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ContentsChapter IntroductionSection 1Slavery and the WestSection 2A Nation DividingSection 3Challenges to SlaverySection 4Secession and WarChapter SummaryChapter AssessmentClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Introduction 1Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Introduction 2Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Describe how the debate over slavery was related to the admission of new states. Understand what the Compromise of 1850 accomplished.Section 1: Slavery and the West

Introduction 3Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Explain how the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act further divided the North and South. Describe how popular sovereignty led to violence.Section 2: A Nation Dividing

Introduction 4Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Understand why the Republican Party was formed. Describe how the Dred Scott decision, the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and John Browns raid affected Americans.Section 3: Challenges to Slavery

Introduction 5Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Explain how the 1860 election led to the breakup of the Union. Understand why secession led to the Civil War.Section 4: Secession and War

Introduction 6Why It MattersSlavery was a major cause of the worsening division between the North and South in the period before the Civil War. The struggle between the North and South turned more hostile, and talk grew of separation and civil war.

Introduction 7The Impact TodayIf slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong, Abraham Lincoln wrote in a letter to A.G. Hodges in 1864. By studying this era of our history, we can better understand the state of racial relations today and develop ways for improving them.

Introduction 8

Introduction 9

End of Introduction

Section 1-1Guide to ReadingClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.As new states entered the Union, the question of whether to admit them as free states or slave states arose. sectionalism Main IdeaKey Termsfugitive secede abstain

Section 1-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the table on page 436 of your textbook and describe how these compromises answered the question of admitting new states. how the debate over slavery was related to the admission of new states. Reading StrategyRead to Learnwhat the Compromise of 1850 accomplished.

Section 1-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Government and Democracy Controversy over slavery grew during the early and mid-1800s.Section Theme

Section 1-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 1-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Missouri Compromise When Missouri applied for statehood in 1817, it was a territory whose citizens owned about 10,000 enslaved African Americans. (pages 436437)At the time the Senate was balanced, with 11 free states and 11 slave states. Missouris admission to the Union as a slave state would have upset that balance of power.

Section 1-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Missouri Compromise (cont.) The North and the South, with very different economic systems, were also competing for new lands in the West. People in the North wanted to stop the spread of slavery into new states and territories. People in the South resented the Norths attempts to interfere with slavery, which they considered their own affair.(pages 436437)

Section 1-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Missouri Compromise (cont.) Representative Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, proposed a solution to the Missouri problem. Maine, which had been a part of Massachusetts, had also applied for admission to the Union as a new state. Clay suggested admitting Missouri as a slave state and admitting Maine as a free state at the same time.(pages 436437)

Section 1-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Missouri Compromise (cont.) Clay also made a second proposal to settle several arguments about slavery in the territories. He proposed prohibiting slavery in all territories and states carved from the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude line of 3630N. The one exception would be Missouri.(pages 436437)

Section 1-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Missouri Compromise (cont.) Clays two proposals, which became known as the Missouri Compromise, were passed by Congress in 1820. The Missouri Compromise preserved the balance between free and slave states in the Senate, and ended the debate in Congress over slavery in new states and territoriesat least for a while.(pages 436437)

Section 1-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think the balance of power in the Senate between free states and slave states was so important?Possible answer: The North and South had different political and economic interests. Each section felt that its interests would be ignored if senators from the other section were in control of the Senate.(pages 436437)The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

Section 1-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.New Western LandsThe issue of slavery in new Western lands stayed in the background between 1820 (the year of the Missouri Compromise) and the 1840s. (pages 437438)The proposal to add a new set of states and territories (Texas, New Mexico, and California) brought the issue to a head again.

Section 1-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.After winning independence from Mexico, Texas asked for admission to the Union. Because slavery existed in Texas, it would have entered the Union as a slave state. This again brought out the question of whether free or slave states would control the Senate. As a result Texass statehood became an issue in the 1844 election. New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Democratic candidate James K. Polk won the election and pressed to add Texas. Texas became a state in 1845. At the same time, support in the South for taking over New Mexico and California, which were both part of Mexico, also grew. Disputes between the United States and Mexico over boundaries in Texas and the desire of the United States for New Mexico and California led to war with Mexico.New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A bitter debate over slavery in new Western lands began over proposals by Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania and Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Wilmots proposal, called the Wilmot Proviso, said that slavery should be prohibited in any lands that might be acquired from Mexico at the end of the war.New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Calhouns counterproposal stated that neither Congress nor any other governmental authority had the power to prohibit or regulate slavery in any way in a territory. Neither proposal passed Congress, but these proposals intensified arguments for and against slavery.New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The debate over slavery and the refusal of either the Democratic or Whig candidate for president in 1848 to take a stand on slavery in the territories led to the formation of the Free Soil Party, which supported the Wilmot Proviso. Whig candidate Zachary Taylor won the election by successfully appealing to both slave and free states. But the Free Soil Party won several seats in Congress.New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Once in office, President Taylor encouraged the territories of New Mexico and California, which had been obtained from Mexico at the end of the war with Mexico, to apply for statehood. After California did so in 1849, the problem of the balance of power in the Senate came up again.New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.California would enter the Union as a free state, which would upset the balance of 15 free states and 15 slave states in the Senate. It was likely that some of the other territories that might soon become states would enter as free states as well. Southerners worried they would lose power and talked of leaving the Union.New Western Lands (cont.) (pages 437438)

Section 1-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why would the proposals by David Wilmot and John C. Calhoun regarding slavery in the Western lands have been received differently in the North and South?Wilmots proposal would have prohibited slavery in many new Western territories, which would not have been acceptable to the South; Calhouns proposal would have allowed slavery in all new Western lands, which the North would have opposed.(pages 437438)New Western Lands (cont.)

Section 1-20A New CompromiseIn January 1850 Senator Henry Clay presented a new multi-part plan to settle a number of issues dividing Congress, including the possible spread of slavery into Western lands.(pages 438439)

Section 1-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.According to Clays plan, the following things would happen: A New Compromise (cont.) (pages 438439)California would be admitted as a free state. The New Mexico Territory would have no slavery restrictions. A New Mexico-Texas border dispute would be decided in favor of New Mexico. The slave tradethough not slaverywould be abolished in Washington, D.C. There would be a stronger fugitive slave law.

Section 1-22A bitter debate in Congress over the provisions of Clays proposal raged for seven months. A New Compromise (cont.) (pages 438439)

Section 1-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Clays plan could not pass as a package, and President Taylor opposed it. Then in July 1820, Taylor suddenly died. The new president, Millard Fillmore, proposed a compromise. Senator Stephen Douglas split Clays proposal into five different bills to allow members of Congress to vote on them separately. That way, members could vote for measures they agreed with and vote against parts they did not support without rejecting the whole plan.A New Compromise (cont.) (pages 438439)

Section 1-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress passed the series of five separate bills in August and September 1850. Together they became known as the Compromise of 1850. Many Americans, including President Fillmore, thought this compromise would settle the question of slavery once and for all. But this was not the case.A New Compromise (cont.) (pages 438439)

Section 1-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did the Compromise of 1850 satisfy both free states and slave states?California would be admitted to the Union as a free state, and the slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C., which satisfied the North. The New Mexico Territory would be open to slavery, and there would be a stronger fugitive slave law, which pleased the South.(pages 438439)A New Compromise (cont.)

Section 1-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.loyalty to a region __ 2.to leave or withdraw __ 3.runaway or trying to run away __ 4.to not take part in some activity, such as voting A.sectionalismB.fugitiveC.secedeD.abstainDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.ACBD

Section 1-27Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts List the provisions of the Missouri Compromise.The provisions were that Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase territory in areas north of 3630N latitude, except Missouri.

Section 1-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGovernment and Democracy Why was the Free Soil Party created?It was created to take a stand opposing the extension of slavery.

Section 1-29Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Information What was the Wilmot Proviso? Why was it controversial?The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit slavery in any lands acquired from Mexico. It was controversial because Southerners wanted to introduce slavery in those lands.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-30Analyzing VisualsExamining Artifacts Look at the campaign banner on page 437 of your textbook. Compare it to a modern political button or advertisement you have seen. In what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different?The similarities include the use of candidates names or photos. The differences are the use of logos or advertising techniques.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-31Government Create a poster for the Free-Soil Party presidential candidate. Include slogans or symbols to gain popular support.

End of Section 1

Section 2-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingGrowing tensions led to differences that could not be solved by compromise. popular sovereignty Main IdeaKey Termsborder ruffians civil war

Section 2-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)As you read the section, re-create the table on page 441 of your textbook and describe how Southerners and Northerners reacted to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. how the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act further divided the North and South. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow popular sovereignty led to violence.

Section 2-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Continuity and Change As they grew further apart, Northerners and Southerners sought compromise.Section Theme

Section 2-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 2-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Fugitive Slave ActIn 1850 Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act. It required all citizens to help capture and return enslaved African Americans who had run away. (pages 441442)People who helped runaways could be fined or imprisoned.

Section 2-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.After passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, Southerners stepped up efforts to catch runaways. They even made new attempts to capture enslaved laborers who had run away and who had lived as free people in the North for years. In some cases, free African Americans who had never been enslaved were captured and forced into slavery.The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.) (pages 441442)

Section 2-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Many Northerners who opposed slavery refused to cooperate with the Fugitive Slave Act and continued to aid runaway enslaved African Americans. They created the Underground Railroad to help runaways. The Underground Railroad was a network of free African Americans and white abolitionists who helped escaped enslaved African Americans make their way to freedom.The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.) (pages 441442)

Section 2-8Although the Fugitive Slave Act was the law of the land, Northern juries often refused to convict people accused of breaking this.The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.) (pages 441442)

Section 2-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think many people refused to obey the Fugitive Slave Act?They did not support slavery, and they felt that the law was morally wrong.(pages 441442)The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)

Section 2-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Kansas-Nebraska ActHoping to encourage settlement of the West and open the way for a transcontinental railroad, Senator Stephen Douglas proposed organizing the region west of Missouri and Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. (pages 442443)Douglas thought his plan would allow the nation to expand while satisfying both the North and the South. But the plan reopened the conflict between North and South concerning the territories.

Section 2-11Because both Kansas and Nebraska lay north of 3630Nthe area that was established as free of slavery in the Compromise of 1820it was expected that Kansas and Nebraska would become free states.The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) (pages 442443)

Section 2-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Southerners were disturbed by the possibility of Kansas and Nebraska entering the Union as free states, because they would tip the balance of power in the Senate in favor of the free states. So Senator Douglas proposed abandoning the Missouri Compromise and letting settlers in each territory decide whether to allow slavery. This was called popular sovereignty.The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) (pages 442443)

Section 2-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.There was bitter debate over the issue in Congress. In 1854 Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened the door to slavery in these territories. The bill heightened animosity and mistrust between the North and South and convinced many Northerners that compromise with the South was not possible.The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) (pages 442443)

Section 2-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why could the North have considered the Kansas-Nebraska Act a betrayal?The Kansas-Nebraska Act opened the door to slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories. It overturned a previous agreement, the Compromise of 1820, which said that areas north of 3630N, which included Kansas and Nebraska, would be free of slavery.(pages 442443)The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)

Section 2-15Conflict in KansasAfter the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, proslavery and antislavery groups rushed supporters into Kansas to influence voting over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state.(pages 443444)

Section 2-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In the spring of 1855, in an election thought by antislavery supporters to be unfair, Kansas voters elected a proslavery legislature. Although there were only about 1,500 voters in Kansas, more than 6,000 ballots were cast in the election, largely because many proslavery voters had crossed the border from Missouri into Kansas just to vote in the election.Conflict in Kansas (cont.) (pages 443444)

Section 2-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Soon after the election, the new Kansas legislature passed a series of laws supporting slavery, such as the requirement that candidates for political office be proslavery. Antislavery forces, refusing to accept these laws, armed themselves, held their own elections, and adopted a constitution prohibiting slavery.Conflict in Kansas (cont.) (pages 443444)

Section 2-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.By January 1856, rival governmentsone proslavery and one antislaveryexisted in Kansas. Both of them applied for statehood on behalf of Kansas and asked Congress for recognition.Conflict in Kansas (cont.) (pages 443444)

Section 2-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The opposing forces, both armed, clashed in Kansas. Many people were killed. Newspapers began to refer to the area as Bleeding Kansas.Conflict in Kansas (cont.) (pages 443444)

Section 2-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The fighting went on from May of 1856 until October of 1856, when John Geary, the newly appointed territorial governor, was finally able to end the bloodshed. Geary overpowered guerrilla forces and used 1,300 federal troops. But the animosity between the two sides continued.Conflict in Kansas (cont.) (pages 443444)

Section 2-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did people who opposed slavery mistrust the results of the 1855 election for the Kansas legislature?In an election that chose a proslavery legislature, there were more votes cast than there were voters in Kansas.(pages 443444)Conflict in Kansas (cont.)

Section 2-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansass election during the mid-1850s __ 2.conflict between opposing groups of citizens of the same country __ 3.political theory that government is subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there A.popular sovereigntyB.border ruffiansC.civil warDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BCA

Section 2-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Describe how Northern abolitionists reacted to the Fugitive Slave Act.They refused to accept the terms, aided runaways, and refused to convict those accused of breaking the law.

Section 2-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesContinuity and Change How did popular sovereignty lead to violence in Kansas?Outsiders corrupted the election, and fighting broke out over the results.

Section 2-24Critical ThinkingPredicting Consequences Could the violence in Kansas have been prevented if Congress had not abandoned the Missouri Compromise? Explain.

Section 2-25Analyzing VisualsGeography Skills Study the maps on page 443 of your textbook. From which territory or territories were the Nebraska and Kansas territories formed? Was the Utah territory closed to slaveholding?The Nebraska and Kansas territories were formed from Unorganized Territory. The Utah territory was not closed to slaveholding.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-26Descriptive Writing With members of your class, choose a scene from Uncle Toms Cabin to portray in a one-act play. Write a short script, assign roles, and present it to the class.

End of Section 2

Section 3-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingSocial, economic, and political differences divided the North and South. arsenal Main IdeaKey Termsmartyr

Section 3-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Sequencing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 445 of your textbook and list major events for each year. why the Republican Party was formed. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the Dred Scott decision, the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and John Browns raid affected Americans.

Section 3-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Continuity and Change The slavery issues continued to drive the North and South further apart.Section Theme

Section 3-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 3-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A New Political PartyIn 1854 antislavery Whigs and antislavery Democrats joined with Free Soilers to create the Republican Party. (pages 445446)The Republican Partys main issue was the abolition of slavery, or at least the prevention of its spread into Western lands.

Section 3-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Republican candidates began to challenge proslavery Whigs and Democrats in state and congressional elections of 1854, with the message that the government should ban slavery in the territories. The election showed that the Republican Party had strength in the North, but almost no support in the South. The Democratic Partys strength was almost totally in the South.A New Political Party (cont.)

Section 3-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Democrat James Buchanan won the presidential election of 1856, with the strong support of Southerners. The Democrats supported popular sovereigntythe right of the voters in each new territory or state to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.A New Political Party (cont.)

Section 3-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Dred Scott DecisionTwo days after President Buchanan took office, the Supreme Court announced the Dred Scott decision. (pages 446448)Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who had been taken by his owner from the South to live for a time in Illinois and Wisconsin, areas where slavery was not allowed. After his owner died, antislavery lawyers helped Scott sue for his freedom, claiming that he had for a time lived on free soil.

Section 3-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In the Dred Scott decision, Chief Justice Taney said that Scott was a slave, not a citizen, and therefore had no right to bring a lawsuit. He added that Scotts residence on free soil did not make him free, because he was property. As property, he could not be taken away from his owner without due process of law.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Furthermore, Taney maintained that because the Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in any territory, the Missouri Compromise, which had limited slavery north of the 3630N latitude line in many Western territories, was unconstitutional. Finally Taney added that popular sovereignty was unconstitutional because not even voters could prohibit slavery, as it would amount to taking away someones property.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-11The Dred Scott decision outraged antislavery advocates in the North, but pleased Southerners, dividing the country more than ever.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In 1858 the Senate race in Illinois attracted national attention. It pitted Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas against a little-known Republican challenger named Abraham Lincoln. Douglas was against slavery personally, but believed that popular sovereignty would resolve the issue without interfering with national unity.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln also personally opposed slavery, but thought there was no easy way to eliminate it where it already existed. He thought the solution was to prevent its spread into the territories.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates leading up to the election. The seven debates took place between August and October 1858. Slavery was the main topic.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.During the debates Douglas put forth his idea that people in a territory could exclude slavery by refusing to pass laws protecting slaveholders rights. This became known as the Freeport Doctrine, after the Illinois town where Douglas made the statement. This point of view gained Douglas support among those that were against slavery but lost Douglas support among the proslavery population.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Douglas claimed that Lincoln wanted African Americans to be equal to whites. Lincoln denied this. He said that he and the Republican Party merely felt that slavery was wrong. Douglas narrowly won the election, but during the debates, Lincoln earned a national reputation. After the election of 1858, Southerners felt increasingly threatened by the growing power of the antislavery Republican Party.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further fed Southern fears. On October 16, 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a small group of whites and free African Americans in a raid on an arsenal at Harpers Ferry. The aim was to arm enslaved African Americans and spark a slave uprising.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The plan failed and the United States Marines under Colonel Robert E. Lee captured Brown and some of his followers. Brown was tried, found guilty of murder and treason, and hanged. Several of Browns followers met the same fate.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.John Browns death became a rallying point for abolitionists in the North. But when Southerners learned of Browns connection to abolitionistshe had been encouraged and financed by a group of abolitioniststheir fears of a great Northern conspiracy were confirmed. Distrust and animosity between the North and South were about to reach the breaking point.The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) (pages 446448)

Section 3-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did the Dred Scott decision and John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry increase mistrust between the North and South?(pages 446448)The Dred Scott Decision (cont.) Northern antislavery forces protested the Dred Scott decision, while Southern slaveholders were pleased with the decision. John Browns attempt to arm enslaved African Americans and start a revolt in the South had been encouraged and financed by Northern abolitionists, convincing Southerners that the North was conspiring to end slavery in any way it could.

Section 3-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a person who sacrifices his or her life for a principle or cause __ 2.a storage place for weapons and ammunition A.arsenalB.martyrDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BA

Section 3-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Discuss the stages in the development of the Republican Party.Northern Democrats left the party and the Whig Party dissolved. Antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined Free-Soilers to form the Republican Party.

Section 3-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesContinuity and Change How did the Dred Scott decision reverse a previous decision made by Congress?It ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional by stating that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any territory. The Republicans were outraged.

Section 3-24Critical ThinkingMaking Inferences Why did Lincoln emerge as a leader after the Lincoln-Douglas debates?Though Lincoln lost the election, he gained a national reputation.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-25Analyzing VisualsExamining Artifacts Examine the poster on page 445 of your textbook. What is the poster advertising? Explain why some of the phrases are in larger type.The poster is advertising the free state of Kansas. Slavery is in larger print because it was an important issue and mass meeting is enlarged because it emphasizes group support.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-26Government Draw a political cartoon that illustrates Lincolns statement A house divided against itself cannot stand.

End of Section 3

Section 4-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingIn 1860 Abraham Lincolns election as president of the United States was followed by Southern states leaving the Union. secession Main IdeaKey Termsstates rights

Section 4-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Sequencing Information As you read the section, re-create the time line on page 449 of your textbook and list the major events at each time. how the 1860 election led to the breakup of the Union. Reading StrategyRead to Learnwhy secession led to the Civil War.

Section 4-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Geography and History The election of 1860 clearly divided the nation along sectional lines.Section Theme

Section 4-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Secessionist ribbon

Section 4-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Election of 1860In the months leading up to the election of 1860, the issue of slavery split the Democratic Party along sectional lines. (pages 449450)A Northern wing of the Democratic Party nominated Stephen Douglas, supporter of popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, who supported the Dred Scott decision. Moderates from the North and South formed the Union Party and nominated John Bell, who took no position on slavery.

Section 4-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln. The Republican Party said that slavery should be left alone where it existed, but should not be allowed to spread into the territories. The Election of 1860 (cont.) (pages 449450)

Section 4-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln narrowly won the election. But he won primarily with Northern votes. His name did not even appear on most ballots in the South. In effect, the more populous North had outvoted the South. The South feared a Republican victory would encourage slave revolts or other dreaded consequences. The Union was about to split apart.The Election of 1860 (cont.) (pages 449450)

Section 4-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why could you call the Republican Party in 1860 a strictly sectional party?The Republican Partys strength was basically in the North, where Lincoln, the Republican candidate for president, received most of his votes in the 1860 election. In fact, Lincolns name did not even appear on most ballots in the South.(pages 449450)The Election of 1860 (cont.)

Section 4-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The South Secedes Although Lincoln had promised to leave slavery alone where it existed, Southerners did not trust the Republican Party to protect their rights. (pages 451452)On November 20, 1860, South Carolina held a special convention and voted to secede from the Union. Even after South Carolinas secession, leaders in Washington worked to find a compromise that would preserve the Union.

Section 4-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Senator John Crittendon of Kentucky proposed a plan to protect slavery in all present and future territories south of the 3630N line set by the Missouri Compromise. This was unacceptable to both Republicans and Southern leaders.The South Secedes (cont.) (pages 451452)

Section 4-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.By February 1861 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had joined South Carolina in secession. Delegates from those states met at Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4 to form a new nation and government, called the Confederate States of America. They chose Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi senator, as their president.The South Secedes (cont.) (pages 451452)

Section 4-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Southern states felt justified in leaving the Union because, they argued, they had voluntarily entered the Union. They saw the United States Constitution as a voluntary contract among independent states. According to the states that seceded, the refusal of the United States government to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and its attempt to deny Southern states equal rights in the territories had violated that contract. The Southern states were therefore justified in leaving the Union.The South Secedes (cont.) (pages 451452)

Section 4-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincolns term as president did not begin until March 1861. So while the Southern states were seceding, James Buchanan was still president. Buchanan sent a message to Congress stating that the Southern states had no right to secede. He added that the United States government did not have the power to stop them.The South Secedes (cont.) (pages 451452)

Section 4-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln disagreed with Buchanan. He said secession was unlawful. But in his inaugural speech in March 1861, Lincoln took on a calming tone. He said secession would not be permitted, but pleaded with the South for reconciliation.The South Secedes (cont.) (pages 451452)

Section 4-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did the Southern states that seceded justify leaving the Union?They stated that they had joined the Union voluntarily, so they had the right to leave. They also stated that the Constitution was a voluntary contract among independent states, which the government had broken by refusing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and by refusing to give slave states equal access to the Western territories.(pages 451452)The South Secedes (cont.)

Section 4-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Fort SumterConfederate forces had taken over some federal property after secession, including several forts. (page 453)Lincoln had vowed to protect federal property in Southern states and felt that allowing the Confederate forces to keep the forts would amount to acknowledging the right of the Southern states to secede.

Section 4-17On the day after his inauguration, Lincoln received a message from the commander of Fort Sumter, which was located on an island at the entrance of the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. Fort Sumter (cont.) (page 453)The fort was low on supplies, and the Confederates were demanding its surrender. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln informed the governor of South Carolina that the Union would send supplies to the fort, but would not include additional troops, arms, or ammunition unless the fort was fired upon. Lincoln was telling the Confederates that the Union had no intention of starting a shooting war.Fort Sumter (cont.) (page 453)

Section 4-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Confederates responded by attacking Fort Sumter before the Union supplies could arrive. Confederate guns opened fire on the fort on April 12, 1861. The fort surrendered on April 14, with no loss of life on either side. News of the attack got the North fired up. Lincolns call for volunteers to fight the Confederacy was quickly answered.Fort Sumter (cont.) (page 453)

Section 4-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In the meantime, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas also voted to join the Confederacy. The Civil War had begun.Fort Sumter (cont.) (page 453)

Section 4-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think the Confederacy decided to fire on Fort Sumter rather than accept Lincolns request to peacefully resupply the soldiers there?Possible answer: The Confederacy wanted to drive home the point that it did not want reconciliation with the Union and intended to fight to maintain itself as a separate nation.Fort Sumter (cont.) (page 453)

Section 4-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.rights and powers independent of the federal government that are reserved for the states by the Constitution; the belief that states rights supersede federal rights and law __ 2.withdrawal from the Union A.states rightsB.secessionDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.AB

Section 4-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Who served as the president of the Confederate States of America?Jefferson Davis served as president of the Confederate States of America.

Section 4-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGeography and History What role did sectionalism play in Lincolns winning the 1860 election?He won in every Northern state; votes in the South were divided among three other candidates.

Section 4-25Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Do you think either Northerners or Southerners believed that secession would not lead to war? Explain.

Section 4-26Analyzing VisualsGeography Skills Examine the map on page 452 of your textbook. How many states made up the Confederacy? Which state seceded earlierMississippi or Arkansas?The Confederacy was made up of eleven states. Mississippi seceded before Arkansas.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 4-27Citizenship Make up a campaign slogan or song for Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, or John Bell in the 1860 presidential election.

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Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary 2

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Chapter Assessment 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.rights and powers independent of the federal government that are reserved for the states by the Constitution; the belief that states rights supersede federal rights and law __ 2.a storage place for weapons and ammunition __ 3. loyalty to a region __ 4.to leave or withdrawA.sectionalismB.secedeC.border ruffiansD.arsenalE.secessionF.fugitiveG.popular sovereigntyH.civil warI.martyrJ.states rightsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.JDAB

Chapter Assessment 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.__ 5.a person who sacrifices his or her life for a principle or cause __ 6.political theory that government is subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there __ 7.conflict between opposing groups of citizens of the same countryIGHA.sectionalismB.secedeC.border ruffiansD.arsenalE.secessionF.fugitiveG.popular sovereigntyH.civil warI.martyrJ.states rights

Chapter Assessment 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.__ 8.Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansass election during the mid-1850s __ 9.withdrawal from the Union __10. runaway or trying to run away CEFA.sectionalismB.secedeC.border ruffiansD.arsenalE.secessionF.fugitiveG.popular sovereigntyH.civil warI.martyrJ.states rights

Chapter Assessment 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to ease tension between the North and South by preserving the balance between slave and free states in Congress.

Chapter Assessment 5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat was Stephen Douglass solution to the slavery issue in the Kansas and Nebraska territories?His solution was to abandon the Missouri Compromise and let settlers in each territory decide by popular sovereignty.

Chapter Assessment 6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsHow did Abraham Lincoln become a national figure in politics?Lincoln became a national figure following a series of debates with Stephen Douglas.

Chapter Assessment 7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat was the Dred Scott decision? What did it mean for those opposed to slavery?It was a Supreme Court decision that considered enslaved African Americans not to be free just because they lived on free soil, declared enslaved African Americans were property, and stated that neither Congress nor voters could prohibit slavery in any territory. To those who opposed slavery, this decision meant that the Constitution now protected slavery.

Chapter Assessment 8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsHow did Lincoln plan to prevent secession?He vowed to hold federal property in the South and enforce the laws of the United States.

Chapter Assessment 9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingFinding the Main Idea Why was the balance of free and slave states in the Senate such an important issue?If the balance was upset, one section of the country would have more decision-making power than the other.

Chapter Assessment 10Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Why did Northerners protest Douglass plan to repeal the Missouri Compromise?Northerners protested because it would allow slavery into areas that had been free for more than 30 years.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Assessment 11Geography and History ActivityThe election of 1860 divided the nation along sectional lines. Study the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Chapter Assessment 12Geography and History ActivityClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Location Which states supported Douglas?Missouri supported Douglas. He also received three of New Jerseys seven electoral votes.

Chapter Assessment 13Geography and History ActivityThe Republican Party was strongest in the Northeast, upper Midwest, and the West Coast.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Region In what region(s) was the Republican Party strongest?

Chapter Assessment 14Geography and History ActivityBreckinridge found support in the South.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Region In what region did Breckinridge find support?

Chapter Assessment 15Directions: Use the map of the Compromise of 1850 below to choose the best answer to the question on the following slide.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 16Test-Taking Tip Remember to use the information on the map to support your answer. Dont rely only on your memory. Check each answer choice against the map. Only one choice is correct.Which of the following statements is true?AThe Compromise of 1850 allowed the Oregon Territory to be open to slaveholding.BThe Compromise of 1850 did not make any land on the Pacific Ocean open to slaveholding.CThe Compromise of 1850 made every state touching the southern border of the United States open to slaveholding.DThe Compromise of 1850 gave the Minnesota Territory the authority to choose whether it would allow slaveholding.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 17What was Frederick Douglasss last name before he changed it to Douglass when he escaped to the North?Frederick Douglasss last name was Bailey.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

History OnlineExplore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

WWWW? 4Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis was a leading spokesperson for states rights. While in the Senate, he defended slavery, including its constitutional protection in the territories. He also advocated reinstituting the slave trade. Though he favored secession, he did not immediately welcome being chosen as president of the Confederacy.

SkillBuilder 1Recognizing BiasWhy Learn This Skill?Cats make better pets than dogs. If you say this, then you are stating a bias. A bias is a prejudice. It can prevent you from looking at a situation in a reasonable or truthful way.This feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

SkillBuilder 2Learning the SkillMost people have feelings and ideas that affect their point of view. This viewpoint, or bias, influences the way they interpret events. For this reason, an idea that is stated as a fact may really be only an opinion. Recognizing bias will help you judge the accuracy of what you read. There are several things you should look for that will help you recognize bias. Identify the author of the statement and examine his or her views and possible reasons for writing the material. Look for language that reflects an emotion or opinionwords such as all, never, best, worst, might, or should. Examine the writing for imbalancesleaning only to one viewpoint and failing to provide equal coverage of other possible viewpoints.Recognizing BiasThis feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook.

SkillBuilder 3Practicing the SkillRead the excerpts that follow. The first excerpt is from an 1858 newspaper editorial. The second is from a speech by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Then answer the four questions that follow. Recognizing BiasPopular sovereignty for the territories will never work. Under this system, each territory would decide whether or not to legalize slavery. This method was tried in the territory of Kansas and all it produced waSs bloodshed and violence.The Republican Leader, 1858This feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

SkillBuilder 4Practicing the Skill. . . [T]he two great divisions of society are not rich and poor, but white and black; and all the former, the poor as well as the rich, belong to the upper classes, and are respected and treated as such.Senator CalhounThis feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook. Recognizing Bias

SkillBuilder 5Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.1.Is Senator Calhoun expressing a proslavery or antislavery bias?Senator Calhoun is expressing a proslavery bias.2.What statements indicate the racism in Calhouns bias?Saying that rich and poor whites are of the upper classes and that the divisions of society are black and white indicate racism.Recognizing Bias

SkillBuilder 6Practicing the Skill3.What political partys view does the editorial represent?It represents the Republican Partys view.4.What biases or beliefs are expressed in the editorial?Popular sovereignty does not work.Recognizing BiasThis feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Video 1Secrets of the Underground RailroadObjectivesAfter viewing Secrets of the Underground Railroad, you should: Understand what the Underground Railroad was, and how escaping slaves used it as a road to freedom. Appreciate the difficulties that slaves faced as they sought to escape enslavement. Know the purpose of the American Colonization Society.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Video 2Discussion QuestionWhat was the role of the American Colonization Society?Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.It paid for the passage of Africans to go to Africa and bought them land there.Secrets of the Underground Railroad

Video 3Discussion QuestionWhat was the symbol on the house that designated safety for escaped slaves?Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The symbol, a red marker, let slaves know that they had reached a safe haven.Secrets of the Underground Railroad

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Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Northerners considered him a martyr; Southerners were outraged.

Daily Focus Skills 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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