconcern you.

Take! Take the milk.

Hold on to (it)!;(It is) incumbent onyou

Hold on to mySunnah.

Come!; Hasten! Come to salah.

20 For more examples and exercises, please refer to Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-

Madaris al-Thanawiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, n.d.), vol. 1, 40-43.


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Notes:1. There are some other nouns which have the meaning of verbs. These are as follows:

( come) ( accept)

( keep quite) ( suffice)

( bring, give) ( away from me)( bring him/it to me)

2. Some of these nouns are inflectable ( ), i.e. their form changes.

i.

e.g.

Say: bring your proof, if you are truthful.

ii.

e.g.Say: O people of the book! Come to a word

e.g.

Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you withkindness.

Section 2.4.5Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound

To denote a cough.

To denote pain.

To denote happiness, pleasure.

To make a camel sit.

To denote the cawing of a crow.

21 is an abbreviation for (until the end of the ayah).


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Section 2.4.622Adverbs

Definition:An is that noun, which gives us an idea of the place or time when (orwhere) some work is done. It is also called .

are of two kinds: (adverb of time) and (the adverb of place).

Adverbs of Time:1. (when)

It gives the meaning of even when it appears before . The sentence after could be a or a .

e.g. Remember when you were less.e.g. And when Ibrahim (Allah give him peace) was

raising the foundation of the House (Kaba).

Sometimes, it gives the meaning of suddenness . This is called .e.g. I came out and suddenly the principal of

the school was watching.

Sometimes, it gives the meaning of because ( ). This is called .e.g.

That you are together in punishment will never benefit you today becauseyou oppressed.

[This is according to one translation.]

2. (when/if) It gives the meaning of even when it appears before . It gives the meaning of and but does not give either a . The sentence after could be a or preferably a .

e.g. I will come to you when the sun is up.e.g. When the help of Allah comes...

22 The list of given in this section is by no means exhaustive. There are many more that should be studied

in advanced books of Nahw.


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Sometimes, it gives the meaning of suddenness , in which case must befollowed by a .

e.g. I came out and suddenly the dog was

standing.

3. (when) It can be used as an interrogative .

e.g. When will you travel?

It can also be used as a conditional noun in which case the and get a .e.g. When you fast, I will fast.

4. (how) It is used to enquire condition.

e.g. How are you? (In what condition are you?)

5. (when) It is used as an interrogative.

e.g. When will be the day of recompense?

Note: is used only to enquire of great events of the future as compared to .

6. (yesterday)e.g. Zayd came to me yesterday.

7. (since, from) These two can be used to convey the beginning of a time period.

e.g. I have not seen him since Friday.

They can also be used to refer to an entire period.e.g. I have not seen him for two days.

These can be used as (followed by a ) oras , which will be regardedas a followed by a .

e.g. I have not seen him since Friday.


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8. (not, never) It is used to emphasize .

e.g. I never hit him.

9. (never) It is used to emphasize .

e.g. I will never hit him.

10. (before)(after)

They are when they are and the is not mentioned, but intended.e.g.

Allahs is the decision before and after (i.e. before everything and aftereverything).

e.g.

I have been present from before (i.e. before you).

e.g.

When will you come after (i.e. after this)?

When the is mentioned, they will be .e.g. before the victory

Adverbs of Place:1. (where)

It is generally to a sentence.e.g. Sit where Zayd is sitting.

2.

(in front of) & (behind) It has the same rules as those for and .

e.g.

The people stood in front and behind.(i.e. in front of him and behind him).


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3. (under) & (on top, above) It has the same rules as those for and .

e.g.

Zayd sat under and Amr above. (i.e. under the tree and above the tree.)

4. (by, at, near, with)e.g. The money is with Zayd.

Note: will get a kasrahif it is preceded by .e.g. from Allah

5. (where) They are used for .

e.g. Where are you going?

They are used for ( and will get a ).e.g. Where you sit, I will sit.

6. (at, by, near, with (same meaning as )).e.g. The money is with Zayd.

from the All-Wise, All-Knowing

is generally preceded by . When used in the meaning of possession (with), the difference between

and is that in the case of ,the possessed thing must be present with the

person; whereas, in the case of ,the possessed thing need not be present with

the person.

Note:That adverb which is and is to a sentence or the word , could beorit could get the iraabaccording to the .

e.g. the adverb which is in the following ayahs:

and

This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them.

and

faces on that day


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EXERCISE1. Translate the follows ayahsof the Quran and identify the in them. Also identify

whether they are from among or .

i.ii.

iii.iv.v.

vi.vii.viii.

ix.x.


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Section 2.4.7Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity

1. (so many, so much, how many, how much)

They can be used for numberse.g. How many silver coins do you have?

e.g. I took this many silver coins.

is also used in the meaning of such and such.e.g. He said to me such and such.

2. (so and so, such and such)

e.g. or I said such and such.

e.g. or I did such and such.

Section 2.4.8Numerical Phrase

This has been discussed earlier. Please, refer to section 1.4.3.


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Section 2.5Types of Declinable Nouns

These are of two types:

1.Definition:It is that noun which does nothave two causes from amongst the nine causesthat prevent declension ( ) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two. It accepts all harakaatas well as tanween.

2.Definition: It is that noun which has two causes from amongst the nine causes thatprevent declension ( ) orone such cause, which is equivalent to two. Such a noun does not accept a kasrahand never gets a tanween. In , it gets a

fathahin place of a kasrah.

23

There are nine reasons/causes which prevent iraab changes. Each one of these has its ownconditions, which must exist for it to be a cause. The nine causes are as follows:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

1. : It refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to assume a new form.is of two types:

i. : It refers to the case when a noun has an original.e.g. In the case of (three and three together), the original is .

ii. : It refers to the case when it is assumed that a noun had an original becauseit is used as by the Arabs.

e.g. The Arabs use as . However, there is only one apparent cause,. Therefore, in order to keep the grammar rule intact, it is assumed that the

second reason is , and the original for is .

23 This discussion is based upon Hidayat al-Nahw. It is presented in an entirely different manner in al-Nahw al-

Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 125-133.


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2. / : There can be two cases when a noun, which is a , would beghayr munsarif.24These are as follows:

i. The was originally devised to give a descriptive ( ) meaning. If such a is

on the waznof ( ), and does not accept taafor its , it will beghayr munsarif.

e.g. red green

ii. The has . Its conditions are given below in (7).

3. : It refers to the case when a noun is a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing).e.g. female name

name of a region in Yemen

4. : It refers to the case when a noun is such a feminine proper noun, which has one ofthe following characteristics:

i. It ends with a round . For example, 25ii. It does not end with a round and has more then three letters. For example, .

iii. It is a non-Arabic three-letter word and the middle letter is . For example, .Note: All nouns ending in or are feminine.

e.g. pregnant

red

Presence of or is equivalent to two reasons.5. :It refers to the case when a word, which is a proper noun in a non-Arabic language,

has either

more than three letters e.g.or

has three letters and the middle letter is . e.g. (name of a fort) Thus, is munsarifbecause its middle letter is not .

24 Sharh ibn Aqil, vol. 3, 322-324.25 Even though is a masculine proper noun, it is considered a feminine noun because of the presence of a

round . For more discussion on the subject, see Section 3.4.


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Note: The difference between and is that is a feminine noun because of

it being the name of a country, while is not a feminine noun. Thus, is

ghayr munsarifbecause of and , while is munsarifbecause it only has

. does not apply to either.

6. :It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word mustbe an .

e.g. name of a city in Lebanon

name of a region in Yemen

7. : It refers to the case when a noun ends with an and and one ofthe following is true:

i. The and appear at the end of such a noun which is an (proper noun).e.g.

Note: Thus, the word (grass) is notghayr munsarifbecause it is not a proper

noun.

ii. The and appear at the end of such a whose feminine is noton theof .

e.g. 26 intoxicated 27 thirsty

Their feminines are noton the of .Note: Thus, the word is notghayr munsarifbecause its feminine is on

the waznof .

If the and are not extra or added (i.e. not ) but are part of the originalletters of the word, then it will not beghayr munsarif. For example, .

26 is mainly used asghayr munsarif(without tanween), and is sometimes used as munsarif (with tanween).The reason is that it has two feminines. The main feminine is , which requires that the masculine beghayr

munsarif( ). However, in the dialect of Banu Asad, the feminine is . This requires that the masculine

be munsarif( ). See E. W. Lane,An Arabic-English Lexicon, (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1968), book I, part

4, 1391.27 is interchangeably used as munsarif (with tanween) andghayr munsarif(without tanween). The reasonis that it has two feminines. One is , and the other is . Considering the first, it becomes ghayr

munsarif( ); and considering the second, it becomes munsarif( ). See Lane, book I, part 5, 2079.


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8. : It refers to the case when a proper noun is on the waznof a or when ais on the waznof .

e.g. You are not more advanced/ahead than Ahmad.

Here, is an and is on the waznof the verb , and is a and

is on the waznof the verb . Therefore, these two areghayr munsarif.

e.g.

Here, is an and is on the waznof the verb .

9. : It is that plural, which has after the (alifof plural) one of thefollowing:

i. two letters. e.g. mosquesii. one letter. e.g. animals

iii. three letters, the middle letter being . e.g. keysNote:

If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not beghayr munsarif.e.g. polishers

is equivalent to two reasons/causes.General Note:Aghayr munsarifnoun willget a kasrahin in the following cases:

when it is . e.g. I prayed in their mosques. when it has before it. e.g. I went to the graves.

EXERCISES1. Mention with reason why the following words are munsariforghayr munsarif.

i. 28ii.

iii.iv.

v.vi.

vii.

viii. 2928 This is the name of a major Hanafi Imam. It is non-Arabic in origin and is pronounced with a dammahon

the first letter and afathahon the second letter.29 Its main feminine is . In the dialect of Banu Asad, its feminine is . See Lane, book I, part 6, 2265.


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2. Translate, fill in the iraaband point out with reason the words which areghayr munsarif.i.

ii.iii.iv.v.

vi.vii.

viii.


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Section 2.6 raabof the Various Types of MurabNouns

We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the iraabof each of thevarious types of murabnouns.

:It is that noun, which does not end with any of the .e.g. man

:It is that noun, which ends with a or preceded by a .e.g. bucket deer

:These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form . Theseare as follows:

father mouth

brother something insignificant

brother-in-law (plural: ) someone who possesses something

:It is that noun, which ends with an .e.g.

:It is that noun which ends with a preceded by a kasrah.e.g. the judge

Note:It should be remembered that the is visible in an when it is .When it is , the is not visible, e.g. becomes . However, in , it

does become visible, e.g. (I saw a judge).

Before we list the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns in a table, itwould be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different iraabis to makethree sentences on the following pattern:

Zayd came. I saw Zayd. I passed by Zayd.

In these three sentences, the word is displaying the different iraabaccording to the

changing state ( ). Thus, it has a dammah in , and a fathah in , and a

kasrahin .


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Table 2.11

Noun Type Examples for Each State

a. When to

any noun besides

the dameer.31

b.When tothe dameer.

hidden hidden hidden

c.when nothidden hidden hidden

hidden hidden hidden

hidden hidden

hidden hidden

(masculine)

(feminine)

(masculine)

(feminine)

30 I said to some men.31 The of is dropped when it is to any noun besides the dameer. For example, it is dropped in the

followng hadith: (Whatever you put in the mouth of your wife) 32 Both of them.


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Table 2.11 ContinuedNoun Type Examples for Each State

(plural of )

hidden

EXERCISE351. Translate, fill in the i raab and identify which rule from among those given in Table

2.11, is applicable.

i.ii.

iii.iv.v.vi.

vii.

33 was originally . First, the was dropped because of . It became . Then, the was

changed to a and the two were joined according to the following morphological rule: when a and a

appear together and the first is , then the is changed to a , and the two are joined (this is called ),

and the dammahbefore the is changed into a kasrah. Thus, it became .34 was originally . First, the was dropped because of . It became . Then, the two

were joined ( ). Thus, it became .35 For more exercises, refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 13-51 & 83-94.


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CHAPTER 3Further Discussion of Nouns

Section 3.1Relative Adjective

Definition:It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it.e.g. someone or something from Baghdad

an expert in morphology

an expert in Arabic grammar

someone or something from India

Rules of Forming :To show this relation, a preceded by a kasrah is added at the end of the

noun after affecting the following changes, if needed:

1. If a three-letter or a four-letter noun ends with an , thenshould be changed to a .

e.g. becomes

Note: In the case of a five-letter noun, the should be dropped.

e.g. becomes

2. If a noun ends with an , then the should be changed to a .e.g. becomes

3. That noun which already ends with a does not require .e.g. would remain as is.

4. The round at the end of a noun should be dropped.e.g. becomes becomes

5. The round and of a noun, which appears on the of and should bedropped.

e.g. becomes becomes


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6. In case of the noun, which appears on the of and ends with a , the first shouldbe changed to a preceded by afathah, and the second should be dropped.

e.g. becomes

7. If the fourth letter of a noun is a preceded by a kasrah, then the can be dropped or itcan be changed to a .

e.g. becomes or

8. If an original letter from the end of a noun was dropped, it should first be brought back,and then, the relative adjective should be made.

e.g. (originally ) becomes

(originally ) becomes

(originally ) becomes

9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.e.g. becomes becomes

EXERCISE1. Form the relative adjective from the following words.

i.ii.

iii.v.


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Section 3.2Diminutive Noun

Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun.Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.

Rules:1. A three-letter noun would come on the waznof (or for feminine).

e.g. becomes (a little man)

becomes (a little slave)

2. A four-letter noun would come on the waznof .e.g. becomes

3. A five-letter noun, without a , or as the fourth, would also come on the waznof .The fifth letter would be dropped.

e.g. (name of a plant) becomes

A five-letter noun, having a , or as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of .

e.g. (paper) becomes

Notes:1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a becomes apparent.

e.g. becomes

2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomesapparent.

e.g. (originally ) becomes

( was originally ,and underwent a morphological process to become )

EXERCISE1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words.

i.ii.

iii.

iv.v.

vi.


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Section 3.3Definite and Common Nouns

common noun):It is that noun, which denotes something unspecified.e.g. amandefinite noun): It is that noun which denotes something specific. There are seven

types of .

1. : It is a personal pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.1.2. : It is a proper noun, i.e. the name of a specific person, place or thing.

e.g.

3. : It is the demonstrative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in section 2.4.3.4. : It is the relative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.2.5. : It is that noun, which has (definite particle) at the beginning.

e.g. theman6. That common noun which is mudaafto any of the above five definite nouns.

e.g.

7. : It is the vocative noun, i.e. that noun, which appears after a .e.g.

EXERCISE1. Which of the following words are marifah(state what type) and which are nakirah.

i.ii.

iii.iv.

v.vi.

vii.viii.


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Section 3.4Masculine and Feminine Noun

- Masculine Noun:It is that noun, which does not have any sign from amongstthe signs of femininity .- Feminine Noun: It is that noun, which has a sign from amongst the signs offemininity. This sign could be apparent or hidden.

:The signs of being feminine are of two types:1. (in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the

following three types:

: This renders the word even if the appears in a masculine propernoun. e.g. (a masculine proper noun)

e.g. e.g.

If a word has any of these three signs it will be .

2. (assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist.This is determined by looking at the diminutive form of a particular word.

This reveals the original letters of the word.

e.g. The diminutive form is . Therefore, it is .

The diminutive form is . Therefore, it is .

Based on the signs of femininity being or , is of two types:

1. (according to rule): It is that feminine noun, which has a sign offemininity.

2. (according to usage): It is that feminine noun, which has a sign offemininity.

In terms of (essence), is of two types:

1. : It is that feminine noun, which has an opposite masculine.e.g. (woman). Its masculine is (man).

2. : It is that feminine noun, which does not have an opposite masculine.e.g. (darkness) (spring)


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Notes:1. The following are used as feminine :

a. Name of females.e.g.

b. Words denoting the feminine gender.e.g.

c. Names of countries, cities, towns and tribes.e.g.

d. Parts of the body found in pairs.e.g.

Note: There are exceptions to the rule. (cheek), (eyebrow) etc. aremasculine.

e. Names of various types of winds.e.g.

f. Various names ofJahannam(hell).e.g.

g. Letters of the alphabet are generally used as . They can also beused as masculine.

e.g. ..

2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absenceof signs of femininity. Examples include the following:

(bucket) (tillage/field) (well)

(self) (fire) (house)


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Section 3.5Singular, Dual and Plural

Singular:It is that noun, which denotes one.e.g. one man

Dual: It is that noun, which denotes two. It is formed by placing at the end of asingular one of the following:

An preceded by afathahand followed by a with a kasrahi.e. for .

e.g. two men

A preceded by afathahand followed by a with a kasrahi.e. for.

e.g. two men

Plural:It is that noun, which denotes more than two.e.g. men

Note:The of and is dropped in case of .e.g. (Originally, but the was dropped due to .)

(Originally, but the was dropped due to

.)

(Originally, but the was dropped due to .)

(Originally, but the was dropped due to .)

EXERCISE1. Translate the following into Arabic.

i. The boys two bicycles.ii. The farmers two servants.

iii. Your parents came.iv. I saw your parents.v. The servants of deen.

vi. The teachers of the school.


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Section 3.6Types of Plural

Sound Plural:It is that plural whose (letter sequence/form) of does notchange, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does not break.

e.g. (singular )

There are two types of :

1. Masculine Sound Plural: It is formed by adding at the end of a singularone of the following:

A preceded by a dammahand followed by a with afathah i.e. for.

e.g.

A preceded by a kasrahand followed by a with afathah i.e. [ ] for.

e.g.

2. Feminine Sound Plural: It is formed by discarding the round andadding at the end of a singular, one of the following:

An preceded by afathahand followed by a madmoomlong i.e. for.

e.g.

An preceded by afathahand followed by a maksoorlong i.e. for.

e.g.

Broken Plural: It is that plural whose (the singular letter sequence/form) ofchanges, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks.

e.g. (singular )


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Restricted Plural:It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It hasfour common .

Table 3.1

Wazn ExamplesSingular Meaning Pluralself

statement

food

boy

Note:The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is notpreceded by an is alsoconsidered .

e.g. intelligent females intelligent males

Unrestricted Plural:It is that plural, which denotes a number from ten upwards.Some of the common are given below.

Table 3.2

Wazn ExamplesSingular Meaning Pluralslave

knowledgeable

prophet

messenger

star

servant

patient

student

group/sect

boy


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Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an is alsoconsidered as .

e.g.

Plural of a Plural:It is the plural of a plural. Sometimes, it appears on the waznof and sometimes on the waznof . Every plural does not have a plural.

Some examples of plurals, which have a plural are given below.

Table 3.3

Singular Meaning Plural Plural of Pluralblessing

nail

house

well-qualified

: It is that plural, which has after the (alifof plural), one of the following: two letters. e.g.

one letter. e.g. (the original being ) three letters, the middle one being . e.g.Some of the common waznsof are given below:

Table 3.4

Wazn ExamplesSingular Meaning Pluralmosque

key

rule/maxim

message/letter

elder


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Collective Noun:36It is a singular noun, which gives a plural meaning. Generally,it does not have a singular from the same word.

e.g. nation

group

Note:1. These words have plurals.

e.g.

2. In usage, if the wordis considered, it will be used as a singular noun.e.g. The people are present.

If its meaningis considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural noun.e.g. righteous people

Notes:1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars.

e.g. (woman)

(the one who possesses something)

2. Some plurals are not according to rule .e.g. (mother)

(mouth)

(water)

(human being)

(goat/sheep)

Generic Noun:37It is that noun, which is devised for an essence ( ). Because ofthat, it refers to an entire genus (category/class). Generally, its singular has a ( ). For example,

refers to trees. Its singular is (a tree).

refers to date-palm trees. Its singular is (a date-palm tree).

36 For more details, please refer to Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr,Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa al-Tasreef, (Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 1986), 36.37 For more details, please refer toMujam al-Qawa id al-Arabiyyah, 36.


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EXERCISE1. What type of plurals are the following?

i. ii. iii.iv.

v.

vi.

vii. viii. ix.


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Section 3.7- Words That Are Always arfoo

There are eight words that are always in the state of . These are as follows:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8.

Some of these have been discussed before. (subject) and (predicate) were

discussed in Section 1.4.1, was discussed in Section 1.8, and was

discussed in Section 1.9. We discuss the rest below.

Section 3.7.1Subject/Doer

Definition:It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the verb. The can either be a personal pronoun or an (i.e. visible in words after the

). We have discussed personal pronouns before in Section 2.4.1. Now, we will

discuss what the should be for various types of .

Table 3.5

If the is Then the will be Example1. and there is

no word between the

and the .

2. and its singularity,

duality, or plurality willbe according to thepreceding noun that itrefers to.

3. and there is

a word between the and

the .

or

or

4. or or

5. or or


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Table 3.5 ContinuedIf the is Then the will be Example

6. any beside the

above five categories

corresponding in

gender

7. and its singularity,

duality, or plurality willbe according to thepreceding noun that itrefers to

8. or or

EXERCISE1. Fill in a suitable in the spaces below.

i. _______ ii. _______/_______

iii. _______ iv. _______/_______

v. _______/_______ vi. _____/_______


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Section 3.7.2/ Substitute of

Definition:It is that noun, which is the of a (passive voice). The original isdropped and the subsitutes it. This is why, it is called (substitute of ) or

(the of such a whose is not mentioned).

e.g. Zayd was hit. (The doer is not known/mentioned.)

The same usage rules apply as mentioned above in Table 3.5.

e.g. 1.

2.3. or4. or5. or6. or or7. or or8. or

Sentence Analysis:The door was opened.

EXERCISE1. Convert the following to with its .

i.ii.

iii.iv.

2. Convert the following to .i.ii.

iii.iv.


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Section 3.7.338The Noun of Those and , Which Are Similar to

It means that and have the same meaning and effect ( ) as .e.g. Zayd is not standing.

No man is more virtuous than you.

Like , sometimes, an extra baa( ) is added before the .e.g. I am not a reader/I cannot read.

The effect of and will be cancelled if any of the following occurs:i. When the appears before the .

e.g. Zayd is not standing.

ii. The word appears before the negating the negative meaning of and .e.g. And Muhammad is not but a messenger./

And Muhammad is only a messenger.[Allah bless him and give him peace]

iii. If the and/or of is not . ( can appear before a or a )e.g. The city is not big.

38 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 95-102.


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Section 3.7.439The of That Which Negates an Entire Category/Class)

gives its a singlefathahand its a dammahwhen the and the are .e.g. No man is standing.

Table 3.6Different Forms of the Noun of and Its Iraab

If the of is Then it will be Explanation Example1. or

There is no servant ofa man in the house.

No one who attempts

to do good isblameworthy.

2.

There is no man inthe house.

3. - The has to be

repeated with

another .

- The effect ofis cancelled.

Neither is Zayd in thehouse nor Amr.

4. with a word

between it and

- The has to be

repeated.

- The effect of

is cancelled.

Neither is there aman in it nor awoman.

5. and repeated

with no wordbetween them

39 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 118-122.40 It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way

that mudaafand mudaaf ilayhiare connected to one another.41There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)[except with Allahs help].


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Note:The of may be omitted when the meaning is understood.e.g. i.e. There is no harm upon you. / No

problem.

EXERCISE1. Translate, fill in the iraaband point out the rule which applies.

i.ii.

v.vi.


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Section 3.8Words Which Are Always Mansoob42

1. 7. /

2. 8.

3. known as 9.

4. 10.

5. 11.

6. 12.

Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.

Section 3.8.1ObjectDefinition:It is that word on which the action of the takes place.

e.g. Khalid drank water.

Sometimes, the verb governing the is dropped as in the following:a. (the one being called):43

e.g. O son of Zayd!

It was originally

. The verb was dropped.

Note: The (vocative particle) substitutes the omitted verb.

Some of the vocative particles are as follows:

and These are used when the is near.

and These are used when the is far.

This is used for both (near and far).

42 There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under

this category because most of the time, it is mansoob.43 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 120-124.


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Table 3.7Rules Governing the Iraabof the

If the is Then it willbe Example1. O son of Zayd!2. 44 O reader of a book!

3.

(Unspecified nakirah)

O man! Take my hand. (callof a blind man to anypersonfor assisstance)

4.

(Specified nakirah)

O man!

5.

(Singular marifah)

O Zayd!

6. (masculine) or (feminine) has to be

added between the and .

O man! O woman!

(abbreviation) is allowed in munaadaa.e.g. can become or

can become

Note:The last letter can be given a dammahor it can retain its original harakah.b. : This is said to ones guest for welcoming him/her.

Its original is , which means You have come to your own people

and have trampled comfortable ground. In other words, you are welcome. Here

two verbs, and have been dropped.

c. Sometimes, when warning someone, the verb governing the is dropped due tocontext. Examples include the following:

is used instead of to give the same meaning, which isBeware of the road! Here, the verb has been dropped.

is used instead of to give the same meaning, whichis Save yourself from the lion.

44 This is another term for . As mentioned earlier, it is similar to mudaafin meaning.


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Section 3.8.245

Definition:It is the masdarof the verb that governs it and is used for the following: (emphasis) e.g. I beat him severely. (description of type) e.g. I sat like a Qari would

sit.

(number of times) e.g. I hit him twice.Note: Sometimes, the verb governing is dropped because of context. For example,

. Originally, it was , which means You came a good coming.

Here, the verb , and , which is the , have been dropped because of context.

Only the of the , which is , remains.

Section 3.8.346

Definition:It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, itis a masdar.

e.g. I beat/hit him to teach (him) manners.

Section 3.8.447

Definition:It is that noun, which appears after such a , which has the meaning of (with).This is known as .

e.g. Zayd came with the book.

I came with Zayd.

45 For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 156-160. For

additional types of , with accompanying examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih,

Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 127-130.46 For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 161-164.47 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 157-162.


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Section 3.8.5

Definition:It is that noun, which denotes the time or place in which an actiontook place.

e.g. I travelled for a month.

Both types of , namely, and are of two types: (limited, restricted)

and (unlimited, unrestricted).

Types ofi. (limited, restricted): for example,

day e.g. I fasted for one day.

night e.g. I worked for one night.

month e.g. I fasted for a month.

year e.g. I travelled for a year.

ii. (unlimited, unrestricted): for example, long period of time

e.g. I fasted for a long time.

some time (could be short or long period of time)

e.g.Nuh (peace be upon him) called his people for some time.

Types ofi. (limited, restricted):

e.g. I prayed in the mosque.

e.g. I sat in the house.

ii. (unlimited, unrestricted):behind e.g. I sat be

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