NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT COUNCILBARAZA LA TAIFA LA HIFADHI NA USIMAMIZI WA MAZINGIRA

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED KIHANSI CATCHMENT CONSERVATION AND

MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN KIHANSI CATCHMENT MOROGORO AND IRINGA REGIONS, TANZANIA

June 2013

Consultants:Prosper MakongoroWilson ShimoPatrick Valimba

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................................4LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................4EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................5

ACKNOWLDEGEMENT...........................................................................................................................13ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................151.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND.............................................................................................151.1.1 The Kihansi catchment..................................................................................................151.1.2 Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assesssment (ESIA).........................161.2 Scoping..............................................................................................................................161.2.1 The process....................................................................................................................161.2.2 Key findings...................................................................................................................171.3 Objective of the ESIA........................................................................................................171.3.1 General objective...........................................................................................................171.3.2 Specific objectives.........................................................................................................171.4 Study Methodology............................................................................................................181.4.1 Stakeholders’ consultations...........................................................................................181.4.2 Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Development of Mitigation Measures......181.4.3 Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan.........................................................191.5 Report Structure.................................................................................................................19

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................202.1 Geographical Location.......................................................................................................202.2 Accessibility.......................................................................................................................212.3 Project Scope and Activities..............................................................................................22

Component 1: Institutional capacity building for the management of the Kihansi catchment. 22Subcomponent 1.1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow Assessment.............................................................................................................................22Subcomponent 1.2: Develop a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi catchment...............................................................................................................................23

Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment....................................23Subcomponent 2.1: Species and habitat conservation...........................................................23Subcomponent 2.2: Community Conservation and Livelihoods...........................................26

Component 3: Project Management..........................................................................................272.6 KCCM Project Social Benefits..........................................................................................272.7 Environmental Benefits of KCCMP..................................................................................27

CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK..............................283.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................283.2 Need for EIA......................................................................................................................283.3 Relevant Policies................................................................................................................28

3.3.1 The National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997).....................................................283.3.2 National Forest Policy (1998)....................................................................................293.3.3 The National Wildlife Policy (URT, 2007)...............................................................293.3.4 The National Land Policy (URT, 1995)....................................................................293.3.5 The National Water Policy (URT, 2002)...................................................................293.3.6 Rural Development Policy (1996).............................................................................293.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies.....................................................................................30

3.5 Legal Framework...............................................................................................................333.5.1 The Environmental Management Act (2004)............................................................333.5.2 Village Land Act (1999)............................................................................................33

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3.5.3 Wildlife Conservation Act (2009).............................................................................343.5.4 The Forest Act (2002)................................................................................................343.5.5 The Water Resource Management Act (2009)..........................................................343.5.6 Land Use Planning Act (2007)..................................................................................353.5.7 National EIA and Audit Regulations (2005).............................................................35

3.6 International Conventions and Agreements.......................................................................353.6.1 East African Community Treaty (1999)....................................................................353.6.2 The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992).......................................................353.6.3 IUCN Red List...........................................................................................................363.6.4 Convention on Climate Change (1992).....................................................................36

3.7 Guidelines..........................................................................................................................363.7.1 The Tanzania Development Vision 2025..................................................................363.7.2 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2011-2015)...................36

3.8 Institutional Framework.....................................................................................................36

CHAPTER 4: BASELINE CONDITIONS.................................................................................................414.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................414.2 Location and Administrative Boundaries..........................................................................414.3 Physical Characteristics.....................................................................................................41

4.3.1 Climate.......................................................................................................................414.3.2 Hydrological variation...............................................................................................41

4.4 Biologicalcharacteristics....................................................................................................424.4.1 Plants..........................................................................................................................424.4.2 Mammals...................................................................................................................424.4.3 Birds...........................................................................................................................424.4.4 Fish.............................................................................................................................424.4.5 Herptiles.....................................................................................................................43

4.5 Socio – Economic Characteristics.....................................................................................434.5.1 Demography...............................................................................................................434.5.2 Economic Infrastructure............................................................................................43

CHAPTER 5: STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTANTIONS.........................................................................455.1 Stakeholders Consulted During Preparation of a Proposed KCCMP................................455.2 The Stakeholders................................................................................................................455.3 Addressing Stakeholders’ Concerns..................................................................................46

CHAPTER 6: IMPACTS ASSESSMENT..................................................................................................506.1 Background........................................................................................................................506.2 Impacts Identification and Description..............................................................................526.3 Impacts Prediction.............................................................................................................606.5 Analysis of Alternatives.....................................................................................................64

6.5.1 Project site..................................................................................................................646.5.2 The no project option.................................................................................................646.5.3 The current design option..........................................................................................64

CHAPTER 7: MITIGATIONAND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES........................................................667.1 Background........................................................................................................................667.2 Measures Against Impacts on Physical Environment........................................................667.3 Measures Against Impacts on Biological Environment....................................................677.4 Measures Against Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment..........................................68

CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN..................................................................708.1 Rationale for Preparation of EMP.....................................................................................708.2 Organisation Structure for EMP........................................................................................708.3 Roles and Responsibilities.................................................................................................70

8.3.1 Environmental Management Responsibilities...........................................................70

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8.3.2 Environmental Management Costs............................................................................72

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN............................................759.1 Background........................................................................................................................759.2 Monitoring Responsibilities and Costs..............................................................................76

CHAPTER 10: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS..................................................................................................7910.1 Background....................................................................................................................7910.2 Benefits of the Proposed KCCMP.................................................................................7910.3 Costs of the Project........................................................................................................8010.4 Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis...........................................................................8010.5 Socio-Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis........................................................................8110.6 Summary of Cost – Benefit Analysis............................................................................81

CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................82

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................83Annex 1: Terms of Reference.....................................................................................................................84ANNEX 2: 5-Year Budget Breakdown for Implementation of Activities..................................................92ANNEX 3: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED...........................................................................94

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Key Institutions in the EIA Process...............................................................................39Table 5.1: List of stakeholders consulted........................................................................................45Table 5.2: Stakeholder concerns that have been addressed by KCCMP.........................................46Table 6.1: Criteria and rating scales for impacts assessment..........................................................50Table 6.2: Convention for assigning a consequence rating............................................................51Table 6.4: Potential impacts of KCCMP on the environment........................................................53Table 6.5: Summary of potential impacts during the implementation and post-implementation phases of the project..............................................................................................................................61Table 7.1: Summary of measures against significant impacts on physical environments..............66Table 7.2: Summary of measures against significant impacts on biological environments...........67Table 7.3: Summary of measures against significant impacts on social, economic, cultural and political environments............................................................................................................................68Table 8.1: Institutions and their responsibilities.............................................................................71Table 8.2: Responsibilities and management costs related to implementation of Project EMP.....73Table 9.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan....................................................................................77

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Location of Kihansi River Catchment with riparian districts (Valimba, 2013).............20Figure 2.2: Accessibility to Kihansi River Catchment (Valimba, 2013).........................................21Figure 8.1 Organisation structure and responsibilities for implementation of EMP for KCCMP..71

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

General IntroductionThe Government of Tanzania (GoT) has ratified three key global environmental conventions: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As part of implementation of these conventions, the GoT officially submitted for endorsement by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), a project proposal titled ‘Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)’.

The proposed activities to be funded by GEF will contribute to the achievement of GEF-5 Biodiversity Strategy Objective 2 -- mainstream biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into production landscapes/seascapes and sectors -- by enhancing biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment of which 48% is under agricultural production. The project is to provide for the long-term conservation and management of globally critically endangered species and critical habitats in the Kihansi catchment. The Kihansi catchment, which is relatively small (580 km2), brings to the fore the cross-sectoral challenges associated with water allocation for energy and environment and other water uses. In this context, the Kihansi catchment is critical for both water resource management and the protection of biodiversity.

The project development objective is to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment1. The project will compliment as well as assist on-going efforts of key resource regulatory authorities to conserve critically endangered and highly endemic plant and animal species in the Kihansi catchment. The KCCMP has 3 components, each with different set of activities and impacts:

Component 1 will support the preparation of technical guidelines that will assist improve (i) future river basin planning and (ii) future (Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for water resources infrastructure project by integrating downstream impacts that relate to water availability, or Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA); the key impact of which will be improved future water resources in environmental planning and decision making. Component 1 will also support preparation of a communication strategy and sustainable financing. None of these are physical interventions, but are aimed at improving knowledge and awareness and understanding of the complex issues at hand and improving sustainability of the project interventions.

Component 2 has three distinct sets of interventions, including physical ones: i) biological interventions (monitoring, reintroduction, scientific experiments, etc.) related to Kihansi Spray Toad (KST) and other endangered species; ii) preparation and implementation of the Kihansi catchment management plan; and iii) livelihood activities and interventions. The impacts would therefore be a function of the specific type, size and extent of the interventions.

Component 3 is basically project management.

The KCCMP builds on and extends the work done earlier under the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) and the current Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP) bridging support, which constituted mitigation measures for the LKHP. 1“Enhance” in the context of this project is defined as to provide for the long-term sustainability of species and institutions.

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Diversion of water away from the Kihansi Gorge started in December 1999 when the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant (LKHP) started its operations. Since then the river flow over the Kihansi falls was significantly reduced by over 91 percent (i.e. from an average flow regime of 16.4 m3/s to a constant bypass release of about 1.5m3/s). The Kihansi river flows have historically ranged between a minimum of7 m3/s during dry seasons to a maximum of 64 m3/s during wet seasons. Assessments of Kihansi gorge wetland habitat change following the commissioning of LKHP have shown that the original habitat was altered by approximately 95 per cent. TANESCO’s was granted a final water right for diverting up to 25.2 m³/s including a condition requiring a minimum environmental (or bypass) flow requirement of 1.5-2.0 m³/s to maintain flows in the Kihansi River immediately downstream of the LKHP dam. The conditions of the Final Water Right for the LKHP also included provisions that mandated that TANESCO implement the Environmental Management Plan, including the regular maintenance of the artificial sprinkler system that has been constructed to augment the reduced river flow and the spray generated from that water falling over the Kihansi falls. Thus, the 1.5 – 2.0 m3/s bypass flow plus the spray from the artificial sprinkler system form the environmental flow into the Kihansi Gorge.

Following this significant change of the KST habitat, there was a rapid decline in number of toads in the gorge from as high as about 50,000 to 12,000. This rapid decline of KST population coincided with the observed infection by chytrid fungus and the flushing of sediments into the gorge. In 2000 the GoT with support from development partners established a captive breeding program for the KST as an “insurance policy” in case species become extinct in the gorge. 499 KST individuals were translocated into captivity in the USA, with a view to establish a captive bred line. In addition, a series of emergency mitigation measures were initiated in 2000 under the Immediate Rescue and Emergency Measures Project (IREMP) to conserve the spray wetland habitat and the KST in situ.

Restoration measures established under IREM were accomplished in Phase I and II of the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project with a focus on long-term conservation and mitigation of habitat loss in the Kihansi Gorge ecosystems and upstream catchment areas. After closure of LKEMP critical activities in the KST reintroduction plan were merged under additional financing for Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP) with the objective of filling the financing gap required for the reintroduction of Kihansi Spray Toads (KST).

The EnviroPlanners LTD has been contracted to prepare an environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed KCCMP according to Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2004 and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Audit (EA) Regulation of 2005. The project falls under the mandatory list of projects that requires an EIA. The Project is a full-sized GEF project with a five year implementation period, with the key objective being ‘to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment’.

Policy and legal frameworkA review of the relevant international, regional and national policies and legislations pertaining to this project was undertaken in order to provide directives during implementation of project activities. The relevant policies under the study that were reviewed include the following: The National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997); The National Forest Policy (1998); The National Wildlife Policy (URT, 2007); The National Land Policy (URT, 1995); The National Water Policy (URT, 2002) and Rural Development Policy (1996).

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Relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies include the following: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04); Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Forests (OP 4.36) and Pest Management (OP 4.09). The relevant legislation applicable to the project includes the following: The Environmental Management Act (2004); Village Land Act (1999); The Wildlife Conservation Act (2009); The Forest Act (2002); The Water Resource Management Act (2009); The Land Use Planning Act (2007) and The National EIA and Audit Regulations (2005).

Public consultationsPublic consultations were carried out to explain the objectives and scope of the project as well as to identify, discuss and respond to project issues of concern to different stakeholders. Consultation with different stakeholders from key sectors, local government authorities and non-government agencies indicates that they generally view the proposed project as a positive initiative that will support and build on the earlier work done under LKEMP, will create new social and economic activities and enhance development of the area. Some issues of concern especially on the impacts of the project were addressed by developing mitigation measures in the development of the management plan. Most of the consulted stakeholders were aware of the KCCMP project. Stakeholders view the project as a positive initiative in terms of biodiversity conservation, community support by improving livelihoods as well as enhancing protection of water sources and entire Kihansi catchment.

Impacts assessmentThis ESIA discusses a number of potential positive and negative impacts of the project on the physical, biological, and socio-economic environment; these are listed in Table ES1. Several impacts were identified as being positive impacts; they dominate (Table ES1).

Table ES1: Identified potential impacts of KCCMP IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Environment Potential impactsPositive Negative

Landscape Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted areas

Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within gazetted areas

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape

Surface water Availability of reliable information on water quantities (streamflows) and quality

Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing water resources in Kihansi catchment

Quantification of existing and future surface water availability in rivers in Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment

Protection of surface water resources from impacts of anthropogenic activities

Establishment of water user committees to oversee water resources allocation and protection

Reduction of sediment and agricultural chemical loads into water resources

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IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS

Environment ImpactsPositive Negative

Forests Conservation of endemic plant species found in Kihansi catchment

Gorge vegetation Management of gorge vegetation Conservation of endemic flora and

fauna found in the Kihansi Gorge Restoration and maintenance of KST

habitat in the Kihansi Gorge

Disturbance to KST habitat

KST Management of KST habitat changes in the Kihansi Gorge

Development of new approaches to amphibian re-introductions to the wild for new species

Development of resistance to chytrid fungus in amphibians

Stable populations of KST in captive facilities

Disturbance to KST habitat Side effects of chemicals used

on gorge environment and ecosystem

Increased KST population leading to congestion in captive facilities

IMPACTS ON SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTS

Environment ImpactsPositive Negative

Education New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry, disease prevention and re-introductions of critically endangered amphibian species

New scientific knowledge on endemic and endangered flora and fauna to Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics

Methodologies for identification and monitoring of water sources and biodiversity refined

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities

Generation of more experts in EFA Generation of more Master’s and PhD

level human resource (increased capacity of local scientists)

Livelihoods Increased inflow of water due to demarcation of water sources within Kihansi catchment

Reduction of soil losses from farms

Restricted farming within demarcated areas

Electricity Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity generation

Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir from identified trends in reservoir water inflows

Use of alternative power source (normally a generator) to supply power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS in times of grid power failures / interruptions

Energy Improved hydropower generation due to reliable supply of water throughout the year

Loss of some areas for firewood collection

Employment Employment of researchers and research assistants, gorge attendants for monitoring Kihansi gorge, supporting staff and personnel for captive facilities in USA, UDSM and Kihansi Research

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IMPACTS ON SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTS

Environment ImpactsPositive Negative

Station for KST husbandry Employment of supporting staff (e.g.

drivers)Local policies Development of new bylaws to deal with

gazettement issues Conflicts with local inhabitants

and their political representatives

Country and international policies

Legal cooperation between Tanzania, USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc)

Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in Tanzania and other countries

Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for projects related to water resources

Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem services within the Kihansi catchment

Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA and elsewhere

Increase of illegal exploitation of high value natural resources of Kihansi once their actual values have been established and information made available to communities

An assessment of significance of these potential impacts indicated that some will actually be significant (Table ES2) and therefore will require mitigation and enhancement measures.

The issues/impacts have been described and assessed in detail to gain adequate understanding of possible environmental and social effects of the proposed project from implementation to completion (5 years of project implementation) in order to formulate mitigation measures in response to negative aspects and enhancement measures in response to positive aspects which have emerged.

Mitigation and enhancement measuresA number of feasible, cost-effective and sufficient mitigation, compensatory and enhancement measures were identified for each of the identified significant impact that will be associated with the implementation of KCCMP. The proposed mitigation and enhancement measures were provided in relation to environmental group as physical, biological and socio-economic environments (Table ES3).

Table ES3: Proposed mitigation and enhancement measures for identified significant impacts of KCCMP

Sno.

Environment Impact Mitigation/enhancement measure

Physical environment

1 Landscape

Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted areas (+)

Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within gazetted areas (+)

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape (+)

Clear definition of easy-to-implement and practical conservation measures targeting all endangered species

Clear restoration targets and concise procedures for restoring modified landscapes to support desired ecosystem

2 Water resources

Availability of reliable data on surface water quantities and quality (+)

A clear protocol for surface water resources monitoring in Kihansi catchment including the gorge

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Sno.

Environment Impact Mitigation/enhancement measure

Quantification of existing and future surface water availability in rivers in Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment (+)

Protection of surface water resources from impacts of anthropogenic activities (+)

Establishment of water user committees to oversee water resources allocation and protection (+)

Clear division of responsibilities among involved institutions for fieldwork data collection, data quality assessment, data archiving and sharing, data analysis

Clear protocol for conservation and restoration of modified landscapes affecting surface water resources (e.g. inclusion of afforestation areas and types of vegetation to be used as buffer strips, etc)

Biological environment

3 Forests

Better management of forest changes (+)

Conservation of endemic plant species found in Kihansi catchment (+)

Clear definition of easy-to-implement and practical conservation measures targeting all endangered plant species

Clear restoration targets and concise procedures for restoring modified forest landscapes to support desired plant ecosystem4 Gorge

vegetation

Conservation of endemic plant species found in the Kihansi Gorge (+)

5 KST

Better management of KST habitat changes in the Kihansi Gorge (+)

Development of new approaches to amphibian re-introductions to the wild for new species (+)

Development of cure and immune of amphibian diseases including chytrid fungus (+)

Improve funding modalities for KST and amphibian diseases and re-introduction studies

Improve collaboration of in-country researchers themselves and with foreign nationals

Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania and USA that provide stable population of KST in captive facilities (+)

KST population burst leading to congestion in captive facilities (-)

Improve the stable population of KST captive facilities

Congestion in captive breeding facilities can be reduced by transferring surplus animals to the wild

Disturbance to KST habitat in the Kihansi Gorge (-)

Studies and monitoring of KST survival and diseases in spray wetlands will be confined within KST enclosures.

Effects of antifungal solution used to treat KST with chytrid fungus in the gorge environment (-)

No chemicals are going to be used to treat the environment prior to the release of the KST. Rather selected KST which are housed in enclosures may be bathed in an antifungal solution. The antifungal solution will be transported out of the gorge

Social, economic and cultural environments6 Education New scientific knowledge on

amphibian husbandry, disease preventions for amphibians, diseases immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of unfamiliar amphibian species (+)

New scientific knowledge on plant and animal species endemic to Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics (+)

Provision of platforms for sharing research findings to wider scientific and non-scientific community

Local Tanzanian prospective students should be motivated to apply for Master’s and PhD scholarships to enhance in-country human resources capacity

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Sno.

Environment Impact Mitigation/enhancement measure

New methodologies for identification and monitoring of biodiversity (+)

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities (+)

Generated more experts in EFA (+) Generated more Master’s and PhD

level human resource (+)

7 Livelihoods

Sediment load due to erosion and nutrient loss from farms and improper use of agrochemicals for pests and weed control (+)

Restriction of farming activities close to water sources (-)

Reduction of land area for agricultural activities(-)

Adoption of IPM practices Focus cultivation outside the valley

bottoms Provide alternative sources of

livelihoods Improve agricultural practices through

community conservation investment schemes to increase productivity

8 Electricity

Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity generation (+)

Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir from identified trends in reservoir water inflows (+)

The operating procedure for the power plant should be modified to include real-time inflow information that is derived from observed streamflows and historical trends

Possibility for funding of the construction of a larger Upper Kihansi Dam to stabilize inflows into Lower Kihansi Reservoir should start exploration

9 Energy sources

Loss of some areas for firewood collection close to water sources (-)

Alternative areas for firewood collection still available within the catchment

Introduction of new energy sources and efficient energy use technologies (e.g. using saw dust for cooking)

10 Local policies

Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement issues (+)

Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political representatives (-)

Awareness creation for local communities with communication methods clearly elaborated in the communication strategy (CS)

11National and international policies

Legal cooperation agreements between Tanzania, USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc) (+)

Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA and elsewhere (-)

Legal issues related to KST and ecological integrity of Kihansi catchment should be harmonized with existing cooperation status (Tanzania-USA) and binding international agreements

Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in Tanzania and other countries (+)

Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for projects related to water resources (+)

The process should harmonize the EFA guidelines and procedures by considering the most suitable entry point of EFA guidelines on EIA guidelines

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Environmental and Social Management Plan and Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides a way forward for implementation of the identified mitigation and enhancement measures while Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) provides details on how to monitor baseline conditions, impacts and effectiveness of mitigation/enhancement measures. The estimated costs for implementing the proposed measures are only indicative. The consultant has used informed judgment to estimate these figures.

ConclusionsThe study concludes that although the project can have significant and wide-ranging impacts on the environment, the project is largely a mitigation measure and its associated impacts can be mitigated to make it an environmentally suitable and socially acceptable subject to the implementation of the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP).

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ACKNOWLDEGEMENT

EnviroPlanners Limited wishes to acknowledge the following for their valuable contribution to the success of this ESIA study:

The National Environmental Management Council for reviewing project brief and the scoping report with Terms of Reference. This has enabled the consultant to address all pertinent issues.

All stakeholders as listed in Annex 3 are also acknowledged for their invaluable comments, information and data.

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ACRONYMS

ASP Africa Stockpiles Project CS Communication StrategyCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCMS Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild AnimalsEAM Eastern Arc MountainsEAMCEF Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund EFA Environmental Flow Assessment EIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEIS Environmental Impact StatementEMA Environmental Management Act EMA Environmental Management Act ESMP Environmental and Social Management PlanESIA Environmental and Social Impact AssessmentFM Financial Management GEF Global Environmental Facility GOT Government of Tanzania HIV/AIDS Human Immunity Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeIPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Pest Management PlanIREMP Immediate Rescue and Emergency Measures Project ISP Implementation Support PlanIWRDMP Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning KCCMP Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project KCMP Kihansi Catchment Management Plan KST Kihansi Spray Toad LKEMP Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project LKHP Lower Kihansi Hydro Power Plant NEMC National Environment Management Council NPCT National Project Coordination Team NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction PRS Poverty Reduction StrategyRDP Rural Development Policy TAC Technical Advisory CommitteeToR Terms of Reference UDSM University of Dar es Salaam UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNEP United Nations Environmental Program UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VP-O Vice President’s Office WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WSDP Water Sector Development Project

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1.1 The Kihansi catchment

The Kihansi Catchment is located in the Udzungwa mountains which is the largest block of the 12 Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania. The Udzungwa mountains contain nearly one-half of all the remaining closed forests in the Eastern Arc and as result have the highest diversity of endemic and threatened plant and animal species including the Kihansi Spray Toad (KST) and Sanje mangabay monkeys.

The catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The high-biodiversity Udzungwa forest reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest, grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi administrative districts. The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. There are no significant high flow seasonal changes within years responding to wet and dry seasons and moderate flows are sustained throughout the year. The Kihansi catchment is critical for both water resource development and the protection of biodiversity. The Kihansi River is a major source of national hydropower supply, contributing nearly 35% of the total hydropower generated nationally and about 15% of the total electricity generated from all sources; while the Kihansi ecosystem harbours critically endangered and highly endemic species of flora and fauna.

Diversion of water away from the Kihansi Gorge started in December 1999 when the LKHP started its operations. Since then the river flow over the Kihansi falls was significantly reduced by over 91 percent (i.e. from an average flow regime of 16 m3/s to a constant bypass release of about 1.5m3/s). Assessments on habitat change following the commissioning of LKHP have shown that the original habitat was altered by approximately 95 per cent. TANESCO’s was granted a final water right of 25.2 m³/s including a condition requiring a minimum environmental (or bypass) flow requirement of 1.5-2.0 m³/s to maintain flows in the Kihansi River immediately downstream of the LKHP dam.

Following this significant change of the KST habitat, there was a rapid decline in number of toads in the gorge from as high as about 50,000 to 12,000. This rapid decline of KST population coincided with the observed infection by chytrid fungus and the flushing of sediments into the gorge. In 2000 the GoT with support from development partners established a captive breeding program for the KST as an “insurance policy” in case species become extinct in the gorge. 499 KST individuals were translocated into captivity in the USA, with a view to establish a captive bred line. In addition, a series of emergency mitigation measures were initiated in 2000 under the Immediate Rescue and Emergency Measures Project (IREMP) to conserve the spray wetland habitat and the KST in situ.

Restoration measures established under IREMP were accomplished in Phase I and II of the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project with a focus on long-term conservation and mitigation of habitat loss in the Kihansi Gorge ecosystems and upstream catchment areas.

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After closure of LKEMP, critical activities in the KST reintroduction plan merged under additional financing for Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP) with the objective of filling the financing gap required for the reintroduction of Kihansi Spray Toads (KST).

The KCCMP builds on and extends the work done earlier under the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) and under the current TEDAP bridging support, which constituted mitigation measures for the LKHP.

The project development objective is to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment. The project will compliment as well as assist on-going efforts of key resource regulatory authorities to conserve critically endangered and highly endemic plant and animal species in the Kihansi catchment. The KCCMP has 3 components, each with different set of activities and impacts as detailed in Section 2.6.

1.1.2 Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assesssment (ESIA)

The objective of the ESIA is to identify, assess and evaluate the potential likely adverse bio-physical and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project activities in the proposed area and propose mitigation measures. The ESIA will provide decision-makers in Vice President’s Office (VPO) – National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and the other stakeholders with sufficient information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance, modification or rejection of the project. It will also provide the basis for guiding subsequent actions, which will ensure that the project is carried out taking into account the environmental, socio-economic, cultural and health issues and concerns identified.

The objective focuses on establishing baseline information on both natural and built environment including socio-economic conditions of the proposed project in Kihansi Catchment; predict and evaluate foreseeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse; develop mitigation measures that aim at eliminating or minimizing the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones; and develop management clauses and monitoring aspects to be observed during project implementation

This requirement clearly presents a broad challenge on what type of activities that are environmentally friendly or need to be dealt with during the implementation of activities in the KCCMP.

The project falls under the category which Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory and the proponent has assigned a team of environmental consultants to carry out the ESIA of their proposed project according to the Environment Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations, G.N. No. 349 of 2005.

1.2 Scoping

1.2.1 The process

The scoping exercise had an aim of identifying key environmental issues and concerns requiring special attention. Scoping was done partly as a desktop study and by field reconnaissance of the project site. It involved review of literature and information and data on various aspects of the project. Stakeholders’ consultations were carried out to ensure that concerns of key stakeholders were addressed by the project design and subsequent implementation of the project. In line with the National Environmental Impact Assessment &

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Audit Regulations, G.N. No. 349 of 2005, the scoping report identified key environmental and social issues and concerns of stakeholders requiring special attention during the EIA study. The outcomes of the scoping exercise were used to develop the ToR for the EIA which were approved by NEMC.

To get the big picture of the existing situation on the site, the consultants carried outfield surveys. Activities included:

Appraisal of physical and environmental conditions of the project site and areas that might be impacted by the project - soils, hydrology, flora, fauna etc.

Appraisal of land use and assessment of other relevant socio-economic parameters

1.2.2 Key findings

Key issues and concerns will be related to: Location of Site and key characteristics: Carrying capacity of the catchment, Impacts of

forces of natural processes, aesthetics impacts. Socio-economic issues: Kihansi gorge and catchment, health, safety, security for the

Mufindi, Kilolo and Kilombero societies around the catchment. Impacts due to hydropower generation in relation to the current conditions of the water

permit. Impacts from off-site activities.

These issues were included in the Terms of Reference to guide the EIA study. The ToR as approved by NEMC is appended in this report as Annex1. Issues and concerns raised by stakeholders are summarized under Chapter 5.

1.3 Objective of the ESIA Study

1.3.1 General objective

NEMC undertook the environmental impact assessment of the proposed Kihansi catchment conservation management project to ensure management of wildlife and conservation of biodiversity in the Kihansi catchment area.

The ESIA was conducted in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Environment Management Act (EMA, 2004) Part IV of the EIA Regulations GN No. 349 of 2005 which provides the general objectives for carrying EIA, among others being: i) to ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the development of decision making process; ii) to anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and relevant effects of developmental proposal; iii) to protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and ecological processes which maintain their functions; and, iv) to promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resources use and management opportunities.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this ESIA study were: To establish baseline information on both natural and built environment including socio-

economic conditions of the proposed project area; To identify, predict and evaluate foreseeable impacts (beneficial and adverse) of the

proposed development;

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To develop mitigation measures aiming at eliminating or minimizing the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones;

To develop management and monitoring plans for ease of reference during project implementation.

1.4 Study Methodology

The methodology employed in conducting the impacts assessment (IA) is in line with the Environment Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005, GN No.349 of 2005. The study was undertaken based on checklists developed by Consultants complimented by past experience of the similar EIA studies. The adopted approach involved stakeholders’ consultations and environmental impacts assessment.

1.4.1 Stakeholders’ consultationsStakeholders were identified during the scoping exercise. The ESIA study applied different participatory methods to involve all the concerned stakeholders by conducting interviews with individuals or as focus groups. Through interviews and discussions, the stakeholders pointed out a number of issues and concerns. Relevant issues were noted and have been included in this ESIA study report.

1.4.2 Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts and Development of Mitigation MeasuresFor the proposed project, baseline information was gathered through literature review and field surveys. The purpose of carrying out this exercise was to determine baseline conditions prior to the development of the associated infrastructures; identify impacts following implementation of the project; impact evaluation and assessment at various stages of the project from commencement to its completion; development of mitigation options and plan and development of environmental and social monitoring plan.

Information on the bio-physical, socio-economic environment, institutional and legal conditions was collected from a variety of sources such as Kilombero District Council, Mufindi District Council, TANESCO, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Ministry of Energy and Minerals and through the Internet.

Field surveys were conducted by the consultants to obtain an overview of the existing situation within the catchment. These included: appraisal of physical and environmental conditions of the project site and areas that might be impacted by the project (soils, hydrology, flora and fauna); appraisal of land use practises to document impacts and sustainability of current practises; assessment of other relevant socio-economic parameters such as demographic dynamics, social profile, communities’ major means of livelihood and dependence on natural resources.

Impact assessment (evaluation) was carried out to determine those that would require interventions. Impacts assessment in this study involved establishment of assessment criteria and assessment of their significance. Mitigation measures (Annex 5) were developed for significant negative impacts and enhancement measures for positive impacts needed to sustain the benefits over a long period of time. A mitigation plan, which describes mitigation, monitoring and auditing management required to ensure proper implementation of the agreed mitigation measures and verification of predicted impacts, was developed. It also defined responsibilities for implementation of mitigation measures between various stakeholders. The plan involved undertaking activities during the design, implementation and operation phases

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of the project. Each activity was designed to eliminate, offset or reduce adverse impacts to acceptable levels.

1.4.3 Development of Environmental Monitoring PlanThe monitoring plan addresses four aspects of monitoring, baseline, impacts/effects, compliance and mitigation monitoring. Baseline monitoring determines the nature and ranges of natural variation and where possible to establish the process of change. Impact/effect monitoring quantifies environmental change that is associated with the project while compliance monitoring measures the extent in which mitigation measures comply with standards and laws. Mitigation monitoring, on the other hand, addresses the suitability and effectiveness of mitigation programmes designed to reduce or compensate for adverse effects of projects. The monitoring plan clearly shows responsibilities for monitoring and suggests indicative costs, frequency and indictors for carrying out monitoring.

1.5 Report Structure

This report is organized in twelve chapters. Chapter One is the introduction while Chapter Two entails the project background and its description. Chapter Three is on the policy, administrative and legal framework within which the project will operate. Chapter Four presents the baseline or existing conditions of the project site and area of influence. Chapter Five entails Stakeholders’ consultation and public participation while Chapter Six deals with assessment of impacts and identification of alternatives. Chapter Seven deals with impacts management or environmental mitigation measures while Chapter Eight presents the Environmental Management Plan. Environmental and social monitoring plan is presented in Chapter Nine. Chapter Ten is on resource evaluation or cost benefit analysis while Chapter Eleven is on completion. The last Chapter Twelve gives the summary and conclusions of the report.

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CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Geographical Location

The Kihansi gorge is located on the eastern part of Udzungwa Mountains at the Mufindi-Kilombero border (Figure 2.1). The Kihansi Gorge is approximately 85 kilometres southeast of Iringa, in south-eastern Tanzania at 35052’E and 8014’S. The mountains contain high concentrations of endemic plant and animal species. The Kihansi gorge is an important site for biodiversity within the Udzungwa Mountains because of the presence of unusual habitats including the spray wetlands and montane forest.

The Kihansi catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The Udzungwa forest reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest, grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and upstream it spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi administrative districts (Figure 2.2). The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. Downstream of the catchment is the Kilombero valley.

Figure 2.1: Location of Kihansi River Catchment with riparian districts (Valimba, 2013)

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The catchment itself has at least 20 identified water sources identified by the Rufiji Basin Water Office (RBWO) upstream in Kilolo and Mufindi Districts (Kilolo: Kilomele, MadeteIlambwa, Mahare, Kiguka, Ng’embe, Ngohwani, Msuyu, Kitalawe, Kidope and Mseve; Mufindi: Kidope, Lwanzala, Kimanyu, Mkulubanzi, Mlungu, Mongoro, Mnyazungwa, Muhu, Mapanda and Igeleke). Activities of the project will thus focus on these identified water sources.

2.2 Accessibility

The Kihansi River catchment is accessible by road and railway. The TAZARA railway transects just outside the southern border (catchment boundary) with its station at Mlimba Town, which is about 25 km from the KPS connected by a tarmac road. This road is part of the ~ 150 km Ifakara-Mlimba road, which is predominantly gravel and in few stretches earth but of poor quality surface being almost impassable during the wet season. From KPS, the Kihansi-Iringa road goes up the mountains as part of the Dam access road to branch north-eastwards towards Ukami Village (Figure 2.2). This part of the road has a surface sprinkled with gravel and periodically affected by surface runoff and landslides of cut-off sections of mountains allowing for its construction.

The Kihansi Gorge is not easily accessible; it can be accessed by foot from the Kihansi Dam or from KPS. The footpaths up the nearly 900 meter from the KPS up to the Kihansi dam are narrow, slippery and steeply sloping making the journey through the gorge difficult and even dangerous for people who may not be used to such steep and hilly terrain.

Figure 2.2: Accessibility to Kihansi River Catchment (Valimba, 2013).

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2.3 Project Scope and Activities

The Project is full-sized with a five year implementation period, with the key objective being ‘to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment’. This development objective will be achieved through the implementation of activities categorised into three key components: a) Institutional capacity building for the management of Kihansi catchment, b) Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment and c) Project management.

The KCCMP is aligned under the CBD with five major Aichi Biodiversity Strategic Goals for 2011 – 2020: Strategic Goal A - Mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society; Strategic Goal B – Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use; Strategic Goal C – Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity; Strategic Goal D - Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem series; and Strategic Goal E – Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management, and capacity building.

Component 1: Institutional capacity building for the management of the Kihansi catchmentThe objective of this component is to support the preparation of technical guidelines that will assist to improve (i) future river basin planning and (ii) future EIAs for water resources infrastructure project by integrating downstream impacts related to reduced water availability, or environmental flow assessment; the key impact of which will be improved future water resources in environmental planning and decision making. Component 1 will also support preparation of a communication strategy and sustainable financing. None of these are physical interventions, but are aimed at improving knowledge and awareness and understanding of the complex issues at hand and improving sustainability of the project interventions. Component 1 comprises of two sub-components:

Subcomponent 1.1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow AssessmentThe objective of this subcomponent is to incorporate biodiversity conservation at a planning level into Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning (IWRDMP) under the WSDP. Under the LKEMP (2001-2011) support was provided for the development of the 2004 Environmental Management Act (EMA) and 10 implementing regulations. LKEMP also informed important reforms in the water sector; it influenced the preparation of the 2002 National Water Policy (NAWAPO), including an innovative provision on environmental water allocation, and 2009 Water Resources Management Act and Regulations. The EMA, NAWAPO and the associated regulations provided an important legal framework for the integration of biodiversity conservation in river basin planning. However, to fully operationalize biodiversity conservation in river basin planning in Tanzania, an operational framework and guidelines relevant to river basin planning and EIA, which integrates environmental flow assessment, are required.

Operational guidelines and procedures for conducting downstream Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA). The National Environmental Policy (1997) requires that all developers both public and private conduct an EIA prior to any development project. This policy was codified in the 2004 Environmental Management Act. However, operational guidelines and procedures for conducting Environmental Flow Assessment and assessing the downstream impacts of major development projects on environmental flows are absent or poorly defined. The project will provide support for the development of operational guidelines and

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procedures to conduct (1) Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) for purposes of adequately addressing downstream impacts of water resource infrastructure in future EIAs; and (2) for mainstreaming environmental flow assessment in Rufiji river basin planning. This activity will serve as a pilot program for the broader WSDP which is working in nine river basins in Tanzania.

Communication Strategy (CS) for improving the understanding of the water and environmental linkages. Central to ensuring the long-term sustainability of biodiversity conservation in the Rufiji River basin is improving the understanding among important stakeholders as to the importance of incorporating downstream environmental flows in river basin plans. The project will provide support for the development and implementation of a communication strategy related to the incorporation of environmental flows into river basin and catchment planning.

Subcomponent 1.2: Develop a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi catchmentThe project will provide support for the development of a financing plan for the management of the Kihansi catchment. Under this subcomponent, support will be provided for two activities. First, the project will support an analysis of the valuation of ecosystem services within the Kihansi catchment along with a detailed examination of fixed and recurrent costs associated with catchment management. As part of this analysis, a detailed assessment will be conducted of the economics of the Lower Kihansi Hydro Power Plant (LKHP) including a valuation of the negotiated final water right for electrical generation. Second, the project will develop a financing plan for the Kihansi catchment which identifies financing options for the long-term management of the Kihansi catchment. The most probable buyer of ecosystem services would be TANESCO which operates the LKHP. As part of the preparation of a financing plan, possibilities of linking to existing and potential Trust Funds including the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund (EAMCEF) and Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund will be assessed. These activities will be conducted by NEMC and LGA’s and the project will provide support for required consultancies.

Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchmentThis component focuses on operational level interventions in the Kihansi catchment to ensure the conservation of critically endangered plant and animal species and their critical habitat are conserved and sustainably managed over the long-term. This component comprises of two subcomponents.

Subcomponent 2.1: Species and habitat conservationContinued reintroduction and monitoring of the Kihansi Spray Toad. The project will provide support for the continued reintroduction of the Kihansi Spray Toad back to the wild which began under TEDAP in June 2012. In November 2011, a reintroduction plan for the Kihansi Spray Toad was finalized based on the input and collaboration among more than 15 national and international institutions including NEMC, TAWIRI, UDSM, SUA State University of New York, Syracuse, Universities of Utah, Tennessee, Southern Illinois, California, Santa Cruz, and Georgia, North West University, IUCN Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, IUCN Amphibian Specialist Group, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), San Diego, Toledo, and Bronx Zoos, and Global Wildlife Conservation.

The reintroduction of the KST back to the wild is precedent setting and has global conservation significance for a number of reasons. First, it represents the first reintroduction

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of an extinct-in-the-wild amphibian species, worldwide. Secondly, it is the first reintroduction of an amphibian species in Africa; and thirdly, it is the first reintroduction of an amphibian species in the tropics where chytrid fungus is endemic. The continued reintroduction of the KST back to the Kihansi Gorge will be conducted by staff, students, and faculty from UDSM, SUA, and TAWIRI with technical backstopping from IUCN and other CSO’s.

In-situ control and mitigation of chytrid fungus and other diseases . The reintroduction of the KST back to the wild will be pioneering new methodologies and techniques to control and/or mitigate the impact of chytrid fungus on amphibian species in the tropics. The project will support a multi-pronged strategy to mitigate the impact of chytrid fungus on the KST which will include: (1) allowing natural selection to select for individuals that are resistant to chytrid fungus through the repeated release of large numbers of animals. It is known that many amphibian species have the ability to develop over time resistance to chytrid fungus. Because of the large captive KST population in breeding facilities in Tanzania and the United States -- the largest captive population of any extinct-in-the-wild or critically endangered species worldwide -- it will be possible to reintroduce back to the gorge 4,000 – 5,000 individuals annually; (2) isolating bacteria on the skin of the KST which inhibits chytrid fungus and inoculating released animals with this bacteria. Researchers in North America have been success in isolating host-specific bacteria on amphibians which inhibit chytrid fungus; (3) manipulating the density of the KST in experimental enclosures in the spray wetlands. Disease transmission rates are a function of animal density and thus controlling the density of KST in enclosures is a potential strategy for controlling disease transmission in the wild; (4) regularly treating selective animals with anti-fungal agents. There is a wide variety of drugs available to treat chytridiomycosis. Thus selectively treating animals which are housed in experimental enclosures in the Kihansi Gorge is another strategy for controlling disease transmission rates in the wild. As a result of this innovative multi-pronged strategy, the probability of successfully controlling chytrid fungus and other diseases in situ should be quite high.

In implementing the KST reintroduction plan, the project will adopt a collaborative experimentally-driven adaptive management approach, which under LKEMP proved to be highly effective. The project will provide support for annual consultations among project personnel, national and international researchers, and other important stakeholders for the purposes of defining the scope and boundaries of the required research and studies and to establish a self-sustaining population. In addition, the project will provide support for several international workshops on in situ mitigation of chytrid fungus and other amphibian diseases. It is important that information and findings are freely and regularly exchanged among institutions, scientists, and project personnel involved in research, monitoring, and assessment in the Kihansi Gorge as well as between institutions and individuals involved in the in situ and ex situ conservation activities of the Kihansi Spray Toad.

Conservation of spray wetland habitat. Central to the long-term of the reintroduction of the Kihansi Spray Toad back to the wild is maintaining the spray wetland habitat. The project will provide support to conserve and manage the spray wetland habitat in the Kihansi Gorge and monitor essential environmental flows in the Kihansi Gorge.

Ecological monitoring. Ecological monitoring is essential to the KST reintroduction plan. The project will provide support for the monitoring of key ecological indicators following the established “Gibbs” protocols. The following Tier 1 ecological indicators will be monitored:

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the KST population and other spray wetland-dependent amphibian species, air temperature and humidity, water quality, wetland vegetation, wetland invertebrates, and catchment land use practices.

Ecological monitoring will be conducted by faculty and staff from UDSM, SUA, TAWIRI, with technical support from IUCN and other CSO’s. All ecological data will be entered into an ecological database by the individuals who collect the data. Copies of the database will be held by UDSM, TAWIRI, and NEMC. A summary report detailing long-term trends in key ecological indicators will be produced every 18 months.

Captive KST population. Central to ensuring the long-term success of the reintroduction of the KST back to the wild is having a large healthy assurance population from which large numbers of individuals can be drawn for purposes of reintroduction and experimentation. The project will provide resources to retain specialist services needed to maintain the captive breeding program in captive breeding facilities in Tanzania and in the United States. The project will also provide resources to enable key staff to undertake monitoring and/or training visits to these captive breeding facilities.

Mapping and management of other endangered species and critical habitats in the Kihansi catchment. As part of an overall strategy to conserve the critically endangered and endemic plant and animal in the Kihansi catchment, the project will provide support for the mapping, monitoring, and the development of management plans for the other critically endangered plant and animal species in the Kihansi catchment. These activities will be conducted by staff, students, and faculty from UDSM, SUA, and TAWIRI with technical backstopping from IUCN and other CSO’s.

In 2004, a new species of coffee was described from the Kihansi Gorge. This species is known only from the gorge and thus was listed immediately as critically endangered. Over the last decade, 1 – 3 new species of butterfly have also been tentatively identified from the Kihansi Gorge. However, the conservation status of these new species is poorly known as well as the taxonomic status of the butterfly species. The project will provide support for the taxonomic identification and description of the new butterfly species, identification of the host plant species for the butterflies and population viability analysis of the coffee and host plant species.

If these latter analyses reveal a high risk of extinction in the near term for the coffee and butterfly host plant species, then the project will support the development and implementation of appropriate mitigation activities including the establishment of an ex situ population of the coffee in an appropriate botanical garden (e.g., Amani botanical garden); and the installation of a drip-irrigation system for the coffee and the host plant species. Support will be provided for necessary consultancies with the objective of developing national capacity.

Kihansi Catchment Management Plan. The project will provide support for the development and implementation of a Kihansi Catchment Management Plan (KCMP). An important objective of this plan is to map the location of biodiversity rich sites (i.e., sites which contain unusually high numbers of plant and animal species rather than the individual locations of critically endangered species), important water source areas (i.e., springs, ground water recharge sites, and forest and grass covered sites), destructive land use practices, and illegal water abstractions in the Kihansi catchment. The KCMP will prioritize the protection of

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biodiversity hotspots and important water source areas in the Kihansi catchment and propose the appropriate protected area status and management system for these sites. As part of this activity, the project will provide support for the legal gazettement and management of biodiversity hotspots and important water source areas. In collaboration with LGA’s, Water User Associations, and village environmental committees, the KCMP will also develop a land use and agricultural practice zonation plan for the Kihansi catchment for purposes of enhancing water quality and quantity in the catchment. The project will provide support for a consultancy to assist in the development KCMP.

Subcomponent 2.2: Community Conservation and LivelihoodsThe KCMP will help guide and prioritize community conservation activities within 14 upstream villages. Under LKEMP, an assessment was conducted of pesticide use in upstream villages and concentrations in LKHP reservoir soil sediments and water. Significant concentrations of pesticides were detected in reservoir sediments. However, fortunately toxicology experiments revealed that current pesticide concentrations in reservoir sediments are below the lethal limit for the Kihansi Spray Toad. Yet due to rapid human population growth and agricultural expansion in the Kihansi catchment pesticide use will almost certainly increase in the future unless an integrated pest management practice program is introduced and implemented in the catchment. In addition, a recent UDSM hydrological study in the Kihansi catchment has predicted that dry season flows in the Kihansi river will likely decline over the next 20 years due to changes in water use and land use in the catchment. This study noted that significant reductions of inflows will most likely be a result of increased upstream water abstraction, land use changes and climate change. Currently, TANESCO and the RBWB are identifying and mapping important water sources areas that would need protection.

Community Conservation and Livelihoods. The project will provide support through participartory planning for the pilot investment in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in 14 upstream villages in the Kihansi catchment. The project will also provide support for pilot investments in alternate livelihood activities in the Kihansi catchment based on particpant consultation and preferences in the use, timing, and application of pesticides, terracing, mulching, intercropping, shelter crops, the planting of insect trap crops, soil stabilizing grasses and shrubs, native species woodlots, fruit trees, and the marketing of fruit. These activities will be promoted as alternatives to traditional valley-bottom cultivation. These village level activities will be organized and implemented by district and LGA authorities, Water Use Associations, and Village Environmental Committees.

To facilitate the implementation of the Kihansi Catchment Management Plan and the adoption of IPM and other livelihood activities that enhance water quality and quantity, the project will provide training to local communities and key staff in IPM methods and appropriate land use practices. In addition, training will be provided to key staff in population-level assessment, mapping, and monitoring of endangered plant and animal species and critical habitats, the valuation of catchment-wide ecological services, and enforcement of environmental and water regulations.

The training of key staff will be conducted through short courses and tutorials for purposes of enhancing national capacity and project sustainability in endangered species conservation and management and enforcement of water resources and environmental regulations.

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Component 3: Project ManagementNEMC will be responsible for project coordination at the national, regional, district and village levels. This will entail facilitating and coordinating the Steering and Technical Advisory Committees as well as providing overall multi-sectoral coordination among governmental sectors. In addition, under this component support will be provided for day-to-day project implementation and management including, procurement, and financial and environmental management. The component will provide support for office operating costs including annual audit costs.

Implementation of the proposed KCCMP will involve multiple governmental under the leadership and coordination by NEMC. Key implementing entities will include: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), Rufiji Basin Water Board (RBWB), Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Local Government Authorities (LGAs) within the catchment, and the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM).

2.6 KCCM Project Social Benefits

The project is expected to generate positive social benefits through catchment management investments that improve agricultural practices in the catchment and reduce degradation of the natural resources base. The project will propose the formation of a Sub-catchment Management Committees and support existing Water Users Associations to oversee project implementation in the Kihansi Catchment including the promotion of alternative livelihood activities among riparian communities which will benefit from improved water quality and quantity. Communities from 14 upstream villages upstream in the Mufindi and Kilolo districts will be the main project implementers and beneficiaries of livelihood investments.

2.7 Environmental Benefits of KCCMP

The project triggers one World Bank Safeguards Policy, OP/BP Environmental Assessment (4.01) and has been assigned Environmental Assessment Category B – Partial Assessment. Given the small works envisioned under Component 2 to implement sub-catchment management activities, improve land and water uses practices and promote alternative community livelihood interventions, appropriate mitigation measures will be undertaken to address environmental impacts. An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) will be carried out prior to project appraisal to establish likely environmental issues and recommend an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). As part of the ESIA, a social assessment will be carried out to determine current pesticide use and concentration levels in the catchment. The results of the ESIA will be incorporated in the ESMP, which will also address KST reintroduction risks and will complement the existing EMP for TANESCO’s operation of the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant. The main implementing agency, NEMC has adequate in-house capacity to supervise, monitor, and guide the implementation of safeguard policies among the other implementing sectors and departments. NEMC will work closely with and provide oversight of the LGAs and particularly the Village Environmental Committees, as per requirement of the Environmental Management Act (2004).

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CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 IntroductionThe proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project(KCCMP) is targeted at the integration of biodiversity conservation at both an operational and planning level into the Water Sectoral Development Project (WSDP).This is to ensure that all environmental impacts are addressed and meets the required policies and/or legal regime operating in Tanzania. This section discusses Tanzania national and sectoral policies and legislation, which are relevant to environmental and social issues pertaining to the planning and implementation of the KCCMP.

3.2 Need for EIAEnvironment Impact Assessment (EIA) is considered to be one of the planning tools which is used to facilitate and promote sustainable development by integrating environmental consideration in the decision making process to ensure that unnecessary damage to the environment can be avoided. Due to the importance of EIA, most sector policies and legislation have incorporated the requirement of undertaking EIA in the designing and implementing development activities.

The National Environmental Policy (1997) and the Environmental Management Act (2004) make EIA mandatory for some development projects. There are also several other sectoral policy documents that recommend EIA as a tool for ensuring sustainable development is achieved. These include the National Environment Action Plan (URT, 1994)2, and the National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development (NEMC, 1995).3 The Environment Management Act EIA Regulations (2005) provides a guide to carry EIA in Tanzania. These Regulations provide a list of projects (Schedule 3 of the EMA 2004), which must be subjected to EIA before they are implemented. In addition there are a number of laws that categorically state that environmental impact assessment is a necessity before the project is approved for implementation.

3.3 Relevant PoliciesThe following are relevant sectoral and cross–sectoral policies which provide directives on how projects should be operated in/on concerned natural resources and sensitive ecosystems. The project proponent will consult these policies in the course of implementing the proposed KCCM project activities.

3.3.1 The National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997)4

Chapter 4, Paragraph 64 of the NEP states that “It is in the context of an EIA regime that policy guidance on choices to maximise long-term benefits of development and environmental objectives can be revealed and decided upon. EIA as a planning tool shall be used to integrate environmental considerations in the decision making process in order to ensure un-necessary damage to the environment is avoided”. On public consultation the policy in paragraph 66 states “One of the cornerstones of the EIA process will be the institution of public consultations and public hearing in the EIA procedures”. During

2 URT 1994. National Environmental Action Plan3 NEMC 1995. National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development4 URT, 1997.National Environmental Policy

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undertaking ESIA for the proposed KCCMP, public consultation has been given due consideration.

3.3.2 National Forest Policy (1998)The forest policy calls for conservation of unique ecosystems and biological diversity, considering the needs of local populations and appropriate management and utilisation of natural resources, sustainable management of reserved forest will be defined and management responsibility promoted. The proposed KCCM will focus on Biodiversity conservation and management as well as watershed management and soil conservation will be included in the management plans.

3.3.3 The National Wildlife Policy (URT, 2007)The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania refers on the enforcing EIA process for developments in Protected Areas (Pas) and requesting for environmental planning for developments to be carried out in wildlife areas outside Pas in order to minimize negative impacts.

3.3.4 The National Land Policy (URT, 1995)The National Land Policy advocates the protection of land resources from degradation for sustainable development. The policy addresses several environmental issues; among of them is land use planning. Land use planning takes into consideration the land capability, ensures proper management of urban/rural land resources, promote resource sharing and multiple land use techniques in area of conflicting land use, and lastly advocates the involvement of community in resource management, land use and conflict resolution.

On Environmental assessment the national land policy directs that certificate, permits, licenses, claims and rights for exploration of natural resources should be issued in line with land use policies, and environmental conservation policies, programmes and guidelines.

3.3.5 The National Water Policy (URT, 2002)The National water policy recognizes that water is needed for various multi-sectoral uses (or socio-economic activities) including domestic supply, hydropower generation, food security and export crops, livestock, industrial uses, mining, fisheries, navigation and the environment. It is in this broad context that it has adopted integrated water resources management as a paradigm for managing water resources. Furthermore, the policy recognizes that water needs for the environment (ecosystems) is a legal use of water and it has been granted a second priority in the water allocation priorities after water needs for human uses of water. However, criteria for prioritization of water use at different times of year to address the growing competition for water are lacking, resulting into conflicts among users. In addition, there are no guidelines or procedures in place for uniformly estimating water needs for environmental uses of water.

3.3.6 Rural Development Policy (1996)The Rural Development Policy (RDP) augments the Development Vision for Tanzania and serves to lay down the parameters for a Rural Development Strategy (RDS). Both the RDP and the RDS strive to improve the well-being of rural dwellers with a view to eradicating poverty. The RDP focuses on four key issues: i) promotion of widely shared economic growth; ii) increasing opportunities and access to social and economic services; iii) reducing risks and vulnerability; and, iv) enhancing good governance.

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An important provision in this policy relevant to the proposed KCCMP states that for the planning of special and protected areas, “The government shall ensure sustainable and profitable utilisation of the natural resources for the benefit of rural people by involving local communities in management and utilisation of these resources”. This requirement calls for the need to undertake ESIA prior to this project. Because EIA advocates for stakeholders participation, the involvement of the surrounding population will ensure that they benefit from the proposed development project.

3.4 World Bank Safeguard PoliciesWorld Bank Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) Environmental Assessment – BP 4.01 and OP 4.01 require environmental assessment of projects proposed that are consider to have potential adverse impacts upon the environment to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable. Environmental Assessment is one of the 10 environmental, social, and legal Safeguard Policies of the World Bank, which aim at improving decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted.

In accordance with the Bank guidelines, KCCMP has been classified as category B. The following safeguards are triggered: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Forests (OP/BP 4.36), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12).

3.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)This policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects.

Operational Policy 4.01 further requires that the EA/EMP report must be disclosed as a separate and stand-alone document by the Government of Tanzania and the World Bank as a condition for bank appraisal of this project. The World Bank system assigns a project to one of three project categories and the project has thus been screened and assigned an EA Category B. This category of projects are defined as projects likely to have potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats and are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The EA process for Category B projects examines the potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance.

3.4.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)This policy aims at the conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment. The policy is essential for long term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats.

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Natural Habitats are land and water areas where the ecosystems’ biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and human activity has not essentially modified the areas primary ecological functions. The policy recognizes the important role of biological, social, economic, and existence value of natural habitats, including natural arid and semi-arid lands, mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries, sea grass beds, coral reefs, freshwater lakes and rivers;

Therefore, the Natural Habitats policy may be triggered in certain cases because the investments proposed under the project may have potential impact within the catchment, where rivers and forests immensely contribute to the sustainability of critical ecosystems. The natural ecosystems of the wetlands, rivers and forests are known to support varying degrees of natural complexities of flora and fauna.

This policy requires that any activities that adversely impact these ecosystems are successfully mitigated so that the balance of the ecosystems are maintained or enhanced. Specific measures to enhance ecosystem functions must include provision for monitoring and evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide guidance for developing or refining appropriate corrective actions.

3.4.3 Forests (OP 4.36)This operational policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. The policy recognizes the role forests play in poverty alleviation, economic development, and for providing local as well as global environmental services. Success in establishing sustainable forest conservation and management practices depends not only on changing the behaviour of all critical stakeholders, but also on a wide range of partnerships to accomplish what no country, government agency, donor, or interest group can do alone.

The forest strategy suggests three equally important and interdependent pillars to guide future Bank involvement with forests including harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty, integrating forests in sustainable economic development, and protecting vital local and global environmental services and forest values.

This policy applies to the World Bank-financed investment projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests, projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests and projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned.

This safeguard will be triggered as some of the catchment management activities will involve planting of tree to stabilize slopes as well as reduce erosion rate and siltation to the river.

3.4.4 Pest Management (OP 4.09)The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. A preferred solution is to use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques and encourage their use in the whole of the sectors concerned.

This policy aims at assisting proponents to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health. The Bank supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or

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environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. For World Bank funded agriculture projects, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach resort.

The policy supports use of pesticides for public health projects in controlling pests where environmental methods alone are not effective. The policy calls for assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users for procurement of any pesticide in Bank-financed projects.

The policy requires that any pesticides it finances be manufactured, packaged, labelled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the Bank. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II5, if the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.

This policy will be triggered by the project due to application of pesticides and herbicides in valley bottoms within the catchment and application of fungicides prior to the reintroduction of KST as well as treating the reintroduced caged population in the spray wetlands in Kihansi Gorge.

3.4.5 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that emerge from Bank-financed investment projects, and are caused by; involuntary taking of land resulting in relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets, or loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas.

The objective of this policy is to avoid where feasible, or minimize the resettlement, exploring all viable alternative project designs. The policy calls for sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share project benefits and to improve their livelihoods. The standards of living should be restored, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

This policy is triggered because the proposed project is envisaged to entail some restriction of livelihood and other activities to selected critical habitats and water sources, which will be earmarked for protection. Therefore, consistent with OP 4.12, a Process Framework will be prepared to manage any implications for communities relying on natural resources in these areas.

5Copies of the classification, which is updated annually, are available in the Sectoral Library. A draft Standard Bidding Document for Procurement of Pesticides is available from OPCPR.

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3.5 Legal Framework

3.5.1 The Environmental Management Act (2004)The Environmental Management Act (2004) repealed the National Environmental Management Act, 1983 and provides for continued existence of the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC). EMA introduces a concept of right of Tanzanians to clean, safe and healthy environment and right of Tanzanians to access to various segment of environment for recreational, educational, health, spiritual, cultural and economic purposes (Section 4 (1) and (2)).

Under this Act, NEMC is mandated to undertake enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of environmental impact assessment and has a role of facilitating public participation in environmental decision making, exercise general supervision and coordinating over all matters relating to the environment. The Act also requires the Council to determine whether a proposed project should be subjected to an EIA, approves consultants to undertake the EIA study, invites public comments and also has the statutory authority to issue the certificate of approval. This new Act imposes an obligation on developers to conduct an EIA prior to the commencement of the project to determine whether the project may/or is likely to have, or will have a significant impact on the environment. Article 82 makes EIA mandatory to all projects that fall under the EIA mandatory list (Schedule 3).

3.5.2 Village Land Act (1999)The Village Land Act No.5 of 1999 is arguably amongst the laws that most directly impact the well-being of most Tanzanians. Unlike the Land Act, the Village Land Act has in its provisions, which bear witness of some attempt to learn from past problems and experiences. The Act suggests that the major parts of the administration of land have been decentralized to the village and that there are firm guarantees in place to protect the smaller-holder security of tenure. Fundamentally, the Act vests all village land in the village. The precise distribution of authority between the Village Council and the Village Assembly is not always defined, but the underlying principle is clearly that Village Land is vested in the Village Assembly and that the Village Council administers the land through the authority of the Village Assembly.

The Village Land Act through section 18 (1) states that a “customary” right of occupancy is in every respect of equal status and effect to a granted right of occupancy. The meaning of this statement is somewhat unclear as the holder of customary rights answers to a different set of rules with different hindrances and privileges than does a holder of a granted right of occupancy. This statement in its own right is unimportant because the status of customary rights will only be determined by the way in which the law will be administered.

However, section 60 of the Act makes special provisions for the establishment of a Village Land Council “to mediate between and assist parties to arrive mutually acceptable resolution on any matters concerning the village land. Sections 11 and 58 of the Act show that for some reasons, the Village Land Council jurisdiction has been limited to cases related to land sharing arrangements with other villages and land sharing.

Since the proposed KCCMP will be carried out in the part of village lands, the provisions given in this Act need to carefully be dealt with.

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3.5.3 Wildlife Conservation Act (2009)The objective of this law is to protect, conserve and administer areas with great biological biodiversity; protect and conserve wildlife resources and its habitats. Section 35 under this Act provides legal requirement of conducting EIA for significant intervention in wildlife protected areas and their associated dispersal areas. The act provides legal framework for various uses of wildlife resources within and outside protected areas. This EIA addressed the requirements of the act in terms of protection and conservation of wildlife resources

3.5.4 The Forest Act (2002)The law provides the promotion and enhancement of the contribution of forest sector to the sustainable development and conservation and management of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. The law also encourage and facilitate the active participation of the citizens in the sustainable planning, management, use and conserve forest resources through the development of individual and community. To ensure ecosystem stability through conservation of forests biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility.

3.5.5 The Water Resource Management Act (2009)This is a new legislation that has repealed the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act (1974). The Act provides for institutional and legal framework for sustainable management and development of water resources; outlines principles for water resources management; for prevention and control of water pollution; and provides for participation of stakeholders and general public in implementation of the National Water Policy. Its main objective is to ensure that the nations water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in ways that among others meets the basic human needs of present and future generations, prevents and controls pollution of water resources and protects biological diversity especially the aquatic ecosystems.

According to section 39 (1) of this act, owner or occupier of land on which any activity or process is or was performed or undertaken, or any other situation exists which causes has caused or is likely to cause pollution of a water source, shall take all reasonable measures to prevent any such pollution from occurring, continuing or recurring. It is stated under section 39 (2) that a Basin Water Board may direct any person who fails to take the measures required under subsection (1) to commence taking measures before a given date; diligently continue with those measures and complete the measures before a given date.

Section 40 (1) states that where a person fails to comply or complies inadequately with a directive given under Section 39 (2), the Basin Water Board may take measures as it considers necessary to remedy the situation. Section 40 (2) provides that the responsible person, any other person involved in the incident or any person with knowledge of the incident must, as soon as is practicable after obtaining knowledge of the incident, report the incident to the Basin Water Board or any public officer and the a responsible person shall take all reasonable measures to contain and minimise the effects of the incident; undertake clean-up procedures; and take such measures as the Basin Water Board may verbally or in writing direct, and any verbal directions shall be confirmed in writing within fourteen days to have effect under this subsection.

The KCCMP will strive to comply with the provisions of the Water Resource Management Act of 2009.

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3.5.6 Land Use Planning Act (2007)The Act established the Land Use Planning Commission, which is the principal advisory organ of the Government on all matters, related to land use. The Act has the function of formulating policy on land use planning, coordinating the activities of all bodies concerned with land use planning matters, and evaluating existing and proposed policies and activities of the Government directed to the safeguarding of land against its wrongful, wasteful or premature use or development and, on that basis, recommend policies and programs which will achieve more effective protection and enhancement of the land quality and encourage better land use planning.

Other functions include recommending measures to ensure Government policies are complied with, including those for the development and conservation of land. This is also an important environmental provision, which introduces the requirements for environmental impact assessment at least in respect of land use matters.

3.5.7 National EIA and Audit Regulations (2005)Alongside the EMA 2004, the Government has also prepared Regulations for EIA (UTR, 2005) that lists potential projects that require mandatory EIA. The Regulations further describe how ESIA should be carried out and provide guidance on the practice of EIA in Tanzania.

3.6 International Conventions and Agreements

3.6.1 East African Community Treaty (1999)The Treaty establishing the East African Community was signed by heads of government of the partner states on November 30, 1999 in Arusha, Tanzania and came into force on July 7, 2000. The East African Community was formally launched on January 15, 2001. With five Party States including Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, the broad goal of the East African Community is to enhance cooperation in all areas for mutual benefit of the Partner States.

Among the East African Community objectives is to promote a sustainable growth and equitable development of Partner States including rational utilization of the regions natural resources and protection of the environment. Kihansi Catchment in the Udzungwa mountains and the habitats are main concerns of KCCM project and are part of the natural resources, which this treaty aims at conserving. This ESIA study bears a very close relationship to this Treaty because the proposed area for this project has abundant and diverse fauna and flora.

3.6.2 The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)Convention on Biological resources is a comprehensive, binding agreement covering the use and conservation of biodiversity and requires countries to develop and implement strategies for sustainable use and protection of biodiversity; use of its components and the fair equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. It is dedicated to promoting sustainable development and was conceived as a practical tool for translating the principles of Agenda 21 into reality. The KCCMP will abide to the provisions of the convention in respect to Tanzania laws. This EIA has addressed the need to conserve such biodiversity as part of the CBD requirement.

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3.6.3 IUCN Red ListThe IUCN Red List is the most comprehensive information source on the status of wild species and their links to livelihoods. Some of the organisms which are found in Kihansi catchment area belong to the category of endangered and threatened species according to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Convention for International Trade for Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). The proposed KCCMP must address mitigation options for existing threaten and endangered species found in the catchment such as KST.

3.6.4 Convention on Climate Change (1992)Adopted in May 1992, the Convention on Climate Change sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenges posed by climate change. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared resource whose stability can be affected by industrial and other emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Convention enjoys near universal membership with 192 countries including Tanzania having ratified.

3.7 Guidelines

3.7.1 The Tanzania Development Vision 2025The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 is an economic and social development vision, which emanates from reforms that have been pursued since 1986. The vision is a result of public participation in the process, which begun in 1995. The vision is aimed at achieving high quality livelihood, good governance and the rule of law and a strong and competitive economy. One of the specific targets in vision 2025 includes management of water resources as an important resource to enable Tanzania achieve its Development Vision objectives (both social and economic), such as eradicating poverty, attaining water and food security, sustaining biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems. Ensuring good quality and adequate quantity of water in Kihansi Catchment through this project contributes to the attainment of the vision 2025.

3.7.2 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2011-2015)The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (NSGRP) or MKUKUTA is a revised version of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) of 2000. The strategy has three main outcomes and number of goals within each of these. The goals of this strategy are growth of income and the reduction of poverty, improved quality of life and social well-being and good governance and accountability. NSGRP recognizes the heavy dependence of the poor on the environment (soil, water and forests), in particular household’s reliance on environmental resources for income generation. Water is considered a key factor for social economic development and the fight against poverty.

3.8 Institutional FrameworkThere is an overall institutional and legal framework for the management and protection of our environmental in the national context. The responsibility for the management and protection of the environment presently lies with the Departments of the Environment (DoE) and the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) under Vice President’s Office. NEMC is assigned with the responsibility of ensuring that environmental regulations developed under EMA are complied.

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3.8.1 Environmental FrameworksA National Environmental Policy (NEP) has been prepared in 1997. The goal of the National Environmental Policy is to achieve sustainable development in Tanzania through sound environmental management. The overall policy objective seek to provide the framework for making fundamental changes that needs to bring environmental consideration in to the mainstream of decision making in Tanzania. It seeks to provide policy guideline, plans, and provides for monitoring and regular review of policies, plans and progammes. It further provides for sect oral and cross-sectoral policy analysis in order to achieve compatibility among sectors and interest groups and exploit synergies among them. Specific objectives of the (NEP) include:

Ensure sustainability, security and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations without degrading the environment or risking health or safety;

Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation, and air which constitute our life support systems;

Conserve and enhance our natural and man-made heritage, including the biological diversity of the unique ecosystems of Tanzania

Improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas including rural and urban settlement in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthful, productive and aesthetically pleasing surroundings;

Raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development, and promote individual and community participation in environmental action; and

Promote international cooperation on the environmental agenda, and expand our participation and contribution to relevant bilateral, sub-regional, regional and global organizations and programs, including implementation of Treaties.

The following strategies will be pursued in order to achieve the policy goals and objectives. To establish and/or strengthen environmental management, environmental protection

standards and law enforcement for environmental quality and resource use; To make prior environmental impact assessment (EIA) of proposed activities which may

significantly affect the environment or use of a natural resource and to provide relevant information, in a timely manner;

To promote environmental management and sustainable management of Kihansi catchment through establishing a sustainable financing plan in place;

To cooperate with communities implementing livelihoods activities to traditional valley bottom cultivation, providing training of local communities and key staff in relevant sectors in IPM and appropriate land use practices, ecological monitoring and assessment;

Sharing knowledge and best practices in environmental protection, endangered species conservation among national and international CSO.

The legal basis for the implementation of the NEP (2007) and for environmental management and protection in Tanzania is the Environmental Management Act of 2004. EMA 2004 provides for a legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment, prevention and control pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards, public participation, environmental compliance and enforcement. The Environmental Management Act (EMA) 2004 gives NEMC mandates to perform the following tasks amongst others:

To enforce and ensure compliance of the national environmental quality standards.

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To review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and conduct environmental monitoring and auditing of projects and facilities.

To undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in the field of environment and collect, and disseminate information.

To carry-out research and surveys for the proper management and conservation of environment.

To initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental degradation.

To enhance environmental education and public awareness; and establish and operate national environmental information system for sound environmental management.

To publish and disseminate manuals, codes and guidelines relating to environmental management and prevention or abatement of environmental degradation.

3.8.2 EIA Procedures and GuidelinesAlongside the EMA 2004, the Government has also prepared EIA and Audit Regulations GN No. 349 of 2005 which provides the guidance on the practice of ESIA in Tanzania. It provides the lists of potential projects that require mandatory EIA. The Regulations further describe how ESIA should be carried out.

The ESIA for KCCMP was conducted in accordance to the guidelines laid down by the Environment Management Act (EMA, 2004) Part IV of the EIA Regulations GN No. 349 of 2005 which provides the general objectives for carrying EIA, among others. The list includes the following:

To ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the development of decision making process;

To anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and relevant effects of developmental proposal;

To protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and ecological processes which maintain their functions; and

To promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resources use and management opportunities.

The EIA guidelines define the competent experts or firms of experts whose names have been duly certified and registered in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations, 2005 to undertake environmental assessments. The EIA processes as described by the guideline are the following: Registration; Screening; Scoping; EIA and Environmental Impact Report and Review and recommend for approval. Other important institutions to the ESIA of proposed KCCMP are as summarized in Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1: Key Institutions in the ESIA Process

Level Institution Roles and ResponsibilityNational level Vice President’s Office (NEMC and

Division of Environment) Advise Government on

environmental matters Co-ordinate Environmental

Management Act, Policy and Guidelines

Approval of Scoping Report and Review draft of ESIA

Issuing of EIA certificate Environmental monitoring

Ministry of Water Minister Permanent Secretary Division of Water Resources Rufiji Basin Water Board KSCC

That water is needed for various multi-sectoral uses (or socio-economic activities) including water for domestic supply, for generating power, for food security and export crops, for livestock, for industries, mining, fisheries, navigation and the environment; it has adopted integrated water resources management as a paradigm for managing water resources.

That water needs for the environment (ecosystems) is a legal use of water and it has been granted a second priority in the water allocation priorities after water needs for human uses of water. .

However, criteria for prioritization of water use at different times of year to address the growing competition for water are lacking, resulting into conflicts among users. In addition, there are no guidelines or procedures in place for uniformly estimating water needs for environmental uses of water.

Ministry of Natural Resource & Tourism Permanent Secretary Division of Forest TAWIRI

Issuing policy guidance Setting operations standards Monitoring of projects impacts

Ministry of Livestock development and FisheriesPermanent SecretaryTPRI

Issuing policy guidance Setting operations standards Monitoring of projects impacts

Ministry for Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development Division of Physical Planning Land Use Planning Commission

Town and Country Planning Approval of Land use plan

Academic Institution University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries

Sokoine University of Agriculture

Advise Government in Forest, Wildlife issues and Implement national policies

Conduct different researchesLocal Government Regional Administrative Secretary

(RAS) of Morogoro and Iringa District Commissioners Office (three

districts) District Executive Director (DED)

Relevant permit on current land uses, nearby activities and developments

Extension Services and public mobilization and awareness

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Level Institution Roles and Responsibility(three districts)

Districts Facilitation Team (DFT) which usually include district focal person for project and other members from district Departments – Agriculture, Land, Planning, Water, Health, Community Development, Natural Resources etc.

3 Water User Associations of Kihansi catchment

Ward Council Village Council

Project Monitoring

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CHAPTER 4: BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter provides baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the project area. Much of the description of the environment is site specific. Other aspect such as climate and socio-economic issues is broad for Kihansi gorge. The Consultant relied on secondary data and information found in literature covering the project area and observation at the site.

4.2 Location and Administrative Boundaries

The Kihansi gorge is located on the eastern part of Udzungwa Mountains at the Mufindi-Kilolo-Kilombero border (Figure 1). The Kihansi Gorge is approximately 85 kilometres southeast of Iringa, in south-eastern Tanzania at 35o52’E and 8o14’S. The mountains contain high concentrations of endemic plant and animal species. The Kihansi gorge is an important site for biodiversity within the Udzungwa Mountains because of the presence of unusual habitats including the spray wetlands and montane forest.

The Kihansi catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The Udzungwa forest reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest, grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and upstream it spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi administrative districts (Figure 1b). The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. Downstream of the catchment is the Kilombero valley (NORPLAN, 1994).

4.3 Physical Characteristics

4.3.1 ClimateThe climatic condition in Kihansi catchment is ruled by the behaviour of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, which mainly causes heavy showers in this area from November to May peaking in April (NORPLAN, 1994). The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. Downstream of the catchment is the Kilombero valley.

4.3.2 Hydrological variationThe Kihansi River catchment experiences a transition pattern of intra-annual flow variation between the bimodal and unimodal regimes with a defined peak during the long rains (March- May) and low flows in October. The contribution of the large Kihansi upstream is high in October-March while that of River Ruaha tributary is high in April and May resulting in higher contribution of River Ruaha to flooding in downstream reaches. The analyses of longest stream flow record at NC3 indicated a general decline of average river inflows into the Kihansi reservoir since the early 1990s. The decline of mean flows were reflected in declining low flows while flood flows remained relatively unchanged in magnitude and period of occurrence.

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The Kihansi river flows have historically ranged between a minimum of 7m3/s during dry seasons to a maximum of 64 m3/s. Long term changes in rainfall indicated a recent declining trend in average and minimum flows since the 1980s suggesting the possibility of attribution of rainfall decline on declining flow. Annual minimum discharge has declined from 9 m3/s in the early 1980s to 7 m3/s in the mid-1990s to below 6 m3/s in the 2000s with the lowest value of 4.97m3/s in December 2005 and January 2006 (NEMC-WRED, 2010).

4.4 Biological characteristics

4.4.1 PlantsA preliminary list of plants found in the project area is given in the 1995 Environmental Impact Assessment (NORPLAN, 1995, with an extracted list of trees in Lovett et al., 1997). The 1995 Environmental Impact Assessment listed plants for the forest that were known to be endemic to the Eastern Arc. The occurrence of these plants confirmed that the Kihansi forests were part of the Eastern Arc region of high biodiversity and endemism. Some of these plants were poorly known scientifically or were significant range extensions. For example, collection of Oxyanthus haerdii in Kihansi was the first time the plant had been found since its initial discovery in 1959, and identification of the rare Cola scheffleri extended its range southwards by several hundred kilometers. Subsequent data gathering under the LEMP quantified occurrence of rare plants in the Kihansi and Udagaji Gorges, and correlated their occurrence with microclimate (NORPLAN, 1999a).

4.4.2 MammalsEight primate species occur in Kihansi and Udagaji gorges: Sykes Monkey, Uhehe Red Colobus, Black & White Colobus, Sanje Mangabey, Vervet Monkey, Baboon and two species of Galago. One of the Galagos is the rare Matundu Dwarf Galago (Butynski et al., 1998). The Uhehe Red Colobus and Sanje Mangabey are globally rare, being only known from the Udzungwa Mountains, and so are of high conservation importance (Rodgers & Homewood, 1982). In Kihansi gorge the estimated population size of Red Colobus was the largest followed by Sykes Monkey, then Black and White Colobus.

4.4.3 BirdsSixteen bird species recorded from the Kihansi Gorge are of conservation concern (African Crowned Eagle, Swynnerton's Robin, Uluguru Violet-backed Sunbird, Sharpe's Akalat, Mountain Buzzard, Half-collared Kingfisher, African Black Duck, Giant Kingfisher, Orange Ground Thrush, Evergreen Forest Warbler, Square-tailed Drongo, Fu-elleborn's Boubou, Moustached Green Tinkerbird, Shelley's Greenbul, Fischer's Greenbul, White-chested Alethe). Seven of 12 globally or regionally threatened and near-threatened species occurring in the gorge have been recorded in the upper part of the Kihansi Gorge near the main Kihansi waterfall, and a further four taxa of regional responsibility are also known from lower parts of the Gorge.

4.4.4 FishThirty-seven species of fish, from 13 different families, were recorded during the monitoring period. Most of species were captured at floodplain sampling locations (the falls form an impassable barrier to upstream migration). The families with most representative species were Cichlidae (10), Mormyridae (7), Cyprinidae (6), Characidae (5), and Mochokidae (5), which are generally common throughout East Africa. While most species found are of little commercial importance, there are relatively high number of species suggests the Kihansi River Basin has a high level of aquatic biodiversity.

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4.4.5 HerptilesHerptiles include amphibians and reptiles. As with plants and other groups of animals, there are many herptiles endemic to the Eastern Arc (NORPLAN, 1995). Eastern Arc endemic amphibians occurring in the Kihansi forest include: Nectophrynoides tornieri, Leptopelis ulugurensis, Probreviceps macrodactylus and Arthroleptides martiensseni. Eastern Arc endemic reptiles include: Cnemaspis udzungwae (an Udzungwa endemic) and Rampholeon brevicaudatus.

A significant finding during the course of LKEMP activities was the discovery of a new species of Nectophrynoides, named the Kihansi Spray Toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis, Poynton et al., 1998). To date this is only known from wetlands maintained by spray in the Kihansi river gorge despite several searches of larger rivers flowing down the steep eastern escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains.

4.5 Socio – Economic Characteristics

4.5.1 DemographyAccording to the 2002 population and housing census, the total population in the upper catchments of River Kihansi was 35,177 inhabitants (NBS, 2002). The average household size is about 4.8 with the growth rate of 1.9% per year (SMEC international, 2005). According to SMEC International (2005) reported that 85% of the population is engaged in crop production and almost 10% engaged in animal keeping. The types of crops grown are vegetables, coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans and maize.

4.5.2 Economic InfrastructureThis section is intended to provide baseline information on economic activities in the project area and nearby areas. These activities may not have direct impact to the project, but may provide a trend on the extent of natural resource utilisation within the catchment.

Agriculture: Agriculture is the main economic activities in Kilombero, major crops grown are vegetables, coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans and maize. Other crops grown include pulses, mangoes, citrus and vegetables. Intercropping is widespread and often results in complicated cropping patterns.

Forestry: Findings show that there is significant decrease in forest area by 16.1%, 16.4% decrease for bush-land with scattered cropland, a 100% decrease in grasses on the flood plain and grassland while scattered cropland increased by 122.256% from 1990 to 2002. The average river flow decreased from 3.41 mm/day in 1990 to 2.45 mm/day in 2002 while the average rainfall was 3.03mm and 3.80mm respectively. The results from curve number method showed an increase in the surface runoff from 4.58% to 6.92% in 1990 and 2002 respectively. These findings, concludes the fact that the increase of surface runoff and decrease of river flows are associated with land use change.

Exploitation of the forestry resource is primarily for fuel. Logging is becoming widespread following the flourishing market of timber within and outside the country. Preferred species for logging include Mninga, Mhongo, Mpangapanga, Msekeseke, Pamosa, Msufi and Mtondo/ Mtondoro. There is one small sawmill in the district.

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Tourism: Kilombero district has a high potential for eco-tourism and game viewing tourism. The attractions under the legal authority of the Antiquities Department include all ruins and monuments found on Kihansi and other various areas found in the vicinity. Opportunities exist for local communities to participate directly in tourism. These include provision of transport services, food and beverages services, tour guide services, handcraft and cultural displays. Tourism development is both labour intensive and capital intensive. Provision of services by the local community shall be through family labour; however, high input investment is required to provide accommodation and tourist infrastructure including improvement of labour, airfield, roads, water supply and electricity.

Commercial land Trade Facilities: Commercial and trade facilities are run by the private sector. Private businessmen operate shops of various merchandise, restaurants, hotels, guesthouses, bars and kiosks. Supplies are obtained from Ifakara, Kilombero and Mikumi Towns and Morogoro Municipality through roads and railway. There are also markets where people meet daily to buy and sell essential commodities for day consumption.

Energy: The main source of energy is firewood obtained from wood forests and rain forest. Firewood is used for cooking. Electricity is also available in some areas of Mlimba and Kihansi TANESCO area from power produced at Lower Kihansi Power Plant. Alternative power sources include generators, which produce energy to various capable persons as well as solar powers.

Communication and Transport: Kilombero in general and Kihansi in particular is served with telecommunication facilities which include those of TTCL, Zain, Vodacom, Tigo and Zantel. Many villagers walk long distances for various services and head-carry their crops and other loads over long distances. It is either due to unavailability of the means of transport or for the means being unaffordable.

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CHAPTER 5: STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTANTIONS

5.1 Stakeholders Consulted During Preparation of a Proposed KCCMP

The Project Identification Form (PIF) for the proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project was cleared by the GEF Council on April 2, 2012 for inclusion in the work plan to be funded by GEF Trust Fund and to be co-financed by WSDP and other sources of funds. During project formulation, NEMC and World Bank team held several consultation meetings with the key stakeholders at different levels to solicit their views as inputs to support the preparation of the proposed GEF project. These meetings included:

i) NEMC with core team and consultants that are supporting the preparation of the projectii) Director of Water Resources and his staff from the Ministry of Water (MOW)iii) Ukami Village located upstream from the Kihansi damiv) TANESCO plant manager and Kihansi staff (Kihansi)v) RBWB and staff (RBWB, Iringa)vi) Representatives from six villages (Mbawi, Boma la Ng’ombe, Uhafiwa, Masisiwe,

Ihimbo, Mapanda), some being members of WUAs.vii) Nine Basin Water Officers (BWOs) viii) Consultants (SMEC and JICA) preparing Integrated Water Resources Development and

Management (IWRDM) plans.

The key objectives were to share the information about the PIF and to solicit inputs and views that could be used to support the preparations of the different activities within components for the proposed project.

5.2 The Stakeholders

Stakeholders include all individuals, groups or organizations that might be affected or might affect (positively or negatively) by the KCCMP activities in one way or the other. They are found at both national and local levels and range from government authorities, private sector representatives and NGOs to local community members and stakeholder groups. Stakeholders of relevance to the proposed project are listed in Table 5.1below. Names of the contacted person are as attached in annex 3.

Table 5.1: List of stakeholders consulted

Level Stakeholders GroupNational Level Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism

Forest Division Ministry of Water (Rufiji Basin) Ministry of Energy

Government Agency Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO)Academic / Research Institutions University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)

Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)

Local Stakeholders Kilombero District (DED & DFT)

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Level Stakeholders Group Mufindi District (DED & DFT) Kilolo District (DED & DFT) Mapanda, Ukami, Kipanga, Kibengu, and Igeleke

villages

5.3 Addressing Stakeholders’ Concerns

The scoping study identified main concerns and issues raised by the different stakeholders (See appendix 3). The ESIA addressed all concerns. Table below shows a summary on how the issues were addressed.

Table 5.2: Stakeholder concerns that have been addressed by KCCMPIssues of Institution/Organization EIA Recommendation

RUFIJI RIVER BASIN Proper management of Catchment area to ensure

successful reintroduction of the Kihansi Spray Toad Project focus is mainly on Kihansi

catchment management More awareness to surrounding communities over

importance of catchment management and increase understanding about the KST

Communities awareness programs is part of project activities

Review issue of TANESCO water right to ensure TANESCO complies by releasing minimum bypass flow for conservation as per their water permit

To set a common flow meter for bypass where TANESCO and Rufiji Basin will collect their data

The flow meter of Rufiji Basin at a bypass read lower water release compared to TANESCO reading

Neutral flow meter

Sediment Assessment has proven that communities’ agricultures activities have contributed to basin siltation

The project will provide training on good agricultural practices

Land use changes in some villages close to Kihansi catchment have contributed to changes in vegetation species as a result of commercial tree plantation activities

The project should facilitate the planting of natural water friendly trees close to catchment areas

Introduction of Catchment Protected Areas. This can be implemented through gazettement of potential Kihansi catchment parts

The project should speed up process to gazette some potential sites of Kihansi catchment to form Protected Area

Land use Plan to villages along Kihansi catchment KCCMP to facilitate Land use Plan to villages close to potential areas of Kihansi catchment

Water User Association of Kihansi catchment cover the area upper Mufindi, Middle Kilolo and Lower Kilombero. The association cover the whole catchment and the leaders of association are already elected by Rufiji Basin though are not supported in terms of allowances or working facilitation

The proposed Sustainable Financial Plan must cover daily activities Water User Association.

Rufiji Basin needs more staff and fund to facilitate their activities

KILOLO DISTRICT To restrict farming in valley bottoms (Vinyungu) in order

to reduce pesticides contamination to water Introduction of catchment protected areas

through gazettement of some potential sites Establish bylaws to give power to village

leaders to deal with their farmers Involve Water User Associations (WUAs) in the

management of the catchment Facilitate and establish a sustainable funds

for Water User Association Land use planning to villages is the main guide to enforce

the bylaw for protection of catchment areas and restriction of vinyungu farming

Facilitate land use plan to villages with this farming system and establish bylaws to give power to village leaders to deal with

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Issues of Institution/Organization EIA Recommendationtheir farmers

Provision of alternative livelihoods to restrict vinyungu farming

Alternative livelihoods in agricultural sector could be bee keeping, fruit trees cultivation and natural trees and commercial plantation programs

Group of villagers for training through KCCMP will be established by the villages and district authorities

Project to collaborate with Village and district authorities to select group for alternative livelihood trainings programs

The district and Tea Plantation has already initiated Tea groups for tea cultivation in Kabanga area hence any training must consider Tea Growers Association

Project to collaborate with district councils to avoid duplication of efforts and to cover other communities which are not covered by any other program within a district

Awareness and Publicity to community to show them impacts of unregulated water use

The project must create awareness in communities about the importance of proper water use

The district receives some funds from the central Government to support training and little capital fund to women and youth

The project to collaborate with district social development department to support training to those who will get little capital support for alternative livelihoods activities

The project group must include youth Project should consider youth as part of community and avoid groups which have only village leaders

The district should involve financial Institutions to support those groups that will receive training from the proposed project

The project to create a link between trained village groups and Financial Institutions and district council to be guarantor of village groups for any financial matters from financial institutions

MUFINDI DISTRICT The previous project was not successful in agriculture

training to villagers through Demonstration Plots because after training villagers did not receive supporting facilities for implementation

The project to find ways to support agriculture tools for implementation of proper agricultural practices

Bee keeping could be main alternative livelihood to many villagers as this will complement ongoing efforts within the Eastern Arc

Project to train and support in gears for successful provision of alternative livelihood to villagers

Project to join hands with existing social development and conservation programs

Siltation in the Kihansi catchment can be reduced through preventing of soil erosion by planting certain plantation and contour farming practices on upper areas

Project to support trees plantations programs and train villagers on proper farming practices that will reduce erosion from farming activities

The project to consider start up facilities after training bee keeping farmers

Project to consider support of gears

SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE (SUA) KST that are kept in captivity are the seed stock for the

reintroduction in the wild. The KSTs that have been reintroduced were obtained from the US Bronx and Toledo zoos. The UDSM and Kihansi captive breeding facilities have acted as acclimatization stop overs for the KSTs that arrive from the US before they are released to the Kihansi gorge spray wetlands. These two facilities maintain a small population that is not enough for providing KST for reintroduction purposes.

For the reintroduction to be successful, a certain viable population has to be released meeting the minimum survival threshold. The threshold has to be met in order for the population to survive environmental disasters, predators etc.

Increase KST captive population stock at UDSM and Kihansi TAWIRI station

Studies on the minimum viable population will be carried out

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Issues of Institution/Organization EIA Recommendation The GEF project should focus on building capacity for

maintaining the captive KST population and for increasing the capacities of these two facilities to breed more animals, say up to 10,000 KST.

The Phase II of LKEMP has built capacity for disease diagnosis at SUA. It has provided for equipment and training of key scientists in the field of amphibian disease diagnosis.

KST extinction in the wild is believed to have been caused by chytridiomycosis caused by a chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.

Chytridiomycosis is the single most important disease that is threatening the extinction of a large number of amphibian species worldwide.

Controlling chytridiomycosis in amphibians raised in captivity is easy because an antifungal called Itraconazole can treat the animals. Itraconazole has been successfully used in controlling chytridiomycosis outbreaks in Kihansi and UDSM breeding facilities.

Itraconazole cannot be used in the wild, and the control of chytridiomycosis in the wild depends on building resistance of KST to the disease.

Several studies in other amphibians including the Petropedetes yakusini of the Kihansi gorge have shown that these amphibians have bacteria that secrete an antifungal that kills chytrid fungi.

In the next phase, the biological control has to continue being sought and its application and testing are performed.

Apart from that, disease monitoring in both captive and wild populations has to continue using facilities at SUA.

The proposed project should focus on Disease resistance and resilience.

Biological control of chytrid fungi in wild environment is important for survival of KST. The project will continue with biological control studies

TAWIRI – KIHANSI STATION TAWIRI took over the Kihansi station in 2010 but the

institution is still assessing types of researches to be done at the station

TAWIRI to take full responsibility of KIHANSI station

The wild area for KST within Kihansi gorge is legally owned

Kihansi gorge spray wetlands should be either Protected Area (PAs) or Reserved area under any Governmental Department or Institution such as Forest Reserve Area.

Station does not have well organized waste management system specific for wastes from Laboratory and KST captivity

The station should get a proper incinerator

There are only two rooms for captivity at the station hence coming activities will not have space within a station

Utilise the existing facility effectively

Some of researches are continual and cannot stop at the end of the proposed KCCMP

The project to consider those kind of researches in sustainable funding plan

The station does not have enough efficient Laboratory equipment

The project to support some laboratory equipment for the station

TANESCO Project to focus on safeguarding water in catchment

through proper water use permit and controlled irrigation schemes around catchment areas

Rufiji Basin has to issue water user right Project to establish a water flow

regulations for all water bodies The project to trigger process of electrification to villages

along Kihansi catchment Water user Association is not real practically working The project in collaboration with Rufiji

Basin to strength water user association of

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Issues of Institution/Organization EIA RecommendationKihansi catchment

WARDS AND VILLAGES Wards and Villages authorities usually give awareness to

villagers on conservation of Kihansi catchment by restricting farming (vinyungu farming), and other economic and social activities closer to water sources. Also support plantation of water friendly trees closer to water sources.

Project to facilitate Land Use Plan in order to set areas of catchment out of villagers economic and social activities

Set of protected areas through gazetting part of potential areas to become protected areas

Development of bylaws that focus on protection and conservation of catchment areas. The wards and villages will enforce bylaws

Water user Association to help in conservation programs

Conflict between few villagers who were in groups supported by LKEMP and those who were not in group

Involve a wider group of communities in the implementation (rather than providing funds for groups as in the previous phase)

To support more youths in conservation programs

The proposed project should support sectors such as Education and Health that cover a big population of villagers to reduce conflict among villagers

The project to develop projects that will involve many villagers in the communities

Villagers need electricity in order to feel their effort on conservation of Kihansi catchment. They also need electricity to stimulate other alternative livelihood activities.

Project to make discussion with REA and TANESCO

Some activities such as tree planting programs need a continual support even after completion of project

Project to identify such types of programs and incorporate them in sustainable funding plan

Many village groups collapsed soon after end of past project

Project to raise awareness to communities that the groups formed are for their own economic development and are not owned by project

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CHAPTER 6: IMPACTS ASSESSMENT

6.1 Background

This section entails assessment of impacts of the proposed KCCMP in Kihansi catchment area. Potential environmental and social impacts (Annex 4) to the receiving bio-physical and social environment at different stages of the project development are specified.

The possible impacts associated with the implementation of KCCMP in Kihansi River catchment were preliminarily identified during scoping through expert opinion and stakeholder consultations. Further impacts were identified through expert analyses of information and consultations during Impacts Assessment Phase. The process involved; i) identification of project boundaries; ii) identification of stakeholders within the project boundaries; iii) identification of potential impacts; iv) stakeholders identification of issues that emanate from project implementation; and, v) harmonising potential impacts and issues.

Impacts were assessed using a set of criteria and rating scales. Accordingly, the following assessment criteria were used: i) nature; ii) extent; iii) intensity; iv) duration; and v) probability.

Similarly, the following rating scales were used:i) Positive, negative, neutral, reversible or irreversibleii) Low, medium or highiii) Local, regional, national or internationaliv) Short-term, medium-term, long-term or permanentv) Improbable, probable, highly probable or definite

Each impact was assessed using a combination of assessment criteria and rating scales as summarised in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Criteria and rating scales for impacts assessment

Criteria Rating ScalesNature Positive, Negative, Neutral, Reversible, IrreversibleExtent(The spatial limit of the impact)

Local (site-specific and/or immediate surrounding areas), Regional, National, International (beyond boundaries of Tanzania)

Intensity(The severity of the impact)

Low where the impact affects the environment in such a way that natural, cultural and social functions and processes are minimally affected

Medium where the affected environment is altered but natural, cultural and social functions and processes continue albeit in a modified way; and valued, important, sensitive or vulnerable systems or communities are negatively affected

High where natural, cultural or social functions and processes are altered to the extent that it will temporarily or permanently cease; and valued, important, sensitive or vulnerable systems or communities are substantially affected

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Criteria Rating ScalesDuration(The predicted lifetime of the impact)

Short term (0 to 5 years) Medium term (6 to 15 years) Long term (more than 15 years) - where the impact will cease after

the operational life of the activity either because of natural processes or by human intervention

Permanent when the impact will last beyond project lifetimeProbability(The likelihood of the impact occurrence)

Improbable where the possibility of the impact occurring is very low

Probable where there is a good possibility (<50% chance) that the impact will occur

Highly probable where it is most likely (50-90% chance) that the impact will occur

Definite where the impact will occur regardless of any prevention measures (>90% chance of occurring)

A consequence rating was applied as per the convention in which the consequence of the potential impacts was determined according to the main criteria for determining the consequence of impacts, namely the extent, duration and intensity of the impacts (Table 6.2).

Table 6.2: Convention for assigning a consequence ratingConsequence Rating Intensity, Extent and Duration Rating

HIGH

High intensity at a regional level and endure in the long term High intensity at a national level and endure in the medium term Medium intensity at a national level and endure in the long term High intensity at a regional level and endure in the medium term High intensity at a national level and endure in the short term Medium intensity at a national level and endure in the medium term Low intensity at a national level and endure in the long term High intensity at a local level and endure in the long term Medium intensity at a regional level and endure in the long term

MEDIUM

High intensity at a local level and endure in the medium term Medium intensity at a regional level and endure in the medium term High intensity at a regional level and endure in the short term Medium intensity at a national level and endure in the short term Medium intensity at a local level and endure in the medium term Medium intensity at a local level and endure in the long term Low intensity at a national level and endure in the medium term Low intensity at a regional level and endure in the long term

LOW

Low intensity at a regional level and endure in the medium term Low intensity at a national level and endure in the short term High intensity at a local level and endure in the short term Medium intensity at a regional level and endure in the short term Low intensity at a local level and endure in the long term Low intensity at a local level and endure in the medium term Low intensity at a regional level and endure in the short term Low to medium intensity at a local level and endure in the short term

The overall significance of the impacts was defined based on the result of a combination of the consequence rating and the probability rating (Table 6.3). The results of the assessment of the significance of the residual impacts were then linked to decision-making by authorities in the following manner:

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- Low – should not have an influence on the decision to proceed with the proposed project.

- Medium – should influence the decision to proceed with the proposed project, provided that recommended measures to mitigate impacts are implemented.

- High – should strongly influence the decision to proceed with the proposed project regardless of mitigation measures.

- Unknown – when consequences of an impact could not be established.

Table 6.3: Convention for assigning significance ratingSignificance Rating Consequence × ProbabilityHIGH High × Definite; High × Highly Probable; High × Probable;

High × Improbable; Medium × DefiniteMEDIUM Medium × Highly Probable; Medium × Probable

LOW Medium × Improbable; Low × Definite; Low × Highly Probable;Low × Probable; Low × Improbable

UNKNOWN Unknown × Improbable; Unknown × Definite; Unknown × Highly Probable;Unknown × Probable; Unknown × Improbable

6.2 Impacts Identification and Description

Implementation of the proposed KCCMP in Kihansi River catchment is expected to cause a number of impacts to the physical, biological and socio-economical environments (Table 6.4) within and around the catchment to as far as across other parts of Iringa and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania and the world in general. The anticipated impacts will mainly occur during implementation of project activities and decommissioning of the project.

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Table 6.4: Potential impacts of KCCMP on the environment

Impacts on Physical EnvironmentEnvironment Impact activity Potential impacts

Positive NegativeLandscape Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich

hotspots Establish spatial boundaries of water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on the

ground for gazetted areas Awareness creation to surrounding communities on new

boundaries of gazetted areas Implement pilot community conservation investments to

improve water quality and quantity

Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted areas

Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within gazetted areas

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape

Surface water Monitor key ecological indicators Water quality field sampling, testing and analysis Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge and

Kihansi catchment and analysis Identify and monitor important water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Identification of water source areas in Kihansi catchment Monitoring protocol for water resources quantity and

quality in Kihansi catchment Develop Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management

Plan (KCCMP) Develop conservation policies

Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich hotspots Establish spatial boundaries of water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on the

ground for gazetted areas Implement pilot community conservation investments to

improve water quality and quantity

Availability of reliable information on water quantities (streamflows) and quality

Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing water resources in Kihansi catchment

Quantification of existing and future surface water availability in rivers in Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment

Protection of surface water resources from impacts of anthropogenic activities

Establishment of water user committees to oversee water resources allocation and protection

Reduction of sediment and agricultural chemical loads into water resources

Impacts on Biological Environment

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Environment Impact activity ImpactsPositive Negative

Forests Monitor key ecological indicators Monitoring of land use changes

Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and population viability of endangered species Assessment of forest dynamics in Kihansi catchment

Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge Identification of endemic plant species in Kihansi

catchment Determine of extinction risks and recovery chances Ranking risks management options and development of

implementation plan Monitor wild coffee and other species endemic to Kihansi

Gorge Monitoring of important parameters for each endemic

plant species and analysis of monitoring data Identify and monitor important water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Identification of plant biodiversity rich hotspots in Kihansi

catchment Monitoring of plant biodiversity in Kihansi catchment and

analysis of monitoring data Develop and implementation of Kihansi Catchment

Management Plan (KCMP) Gazettement of important plant biodiversity rich hotspots Establishment of spatial boundaries on maps Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on the

ground for gazetted areas Implement pilot community conservation investments to

improve water quality and quantity Forest conservation at water sources

Management of forest changes

Conservation of endemic plant species found in Kihansi catchment

Gorge vegetation Monitor key ecological indicators Vegetation transects monitoring walks in Kihansi Gorge Gorge climate parameter measurements and analysis Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge

Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee

Management of gorge vegetation changes

Conservation of endemic plant

Disturbance to KST habitat

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Environment Impact activity ImpactsPositive Negative

and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge Identification of endemic plant species in Kihansi Gorge Determination of their extinction risks and recovery

chances Ranking risks management options and development of

implementation plan Develop and implementation of Kihansi Catchment

Management Plan (KCMP) Development of conservation policies Gazettement of the Kihansi Gorge

species found in the Kihansi Gorge

KST Monitor key ecological indicators Water quality field sampling, testing and analysis Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge Vegetation transects monitoring walks in Kihansi Gorge Aquatic and terrestrial micro-invertebrates sampling in

Kihansi Gorge KST population sampling/census in Kihansi Gorge

Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST KST chemical pre-treatment for disease prevention KST re-introduction process in Kihansi Gorge KST population monitoring in Kihansi Gorge (Counting

walks, sampling, KST husbandry) Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and

population viability of endangered species Exchange of knowledge on amphibian diseases

characteristics and control Exchange of knowledge on amphibian re-introduction

challenges Control and mitigate Chytrid fungus and other diseases

(laboratory) Study of effects of chytrid fungus and other amphibian

diseases on KST Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania

and USA Provision of adequate space of KST captive facility for

housing current and optimum KST populations in USA, at

Management of KST habitat changes in the Kihansi Gorge

Development of new approaches to amphibian re-introductions to the wild for new species

Cure and immune for amphibian diseases including chytrid fungus

Stable populations of KST in captive facilities and thus the

Disturbance to KST habitat

Side effects of chemicals used on gorge environment and ecosystem

KST population burst leading to congestion in captive

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Environment Impact activity ImpactsPositive Negative

the University of Dar es Salaam and at Kihansi Research Station

Constant availability of human labour in USA, at the University of Dar es Salaam and at Kihansi Research Station

Constant supply of KST food Constant supply of electricity and water Constant prevention of amphibian diseases at KST captive

facilities Develop and implement Kihansi Catchment Conservation

Management Plan (KCCMP) Development of conservation policies Gazettement of important biodiversity rich hotspots

surplus will be used for reintroduction in the wild

Maintenance of KST habitat in the Kihansi Gorge

facilities

Impacts on Social, Economic, Cultural and Political EnvironmentsEnvironment Impact activity Impacts

Positive NegativeEducation Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST

KST chemical pre-treatment for disease prevention KST re-introduction process in Kihansi Gorge KST population monitoring in Kihansi Gorge (Counting

walks, sampling, KST husbandry) Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and

population viability of endangered species Control and mitigate Chytrid fungus and other diseases

(laboratory) Study of chytrid fungus and other amphibian diseases

characteristics Study of effects of chytrid fungus and other amphibian

diseases on KST and other amphibians

Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania and USA

Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge

New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry, disease preventions for amphibians, diseases immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of unfamiliar amphibian species

New scientific knowledge on plant and animal species endemic to

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Environment Impact activity ImpactsPositive Negative

Determine of extinction risks and recovery chances Ranking risks management options and development of

implementation plan

Develop and implement Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management Plan (KCCMP) Identify and monitor important water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Training of communities and key staff from relevant

sectors in IPM and other conservation approaches

Development of guidelines and procedures for EFA

Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics

New approaches for identification and monitoring of water sources and biodiversity

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities

Generation of more experts in EFA Guidelines to be used in other basins

during planning and during preparation of EIAs that require water resources management

Livelihoods Develop and implementation of Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management Plan (KCCMP) Gazettement of important water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on

the ground for gazetted areas Implement pilot community conservation investments to

improve water quality and quantity

Demarcation of key water sources within Kihansi catchment

Reduction of soil losses from farms

Restricted availability of land in valley bottoms for agricultural development

Electricity Monitor key ecological indicators Water quality field sampling, testing and analysis Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge and

Kihansi catchment and analysis Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania

and USA

Identify and monitor important water sources and biodiversity rich hotspots Identification of water sources in Kihansi catchment Monitoring protocol for water resources quantity and

quality in Kihansi catchment

Increased availability of water for hydropower generation and other human related activities

Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity generation

Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir from identified

Use of alternative power source (normally a generator) to supply power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS in times of grid power failures / interruptions

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Environment Impact activity ImpactsPositive Negative

Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich hotspots Establish spatial boundaries of water sources and

biodiversity hotspots Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on

the ground for gazetted areas Implement pilot community conservation investments to

improve water quality and quantity

trends in reservoir water inflows

Energy Gazette important water sources and biodiversity hotspots Establish spatial boundaries of water source areas and

biodiversity rich hotspots Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on

the ground for gazetted areas

Loss of some areas for firewood collection

Employment Monitor key ecological indicators Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST Control and mitigate Chytrid fungus and other diseases

(laboratory) Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania

and USA Gazette important water sources and biodiversity rich

hotspots (mapping and ground marks establishment)

Employment of researchers and research assistants

Employment of gorge attendants for monitoring Kihansi gorge

Employment of personnel for captive facilities in USA, UDSM and Kihansi Research Station for KST husbandry

Employment of local supporting staff (e.g. drivers)

Local policies Develop and implement Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management Plan (KCCMP) Gazettement of important plant biodiversity rich

hotspots Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on

the ground for gazetted areas

Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement issues

Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political representatives

Country and international policies

Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania and USA

Develop guidelines and procedures for EFA Publish and disseminate EFA guidelines

Legal cooperation between Tanzania, USA, International Institutions (WCS, IUCN, etc)

Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in Tanzania and other countries

Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA and elsewhere

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Environment Impact activity ImpactsPositive Negative

Conduct valuation of ecosystem services

Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for projects that will require management of water resources

Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem services within the Kihansi catchment

Increase of illegal exploitation of high value natural resources of Kihansi once their actual values have been established and information made available to communities

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6.3 Impacts Prediction

The potential impacts of the execution of KCCMP in Kihansi catchment will occur during the implementation and post-implementation phases and would affect the physical, biological, social, economic and political environments (Table 6.5).

In summary, the project will result in predominant significant beneficial (positive) impacts emanating from almost all activities related to designed project components. However, implementation of the Kihansi Catchment Management Plan through gazettement of water sources areas and biodiversity hotspots is likely to result in negative impacts to community livelihood due to unavailability of part of the land that will be gazetted for protection (Table 6.5). Precautional treatment of KST with antifungal drugs prior to re-introduction in the wild (Kihansi Gorge) may not result in negative impacts to the gorge environment because no chemicals are going to be used to treat the environment prior to the release of the KST. Rather selected KST which are housed in enclosures may be bathed in an antifungal solution. The antifungal solution will be transported out of the gorge. Thus the only contact between antifungal chemicals and the environment is via the skins of the KST.

Most of the anticipated impacts due to execution of this project will extend beyond the 5-year project implementation period (Table 6.5). Only a few impacts including all impacts on education are expected to occur during the 5-years implementation period.

60

Table 6.5: Summary of potential impacts during the implementation and post-implementation phases of the project

(Impacts that will last during the 5 –years of implementation period are indicated in blue italics)

Environment ImpactNature Consequence rating Significance rating

Direction Reversibility Extent Intensity Duration ProbabilityPhysical Environment

1 Landscape

Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted areas

Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within gazetted areas

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape

+

+

+

Reversible

Reversible

Reversible

Local

Local

Local

High

High

Medium

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

High

High

Medium

Highly probable

Probable

Probable

High

High

Medium

2 Water resources

Availability of reliable information on water quantities (streamflows) and quality

Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing water resources in Kihansi catchment

Quantification of existing and future surface water availability in rivers in Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment

Quantification of existing and future groundwater availability in Kihansi catchment

Protection of surface and ground water resources from impacts of anthropogenic activities

Establishment of water user committees to oversee water resources allocation and protection

+

+

+

+

+

+

Irreversible

Irreversible

Irreversible

Irreversible

Reversible

National

Inter/National

Inter/National

Inter/National

Local

Local

High

High

High

High

High

High

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

High

High

High

High

High

High

Highly probable

Highly probable

Highly probable

Highly probable

Probable

Definite

High

High

High

High

High

High

Biological Environment

3 Forests Better management of forest changes Conservation of endemic plant species found in

Kihansi catchment

++

ReversibleReversible

LocalLocal

HighHigh

Long-termLong-term

HighHigh

ProbableProbable

HighHigh

4 Gorge vegetation

Better management of gorge vegetation changes Conservation of endemic plant species found in the

Kihansi Gorge Disturbance to KST habitat during monitoring

fieldworks

+

+

–

ReversibleReversible

Reversible

LocalLocal

Local

HighHigh

Low

Long-termLong-term

Short term

HighHigh

Low

ProbableProbable

Definite

HighHigh

Low

5 KST Better management of KST habitat changes in the Kihansi Gorge

Developed new approaches to amphibian re-introductions to the wild for new species

Developed cure and immune of amphibian diseases including chytrid fungus

Stable populations of KST in captive facilities Disturbance to KST habitat during monitoring

fieldworks

+

+

+

+–

Reversible

Irreversible

Irreversible

ReversibleReversible

Local

International

International

LocalLocal

High

High

High

MediumLow

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

Short-termShort-term

High

High

High

LowLow

Probable

Highly probable

Probable

Highly probableDefinite

High

High

High

LowLow

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Environment ImpactNature Consequence rating Significance rating

Direction Reversibility Extent Intensity Duration Probability

No chemicals are going to be used to treat the environment prior to the release of the KST

KST population burst leading to congestion in captive facilities

–

–

Irreversible

Reversible

Local

Local

High

High

Long-term

Short-term

High

Low

Highly probable

Highly probable

High

Low

Social, Economic, Cultural Environment

6 Education

New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry, disease preventions for amphibians, diseases immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of unfamiliar amphibian species

New scientific knowledge on plant and animal species endemic to Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics

New methodologies for identification and monitoring of water sources and biodiversity

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities

Generated more experts in EFA Generated more Master’s and PhD level human

resource

+

+

+

+

++

Irreversible

Irreversible

Irreversible

Irreversible

IrreversibleIrreversible

International

International

International

Local

NationalInter/National

High

High

High

Medium

HighHigh

Long-term

Medium-term

Medium-term

Long-term

Long-termShort-term

High

High

High

Medium

HighHigh

Definite

Definite

Highly probably

Probably

Highly probablyDefinite

High

High

High

High

HighHigh

7 Livelihoods

Demarcation of water sources within Kihansi catchment

Reduction of soil losses from farms and unplanned use of chemicals for pests and weed control

Land unavailability for agricultural development

+

+

–

Reversible

Reversible

Reversible

Local

Local

Local

Low

Medium

High

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

Low

Medium

High

Probable

Probable

Definite

Low

Medium

High

8 Electricity

Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity generation

Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir from identified trends in reservoir water inflows

Use of alternative power source (a generator) to supply power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS in times of grid power failures / interruptions

+

+

–

Reversible

Reversible

Reversible

National

Local

Local

High

High

High

Long-term

Long-term

Medium-term

High

High

Medium

Probable

Probable

Definite

High

High

High

9 Energy Loss of areas for firewood collection – Reversible Local Medium Long-term Medium Definite High10 Employment Employment of researchers and research assistants

Employment of gorge attendants for monitoring of Kihansi gorge

Employment of personnel for captive facilities in USA, UDSM and Kihansi Research Station for KST husbandry

+

+

+

Reversible

Reversible

Reversible

Inter/National

Local

Inter/National

Medium

Medium

Medium

Short-term

Medium-term

Medium-term

Medium

Medium

High

Definite

Probably

Probable

High

Medium

High

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Environment ImpactNature Consequence rating Significance rating

Direction Reversibility Extent Intensity Duration Probability Employment of supporting staff (e.g. drivers)

+ Reversible Local/Regional Medium Medium-term Medium Highly probable Medium

11 Local policies

Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement issues

Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political representatives

+

–

Reversible

Reversible

Local

Local/national

Medium

Medium

Long-term

Short-term

Medium

Medium

Probable

Probable

Medium

Medium

12 National and international policies

Legal cooperation agreements between Tanzania, USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc)

Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in Tanzania and other countries

Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for projects related to water resources

Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem services within the Kihansi catchment

Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA and elsewhere

Increase of illegal exploitation of high value natural resources of Kihansi once their actual values have been established and information made available to communities

+

+

+

+

–

–

Reversible

Reversible

Reversible

Irreversible

Reversible

Reversible

International

Inter/National

National

Local/Regional

International

Local

Medium

High

High

High

Medium

High

Short-term

Long-term

Long-term

Long-term

Short-term

Short-term

Medium

High

High

High

Medium

Low

Probable

Definite

Definite

Highly probable

Probable

Probable

Medium

High

High

High

Medium

Low

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6.5 Analysis of Alternatives

6.5.1 Project siteThe Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management Project (KCCMP) is implemented within boundaries of the Kihansi River catchment, which is already demarcated. The catchment is among the small catchments within the Kilombero Sub-basin of the Rufiji basin draining central part of Udzungwa Mountains.

The original design of project and its components offers little opportunity for some improvements. This results in only two options for consideration:

i) The no project optionii) The current designed project option

6.5.2 The no project optionThis option does not consider an implementation of any other activities apart from on-going activities at their current implementation status. Many of these activities are part of the ended phase II of the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP), which was implementing the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) of the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project (LKHP). As a result of discovery of Kihansi Spray Toad (KST) and its extinction in the wild in the early 2000s, the main activities under LKEMP were concentrated on the KST habitat in the Kihansi Gorge and some activities were implemented in the catchment as part of the Catchment Landscape Conservation Plan.

Implementation of activities during LKEMP II identified a number of major challenges that were tackled. They include:

i) KST diseases (chytrid fungus) studiesii) Factors behind KST extinction in the wildiii) KST re-introduction into the wildiv) Monitoring of hydrology and climate within Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchmentv) Conservation activities related to protection of Kihansi vegetation against over-

exploitation, agricultural expansion and wild firesvi) Mainstreaming of LKEMP activities into relevant ministerial activities

Unfortunately, a 3-year LKEMP II could not completely implement fully these major activities as some challenges were in the process of being understood. Therefore, this option leaves uncompleted tasks and poor funding levels for on-going activities related to achieving goals of these five major issues.

6.5.3 The current design optionThe design of the KCCMP considered the gaps existed towards the end of LKEMP II that required immediate, medium and long-term interventions. The above 5 major challenges were incorporated in designed Component 2, which addresses issues of Conservation of Endangered Species in Kihansi Catchment. This component has 2 major sub-components (species and habitat conservation and community conservation and livelihoods), which address all the 5 major challenges. It further deals the pertinent issue related to water requirements and allocation for the environment (Component 1), which is among the unresolved issues regarding the initially estimated environmental water requirement of the

64

Kihansi Gorge. Its Component 3 addresses issues of sustainability related to financing of the conservation activities in Kihansi catchment.

Therefore, this current designed option offers opportunities for continual improvements of environmental conservation in the Kihansi catchment that will result into a number of benefits being accrued. This option is considered the best and therefore selected.

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CHAPTER 7: MITIGATIONAND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

7.1 Background

Feasible, cost-effective and sufficient mitigation and compensatory measures were identified for each of the identified significant impact that will be associated with the implementation of the KCCMP project. The mitigation measures that may reduce the potentially significant adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts to an acceptable level were considered while compensatory measures were considered when identified mitigation measures could not be feasible, cost-effective or sufficient. Enhancement measures aimed at improving further the benefits that are emanating from implementation of this project. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to describing mitigation, compensatory and enhancement measures that should be institutionalised during the mobilisation, implementation and decommissioning phases of this project.

7.2 Measures Against Impacts on Physical Environment

The analysis of potential impacts resulting from the implementation of KCCMP that might occur on physical environments could be enhanced or mitigated effectively. Enhancement and mitigation measures against these anticipated positive and negative impacts of project activities on the physical environments (Table 7.1) are essentially dealing with

i) Development and implementation of clearly defined and measurable conservation measures targeting all endangered species

ii) Development of restoration plan for modified areas, which includes clear restoration targets, timeframe and responsibilities

iii) Protocols for surface and ground water resources monitoring and assessments

Table 7.1: Summary of measures against significant impacts on physical environments

Sno. Environment Impact details Enhancement/mitigation measure

1 Landscape

Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted areas (+)

Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within gazetted areas (+)

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape (+)

Clear definition of easy-to-implement and practical conservation measures targeting all endangered species

Clear restoration targets and concise procedures for restoring modified landscapes to support desired ecosystem

2 Water resources Availability of reliable information on water quantities (streamflows) and quality (+)

Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing water resources in Kihansi catchment (+)

Quantification of existing and future surface water availability in rivers in Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment (+)

A clear protocol for water resources monitoring in Kihansi catchment including the gorge

Clear division of responsibilities among involved institutions for fieldwork data collection, data quality assessment, data archiving and sharing, data analysis

Clear protocol for conservation and restoration of modified landscapes

66

Sno. Environment Impact details Enhancement/mitigation measure

Protection of surface and ground water resources from impacts of anthropogenic activities (+)

Establishment of water user committees to oversee water resources allocation and protection (+)

affecting surface and ground water resources (e.g. inclusion of afforestation areas and types of vegetation to be used, etc)

7.3 Measures Against Impacts on Biological Environment

The analysis of potential impacts resulting from the implementation of KCCMP that might occur on biological environments could be enhanced or mitigated effectively. Enhancement and mitigation measures against these anticipated positive and negative impacts of project activities on the biological environments (Table 7.2) are essentially dealing with:

i) Development and implementation of clearly defines and measurable conservation measures targeting all endangered plant species

ii) Development of restoration plan for modified vegetation areas, which includes clear restoration targets, timeframe and responsibilities

iii) Amphibian diseases and re-introduction research fundingiv) Protection of Kihansi gorge ecosystem against impacts of deliberate chemical pollution

Table 7.2: Summary of measures against significant impacts on biological environments

Sno. Environment Impact details Enhancement/mitigation measure

1 Forests

Better management of forest changes (+)

Conservation of endemic plant species found in Kihansi catchment (+)

Clear definition of easy-to-implement and practical conservation measures targeting all endangered plant species

Clear restoration targets and concise procedures for restoring modified forest landscapes to support desired plant ecosystem2 Gorge vegetation

Better management of gorge vegetation changes (+)

Conservation of endemic plant species found in the Kihansi Gorge (+)

3 KST

Better management of KST habitat changes in the Kihansi Gorge (+)

Development of new approaches to amphibian re-introductions to the wild for new species (+)

Development of cure and immune of amphibian diseases including chytrid fungus (+)

Disturbance to KST habitat (-)

Improve funding modalities for KST and amphibian diseases and re-introduction studies

Improve collaboration of in-country researchers themselves and with foreign nationals

Limit experimental studies in spray wetlands within KST enclosures

Detrimental effects of chemicals used on gorge environment and ecosystem (-)

No chemicals are going to be used in the gorge. KST will be bathed and the bathing solution will be transported out of the gorge

67

7.4 Measures Against Impacts on Socio-Economic EnvironmentThe analysis of potential impacts resulting from the implementation of KCCMP that might occur on social, economic, cultural and political environments could be enhanced or mitigated effectively. Enhancement and mitigation measures against these anticipated positive and negative impacts of project activities on the social, economic, cultural and political environments are summarised in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3: Summary of measures against significant impacts on social, economic, cultural and political environments

Sno. Environment Impact details Enhancement/mitigation measure

1 Education

New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry, disease preventions for amphibians, diseases immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of unfamiliar amphibian species (+)

New scientific knowledge on plant and animal species endemic to Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics (+)

New approaches for identification and monitoring of water sources and biodiversity (+)

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities (+)

Generated more experts in EFA (+)

Provision of platforms for sharing research findings to wider scientific and non-scientific community

Local Tanzanian prospective students should be motivated to apply for Master’s and PhD scholarships to enhance in-country human resources capacity

2 Livelihoods

Sediment load due to erosion and nutrient loss from farms and improper use of chemicals for pests and weed control (+)

Reduction of land area for agricultural and other human related activities(-)

Adoption of IPM practises Focus cultivation outside the

valley bottoms Provide alternative sources of

livelihoods Improve agricultural practices

through community conservation investment schemes to increase productivity

3 Electricity

Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity generation (+)

Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir from identified trends in reservoir water inflows (+)

The operating procedure for the power plant should be modified to include real-time inflow information that is derived from observed streamflows and historical trends

Possibility for funding of the construction of a larger Upper Kihansi Dam to stabilise inflows into Lower Kihansi Reservoir should start exploration

Use of alternative power source (a generator) to supply power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS in times of grid power failures / interruptions (-)

An alternative power sources to use of fuel generator (e.g. solar power) should be explored

4 Energy sources

Loss of areas for firewood collection within gazetted areas (-)

Establishment of alternative areas for firewood collection

Introduction of new energy sources and efficient energy use technologies (e.g. using saw dust for cooking)

68

Sno. Environment Impact details Enhancement/mitigation measure

5 Local policies

Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement issues (+)

Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political representatives (-)

Awareness creation for local communities with communication methods clearly elaborated in the communication strategy (CS)

6National and international policies

Legal cooperation agreements between Tanzania, USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc) (+)

Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA and elsewhere (-)

Legal issues related to KST and ecological integrity of Kihansi catchment should be harmonised with existing cooperation status (Tanzania-USA) and binding international agreements

Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in Tanzania and other countries (+)

Inclusion of EFA guidelines in water resource management planning in other basins and into EIA guidelines for projects related to water resources management (+)

The process should harmonise the EFA guidelines and procedure with existing EIA guidelines and procedures by considering the most suitable entry point of EFA guidelines on EIA guidelines

Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem services within the Kihansi catchment (+)

Establishment of protocol for releasing information on ecosystem values to the wider community

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CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Rationale for Preparation of ESMPThe EIA guidelines define an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as a report or document prepared by the proponent after the conduction of ESIA study to present the case for the assessment of their proposal as part of the environmental and social impact assessment process. The European Environmental Agency (EEA) (2006) defines EMP as an action plan or system which addresses the how, when, who, where and what of integrating environmental and social mitigation and monitoring measures throughout an existing or proposed operation or activity. Therefore, the main objectives of this EMP are to provide the overall responsibilities (implementation and funding) related to implementation of proposed mitigation and enhancement measures against identified potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed KCCMP.

8.2 Organisation Structure for ESMPThe organizational structure identifies and defines the authority structure and the communication structure of the various parties involved in the implementation of this ESMP. All instructions and official communications regarding environmental matters and the ESMP shall follow this organizational structure (Figure 8.1). NEMC shall appoint a Project Coordinator (PC) from among its employees to have the overall coordination of all activities related the mobilization, implementation and post-implementation (mainstreaming) of this project.

8.3 Roles and Responsibilities

8.3.1 Environmental Management ResponsibilitiesManagement of the overall implementation of recommended mitigation and enhancement measures is the responsibility of various parties including the project proponent (NEMC), responsible sector ministries, responsible environmental agencies as well as academic and research institutions. The institutions involved and their responsibilities are indicated in Table 8.1.

70

Figure 8.1 Organisation structure and responsibilities for implementation of EMP for KCCMP.

Table 8.1: Institutions and their responsibilities

Institution ResponsibilitiesGoT Co-funding of KCCMP activitiesWBG Co-funding of KCCMP activitiesMinistry of Energy and Minerals - TANESCO

Financing EMP implementation according to LKHP EMP

Ministry of Environment – NEMC

Overall coordination of the project Information archiving

Ministry of Water - RBWB

Coordination and conduction of water resources related fieldwork Monitoring activities within Kihansi catchment according to water

resources monitoring protocol Establishment of water user committees and associations

UDSM

Carry out fieldwork monitoring of ecology Maintenance of captive facilities at UDSM and KRS Carry out analysis of monitoring data and historical data to depict

trends and translate the directions of change to effect revisions on management of the Kihansi ecology

Participate in the KST re-introductions

SUA

Carry out fieldwork monitoring of KST and amphibian diseases Carry out laboratory research on prevention (immunology),

containment and cure of amphibian diseases Participate in the KST re-introductions

Toledo and Bronx Zoos Maintenance of captive facility for KST in USA Shipment of KST required in Tanzania

TAWIRI Carry out Management of KRSTPRI Carry out monitoring fieldwork for pesticides

71

Institution Responsibilities Carry out studies on pesticides in Kihansi catchment

LGA - Carry out actual implementation of ecological and community conservation activities in Kihansi catchment

8.3.2 Environmental Management CostsAmong the principal environmental costs are cost for implementing recommended mitigation measures. The estimated costs (Table 8.2) include costs for the Project Management Team who shall be fully engaged over the entire project period.

72

Table 8.2: Responsibilities and management costs related to implementation of Project EMP

Environment Impact Mitigation/Enhancement measures Responsible institution

Timeframe Estimated cost (USD)

Landscape

Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted areas

Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within gazetted areas

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape

Development of clear definition of easy-to-implement and practical conservation measures targeting all endangered species

Clear restoration targets and concise procedures for restoring modified landscapes to support desired ecosystem

- UDSM, RBWB, LGAs (Kilombero, Kilolo, Mufindi)

- Implementation + post implementation

40,000

Water resources

Availability of reliable information on water quantities (streamflows) and quality (+)

Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing water resources in Kihansi catchment (+)

Protection of surface and ground water resources from impacts of anthropogenic activities (+)

Establishment of water user committees to oversee water resources allocation and protection (+)

Development of a clear protocol for water resources monitoring in Kihansi catchment including the gorge

Fieldwork data collection, data quality assessment, data archiving and sharing, data analysis

Development and use of clear protocol for conservation and restoration of modified landscapes affecting surface water resources (e.g. inclusion of afforestation areas and types of vegetation to be used, etc)

- UDSM-WRED, UDSM-CoNAS, RBWB

- During implementation

- Implementation + post implementation

- Implementation + post implementation 30,000

Forests Better management of forest changes (+) Conservation of endemic plant species found in

Kihansi catchment (+)

Development of a clear definition of easy-to-implement and practical conservation measures targeting all endangered plant species

Development of a clear restoration targets and concise procedures for restoring modified forest landscapes to support desired plant ecosystem

Limit experimental studies on disease and survival of KST in the spray wetlands within enclosures

- UDSM, TAWIRI, SUA, NEMC

- Implementation + post implementation

25,000Gorge vegetation Better management of gorge vegetation changes (+) Conservation of endemic plant species found in the

Kihansi Gorge (+)

KST

Better management of KST habitat changes in the Kihansi Gorge (+)

Disturbance to KST habitat in Kihansi Gorge (-) Development of new approaches to amphibian re-

introductions to the wild for new species (+) Development of cure and immune of amphibian

diseases including chytrid fungus (+)

Improve funding modalities for KST and amphibian diseases and re-introduction studies

Improve collaboration of in-country researchers themselves and with foreign nationals

- NEMC, UDSM, SUA, TAWIRI, TPRI

- During implementation

60,000

Detrimental effects of chemicals used on gorge environment and ecosystem (-)

Carry out prior studies of effects of chemicals to be used in the gorge and restrict/prohibit usage of detrimental chemicals in the gorge

Carry out impacts monitoring for effects of chemical imported into the gorge

- SUA, UDSM-Zoology

- During implementation

- During implementation80,000

Education New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry, disease preventions for amphibians, diseases immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of unfamiliar amphibian species (+)

New scientific knowledge on plant and animal species endemic to Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics (+)

New methodologies for identification and monitoring of water sources and biodiversity (+)

Provision of platforms for sharing research findings to wider scientific and non-scientific community

Local Tanzanian prospect students should be motivated to apply for Master’s and PhD scholarships to enhance in-country human resources capacity

- NEMC, UDSM, SUA, TPRI, TAWIRI

- During implementation 140,000

73

Environment Impact Mitigation/Enhancement measures Responsible institution

Timeframe Estimated cost (USD)

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities (+)

Generated more experts in EFA (+) Generated more Master’s and PhD level human

resource (+)

Livelihoods

Sediment load due to erosion and nutrient loss from farms and improper use of chemicals for pests and weed control (+)

Closure of farming activities within gazetted areas (-) Reduction of land area for agricultural activities(-)

Adoption of IPM practises

Establishment and implementation of investment schemes

- LGAs/NEMC/MoAFS

- Implementation + post implementation

- During implementation 300,000

Electricity

Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity generation (+)

Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir from identified trends in reservoir water inflows (+)

The operating procedure for the power plant should be modified to include real-time inflow information that is derived from observed streamflows and historical trends

- MEM-TANESCO, GoT, WBG

- Implementation + post implementation 60,000

Use of alternative power source (a generator) to supply power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS in times of grid power failures / interruptions (-)

An alternative power sources to use of fuel generator (e.g. solar power) should be explored

- NEMC, UDSM-Zoology, TAWIRI

- Implementation + post implementation 170,000

Local policies

Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement issues (+)

Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political representatives (-)

Awareness creation for local communities with communication methods clearly elaborated in the communication strategy (CS)

- LGAs - During implementation

50,000

National and international policies

Legal cooperation agreements between Tanzania, USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc) (+)

Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA and elsewhere (-)

Legal issues related to KST and ecological integrity of Kihansi catchment should be harmonised with existing cooperation status (Tanzania-USA) and binding international agreements

- MoE-NEMC - During implementation

70,000

Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in Tanzania and other countries (+)

Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for projects related to water resources (+)

The process should harmonise the EFA guidelines and procedure with existing EIA guidelines and procedures by considering the most suitable entry point of EFA guidelines on EIA guidelines

- MoW, NEMC - Implementation + post implementation 50,000

Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem services within the Kihansi catchment (+)

Establishment of protocol for releasing information on ecosystem values to the wider community

- LGA - During implementation 20,000

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CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

9.1 Background

This chapter presents the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) that will be implemented throughout the Project life cycle to mitigate the impacts and enhance the benefits of the project. The ESMoP outlines the specific actions that shall be undertaken to ensure that the project complies with all applicable laws and regulations related to environmental impacts and impact mitigation. The ESMoP deals with all mitigation required for the physical, biological and socio-economic impacts and focuses on significant impacts.

The ESMoP will address four aspects of monitoring, which are i) baseline, impacts/effects, compliance and mitigation monitoring. Baseline monitoring determines the nature and ranges of natural variation and where possible to establish the process of change. Impact/effect monitoring quantifies environmental change that is associated with the project while compliance monitoring measures the extent in which mitigation measures comply with standards and laws. Mitigation monitoring, on the other hand, addresses the suitability and effectiveness of mitigation programmes designed to reduce or compensate for adverse effects of projects.

Baseline monitoring should be carried out following establishment of monitoring protocols for water resources, ecology, catchment characteristics (land cover/land use, topography, infrastructure development, etc) and natural resources. The existing monitoring protocols for Kihansi Gorge Ecology (Gibb’s Protocol) should be used for the gorge while new protocols should be developed and used for the rest of the Kihansi catchment.

The monitoring of predicted impacts of implementation of the KCCMP on physical, biological, social, economic, cultural and political environments should involve monitoring for occurrence of predicted changes, quantification of observed total changes using monitoring data, analysis of pre-project historical trend to estimate magnitude of no-project changes and estimating the portion of change related to project activities as the difference between the total changes and no-project changes. This will enable providing quantitative impacts of the implementation of project activities on Kihansi environments.

Compliance monitoring will be carried out to ensure that proposed mitigation and enhancement measures comply with existing laws and standards and any future foreseen amendments. Sets of standards used will be included in monitoring protocols to facilitate compliance monitoring.

The effectiveness of proposed mitigation and enhancement measures against envisaged significant impacts from implementation of KCCMP will be assessed by monitoring the implementation status of a measure and adherence to proposed implementation methodology/ procedure (is it carried according to established/recommended methodology?). If a proposed measure cannot effectively deal with the impact, it should be revised to take on board existing conditions.

For any ineffective measures, their revisions should be incorporated into a revised ESMoP.

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9.2 Monitoring Responsibilities and Costs

Details on parameter to be monitored have been considered along with costs estimates and responsible institution (s) (Table 9.1). The Project will endeavour to ensure that resources are available to implement the ESMoP throughout all phases of Project. The ESMoP will be subject to the principle of continuous improvement.

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Table 9.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Aspect Monitoring parameter Objectives Monitoring frequency

Standard Location Action Method Responsible institution

Responsible for monitoring

Estimated annual cost (TShs)

Landscape- Land use proportions - Landscape conservation

and restorationBiannual - - Kihansi

gazetted areas

- Notify KCCMP coordinator

LGA LGA-Land use planning department

In LGA annual budget

Water resources

- Number of new river gauges at the gorge

- Optimum number of operational stations in gorge and Kihansi catchment

- Updated Kihansi hydrological report

- Number of gazetted water sources

- To improve hydrological observation network

- To maintain optimum number of hydroclimatological stations

- Quantification of surface water resources

- Protection of water sources and resources

Annual - - Kihansi gorge and Kihansi catchment

- Notify KCCMP on measures to take to facilitate achievements

- Consultancies for analyses and constructions

MoW, UDSM

MoW-RBWB, UDSM-WRED

In KCCMP implementation budget

Forests

- General Kihansi catchment monitoring protocol

- Variables defined in monitoring protocol

- Establishment of Kihansi monitoring protocol

- Restoration of modified vegetation and conservation

As in the protocol

As in the protocol

- Kihansi catchment

- Notify LGA for prompt action

As in the protocol LGA, UDSM

LGA-Land use planning department, UDSM-IRA

In KCCMP implementation budget

Gorge vegetation

- Variables defined in Gibb’s protocol

- Restoration of modified vegetation and conservation

As in Gibb’s protocol

As in the protocol

- Kihansi Gorge

- Gibb’s Protocol TANESCO, UDSM, SUA, RBWB

TANESCO-Kihansi Environmental Officer

In KCCMP implementation budget

KST

- All variables indicated in Kihansi (to be developed) and Gibb’s monitoring protocols

- Understanding prevention and control of amphibian diseases

- Understanding impacts of environmental changes on KST and other amphibians

As in re-introduction and monitoring documents

As in re-introduction and monitoring documents

- Kihansi Gorge

- Notify NEMC-KCCMP for action

As in re-introduction and monitoring documents

NEMC, SUA, UDSM

UDSM-Zoology, SUA

In KCCMP implementation budget

Education

- Number of workshops, seminars, meetings conducted

- Number of local postgraduate students researching in Kihansi

- Number of research reports/papers on Kihansi

- Sharing research and its findings to wider community

- Local capacity building by participation in research in Kihansi

Six months - - Tanzania - Widely advertise in local media of planned meetings and availability of research positions

- Review of documents

NEMC, UDSM, SUA, TAWIRI

UDSM, SUA, NEMC-KCCMP

In KCCMP implementation budget

Electricity - Updated hydrological trends report

- Hydropower production to incorporate trends in

Biennial - - Kihansi, Dar es Salaam

- - Review of reports

UDSM, TANESCO

NEMC-KCCMP, UDSM-WRED,

In KCCMP implementation

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Aspect Monitoring parameter Objectives Monitoring frequency

Standard Location Action Method Responsible institution

Responsible for monitoring

Estimated annual cost (TShs)

- Power sources options report for KST captive facilities at UDSM and Kihansi

hydrology- Provision of alternative

sources of electricity for captive facilities at UDSM and Kihansi

TANESCO Kihansi/ HQ

budget

Energy sources

- New cooking stoves (saw dust, kerosene)

- Number of cases of firewood from gazetted areas

- Promotion of innovation for new energy sources and energy budgeting equipment

Annual - - Villages and towns in and around Kihansi

- Promote alternative sources of energy by training them on the benefits

- Report assessments

- Field visits

LGA LGA Environmental officer, community development officer

In LGA annual budget

Livelihoods

- Number of farmers adopting improved agricultural practises (see IPMP for Kihansi catchment)

- Improvement of water quality by minimising pesticides uses in the catchment

Annual - Villages within Kihansi catchment

- Implement IPMP for Kihansi catchment

- Field visits, impact assessment

LGA, MAFS, NEMC, MoW

NEMC, MAFS, LGA

In IPMP budget

Local policies

- Number of awareness meetings with communities

- Number of dissatisfied members of communities

- Prevention of local conflicts and project denial following gazettement of local lands

- Villages within Kihansi catchment

- For poor community acceptance, revise communication approaches

- Review of reports for any claims from community members

LGA, MoW-RBWB

Water user committees / associations

Annual budget

National policies

- EFA guideline document

- Revised EIA guidelines document

- Ecosystem services valuation report

- Improvements of EIA procedure for water resources projects

- Providing methodology for development of natural resources services valuation

Once - NEMC and MoW headquarters

- In case of delays, facilitate implementation

- Facilitate incorporation of EFA guidelines in existing EIA guideline

- Review of EFA and EIA guidelines reports

NEMC, MoW

KCCMP Team, consultants

Annual budget

International policies

- Signed agreements- Number of

disagreements

- Strengthening legal cooperation with partner countries and international organisation in relation to ecology

Annual - Tanzania - For cases of disagreements, establish and rectify causes

- Review of signed documents

- Review of reports on legal conflicts

GoT, MoE NEMC-KCCMP Team Annual budget

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CHAPTER 10: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

10.1 Background

The cost-benefit analysis presents a brief comparison of environmental and social costs of implementing the proposed project versus benefits accrued from the project when implementation of the project has been completed. It is a clear fact that, it is not possible to account for all the impacts accrued from the implementation of the project. This is because some of the impacts are direct while others are indirect; others are short-term while others are long-term, some of the impacts are site specific while others cross the boundaries of the project area to affect a much larger population, though it may not be necessarily a significant impact. Similarly, valuation of these impacts is more or less dictated by the social group biases tied to the environment to which the project has been subjected. Therefore, methodology used in this cost benefit analysis, will be based on comparing between the following:

“The total amount of cash that would be spent by the KCCMP into the local environment” termed as “BENEFIT”

Versus

“The opportunity cost of the items the people and the society will miss when the project is implemented” plus “environmental costs of mitigating any significant impact caused by the project’s activities after it is fully implemented to the end of project”. Termed as “COST”

Since this project is expected to take place for a five years period of time, the aspect of “Time Value of Money” will be ignored and all the costs will be considered as “Constant Dollar” with inflation and cost escalation assumed to be zero over the 5-years period.

10.2 Benefits of the Proposed KCCMP

The following project items will be termed as “BENEFITS”

Communities from 17 villages upstream in the Mufindi and Kilolo districts will be the main project implementers and beneficiaries of livelihood investments.

Implementation of Catchment Management Plan will lead to improvement of land and water use practices.

Contribution to Social Development of nearby communities. Promotion of conservation/protection of natural resources and enhancement of

conservation of endangered species.

Local individuals will increase their income by involving themselves in proposed KCCMP activities such tree regeneration program etc. Project with the support from the community, water user association and Rufiji water basin office will stamp out illegal practices such as farming close to water body and illegal harvesting of natural forest. This will increase the natural resource regeneration and subsequent harvesting and hence alleviate poverty.

The proposed KCCMP shall strive to support conservation activities particularly of those species that are critically endangered and endemic. The Project has a component that will undertake conservation and education activities and therefore will help to safeguard the environment in the whole Kihansi catchment.

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Implementation of the KCMP will help to improve water flow into the Kihansi River and hence sustain the hydropower plant that depends on the quantity of water that is retained in the dam.

Less use of pesticides will result in the improvement of the quality of water that enters the gorge and thus ensure the survival of species such as amphibians.

10.3 Costs of the Project

The following project items will be termed as “COST”: The environmental costs spent as part of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental Monitoring Costs.

The project is a full-sized GEF project with a five year implementation period, to be financed by the GEF Grant in the amount of US$ 5,980,544. The GoTs contribution is through the WSDP, which is a US$1,255 million sector wide program supported by numerous agencies, including US$200 million IDA credit. The key component of the program which is linked to this financing supports the strengthening of integrated water resource management in the nine river basins in mainland Tanzania. Government contributions in-kind are in the form of the Ministries staff time to manage the project and provision of administrative services.

10.4 Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis

Kihansi catchment is located within the Udzungwa Mountains and support aquatic and terrestrial species that are highly endemic and critically endangered, including the KST. Conserving such species will bring about global benefits as these species are not found anywhere else in the world.

Furthermore, this project will allow for the broader integration of biodiversity conservation activities and programs into the planning and management of river basins. The lessons that will be learned from the Kihansi catchment with regard to managing downstream terrestrial and upstream critical habitats for endangered species in the ecosystems will be incorporated into the catchment management plans in eight other river basins in Tanzania and will provide worldwide valuable lessons. The development of operational tools for integrating environmental flow assessment into river basin planning and water development planning will fill an important operational gap in integrated water resources management in Tanzania and will contribute to knowledge in this global highly contested area of integrated water resources management.

The project will also allow for testing and expanding the application of the emerging concept of payment for environmental services and benefit sharing that is increasingly being applied to the conservation of watersheds and other important conservation areas.

The benefits accrued from implementing activities that will provide such local and global benefits will far outweigh the costs that will be incurred during the implementation of the project.

10.5 Socio-Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis

The project is expected to generate positive social benefits through catchment management investments that improve agricultural practices in the catchment and reduce degradation of

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the natural resources base. The project will propose the formation of a Sub-catchment Management Committees and support existing Water Users Associations to oversee project implementation in the Kihansi Catchment including the promotion of alternative livelihood activities among riparian communities which will benefit from improved water quality and quantity. Communities from 17 upstream villages in the Mufindi and Kilolo districts will be the main project implementers and beneficiaries of livelihood investments.

As it can be seen in the impact analysis, there are no serious negative social economic impacts. It can therefore be deduced that the social benefits outweigh the negative social costs that are anticipated.

10.6 Summary of Cost – Benefit Analysis

Based on the facts described under Section10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.5, when all the benefits accrued from the project are compared to costs, it is obvious that the project will have more positive impacts to the surrounding environment as compared to the costs. The profits to be realized have also incorporated costs of the end of the KCCMP.

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CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The ESIA has identified a number of impacts both positive and negative and other residual cumulative issues pertaining to the proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management (KCCM) Project. The issues/impacts have been described and assessed in detail to gain adequate understanding of possible environmental effects of the proposed project from implementation to decommissioning (end) time, in order to formulate mitigation measures in response to negative aspects and enhancement measures in response to positive aspects which have emerged. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) provides way forward for implementation of the identified mitigation and enhancement measures while Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) provided details on how to monitor baseline conditions, impacts and effectiveness of mitigation/enhancement measures. The estimated costs for implementing the proposed measures are closely estimated though still remain indicative. The consultant has used informed judgment to come up with these figures.

The study concludes that although the project can have significant and wide-ranging impacts on the environment, the project is environmentally suitable and socially acceptable subject to the implementation of the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (ESMoP).

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REFERENCES

Bonn ConventionButynski, T.M., Ehardt, C.L., Struhsaker, T.T. (1998). Notes on two dwarf galagos (Galagoides

udzungwensis and Galagoides orinus) in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Primate Conservation 18: 69-75.

Convention Concerning Occupational Health and Safety (1983)LKEMP (2004). Updated Environmental Management Plan for the Lower Kihansi Hydropower

Project.LKEMP (2011a). Environmental Audit for the Lower Kihansi Hydropower ProjectLKEMP (2011b). Implementation Completion Report for the Lower Kihansi Environmental

Management Project.IUCN Red ListLovett, J.C., J. Hatton, L.B. Mwasumbi, & J. Gerstle. (1997). Assessment of the impact of the Lower

Kihansi hydropower project on the forests of Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 915-933.

NORPLAN (1995). Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project. Environmental Impact Assessment. Report produced for Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

NORPLAN (1999). Vegetation Survey in Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania. Report produced for Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Poynton, J.C., Howell, K.M., Clarke, B.T. & Lovett, J.C. (1998). A critically endangered new species of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology 47(2): 59-67.

Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M. (1982). Biological values and conservation prospects for the forests and primate populations of the Uzungwa mountains, Tanzania. Biological Conservation 24: 285-304.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)URT, Antiquities Act (1964)URT, Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations (2005) URT, Environmental Management Act Cap 191 of 2004URT, Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003URT, Health Policy (1990)URT, National Employment PolicyURT, National Energy Policy (2003)URT, National Poverty Eradication Strategy (2000) URT, Occupation Health and Safety Act (2003)URT, Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001)URT, Tanzania Development Vision 2025URT, The Environment Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, Gn No. 349 of 2005URT, The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008URT, The National Environmental Policy (1997) URT, The National Land Act, No. 4 of 1999 URT, The National Land Policy (1995)URT, The National Water Policy (2002)URT, The National Wildlife and Wetland Policy (2007)URT, The Public Health Act, 2008URT, The Water Resource Management Act, 2009 (Act No. 12/2009)URT, The Water Supply and Sanitation Act of 2009World Heritage Sites Convention (1972)

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Annex 1: Terms of Reference

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED KIHANSI CATCHMENT CONSERVATION

MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN KIHANSI CATCHMENT MOROGORO AND IRINGA REGIONS, TANZANIA

1. Introduction

The Kihansi Catchment is located in the Udzungwa mountains which is the largest block of the 12 Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania. The Udzungwa mountains contain nearly one-half of all the remaining closed forests in the Eastern Arc and as result have the highest diversity of endemic and threatened plant and animal species including the Kihansi Spray Toad (KST) and Sanje mangabay monkeys.

The catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The high-biodiversity Udzungwa forest reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest, grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi administrative districts. The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. There are no significant high flow seasonal changes within years responding to wet and dry seasons and moderate flows are sustained throughout the year.

The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is a public body established under the Environmental Management Act Cap 191, responsible for managing the environment in Mainland Tanzania. As part of fulfilment of her many mandates, the Council intends to implement a GEF project to be able to mainstream biodiversity conservation is catchment conservation. Due to the magnitude of the project and the type of activities to be implemented, it is foreseen that some positive and negative environmental impacts will arise. In this context NEMC is seeking a Consultant who will be able to carry out Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the upcoming project, identify and devise a plan to mitigate the foreseen impacts.

2. The Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)

Background

The Government of Tanzania has ratified three key conventions: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As part of implementation of these global environmental conventions, the GoT officially submitted for endorsement by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), a project proposal titled ‘Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)’. The Project is full-sized with a five year implementation period, with the key objective being ‘to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment’. This development objective will be achieved through the implementation of activities categorised into three key components: a) Conserving endangered species in the Kihansi catchment; b) Development of operational guidelines for

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conducting downstream Environmental Flow Assessment and a sustainable financing plan for the Kihansi catchment; and c) Project management.

The KCCMP is aligned under the CBD with five major Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2011 – 2020: Strategic Goal A - Mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society; Strategic Goal B – Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use; Strategic Goal C – Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity; Strategic Goal D - Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem series; and Strategic Goal E – Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management, and capacity building

The project will be implemented within the three key Components

Component 1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow Assessment and a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi catchment

The objective of this subcomponent is to incorporate biodiversity conservation at a planning level into Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning (IWRDMP) under the WSDP. Under Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) – (2001-2011) support was provided for the development of the 2004 Environmental Management Act (EMA) and 10 implementing regulations. These regulations and EMA provided an important legal framework for the integration of biodiversity conservation in river basin planning. However, to fully operationalize biodiversity conservation in river basin planning in Tanzania, an operational framework and guidelines relevant to river basin planning and EIA, which integrates environmental flow assessment, are required. This component comprises of two subcomponents; that is Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow Assessment and Develop a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi catchment.

Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchmentThis component focuses on operational level interventions in the Kihansi catchment to ensure the conservation of critically endangered plant and animal species and their critical habitat are conserved and sustainably managed over the long-term. The component comprises of two subcomponents namely Species and habitat conservation and Community conservation.

Within subcomponents there are number of activities to be implemented as detailed in Annex 1 as well as Project Apraisal Document.

Component 3: Project ManagementNEMC will be responsible for project coordination at the national, regional, district and village levels. This will entail facilitating and coordinating the Steering and Technical Advisory Committees as well as providing overall multi-sectoral coordination among governmental sectors. In addition, under this component support will be provided for day-to-day project implementation and management including, procurement, and financial and environmental management. The component will provide support for office operating costs including annual audit costs.

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The aim of developing the Terms of Reference (ToR) is to provide formal guidance to the project proponent and contracted Consultant for carrying out the ESIA of the proposed project on the range of issue that must be addressed in the ESIA process. Furthermore, they form the basis for subsequent review process.

3. Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

The objective of the EIA is to identify, assess and evaluate the potential likely adverse bio-physical and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project activities in the proposed area and develop an Environmental and Social Management Framework outlining the necessary steps and procedures to avoid, minimize or mitigate identified impacts. The ESIA will provide decision-makers in VPO - NEMC and the other stakeholders with sufficient information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance, modification or rejection of the project. It will also provide the basis for guiding subsequent actions, which will ensure that the project is carried out taking into account the environmental, socio-economic, cultural and health issues and concerns identified.

The objective focuses on: -

Establishing baseline information on both natural and built environment including socio-economic conditions of the proposed project in Kihansi Catchment

Predicting and evaluate foreseeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of the proposed project

Develop Environmental Management Plan or mitigation measures that aim at eliminating or minimising the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones; and

Develop an environmental and social screening form and checklist to evaluate project activities related to identification of water sources and biodiversity hotspots and their protection so that unforeseen impacts, if any can be identified, and corresponding mitigation measures determined, managed and monitored throughout the life of the project.

4. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment RequirementsThe environmental management Act, Cap 191 requires that ESIA be undertaken for all new projects that may cause adverse environmental and social impacts. Under the environment Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 the proposed project is categorized as an EIA obligatory project for which a full EIA is required.

Additionally, the project will be supported by the World Bank, requiring compliance with their environmental and social Safeguards policies. Based on a preliminary review of the project design, it is likely that the relevant policies include: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Forests (OP 4.36).

4.1 Scope of Work

Task 1: Description of the Proposed ProjectThe Consultant shall give details of:

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Background of the project, highlighting the link between Kihansi dam operation and the spray toad reintroduction plan;

Location of all project – related development and operation sites; General description of the proposed project and its major components, phases and

activities to be implemented in each phase of the project life; and Organisation relationships, mandates and interactions among the different parties to

be involved in the project.

Task 2: Description of the environment

The Consultant shall:a) Provide information on biological environment on flora, fauna, rare or endangered

species and sensitive habitats including parks, reserves, significant natural sites, forest and any other area that qualifies as a Critical Natural Habitat in accordance with OP 4.04.

b) Provide general description of surface and ground water hydrology, existing sources of water pollution discharges and receiving water quality.

c) An assessment of the socio-economic environment; including community demographics, gender issues, and existing land use practices in the catchment including specific details on the types and amounts of pesticides used among project affected persons.

d) Identify areas that require special attention in the project implementation and their proposed mitigation measures.

e) Recommend improved land use and options for reducing pesticide use.

Environmental Impact Assessment shall specifically focus on these ecological components in the environment to ensure that the proposed development does not harm the well-being or these characteristics.

Task 3: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations

The Consultant shall describe pertinent local, national and international regulations, standards and institutional framework governing protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, land use/catchment management etc. which are important to observe during the implementation of the project activities. The consultant shall clarify how each legal or institutional aspect is relevant to the project, and provide guidance as to what the specific implication is for project design and operation.

The Consultant shall describe the relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies, and assess which of those policies apply in the project context. The Consultant shall clarify how the project design must take such provisions into account.

Task 4: Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project

The consultant shall identify potential impacts of the project on natural resources, humans and ecosystems. Describe the impacts quantitatively and qualitatively, where possible in terms of environmental costs and benefits. Impact analysis should clearly address direct, indirect and cumulative impacts. In the analysis, distinguish between: Positive and negative impacts Direct and indirect impacts

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Long term and short term impacts Reversible and irreversible impacts Identify linkages among project components and the issues

Evaluate the levels of significance of the impacts indicating the criteria used. Identification, prediction and analysis of impacts should be made for each phase of the project life. Explain significant information deficiencies or any uncertainties associated with prediction of impacts. Recommend appropriate mitigation measures for mitigating the negative impacts and identify opportunities from positive impacts and how they can be enhanced.

Among other issues, the determination of potential impacts should identify the following: Potential for involuntary resettlement. In accordance with OP 4.12, involuntary

resettlement includes those impacts associated with restriction of access to natural resources;

Potential impact of the project on forests and/or the rights and welfare of local communities;

Potential impact of the project on Critical Natural Habitats; Potential for the project to lead to increased use of pesticides;

Task 5: Analysis of alternatives of the proposed projectThe Consultant shall describe at least three viable design alternatives that would achieve the same objectives. Consider and analyze alternatives in terms of location, design, technology and phases, operating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs, suitability under local conditions, institutional, training and monitoring requirements.

Task 6: Resource evaluation or cost benefit analysis

The consultant shall describe the extent possible; quantify total/ environmental costs and benefits of each alternative incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures. The zero alternative i.e. of not having the project must be included.

Task 7: Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan

Based on this assessment, the ESIA should set forth an Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP). The ESMP shall spell out specific management measures including, budget estimates, schedules, institutional responsibilities, staffing and training requirements and any other necessary support services to implement the mitigation measures. The Consultant shall ensure the EMSP describes feasible and cost effective measures to (i) prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels and (ii) enhance positive impacts.

Task 8: Development of an environmental and social screening form and checklist As the area size and type of some of the activities that will be supported by the project in relation to protection of important water sources and biodiversity hotspots are not specified at this time, the consultant shall develop an environmental and social screening form and checklist to identify potential impacts and outline the specific environmental and social management measures that will be applied to all activities that may result in any potential identified impact.

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Task 9: Development of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)The Consultant shall prepare IPMP including: (i) measures to identify potential activities (supported by project or counterpart funds) where pesticides may be used, (ii) a list of pesticide products authorized for procurement under the project, and (iii) plan (and budget) for ensuring safe pesticide handling equipment is provided to those who may be using pesticides).Task 10: Resettlement Process Framework The Consultant shall prepare a Process Framework for addressing potential social issues that may arise from protection of water sources and biodiversity hotspots. These shall include: measures to establish a process by which members of potentially affected communities participate in design of project components; determination of measures necessary to achieve resettlement policy objectives, and implementation and monitoring of relevant project activities; see OP 4.12, Annex A).

Task 11: Development of an Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

The Consultant shall prepare a detailed plan for monitoring the implementation of the ESMF during project life cycle. Include in the plan an estimate of the capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs needed to carry it out.

The Consultant shall be guided by the cost-effectiveness principles in proposing amelioration measures. Estimation of costs of those measures shall be made. The assessment will provide a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures and impacts of the project during project operation.

Task 12: Public consultations:

The assessment shall establish the level of consultation of the affected stakeholders throughout the project life span, level of involvement in implementing project activities as this is an important aspect for both environmental and project sustainability. The assessment will provide a framework for obtaining the views of affected groups, and in keeping records (with evidence) of meeting and other activities, communication, and comments and their disposition.

In addition, the Consultant shall conduct a formal public consultation on the draft Environmental Impact Assessment, after it has been approved by the Client and the World Bank, but prior to the document’s finalization. Such a consultation should be conducted only after the draft EIA has been made publically available, in the project area, through NEMC’s website, and through the World Bank’s InfoShop.

For each consultation event conducted, the Consultant shall provide record of the names of organisations, government and departments and individuals whose views will be obtained. It should also include a list of issues raised by those consulted, and explain if and how the project design was adjusted to respond to their concerns. This summary should be included as an Annex to the EIS.

Task 13: Reporting and submissionNotwithstanding the above requirements, the contents and the structure of the report should be in accordance with Regulations 18 and 19 respectively of the EIA and Audit Regulations of 2005. The report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues.

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The Executive Summary and the ESIA Main Report should be submitted according to the requirements of Regulations 19 to 21 of the EIA and Audit Regulations, GN No. 349/2005 for simplifying the review process.

4.2 Outputs

a) The Consultant shall submit to the Client, three original bound hard and electronic copies each of the scoping report, the Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIA); Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) and Process Framework.

b) The Consultant shall also make 15 copies for the review process as stipulated in the EMA 2004; and work to ensure sufficient copies are available in the project area, through NEMC and published through the World Bank’s InfoShop.

c) After the review process, the Consultant shall submit five hard copies and an electronic copy of the final reports, with all comments arising from the technical review incorporated into the reports.

4.3 Reference

The Consultant shall provide a list of all information sources used, including unpublished documents and sources.

5. Consulting Team

Team composition: The core team must be multi-disciplinary, with expertise in Hydrology, Ecology, Social Science and familiar with World Bank safeguard policies. To undertake the ESIA and their profiles. One of the team members will be the team

leader. For each specialist proposed, curriculum vitae will be provided, setting out their relevant

qualifications and experiences.

Key qualifications: The Lead Consultant must be in possession of a post graduate degree (MSc or PhD) in Ecology, Wildlife or related fields.

The Consultant must be a registered EIA Expert with a minimum of three years working experience in environmental assessment.

Experience in carrying out environmental assessments and related assignment(s) in Tanzania or outside the country.

6. Mode of PaymentPayment will be effected as follows:

a) 50% upon submission and acceptance of the technical and financial proposal and signing of the contract;

b) 50% upon submission and acceptance of the final ESIA report acceptable at the Client.

7. Timeframe

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The Consultancy is expected to take a maximum of six weeks from the date of the signing of the contract to the submission of the final report.

8. Client Contribution

a) NEMC will cover all costs associated with the field work that will be carried out by the Consultant (travel and daily subsistence allowance according to Government rates).

b) Costs associated with printing, binding and distribution of the report will be covered by the Consultant.

a) Costs that will cover travel and DSA for the two assistants from NEMC, and Costs associated with organizing and conducting site visits review meetings by the reviewing board (in this case NEMC).

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ANNEX 2: 5-Year Budget Breakdown for Implementation of Activities

PROPOSED FIVE YEAR BUDGET

Financing Item Component Actions Cost in US$Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total

COMPONENT ONE: CONSERVE ENDANGERED SPECIES IN KIHANSI CATCHMENTSub Component 1.1: Species and habitat Conservation

Support continuation of reintroduction and monitoring of KST

Monitor key ecological indicators 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 200,000Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST 70,000 50,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 170,000

Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and population viability of endangered species

50,000 50,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 220,000

Control and mitigate chytrid fungus and other diseases (laboratory work)

70,000 70,000 50,000 50,000 20,000 260,000

Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania and USA

170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 850,000

Procure field vehicle 90,000 90,000Procure field equipment for KST reintroduction and monitoring 50,000 21,755 71,755

Population level evaluation and monitoring of other endangered and endemic plant and animal species in Kihansi catchment

Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge

30,000 80,000 30,000 30,000 170,000

Conduct taxonomic identification of butterfly and hosts plant species for butterflies

20,000 20,000 40,000

Monitor wild coffee and other species endemic to Kihansi Gorge 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 125,000

Procure field equipment for PVA and monitoring exercise 30,000 30,000 60,000

Develop and implement the Kihansi catchment management plan (KCMP)

Identify and monitor important water source areas and biodiversity rich hotspots

70,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 180,000

Develop KCMP 80,000 70,000 20,000 170,000Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich hotspots 40,000 30,000 15,000 85,000

Implement KCMP 70,000 60,000 50,000 180,000Procure field vehicle 90,000 90,000

SUB TOTAL 1 885,000 625,000 586,755 480,000 385,000 2,961,755Sub component 1.2: Community Conservation

Community pilot investment through participatory planning

Implement pilot community conservation investments to improve water quality and quantity

80,000 100,000 140,000 140,000 100,000 560,000

Training Train communities and key staff from relevant sectors in IPM and other conservation approaches

120,000 120,000 100,000 60,000 40,000 440,000

Monitor and Evaluate TAC and SC technical and policy oversight and field visits 85,000 85,000 85,000 85,000 85,000 425,000

SUB TOTAL 2 285,000 305,000 325,000 285,000 225,000 1,425,000

COMPONENT TWO: OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT AND FINANCING PLAN FOR THE KIHANSI CATCHMENT

Sub Component 2.1: Operational guidelines for conducting environmental flow assessmentDevelop procedures for Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA)

Develop guidelines and procedures for EFA 120,000 120,000 80,000 320,000

Publish and disseminate EFA 30,000 30,000 20,000 80,000Develop and implement the

Develop the CS 60,000 40,000 20,000 120,000Support implementation of the CS 50,000 40,000 40,000 130,000

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PROPOSED FIVE YEAR BUDGET

Financing Item Component Actions Cost in US$Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total

Communication Strategy (CS)SUB TOTAL 3 180,000 160,000 180,000 70,000 60,000 650,000

Sub component 2.2: Sustainable Financing Plan for the Kihansi catchmentDetermine modalities for financing management of the Kihansi catchment

Conduct valuation of ecosystem services 60,000 40,000 100,000

Carry out economic analysis of water use of LKHP 60,000 40,000 100,000

Prepare and implement a financing plan for the Kihansi catchment

Prepare a financing plan for Kihansi Catchment 75,000 40,000 115,000

Implement a financing plan 30,000 20,000 10,000 60,000SUB TOTAL 4 120,000 155,000 70,000 20,000 10,000 375,000

COMPONENT THREE: PROJECT MANAGEMENTProject management and coordination

Procure project vehicles 90,000 90,000Procure office furniture 7,000 7,000Stationeries 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 10,000Procure office equipment 12,000 12,000Service and maintenance of motor vehicles 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 75,000

Fuel and Lubricants 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 50,000Tire and Tubes 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 25,000Other office expenses 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 15,000

SUB TOTAL 5 144,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 284,000

TOTAL (1+2+3+4+5) 1,614,000 1,280,000 1,196,755 890,000 715,000 5,695,755Contingency (5%) 80,700 64,000 59,838 44,500 35,750 284,788

GRAND TOTAL 1,694,700 1,344,000 1,256,593 934,500 750,750 5,980,543

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ANNEX 3: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED

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ANNEXE 4:

SCREENING FORM FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

1. Resource use and socio-economic impacts Will the project activities affect people's use of local resources?

(e.g., drinking and washing water, land use, food, fuel, medicines, building materials) that local people take from the natural environment?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will there be additional demands on water or other local resources as a result of the project?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Will the project restrict people's access to natural resources at any time before, during, or after project period? If so, what plans are there to provide additional resources to meet increased permanent and-temporary needs?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will the project affect downstream users of resources, especially water resources? If so, how will those resources be protected?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Are future natural-resource-use opportunities being cut off? If so, what compensation will be offered?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Will the project affect land or water use? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Will the project require resettlement of any residents? -------------------------------------------------------------------

Will the project create livelihood enhancement opportunities to the communities? If so, will this include women?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Are there habitat corridors along the riverbank that need to be protected? What methods will be used to protect these ecosystems or habitats? What is the land- and water-use in the immediate area? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What resources of local or traditional importance will be affected by the project activities? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What arrangements have or will be made with the local communities to manage the impacts on these resources?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Biophysical/ landscape impacts Is the local vegetation mainly natural forest, swamp vegetation, or farmland?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Will the immediate or 'downstream' effects of the project change the vegetation cover?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Will the project affect important species, habitats, or ecosystems in the area? Is the area

environmentally sensitive or fragile?

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Will vegetation be removed or any surface left bare? If so, what will be the impact of clearance? Will sediments be prevented from entering the streams?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Will slope or soil stability be affected by the project activities?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Impacts on water quality Will the project activities affect the quality of streams in the catchment or the groundwater?

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What steps are planned to minimise sedimentation in streams and contamination of groundwater?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Will agrochemicals (e.g., herbicides, pesticides) be used?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What plans are there to control pollution of water from these substances? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ANNEX 5On completion of the screening form the project implementers at LGA and Community level would have identified potential impacts due to the protection of the water sources and biodiversity hotspots. The Project implementers will then use this checklist (Annex …) to identify the corresponding mitigation measures to

successfully manage these impacts

GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLISTResource use and socio-economic Biodiversity/landscape Water quality

No involuntary, physical displacement or relocation would be required apart from regulated access to economic resources such as harvesting of trees for building and fuel wood used by member of communities.

Ensure that communities restricted in access to natural resources are included in project activities and benefit from livelihood interventions.

Provide training on soil and water conservation and natural resources management.

Reduce sediment load due to erosion and nutrient loss from farms and improper use of chemicals for pests and weed control

Provide knowledge on better management and use of resources

Provides training on livelihood investments through participatory planning

Promote Community conservation and livelihood interventions including subsistence agriculture

Improve agricultural productivity through soil conservation and IPM practices

Protect sensitive ecosystems such as forests and gorge ecosystem

Reduction of destruction of important natural landscape and water sources.

Improve conservation of endemic plant species found in the Kihansi Gorge.

Training on good land practices will help reduce sediments to catchment areas and Kihansi river

Improved natural resources conservation skills of local communities

Ensure available information on plant and animal species endemic to Kihansi catchment and their survival characteristics are documented and made available to communities

Increase community awareness on conservation of biological diversity.

Strengthen natural resources management capacities of Village Environmental Committee and the general

Establish buffer zones around the protected water sources and biodiversity hotspots.

Control agrochemicals use in agricultural fields up the catchment areas

Training of communities on the proper use and handling of agrochemicals

Identify and protect important water sources in Kihansi catchment

Strengthening community enforcement capacity throughwater user associations to manage catchment and water allocation

Increase public awareness on water resources management

Reduced water pollution and improved quality from integrated pest management practices in livelihood activities in the catchment.

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