Table of Contents - Welcome to · PDF fileTABLE OF CONTENTS Light Metals 2010 ... Centers of Aluminium Hydroxide ... Usage of Fuzzy Logic as a Strategy for the Aluminium Fluoride Addition

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Light Metals 2010

Preface......................................................................................................................................................xxv Editor's Biography ................................................................................................................................ xxvii Program Organizers ............................................................................................................................... xxix Aluminum Committees..........................................................................................................................xxxv

The Aluminum Industry - Perspectives on our Future

Organizer......................................................................................................................................................1 Challenges and Opportunites Relative to Increased Usage of Aluminum within the Automotive Industry ....................................................................................................................................3 M. Verbrugge, P. Krajewski, A. Sachdev, J. Schroth, D. Sigler, and B. Carlson Author Index ..........................................................................................................................................1085 Subject Index .........................................................................................................................................1091

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Alumina and Bauxite

Organizers ..................................................................................................................................................13

Bayer Process Chemistry and Alumina Quality I

Development of Particle Breakdown and Alumina Strength during Calcination......................................17 B. Raahauge, C. Jensen-Holm, and S. Wind Effect of Environmental Light on the Raman Spectrum of Sodium Aluminate Liquors ..........................25 J. Yin, W. Li, Z. Yin, Z. Liu, and Z. Su Effect of Na2O on Alumina Leaching and Self-Disintegrating Property of Calcium Aluminate Slag...........................................................................................................................................29 S. Huilan, W. Bo, and B. Shiwen Improvement of Product Quality in Circulating Fluidized Bed Calcination .............................................33 C. Klett, M. Missalla, and R. Bligh

Bayer Process Chemistry and Alumina Quality II

Segregation of Alumina – The Challenge for the Aluminium Industry ....................................................41 A. Wolf, and P. Hilgraf Unique High-Temperature Facility for Studying Organic Reactions in the Bayer Process ......................47 A. Costine, J. Loh, R. McDonald, and G. Power Technology Solutions to Increase Alumina Recovery from Aluminogoethitic Bauxites..........................53 A. Panov, A. Suss, and A. Fedyaev New Polymers for Improved Flocculation of High DSP-Containing Muds..............................................57 M. Davis, Q. Dai, H. Chen, and M. Taylor Some Aspects of Tricalcium Aluminate Hexahydrate Formation on the Bayer Process ..........................63 S. França, P. Braga, J. Moraes, A. Borges, and J. Lima

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Process Improvements and Experiences - Red Side I Study on Ore Dressing and Characterization of Different Granulometric Fractions that Compound Bauxite from Pará/Brazil.........................................................................................................69 F. Silva, R. Santos, J. Sampaio, F. Garrido, and M. Medeiros Autoclave Desilication of Digested Bauxite Slurry in the Flashing Circuit ..............................................75 A. Panov, A. Suss, I. Paromova, and A. Damaskin The Effect of Anatase and Lime on the Transformation of Sodalite to Cancrinite in Bayer Digestion at 250° C....................................................................................................................................81 B. Xu, P. Smith, C. Wingate, and L. DeSilva Study on the Rheological Behavior of Crystallized and Crystallized - Amorphous BauxItes .....................................................................................................................................................87 C. Barbato, S. França, and M. Nele

Process Improvements and Experiences - Red Side II

Effect of Digesting Conditions on Physical Properties of Diaspore Red Mud..........................................95 L. Bao, T. Zhang, Z. Dou, G. Lv, X. Wu, Y. Guo, P. Ni, and J. Ma Extracting Alumina from Coal Flyash through Sodium AlumInate Solution in Soda- sintering and Acid-leaching Process........................................................................................................101 J. Xue, L. Yan, and Y. Zhu Improved Performance of Red Mud Settlers at Worsley Alumina..........................................................107 D. Eckart, J. Kildea, P. Prinsloo, D. Nicholson, and E. Phillips Redundancy of Security Filtration ...........................................................................................................113 P. Weer Tricalcium Aluminate Hexahydrate (TCA) Synthesis and Characterization ..........................................119 M. Mohapatra, and S. Acharya Effect of Carbide Slag on High Pressure Digestion Properties of Diaspore............................................125 W. Bo, S. Huilan, and B. Shiwen

Bauxite Characterization and Handling

Reduction Roasting and Fe-Al Separation of High Iron Content Gibbsite-type Bauxite Ores ..........................................................................................................................................................133 G. Li, N. Sun, J. Zeng, Z. Zhu, and T. Jiang

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Study and Application of an Improved Sintering Process with Pre-drying of Raw Material Slurries .....................................................................................................................................................139 H. Zhao, B. Lu, and H. Ma The Black Bauxite....................................................................................................................................145 Z. Shangguan, and J. Du Bayer Process and Soda-Lime Sintering Process of Special Diasporic Bauxite with High Silica ........................................................................................................................................................149 C. Wenzhong, T. Weiwei, and Z. Hong

Industry Trends and Issues

Benefit-Cost Analysis at an Alumina Refinery of Public Sector.............................................................157 N. Pinero Heat Transfer in the Bayer Process..........................................................................................................161 D. Thomas, and M. Evans Sustainable Bauxite Mining - A Global Perspective ...............................................................................167 C. Wagner The Need for Energy Efficiency in Bayer Refining ................................................................................173 L. Henrickson UC Rusal vs. Chalco, in Bauxite and Alumina........................................................................................179 G. Djukanovic A Case for Replication of Alumina Plants...............................................................................................183 A. Kjar

Alumina Precipitation

Study on the Precipitation Kinetics for Improving the Quality of Alumina with Regard to Fines and Attrition Properties ..................................................................................................................193 N. Krishnaswamy, N. Kshatriya, S. Dasgupta, and R. Jagannathan Wet Oxidation of Bayer Liquor Organics: Reaction Mechanisms ..........................................................209 J. Dong, J. Tardio, J. Loh, G. Power, C. Vernon, and S. Bhargava The Roles of Adsorption in Hydrate Precipitation ..................................................................................215 J. Loh, G. Brodie, and F. Naim Influence of Decomposition Parameters on the Formation Rate of New Crystallizations Centers of Aluminium Hydroxide ...........................................................................................................221 R. Smiljanic, D. Lazic, D. Smiljanic, and Z. Zivkovic

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The Microstructure of Aluminum Hydroxide Powders ...........................................................................231 Y. Haiyan, L. Wen-cheng, and B. Shiwen Author Index ..........................................................................................................................................1085 Subject Index .........................................................................................................................................1091

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Aluminum Reduction Technology

Organizers ................................................................................................................................................235

Aluminium Smelter: Environment, Health and Safety

Modern Potline Gas Treatment Technology for High Amperage Pots - The Alcoa Fjardaal Experience .................................................................................................................................239 A. Moras, N. Dando, B. Cloutier, P. Dumortier, and H. Vendette Heat Recovery from the Exhaust Gas of Aluminum Reduction Cells.....................................................243 M. Fleer, O. Lorentsen, W. Harvey, H. Palsson, and G. Saevarsdottir Increased Energy Efficiency and Reduced HF Emissions with New Heat Exchanger ...........................249 A. Sorhuus, G. Wedde, K. Rye, and G. Nyland Reduction Line-5 DC Electrical Hazard ..................................................................................................255 M. Shukralla 2008 Global Anode Effect Survey Results ..............................................................................................259 J. Marks, and C. Bayliss The Applicability of Carbon Capture and Sequestration in Primary Aluminium Smelters ....................265 S. Broek, and S. Save Application of a Method for the Determination of Pfc Emissions During Aluminum Pot Startup......................................................................................................................................................271 J. Maltais, J. Ross, and A. Marcoux Dissolution Behavior of Aluminum Dross in Aluminum Electrolyte .....................................................277 W. Fu, Z. Wang, Y. Yang, and X. Hu

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Aluminium Smelter: Equipment Improving Heat Dissipation and Cell Life of Aged Reduction Lines at Aluminium Bahrain (Alba) .........................................................................................................................................285 A. Ahmed, K. Raghavendra, and B. Welch Update on the Evaluation of HF Emission Reduction Using Covered Anode Trays ..............................291 J. Gagne, R. Minville, N. Dando, G. Dufour, M. Gershenzon, P. Champoux, and A. Moras Automated Anode Gauging .....................................................................................................................295 S. Maqbali, C. Smith, J. Raman, M. Angirash, S. Abdullah, S. Thirunavukkarasu, R. Kulkarni, P. Marchand, S. David, and P. Boucher Keeping the Pace of Continuous Improvement by Retrofitting Pot Tending Machines .........................301 J. Barry, F. Roriguez, and J. Imery New Concepts for Bulk Materials Plants for the Aluminium Producing Industry – From Raw Material Receiving to Electrolysis Cells .........................................................................................305 S. Skirde Alfeed, a New Alumina Feeding System to Aluminium Pots .................................................................311 S. Ose, A. Sorhuus, O. Bjarno, and G. Wedde Electrolysis Pot J Hooks New Design: Positive Impacts on Performance and Environment..................315 N. Dupas Cleaning and Maintenance of Crucibles and Siphons/Tubes ..................................................................319 D. Prive, P. Côté, and R. Boulianne Erosion of Ferrous Alloys by Liquid Aluminum.....................................................................................325 M. Sidhu, and M. Kral

Hall-Héroult Cell: Technology

Development of the AP39: The New Flagship of AP Technology .........................................................333 L. Fiot, D. Munoz, X. Berne, C. Ritter, and O. Martin DX Pot Technology Powers Green Field Expansion...............................................................................339 A. Zarouni, M. Zelicourt, M. Jallaf, K. Alaswad, A. Kumar, A. Reyami, V. Kumar, D. Bakshi, J. Blasques, and I. Baggash New Logistic Concepts for 400 and 500 kA Smelters.............................................................................345 M. Meijer

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The Pot Technology Development in China............................................................................................349 Z. Jia, Y. Xiaodong, and S. Kangjian The Newly Advancement of SY400 Pot..................................................................................................355 S. Kangjian Successful Commercial Operation of NEUI400 Potline .........................................................................359 X. Qi Continues Advancement in Lanzhou Smelter..........................................................................................365 S. Kangjian, and J. Chen Baking Start-up and Operation Practices of 400kA Prebaked Anode Pots .............................................369 Y. Ban, X. Qi, D. Lv, J. Mao, Y. Mao, Z. Wang, Z. Shi, B. Gao, and X. Hu

Hall-Héroult Cell: Energy Conservation Through Cell Design and Process

Improvements Wettable Athodes: An Update .................................................................................................................377 R. Pawlek Wettability of Liquid Aluminum on Carbon/Graphite/TiB2 CompositeCathode Materials ...................383 J. Xue, and X. Chen Study on the New Reduction Technology for Energy Saving.................................................................387 F. Liu, and S. Gu Effect of Atmosphere-Changing Sintering on the Corrosion Resistance of 17Ni/(10nio-NiFe2O4) Cermet Inert Anode..................................................................................................................................391 L. Kai, T. Zhong-liang, L. Jie, L. Yanqing, and Z. Hong-liang Liquidus Temperatures of Cryolite Melts with Low Cryolite Ratio........................................................395 A. Apisarov, A. Dedyukhin, E. Nikolaeva, P. Tin'ghaev, O. Tkacheva, A. Redkin, and Y. Zaikov Industrial Test of Low-voltage Energy-saving Aluminum Reduction Technology ................................399 L. Jie, L. Xiao-jun, L. Yan-qing, X. Chang-chun, Z. Hong-liang, X. Jin, D. Feng-qi, L. Shi-wen, G. Qi-feng, and L. Yun-long New Cathodes in Aluminum Reduction Cells .........................................................................................405 F. Naixiang, T. Yingfu, P. Jianping, W. Yaowu, Q. Xiquan, and T. Ganfeng Calculation of the Aluminum Flow Field at the Interface of Molten Aluminum and Electrolyte in the New Cathode Aluminum Cells....................................................................................409 J. Yanli, P. Jianping, F. Naixiang, W. Yaowu, and Q. Xiquan

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Hall-Héroult Cell: Processes Modeling and Aluminium Smelter Modeling Mathematical Modeling of Aluminum Reduction Cell Potshell Deformation........................................417 M. Dupuis The Use of CFD Simulations to Optimise Ventilation of Potrooms .......................................................423 A. Maarschalkerwaard Safe and Efficient Traffic Flow for Aluminum Smelters ........................................................................427 L. Tikasz, C. Read, R. Baxter, R. Pires, and R. McCulloch Development and Application of an ANSYS® based Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Anode Stub Hole Design Tool.............................................................................................................................433 M. Dupuis Design of a Bypass Joint for the Aluminum Reduction Cells .................................................................439 Y. Sarkis 3D Freeze Shape Study of the Aluminum Electrolysis Cells Using Finite Element Method..................447 C. Xifeng, Z. Hong-liang, Z. Zhong, L. Jie, L. Yanqing, X. Yujie, Z. Hehui, and L. Xiaojun

Hall-Héroult Cell: Processes Modeling and Measurements

CFD Modelling of Effect of ACD and Anode Size on Alumina Mixing in Aluminium Reduction Cells........................................................................................................................................455 Y. Feng, M. Cooksey, and P. Schwarz Terminating Anode Effects by Lowering and Raising the Anodes - A Closer Look at the Mechanism...............................................................................................................................................461 J. Thonstad, and H. Vogt Bath Temperature Inference through Soft Sensors using Neural Networks............................................467 F. Soares, R. Limao, and M. Castro The Determination of Pot Current Distribution by Measuring Magnetic Fields .....................................473 N. Urata, and J. Evans Busbar Circuit Design and Installation for Boosting Already Boosted Pots ...........................................479 D. Champagne, D. Ziegler, A. Schneider, and D. Richard Study of Surface Oscillation of Liquid Aluminum in 168kA Aluminum Reduction Cells with a New Type of Cathode Design.......................................................................................................485 W. Ziqian, F. Naixiang, P. Jianping, W. Yaowu, and Q. Xiquan

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Modelling and Optimization of Busbar Configuration in Aluminum Electrolysis Cell with Genetic Algorithm ...................................................................................................................................489 M. Li

Hall-Héroult Cell: Process Control

Continuous Improvement in Aluminium Reduction Cell Process Performance with the ALPSYS® Control System......................................................................................................................495 S. Fardeau, B. Sulmont, P. Vellemans, and C. Ritter A Nonlinear Model Based (NMPC) Control Strategy for the Aluminium Electrolysis Process .....................................................................................................................................................501 S. Kolas, and S. Wasbø CVG-venalum Potline Control and Supervisory Integrated System VEN-PCSIS ..................................507 J. Ramones, F. Ramirez, M. Colmenares, J. Larez, and J. Gonzalez Efficient Thermal Balance Strategy Developed by CVG Venalum ........................................................513 M. Colmenares, A. Ruiz, and J. Imery Usage of Fuzzy Logic as a Strategy for the Aluminium Fluoride Addition in Electrolytic Cells .........................................................................................................................................................517 F. Soares Development and Application of a Multivariate Process Parameters Intelligence Control Technology for Aluminum Reduction Cells............................................................................................523 Y. Xiaobing, and T. Qinghong

Hall-Héroult Cell: Raw Materials and Process Control

Rapid, Non-Destructive Analysis of % Gibbsite in Smelting Grade Alumina........................................531 K. Dando, and N. Dando Aluminum Fluoride – A Users Guide......................................................................................................535 S. Lindsay Alumina Dissolution Rate as Impacted by Ore Pre-treatments ...............................................................541 X. Wang, J. Sorensen, N. Dando, and W. Xu Processing of Anode Cover Material.......................................................................................................547 I. Eick, B. Rausch, J. Chmelar, and U. Kohaupt Statistical Investigation and Modeling of Bath Level in Hall-Héroult Cells...........................................553 J. Tessier, and P. Doiron

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In Situ Raman Experimental Study of Ionic Species in Cryolite Melts of Various Composition.............................................................................................................................................559 S. Vassiliev, V. Laurinavichute, Z. Kuz’minova, G. Tsirlina, E. Antipov, A. Gusev, and D. Simakov In Situ Cell Control..................................................................................................................................563 M. Schneller Determination of Cryolite Ratio of Aluminum Electrolytes....................................................................569 B. Gao, D. Li, Z. Shi, Z. Wang, and B. Ren Author Index ..........................................................................................................................................1085 Subject Index .........................................................................................................................................1091

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Aluminum Rolling

Organizer..................................................................................................................................................575

Session I

Grain Interactions and Dislocation Density Evolution during Channel Die Compression of Aluminum............................................................................................................................................579 A. Alankar, I. Mastorakos, and D. Field Impact of Solute State and Precipitations on the Properties of 8xxx Alloys after Cold Rolling and Recrystallization...................................................................................................................585 G. Laptyeva, C. Schäfer, K. Karhausen, V. Mohles, and G. Gottstein Expert5i - Intelligent Software Solution for Yield Optimization along the Production Line of Aluminium Flat Rolled Products.........................................................................................................591 S. Hillebrand, and U. Knaak Possibilities of Laser Meaurement for Aluminum Processing ................................................................597 P. Sonntag Author Index ..........................................................................................................................................1085 Subject Index .........................................................................................................................................1091

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Cast Shop for Aluminum Production

Organizers ................................................................................................................................................603

Grain Refinement, Alloying, Solidification and Shape Casting

On the Mechanism of Grain Refinement by Ultrasonic Melt Treatment in the Presence of Transition Metals .....................................................................................................................................607 D. Eskin, T. Atamanenko, L. Zhang, and L. Katgerman Impurities in Al-5Ti-1B (wt.%) Grain Refiner Rod ................................................................................613 B. McKay, G. Nunner, G. Geier, and P. Schumacher Effects of Cooling Rate on Microstructure in En-Ac43000 Gravity Castings and Related T6 Mechanical Properties ........................................................................................................................619 I. Todaro, R. Squatrito, A. Morri, and L. Tomesani Evaluation of Transient Heat Transfer Coefficient Evolution in EN43000 Gravity Castings towards Steel Chills with Different Interface Conditions .........................................................625 R. Squatrito, I. Todaro, and L. Tomesani

Furnace Technology and Melt Handling

Influence of Heating Technology on Melt Quality in Ladles for Road Transportation of Liquid Aluminum Casting Alloys during Holding ..................................................................................633 B. Prillhofer, and J. Knaack Crucible Transfer by Siphoning: A Review of the Benefits and the Latest Technology ........................639 J. Locatelli, and G. Liu Energy Efficiency in Casthouse Furnaces ...............................................................................................651 R. Voyer, and F. Caron

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Establishing Operational Parameters of AL-EMS using Numerical Simulations to Promote Energy Efficiency during Final Heating in Aluminum Furnaces..............................................657 R. Stal, U. Sand, and O. Hjortstam Retrofitting Aluminum Melting Furnaces ...............................................................................................663 T. Schmidt Implementation of a Global Casthouse Furnace Energy Efficiency Program at Rio Tinto Alcan ........................................................................................................................................................669 M. Roy, V. Goutiere, and C. Dupuis Degreasing of Aluminium Turnings and Implications for Solid-State Recycling...................................675 J. Cui, A. Kvithyld, and H. Roven Heating and Melting of Single Al Ingots in an Aluminium Melting Furnace .........................................679 J. Furu, A. Buchholz, T. Bergstrøm, and K. Marthinsen Optimised Re-melting by the Use of Low-temperature Oxyfuel at Hydro Aluminium’s Primary Aluminium Casthouse, Övre Årdal, Norway.............................................................................685 H. Gripenberg, K. Torvanger, and J. Lodin

Direct Chill and Conveyor Casting

Microsegregation of Direct Chill Ingot of Super High Strength Aluminum Alloy Cast from Heavily Electromagnetically Stirred Melt ......................................................................................693 T. Umeda, P. Thirathipviwat, M. Suparadist, and H. Nagaumi Utilizing Safety Pit Coating Repair Kits to Prevent Production Stoppages ............................................697 A. Lowery, and J. Roberts Effect of Application of Out-Of-Phase Electromagnetic Field on Horizorntal Direct Chill Casting of 7075 Aluminum Alloy............................................................................................................703 Q. Zhu, Z. Zhao, X. Wang, and J. Cui Next Generation of Almex Direct Chill Tooling Systems.......................................................................709 S. Hamer Thermal Assessment of the Casting Operation at IMASA Shop.............................................................715 C. Méndez, C. Sánchez, G. Plascencia, M. Rubio, and D. Jaramillo

Cast House Productivity and Strip Casting

Means of Improving Casthouse Productivity ..........................................................................................723 P. Whiteley

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Estimating the Production Capabilities of Casthouse Equipment Configuration Options ......................729 P. Baker Electrochemical Characterization of Trc 7072aa for Heat Exchangers...................................................735 A. Dursun, B. Corlu, C. Inel, M. Dundar, R. Erdogan, and M. Ürgen Influence of the Cooling Water Temperature on Productivity and Product Quality in Twin Roll Casting with Copper Shells..............................................................................................................741 M. Badowski, E. Garate, and D. Armendariz The Use of Copper Shells by Twin Roll Strip Casters ............................................................................747 A. Clemente, J. Tsiros, A. Arvanitis, D. Spathis, and H. Wobker A TEM Study of the Microstructures of 3003 and 3003-Zr Alloys Produced by Twin Roll Casting .....................................................................................................................................................753 B. Corlu, O. Duygulu, S. Ucuncuoglu, G. Oktay, A. Dursun, and M. Dundar Casthouse Design for the Production of Air-Cooled, Low-Profile Aluminium Sows ............................759 T. Plikas, T. Cesta, L. Gunnewiek, M. Trovant, R. Santiago, and J. Vanasse The Measurement of Heat Flow within a DC Casting Mould .................................................................765 A. Prasad, J. Taylor, and I. Bainbridge

Melt Oxidation, Inclusions and Hydrogen

Formation of the Solid Layer on the Top of Molten Aluminum .............................................................773 L. Damoah, and L. Zhang Removal of Solid Inclusions from Molten Aluminium through Ceramic Foam Filtration .....................779 A. Engelbrecht Strategies to Reduce Inclusion Input during Liquid Metal Transportation and Melt Distribution while DC Casting of Al Alloys............................................................................................785 B. Prillhofer, H. Böttcher, and H. Antrekowitsch A New Multi Stage System of Filtration Employing a Cyclone .............................................................791 J. Courtenay, and F. Reusch Hazards Associated with the Use of Bone Ash in Contact with Molten Aluminum...............................797 D. Doutre In-Situ Measurement of Dissolved Hydrogen during Low Pressure Die Casting of Aluminium ...............................................................................................................................................801 M. Hills, M. Henson, C. Thompson, B. Geddes, C. Schwandt, R. Kumar, and D. Fray

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Author Index ..........................................................................................................................................1085 Subject Index .........................................................................................................................................1091

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Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production

Organizers ................................................................................................................................................807

Cathodes - Materials and Operation

Carburation Phenomenons At The Cathode Block/Metal Interface ........................................................811 M. Lebeuf, M. Coulombe, P. Chartrand, B. Allard, and G. Soucy Erosion Measurements of High Density Cathode Block Samples Through Laboratory Electrolysis with Rotation........................................................................................................................817 Y. Sato, P. Lavoie, and P. Patel Thermo-Mechanical Characterisation of Graphitic and Graphitized Carbon Cathode Materials Used in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells.....................................................................................823 D. Picard, W. Bouzemmi, B. Allard, H. Alamdari, and M. Fafard Electrical Resistance of Graphitic and Graphitized Cathode Materials at Elevated Temperatures............................................................................................................................................829 J. Xue, J. Zhu, and Y. Song Development of High Density Graphitized Cathode Blocks for Aluminium Electrolysis Cells .........................................................................................................................................................835 S. Larsen, X. Liao, H. Gran, S. Madshus, and J. Johansen Sodium Diffusion in Cathode Lining in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells ..................................................841 Z. Wang, J. Rutlin, and T. Grande Characterization of Sodium Expansion of Industrial Graphitic and Graphitized Cathodes ....................849 J. Xue, L. Wu, Q. Liu, Q. Niu, W. Wang, X. Hou, J. Zhu, and H. He Corrosion Resistance of Cathode to NaF-KF-ALF3-Based Electrolyte..................................................855 H. Yan, W. Li, S. Qiu, and J. Li

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Development Status of Processing Technology for Spent Potlining in China ........................................859 X. Chen

Non-Carbon Materials in Cathodes

Lower Aluminium Production Cost through Refractory Material Selection...........................................865 O. Siljan, S. Slagnes, A. Sekkingstad, E. Furu, S. Aaram, and A. Solheim Chemical Degradation Map for Sodium Attack in Refractory Linings...................................................871 K. Tschöpe, T. Grande, and J. Rutlin Reactions in the Bottom Lining of Aluminium Reduction Cells.............................................................877 A. Solheim, C. Schøning, and E. Skybakmoen Sidewall Materials for the Hall-Heroult Process .....................................................................................883 R. Mukhlis, M. Rhamdhani, and G. Brooks Excellent Cryolite Resistance and High Thermal Conductivity SiC Sidewall Material for High-amperage Aluminium Reduction Cells...........................................................................................889 Z. Huang Structure Design and Deformation Measurements of C/TiB2 Function Gradient Materials for Aluminum Reduction Cathode...........................................................................................................895 J. Xue, B. Li, and J. Zhu Electrolysis Expansion Performance of TiB2-C Composite Cathode in [K3AlF6/Na3AlF6]-AlF3-Al2O3 Melts..................................................................................................901 F. Zhao, L. Xiao-jun, L. Jie, L. Yan-qing, and T. Zhong-liang

Traditional and Inert Anode Materials

Higher Softening Point Pitch as Anode Binder Pitch ..............................................................................909 R. Wombles, S. McKinney, T. Golubic, and K. Sickels Study of Resistivity – Real Density Correlation in CPC Calcination Control ........................................913 O. Mascarenhas, A. Mathur, and J. Botelho The Comparison between Vertical Shaft Furnace and Rotary Kiln for Petroleum Coke Calcination ...............................................................................................................................................917 Y. Sun, H. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. Cui, and C. Liu Prebaked Anode from Coal - Utilization of Coal Extract as a Coke Feedstock ......................................923 M. Hamaguchi, N. Okuyama, N. Komatsu, J. Koide, and K. Kano

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Charcoal in Anodes for Aluminium Production ......................................................................................929 B. Monsen, A. Ratvik, and L. Lossius Ball-milled Materials as Inert Anodes for Aluminum Production in KF-Alf3 Low- temperature Electrolyte............................................................................................................................935 S. Helle, B. Brodu, B. Davis, D. Guay, and L. Roue Corrosion Behaviors of NiFe2O4-NiO-Co3O4 Inert Anodes Materials in Na3AlF6-Al2O3 Melts ........................................................................................................................................................939 J. Xue, T. Zeng, and J. Zhu Effect of Sintering Parameters on Properties of 18NiO-17(Cu-Ni)-65NiFe2O4 Composite Ceramic Anode ........................................................................................................................................945 J. Ma, Y. Chun, B. Li, Z. Xiao, and M. Fei Research on Preparation and Properties of 18NiO-NiFe2O4 Composite Ceramic Inert Anodes .....................................................................................................................................................949 J. Ma, Y. Chun, B. Li, Z. Xiao, and M. Fei Effect of Adding Ni-Fe on Properties of Inert Anodes of NiFe2O4 Based Cermet .................................953 Z. Hua, G. Yao, L. Wang, Z. Zhang, and L. Liang

Anode Green Mill

Use of Eddy Current Separator in Butts Processing ................................................................................959 J. Chmelar, and H. Linga From Technology Development to Successful Start-Up and Operations of Sohar : The Potential of the Bi-Eirich Mixing Line. ...................................................................................................963 F. Morales, M. Gendre, N. Backhouse, B. Hohl, D. Stephenson, and M. Balushi New Design of Process Area Based on Math Modelling and Simulation for Buss Kneader Principle in the Application of Green Anode Paste Preparation..............................................................969 H. Siegenthaler, and J. Stampfli Aluchemie Back to Benchmark ...............................................................................................................975 P. Claudel, and E. Smits Successful Start up of the Combined Rhodax® and IMC® Processes at the Sohar Smelter ..................981 A. Pinoncely, J. Bigot, and C. Bouche Amelios™, A Performance Analysis Tool for Green Anode Plant.........................................................987 C. Bouche, O. Ganouni, and A. Molin Anode Paste Plants: Innovative Solution for Optimum Emission Performances ....................................993 H. Vendette

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Anode Baking/Anode Properties On the Logistics of Rebuilding an Anode Baking Furnace while Maintaining Operation......................999 R. Coulombe, D. Machado, J. Ferguson, and D. Carle Specific Energy Consumption in Anode Bake Furnaces.......................................................................1005 F. Keller, P. Sulger, M. Meier, D. Severo, and V. Gusberti Desulphurisation Control during Anode Baking, its Impact on Anode Performance and Operational Costs-Alba’s Experience....................................................................................................1011 H. Abbas, K. Khaji, and D. Sulaiman Systemic Analysis of Flue Wall Bricks Used in Anode Baking Furnaces ............................................1015 B. Teider, P. Tiba, F. Figueiredo, J. Gallo, and V. Pandolfelli Development of a New Improved Dry Alumina Scrubber for Emission Control from Anode Bake Furnaces ............................................................................................................................1021 P. Vasconcelos, and A. Mesquita Baked Anode Density Improvement through Optimization of Green Anode Dry Aggregate Composition .........................................................................................................................1027 K. Khaji, and H. Abbas Characterization of Surface Topography on Carboxy Reactivity Residue............................................1031 S. Rørvik, L. Lossius, H. Linga, and A. Ratvik

Preheating and Operational Aspects

Loss in Cathode Life Resulting from the Shutdown and Restart of Potlines at Aluminum Smelters..................................................................................................................................................1039 A. Tabereaux Evaluation of Mothballing and Subsequent Restarting of Søderberg Cells ..........................................1045 V. Buzunov, V. Borisov, Y. Masyutin, D. Bolshakov, and A. Pinayev Investigation of the Impact of Pre-Heating, Start-Up and Early Operation on Potlife..........................1051 J. Tessier, C. Duchesne, G. Tarcy, C. Gauthier, and G. Dufour Analysis of the Coke Bed Preheating Method for Aluminium Cells.....................................................1057 M. Ali The Combined Flame and Aluminum Preheating Method ....................................................................1063 T. Yingfu, F. Naixiang, P. Jianping, W. Yaoyu, and L. Jian Cell Preheat on Full Line Current at Dubal ...........................................................................................1067 A. AlZarouni, M. AlJallaf, A. Kumar, K. Alaswad, and J. Blasques

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Optimization of the Anode-Stub Contact: Material Properties of Cast Iron .........................................1073 B. Oye, E. Haugland, J. Hop, A. Nordmark, and M. Onsoien Voltage Drop at the Stub-anode Connection as Related to the Carbon Equivalent of the Cast Iron Collar......................................................................................................................................1079 A. Nofal, M. Waly, A. Ahmed, M. Agour, A. Kandil, S. Mohamed, and M. Mourad Author Index ..........................................................................................................................................1085 Subject Index .........................................................................................................................................1091

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