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Table of Contents GENERAL SCIENCE ................................................................................................................................... 4

Newton’s first law ............................................................................................................................... 4

Newton’s second law .......................................................................................................................... 4

Newton’s third law .............................................................................................................................. 4

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion ...................................................................................................... 4

Important Scientific Laws and Theories .............................................................................................. 4

MAGNETISM........................................................................................................................................ 5

Work and Energy ................................................................................................................................. 6

MORE ABOUT SOLID, LIQUID AND GASES .......................................................................................... 6

Surface Tension ............................................................................................................................... 6

REFRACTION ........................................................................................................................................ 7

ELECTRICITY ......................................................................................................................................... 8

METAL & NON-METAL ........................................................................................................................ 8

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS ................................................................................................................... 8

Soaps ............................................................................................................................................... 8

Synthetic Detergents....................................................................................................................... 9

COALS .............................................................................................................................................. 9

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT ....................................................................................................... 9

POLITY ................................................................................................................................................... 12

Constitutional Reforms in British India ............................................................................................. 12

Regulating Act, 1773 ..................................................................................................................... 12

The Charter Act of 1853 ................................................................................................................ 12

The Govt of India Act, 1858 .......................................................................................................... 12

PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION ................................................................................................ 12

SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION ............................................................................................ 13

Sources of our Constitution .............................................................................................................. 13

Fundamental Rights .......................................................................................................................... 14

CITIZENSHIP ....................................................................................................................................... 14

The President .................................................................................................................................... 15

Qualification for election as President .......................................................................................... 16

Legislative powers of President .................................................................................................... 16

Vice President of India .................................................................................................................. 16

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PRIME MINISTER ............................................................................................................................... 16

Appointment of the Prime Minister ............................................................................................. 17

Powers and functions of Prime Minister ...................................................................................... 17

Central Council of Minister ........................................................................................................... 17

PARLIAMENT OF INDIA ..................................................................................................................... 17

The House of the People (Lok Sabha) ........................................................................................... 17

Special Powers of the Lok Sabha ................................................................................................... 17

RAJYA SABHA .................................................................................................................................... 18

Leader of the House ...................................................................................................................... 18

MEMBER ....................................................................................................................................... 18

Powers of Rajya Sabha .................................................................................................................. 18

Governor ....................................................................................................................................... 18

The powers of Governors ................................................................................................................. 18

Executive Powers .......................................................................................................................... 18

Legislative Powers ......................................................................................................................... 19

Supreme Court of India ..................................................................................................................... 19

Composition of Supreme Court .................................................................................................... 19

Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court .............................................................................. 19

Removal of judges of Supreme Court ........................................................................................... 19

Some Important Points on SC ....................................................................................................... 20

WORLD GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 21

Asia .................................................................................................................................................... 21

Instant Facts on Asia ..................................................................................................................... 21

Africa ................................................................................................................................................. 24

Europe ............................................................................................................................................... 25

Instant Facts on Europe ................................................................................................................ 25

North America/ Middle America ....................................................................................................... 27

Interesting Fact on North America ............................................................................................... 27

South America ................................................................................................................................... 28

Important River Basin of South America ...................................................................................... 29

Australia ............................................................................................................................................ 30

Antarctica .......................................................................................................................................... 30

Important National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries in India ................................................................... 31

Important Countries, Capital and their Currency ............................................................................. 34

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Dances of India and Related States .................................................................................................. 36

Research Institutes and Headquarters in India ................................................................................. 38

Famous Airports in India ................................................................................................................... 39

Railway zones and their Headquarter ............................................................................................... 40

National Ports of India ...................................................................................................................... 40

Rivers of India with their Cities and States ....................................................................................... 41

Famous Mines of India Diamond ...................................................................................................... 42

Iron Ore ............................................................................................................................................. 42

Manganese ........................................................................................................................................ 43

Copper ............................................................................................................................................... 43

Bauxite .............................................................................................................................................. 43

Coal ................................................................................................................................................... 43

Oil ...................................................................................................................................................... 43

List of Major Straits of World ............................................................................................................ 44

Largest producing countries of agricultural commodities Cereals ................................................... 45

Vegetables......................................................................................................................................... 45

Fruits ................................................................................................................................................. 45

Dairy Products ................................................................................................................................... 46

Drink Products ................................................................................................................................... 46

Meat Products ................................................................................................................................... 46

Other Products .................................................................................................................................. 46

Fibers ................................................................................................................................................. 46

Wood and Forest Products ............................................................................................................... 47

Rivers by Length ................................................................................................................................ 47

Agricultural Commodities and their Producing States...................................................................... 48

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GENERAL SCIENCE

Newton’s first law ¶ When a car or train starts suddenly, the passengers bends backward. ¶ When a running horse stops suddenly, the rider bends forward.

¶ When a coat/blanket is beaten by a stick, the dust particles are removed.

Newton’s second law ¶ It is easier for a strong adult to push a full shopping cart than it is for a baby to push the same cart. Also, it is easier for a person to push an empty shopping cart than a full one.

¶ Train wreck. If a train hits another train of equal force and speed, they will both go the same distance and feel the same force. But if the first train is hooked to a second, the single train will go twice the distance of the double train and will feel twice the force.

¶ A bowling ball and a marble dropping at the same time.

Newton’s third law ¶ When a bullet is fired from a gun with a certain force (action), there is an equal and opposite force exerted on the gun in the backward direction (reaction).

¶ When a man jumps from a boat to the shore, the boat moves away from him. The force he exerts on the boat (action) is responsible for its motion and his motion to the shore is due to the force of reaction exerted by the boat on him.

¶ The swimmer pushes the water in the backward direction with a certain force (action) and the water pushes the swimmer in the forward direction with an equal and opposite force (reaction).

¶ The value of G is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2.

¶ The acceleration produced in a body due to force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity (denoted as g) and its value is 9.8 m/ s2

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion ¶ All planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun being at rest at one focus of the orbit

¶ The position vector of the planet with sun at the origin sweeps out equal area in equal time i.e. The areal velocity of planet around the sun always remains constant.

¶ Speed of a planet is maximum when it is at perigee and minimum when it is at apogee.

¶ The orbital speed of a satellite revolving near the surface of earth is 7.9 km / sec.

¶ For earth, escape velocity = 11.2 km/s.

¶ For moon, escape velocity = 2.4 km/s.

Important Scientific Laws and Theories

1. Archimede's principle - It states that a body when wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, experiences an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. Thus, the body appears to lose a part of its weight. This loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.

2. Aufbau principle - It states that in an unexcited atom, electrons reside in the lowest energy orbitals available to them.

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3. Avogadro's Law - It states that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

4. Brownian motion - It is a zigzag, irregular motion exhibited by small solid particles when suspended in a liquid or gas due to irregular bombardment by the liquid or gas molecules.

5. Bernoulli's principle - It states that as the speed of a moving fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The aerodynamic lift on the wing of an aeroplane is also explained in part by this principle.

6. Boyles's Law - It states that temperature remaining constant, volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas. Thus, PV = K (constant), where, P = Pressure and V = Volume.

7. Charles's Law - It states that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 degree celsius for each degree celsius rise or fall of its temperature.

8. Coulomb's Law - It states that force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

9. Heisenberg principle (uncertainty principle) - It is impossible to determine with accuracy both the position and the momentum of a particle such as electron simultaneously.

10. Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes - Gases react together in volumes which bear simple whole number ratios to one another and also to the volumes of the products, if gaseous — all the volumes being measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

11. Graham’s Law of Diffusion - It states that the rates of diffusion of gases are

inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities under similar conditions of

temperature and pressure.

MAGNETISM Magnetic Substance: On the basis of magnetic behavior, substances can be divided into three categories. Diamagnetic substance: Diamagnetic substances are such substances which when placed in a

magnetic field, acquire feeble magnetism opposite to the direction of magnetic field.

Examples : Bismuth, Zinc, Copper, Silver, Gold, Diamond, Water, Mercury, Water etc.

Paramagnetic Substance : Paramagnetic substances are such substances which when placed in a magnetic field acquire a feeble magnetism in the direction of the field. Examples : Aluminum, Platinum, Manganese, Sodium, Oxygen etc. Ferromagnetic substance : Ferromagnetic substances are those substance, which when placed in a magnetic field, are strongly magnetized in the direction of field. Examples : Iron, Cobalt, Nickel etc.

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Work and Energy Work : In physics work is defined if force applied on object displaces the object in direction of force. We define the work as Product of the force and displacement in the direction of applied force or Product of displacement and force in the direction of displacement. W = Force × displacement Unit of Work : The SI unit of force is a newton and the unit of length is a metre (m). So the SI unit of work is newtonmeter which is written as Nm. This unit (Nm) is also called joule (J), i.e. 1 joule = 1 newton . 1 metre Abbreviated, this is 1 J = 1 Nm When a force of 1 newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction the work done is 1 Joule. † Energy : Anything which has the capacity to do work is said to possess energy. This implies that work can be done only at the expense (cost) of energy i.e., to do work, we need to spend energy, whatsoever be its form. Unit of Energy : Same as that of work i.e., Joules(J) Relation between kinetic energy and momentum: p = 2mk where p = momentum, k = kinetic energy, m = mass (i) For same momentum : K-energy varies inversely as the mass K 1 (ii) For same K-energy Momentum varies directly as the square root of mass of the body. p μ m † Power : The time rate of doing work is defined as power (P). If equal works are done in different times, power will be different. More quickly work is done,

power will be more.

† Unit of Power : The unit of power is the joule per second and this is called the watt (W). When large amounts of power are involved, a more convenient unit is the kilowatt (kW) where 1 kW = 1000 W. 1 Megawatt = 106 watt Power was also measured earlier in a unit called horse power. Even these days, the unit of horse power is in common use. 1 horse power = 746 watt The unit kilowatt-hour means one kilowatt of power supplied for one hour. It is, therefore, the unit of energy. 1 KWh = (1000 J/s) × 60 × 60s = 3.6 × 106 J

MORE ABOUT SOLID, LIQUID AND GASES

Surface Tension: A molecule of the liquid near the surface is attracted by fewer molecules of the liquid (there is only

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air on one side) then molecule deep inside. Therefore, the molecule of the free surface has less attractive force than the deeper one, and so it is energetically unfavaourable for a liquid to have a surface. This property of liquid surface is called surface tension. † When the water touches the glass, it ‘rises up’ the glass surface then forms a concave meniscus. † Mercury behaves in a different manner. Mercury molecules are attracted more strongly to other mercury molecules than they are attracted to glass molecules. Here, the cohesive force is stronger than adhesive force. That is why, when mercury touches the glass surface, it ‘rises down’ the glass forming a convex meniscus.

† Pascal Law: When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. This is called Pascal’s law. Pascal’s law holds, both for liquid and gases.

† Buoyancy: Every liquid exerts an upwards force on objects immersed in it. This upward force is called Buoyant force and this phenomenon is called Buoyancy.

† Archimedes’ Principle: states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of this displaced liquid. The buoyant force exerted by a liquid, therefore, depends on the volume of the object immersed on it. † When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, there is apparent loss in weight of the body, which is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid by the body. The rise or depression of liquids in small diameter tubes is called capillarity. † The faster the air, the lower the pressure.

REFRACTION Whenever a wave is bounced back into same medium at an interface reflection is said to have occurred. Transmission of a wave into the second medium at an interface is called refraction. • Twinkling of stars, appearance of sun before actual sunrise and after actual sunset etc. are due to atmospheric refraction. † Rainbow : Rainbows are generated through refraction and reflection of light in small rain drops. The sun is always behind you when you face a rainbow, and that the center of the circular arc of the rainbow is in

the direction opposite to that of the sun. The rain, of course, is in the direction of the rainbow

i.e. rain drops must be ahead of you and the angle between your line-of-sight and the sunlight

will be 40° – 42°.

† Moon is seen red during total lunar eclipse

Solar radiation will be refracted when passing through the earth's atmosphere. Therefore part of the sunlight can still reach the shadow of the earth. Besides, the earth atmosphere scatters most of the blue light , so there will be more red light reaching the moon. The red light will be reflected back to earth. That is the reason why you can see a red moon rather than total darkness.

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ELECTRICITY † The electrical devices we encounter most often in modern life such as computers, lights and telephones involve moving charges which we call electric currents. † Electric Current : We define the electric current, or simply the current, to be the net amount of positive charge passing per unit time across any section through the conductor in the sense from the positive toward the negative terminal. † The SI unit of current is the ampere (A), where 1A = 1 C/s that is, 1A of current is equivalent to 1C of charge passing through the surface in 1s. In practice, smaller units of current are often used, such as the milliampere (1mA = 10–3 A) and the microampere (1μA = 10–6 A)

METAL & NON-METAL 1. All the materials found in the earth's crust are made up of chemical elements. 2. All these elements can be broadly divided into two classes: Metals and Non-metals Note : Out of 117 elements 83 are naturally occuring. Out of total 117 elements about 24 are non-metals and rest are metals 3. Physical Properties of Metals

• Metals, in their pure state, possess a shining surface (metallic lustre). Freshly cut metals have a bright metallic lustre. • Metals are solid at room temperature. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. • Metals are generally hard and strong. But metals like sodium and potassium are exceptionally very soft and can be cut with a knife. • Metals have high melting and boiling points. Sodium, potassium, gallium and mercury have low melting and boiling points. • Metals are good conductors of heat. Silver, followed by copper and aluminium, is the best conductor of heat. These days, cooking vessels and other utensils are made up of copper and aluminium. • Metals are also good conductors of electricity. Silver, followed by copper, gold and aluminium, is the best conductor of electricity. Copper and aluminums are used for making electrical wires. • Metals are sonorous. They make a ringing sound when struck. • Metals are usually malleable. They can be hammered into thin sheets and rolled into different shapes without breaking. Gold and silver are the most malleable metals. • Metals are generally ductile. They can be easily drawn into wires. Gold and silver are most ductile metals. Copper wires are used for electrical purposes. • Metals have high tensile strength, i.e. they can hold heavy loads without breaking. • Metals have high densities i.e. they are heavy in nature. Sodium and potassium metals are exceptions as they have low densities and float on water. 4. Corrosion is the process of slowly eating away of metal due to attack of atmospheric gases

and water on the surface of metal. The most common example of corrosion is the rusting of

iron.

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

Soaps Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g., stearicoleic and palmitic acids. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This process is called saponification.

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• Soaps do not work in hard water. Hard water contains Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions. These ions form insoluble calcium and magnesium soaps respectively when sodium or potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water. These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent.

Synthetic Detergents Sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acids. They are better cleansing agents than soap. These are of three types: (a) Anion detergents are those detergent which contain large part of anion. (i) For preparing anionic detergent, long chain alcohols are first treated with concentrated H2S, giving alkyl hydrogen sulphates. These are neutralized with alkali to give anionic detergent. (ii) They are also effective in slightly acidic solutions. In acidic solution, they form alkyl hydrogen sulphate which is soluble in water whereas soaps form insoluble fatty acids. (b) Cationic detergents are mostly acetates or chlorides of quaternary amines. These detergents have germicidal properties and are extensively used as germicides. (c) Non-ionic detergents are esters of high molecular mass.

COALS Bituminous : Black, hard, smoky, flame, domestic fuel Lignite : High moisture content burns easily, low calorific value. Peat : Low grade coal produces less heat & more smoke & ash Anthracite : Superior quality, hardest form, high calorific value Compounds of metal and non-metal and their uses : Ferrous oxide (FeO):In green glass, Ferrous salt. Ferric oxide (Fe304) : In electroplating of ornaments and formation of ferric slat Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4. 7H20) : In dye industry, and Mohr's salt Ferric hydroxide [(Fe(OH)3)] : In laboratory reagent and in making medicines. Iodine (I2):Antiseptic, In making tincture of iodine. Bromine (Br2):In dye industry, laboratory reagent Chlorine (Cl2) :Mustard gas, Bleaching powder. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) : In the formation of aquaregiaand dyes Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) : As a reagent ,In purification of petroleum,In lead storage battery. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) : As oxidants & reductants , bleaching agent Hydrogen Sulphides (H2S) : In qualitative analysis of basic radical (group separation) Sulphur (S) : Antiseptics, vulcanization of rubber, gun powder, medicine. Ammonia (NH3) : As reagent in ice factory. Nitrous oxide (N20) : Laughing gas, Surgery. Carbon dioxide (CO2) :Soda water, Fire extinguisher. Carbon monoxide (CO) : In phosgene gas Graphite : As electrodes. Diamond : Ornaments, Glass cutting, Rock drilling. Alum [K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3. 24 H2O] : (i) Purification of water (ii) Leather industry.

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT 1. An instrument used in aircrafts for measuring altitudes is called - Altimeter

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2. An instrument used to measure the strength of an electric current is called - Ammeter 3. An instrument to measure the speed, direction and pressure of the wind is called- Anemometer 4. An intrument used to measure difference in hearing is called - Audiometer 5. An instrument to measure atmospheric pressure and conditions is called - Barometer 6. An intrument used to measure potential difference between two points is called - Voltmeter 7. An optical instrument used for magnified view of distant objects is called-Binoculars 8. An instrument used to measure the diameters of wire, tube or rod is called-Callipers 9. An instrument used to measure quantities of Heat is called - Calorimeter 10. An apparatus used for charging air with petrol vapours in an internal combustion engine is called – Carburettor 11. An instrument used for measuring the temperature of the human body is called-Thermometer 12. A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called- Dynamo 13. An instrument used for measuring electrical potential differences is called- Electrometer 14. An instrument used for detecting the presence of electric charge is called- Electroscope 15. An instrument used for measuring Electric Current is called - Galvanometer 16. An instrument used for measuring depth of the ocean is called – Fathometer 17. An instrument used for relative density of liquids is called - Hydrometer 18. An instrument used for relative density of milk is called - Lactometer 19. An instrument used for magnified view of very small objects is called - Microscope 20. An apparatus used in submarines for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer is called - Periscope 21. An instrument used for comparing the luminous intensity of two sources of light is Called - Photometer 22. An instrument used to measure high temperature is called - Pyrometer 23. An instrument used to measure Rainfall is called - Rain Gauge 24. An instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquakes shocks is called – Siesmograph 25. An instrument used for measuring angular distance between two objects is called - Sextant 26. An instrument used for measuring speed of the vehicle is called - Speedometer 27. An apparatus used for converting high voltage to low and vice-versa is called- Transformer 28. An instrument that continuously records a barometer's reading of atmospheric pressure. - Barograph 29. An instrument used to measure infrared, or heat, radiation. - Bolometer 30. An instrument used for measuring growth in plants.- Crescograph 31. An instrument used for tracing movement of heart.-Cardiograph 32. A clock that keeps very accurate time and determines longitude of a vessel at sea. - Chronometer 33. An instrument used to examine internal parts of the body. - Endoscope 34. A glass tube for measuring volumes changes in the chemical reactions between gases -Eudiometer 35. A machine for reproducing recorded sound. - Gramophone 36. An instrument used to measure the moisture content or the humidity of air or any gas. - Hygrometer 37. A microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound.- Hydrophone 38. A device used to measure atmospheric pressure - Manometer

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39. A device which converts sound waves into electrical signals. - Microphone 40. An instrument attached to the wheel of a vehicle, to measure the distance traversed. - Odometer 41. An instrument used for reproducing sound.-Phonograph 42. An instrument used for measuring Solar radiation is called - Pyrheliometer 43. An instrument used for taking angular measurements of altitude in astronomy and navigation is called - Quadrant 44. An instrument for measuring a Refractive Index of a substance is called - Refractometer 45. An instrument used for Spectrum analysis is called- Spectroscope 46. An instrument for measuring blood pressure is called - Sphygmomanometer 47. An instrument for measuring and indicating temperature is called - Thermometer 48. A medical instrument used for hearing and analysing the sound of Heart is called - Stethoscope

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POLITY Constitutional Reforms in British India

Regulating Act, 1773 ¶ End of Dual govt.

¶ Governor of Bengal to be the Governor – General of British territories of India.

¶ Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta.

¶ Court of directors to be elected for 4 years

¶ Number of Directors fixed at 24, 1/4th retiring every year.

Government Service was thrown open to the people of India.

¶ All laws made by Governor General-in-council henceforth to be known as Acts and not regulations.

The Charter Act of 1853 ¶ Extended life of the Company for an unspecified period.

¶ First time separate legislative machinery consisting of 12 member legislative council was created.

¶ Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General

¶ Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competitive examination. (excluding Indians)

The Govt of India Act, 1858 ¶ Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.

¶ System of double Government ended. Court of Directors and Board of Control abolished.

¶ Secretary of State (a member of the British Cabinet) for India was created. He was assisted by a 15-member council (Indian Council). He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.

PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. Part I Articles 1-4 Territory of India,, admission,, establishment or formation of new states 2. Part II Articles 5-11 Citizenship 3. Part III Articles 12-35 Fundamental Rights 4. Part IV Articles 36-51 Directive Principles of State Policy Part IV A Article 51-A Duties of a citizen of India. It was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 5. Part V Articles 52-151 Government at the Union level 6. Part VI Articles 152-237 Government at the State level 7. Part VII Article 238 Deals with states in Part B of the First Schedule. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956 8. Part VIII Articles 239-241 Administration of Union Territories 9. Part IX Article 242-243 Territories in Part D of the First Schedule and other territories. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956 10. Part X Articles 244-244 A Scheduled and tribal areas 11. Part XI Articles 245-263 Relations between the Union and States 12. Part XII Articles 264-300 Finance,, property,, contracts and suits 13. Part XIII Articles 301-307 Trade,, commerce and travel within the territory of India

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14. Part XIV Articles 308-323 Services under the Union and States Part XIV-A Articles 323A-323B Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and deals with administrative tribunals to hear disputes and other complaints 15. Part XV Articles 324-329 Election and Election Commission 16. Part XVI Articles 330-342 Special provision to certain classes ST/SC and Anglo Indians 17. Part XVII Articles 343-351 Official languages 18. Part XVIII Articles 352-360 Emergency provisions 19. Part XIX Articles 361-367 Miscellaneous provision regarding exemption of the President and governors from criminal proceedings 20. Part XX Article 368 Amendment of Constitution 21. Part XXI Articles 369-392 Temporary,, transitional and special provisions 22. Part XXII Articles 393-395 Short title, commencement and repeal of the Constitution

SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. First Schedule - List of States & Union Territories 2. Second Schedule -Salary of President, Governors, Chief Judges, Judges of High Court and Supreme court, Comptroller and Auditor General 3. Third Schedule-Forms of Oaths and affirmations 4. Fourth Schedule-Allocate seats for each state of India in Rajya Sabha 5. Fifth Schedule-Administration and control of scheduled areas and tribes 6. Sixth Schedule-Provisions for administration of Tribal Area in Asom, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram & Arunachal Pradesh 7. Seventh Schedule-Gives allocation of powers and functions between Union & States. It contains 3 lists-Union List (For central Govt) /States List (Powers of State Govt) /Concurrent List (Both Union & States). 8. Eighth Schedule-List of 22 languages of India recognized by Constitution 9. Ninth Schedule-Added by Ist amendment in 1951. Contains acts & orders related to land tenure, land tax, railways, industries. 10. Tenth Schedule-Added by 52nd amendment in 1985. Contains provisions of disqualification of grounds of defection. 11. Eleventh Schedule-By 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Panchayati Raj. 12. Twelfth Schedule-By 74thamendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Municipal Corporation.

Sources of our Constitution The Indian Constitution is borrowed from almost all the major countries of the world but has its own unique features too. Major sources are: 1. Government of India Act of 1935 - Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commission, Emergency provisions and administrative details. 2. British Constitution – Parliamentary System, Rule of law, Lagislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges and Bicameralism. 3. US Constitution – Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of president, removal of Supreme court and high court judges and post of vice president. 4. Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy, nomination of members of Rajya Sabha and method of election of president

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5. Canadian Constitution- Federation with a strong centre, vesting of residuary power in the centre, appointment of state Governor by the centre and advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court. 6. Australian Constitution- Concurrent list, joint sitting of two houses of Parliament. 7. Constitution of Germany- Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency. 8. French Constitution- Republic and ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble. 9. South African Constitution- Procedure for amendment of the constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha. 10.Japanese Constitution- Procedure established by Law. 11.Constitution of former USSR: Procedure of five-year plan, fundamental duties, ideals of justice in Preamble.

Fundamental Rights They are justiciable, allowing persons to move the courts for their enforcement, if and when they are violated. They are defended and guaranteed by the Supreme Court. Hence, the aggrieved person can directly go to the Supreme Court. They can be suspended during the operation of a National Emergency except the rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21. More, the six rights guaranteed by Article 19 can be suspended only when emergency is declared on the grounds of war or external aggression. Originally the Constitution provided for seven fundamental rights: 1. Right to equality [Art. 14-18] 2. Right to freedom [Art. 19-22] 3. Right against exploitation [Art. 23-24]. 4. Right to freedom [Art. 25-28] 5. Cultural and educational rights [Art. 29-30] 6. Right to property [Art. 31] 7. Right to constitutional remedies [Art. 32]

CITIZENSHIP A citizen is a person who enjoys full membership of the community or State in which he lives or ordinarily lives. The State demands extra duty from its citizen which cannot be asked to non-citizens. 42nd Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976 has inserted 10 Fundamental Duties in Article 51-A. Ways to acquire Indian Citizenship Constitution of India under Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1986 provides five ways to acquire citizenship of India. These five ways are: a) Citizenship by Birth Every person born in India on or after 26th Jan 1950 shall be a citizen of India provided either, or both of his parents are citizens of India at the time of his birth. However, such a person shall not be a citizen of India if at the time of his birth: ¶ His/her father is a foreign diplomat or

¶ His/her father is an enemy alien. b) Citizenship by Descent ¶ A person born outside India on or after 26th Jan 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent, if his father is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

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c) Citizenship by Registration Any person who is not a citizen of India and belongs to any of the following categories; can apply for registration as a citizen (He must have resided in India for at least 5 years): 1) Person of Indian origin who are ordinarily resident in India for 5 years immediately before making an application for registration. PIO who are ordinarily resident in any country or place outside India. 2) Women who are married to citizens of India. 3) Minor children of persons who are citizen of India. 4) Persons of full age and capacity who are citizens of a country mentioned in the first Schedule to the Act. d) Citizenship by Naturalization A foreigner, on application for naturalization can acquire Indian citizenship provided he satisfies certain conditions: 1) He is not a citizen or subject of a country where Indian citizens are prevented from becoming citizens by naturalization. 2) He renounces his citizenship of the other country. 3) He has resided and/or bears in Govt. services for 12 months immediately preceding the date of application. During 7 years prior to these 12 months, he has resided and/or been in Govt. Service for not less than 4 years. 4) He is of good character. 5) He has an adequate knowledge of a language recognized by the Constitution of India. 6) After naturalization he intends to reside in India. 7) If the Central Govt. is of the opinion that the applicant has rendered distinguished service to the cause of Science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace or human progress generally, it may waive the condition for naturalization in his case. e) Citizenship by incorporation of Territory If any new territory becomes a part of India, the Govt. of India shall notify the persons of that territory to be Indian citizens.

The President Article 52 – There shall be a President of India. Article 53 – The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President. He shall exercise the executive power directly or through subordinate officers in accordance with the constitution. Thus the President is: (1) Executive head of the Republic. (2) All the executive actions are taken in his name. The executive power vested in the President is to be exercised on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers [Article 74(1)]. It is obligatory on the part of President to accept the advice of the council of ministers as per the 42ndand 44th Constitutional Amendment Acts. (3) He is the first citizen of India and occupies the first position under the warrant of precedence. Warrant of Precedence indicates the hierarchy of positions occupied by various dignitaries attending a state function. (4) He is the Supreme Commander of Armed Forces.

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Qualification for election as President (a) He must be a citizen of India. (b) He must have completed the age of 35 years. (c) He must be qualified for election as a Member of the House of the People. (d) He must not hold any office of Profit under the Govt. of India or the Govt. of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Govt.. However, following persons are not deemed to be holding any office of profit and hence they cannot be disqualified for election as the President: A sitting President or Vice-President of India/Governor of any state/A minister of the Union or of any State.

Legislative powers of President The legislative Powers of President are as follows: 1. The President summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them. He or she can dissolve the Lok Sabha according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. 2. President inaugurates the Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session each year. 3. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President. The President can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is not a money bill or a constitutional amendment bill, for reconsideration. When after reconsideration, the bill is passed and presented to the President, with or without amendments; President is obliged to assent to it. 4. The President can also withhold his assent to the bill thereby exercising pocket veto. 5. When both Houses of the Parliament are not in session and if Govt. feels the need for immediate action, President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as laws passed by Parliament.

Vice President of India The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting in such election is by secret ballot. The Electoral College to elect a person to the office of the Vice-President consists of all members of both Houses of Parliament. The Vice-President should not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state. If a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state is elected as Vice-President, he is deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date he/she enters his office as Vice-President. A person cannot be elected as Vice-President unless she/he- is a citizen of India has completed the age of 35 years is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). He holds any office of profit under the Govt. of India or a State Govt. or any subordinate local authority.

PRIME MINISTER In the scheme of parliamentary system of government provided by the Constitution, the President is the nominal executive authority and Prime Minister is the real executive authority. The President is the head of the State while Prime Minister is the head of the government.

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Appointment of the Prime Minister Article 75 says that the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President. The President appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. But, when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, then the President may exercise his personal discretion in the selection and appointment of the Prime Minister.

Powers and functions of Prime Minister The powers and functions of Prime Minister can be studied under the following heads: Ministers by the President. The President at any time. Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council, Inter-State Council and National Water Resources Council.

Central Council of Minister As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British pattern, the council of ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority is our politico-administrative system. Article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers while Article 75 deals with the appointment, tenure, responsibility, qualification, oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers. Note: The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. [91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003] The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. A person who is not a member of either House can also become a minister but he cannot continue as minister for more than six months unless he secures a seat in either House of Parliament (by election/nomination). [Art. 75(5)]

PARLIAMENT OF INDIA The House of the People (Lok Sabha) The Lok Sabha is the popular house of the parliament because its members are directly elected by the common electorates of India. All the members of this House are popularly elected, except not more than two from the Anglo-Indian community, who can be nominated by the President. In the Constitution, the strength of the Lok Sabha is provisioned under Art. 81 to be not more than 552 (530 from the States, 20 from the Union Territories and 2 may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community). Recently again, the Govt. has extended this freeze in the Lok Sabha seats till the year 2026 by Constitution (84th Amendment Act, 2001).

Special Powers of the Lok Sabha There are certain powers, which are constitutionally granted to the Lok Sabha and not to the Rajya Sabha. These powers are- 1. Money and Financial Bills can only originate in the Lok Sabha. 2. In case of a Money Bill, the Rajya Sabha has only the right to make recommendation and the Lok Sabha may or may not accept the recommendation. Also, a Money Bill must be passed by the Upper House within a period of 14 days. Otherwise, the Bill shall be automatically deemed to be passed by the House. Thus, the Lok Sabha enjoys exclusive legislative jurisdiction over the passage of the Money Bills.

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RAJYA SABHA The Rajya Sabha (RS) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. The Vice President of India (currently, Hamid Ansari) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman who is elected from amongst the RS's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman.The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.

Leader of the House Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a function called Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister - the prime minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row.

MEMBER A person in order to be elected to the Rajya Sabha must (a) be a citizen of India, (b) be 30 years of age on more, (c) not be holding any office of profit under the central or state Govt. or local body and (d) posses all other qualification prescribed by the act of parliament from time to time.

Powers of Rajya Sabha So far as powers of Rajya Sabha is concerned it enjoys co-equal power with the Lok Sabha in respect of all bills other than money bill. In case of Money Bills Rajya Sabha has no powers Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. When it comes to the Rajya Sabha after being passed by the Lok Sabha, the former can keep it maximum for a period of 14 days only after which it is deemed to be passed.

Governor The Governor is merely appointed by the President which really means, by the Union Council of Ministers. The Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President, there is no security of his tenure. He can be removed by the President at any time. There is no impeachment process for removal of Governors as prescribed in constitution in the case of President.

The powers of Governors

Executive Powers The Governor appoints the Chief Minister who enjoys the support of the majority in the Vidhan Sabha. The Governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the Chief Minister. He/she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. The Governor appoints the judges of the District Courts.

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Legislative Powers The Governor summons the sessions of both houses of the state legislature and prorogues them. The Governor inaugurates the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year. The Governor can even dissolve the Vidhan Sabha. These powers are formal and the Governor while using these powers must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.

Supreme Court of India Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal. According to the Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court and guardian of the Constitution.

Composition of Supreme Court Under Article 124(1) the constitution originally provided for 1 Chief Justice of India and not more than 6 other judges. The constitution authorizes the Parliament to provide by law in fixing the Strength of the judges of the Supreme Court. The Parliament passed the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) thus accordingly, a Constitutional Amendment Act in 2008 has increased the strength of Supreme Court to 31 (1 Chief Justice + 30 other judges).

Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court 1. A person must be a citizen of India 2. He/she must have been, for at least five years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession 3. Or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least ten years 4. Or the person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

Removal of judges of Supreme Court Article 124(4) provides for the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court. He is removed by the President upon an address by both the Houses of the Parliament supported by a majority of not less than 2/3rd of members present and voting and a majority of total strength of the House on the ground of misbehavior or incapacity. The President shall pass the order of removal in the same session in which the Parliament passed the resolution. Article 124(5) confers the power on the Parliament to provide by law for the procedure for the Presentation of an address and for the investigation for proof of misbehavior or incapacity of a judge. Accordingly the Parliament passed Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968 which states that a resolution seeking the removal of a judge of Supreme Court can be introduced in either House of Parliament. It should be supported by not less than 100 member of Lok Sabha. If it is to be introduced in Rajya Sabha it should be supported by no less than 50 members of Rajya Sabha.

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Some Important Points on SC 1. The first woman judge of the Supreme Court was Justice Fatima Beevi in 1987. However, there has been no female Chief Justice 2. Ad hoc Judges: a) Ad hoc Judges are non-Supreme Court judges who sit in the Supreme Court when there is insufficient quorum to perform the judicial duties. b) Ad hoc Judges are appointed by the Chief Justice after obtaining consent from the President. c) Serving(HC) and retired(SC & HC) judges of the Supreme Court (and High Courts) can sit and act as ad hoc Judges of the Supreme Court. d) Only such persons can be appointed as ad hoc Judges who are qualified to be appointed as a regular Judge of the Supreme Court 3. The Chief Justice administers the oath infront of the President. 4. The first Chief Justice of India was H J Kania (1950 – 1951).

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WORLD GEOGRAPHY Asia

Occupying about one-third of the land area of the world, Asia is the largest continent in the world both in terms of size and population. Its latitudinal extent is between 10° ll’S and 81°

12’N latitudes. Its East-West extension is between 26° 2’E and 169° 40’W longitudes.

Asia is situated entirely in the Northern hemisphere. Its North-South extent is 6440 km and its East-West extent is 9650 km.

To the North of Asia lies the Arctic Ocean, to the South-the Indian Ocean, to the East-the Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea lies to the West. It is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Black sea and the Caucasus Mountains and the strait of Dardanelles in the West. Red sea and the Isthmus of Suez separate it from Africa. Bering Strait separates it from North America.

The Central Mountains to the South of the Northern lowlands, there are Fold Mountains and plateaus. Pamir plateau is a meeting place of several ranges which form the Pamir Knot. This plateau is also known as the roof of the world because it is the highest plateau in the world.

The Karakoram and the Himalayan Ranges Running to the South-East of the Pamir Knot, contain some of the highest peaks of the world. Mount Everest and K2 belong to the Himalayas and the Karakoram ranges respectively.

Instant Facts on Asia 1. Country with Most Land Borders - China

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2. Highest Plateau - China’s Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, average height

of 4500m, 2.3 million km2 (Sichuan, Qinghai-

China)

3. Largest Delta - The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in

Bangladesh and India, covers an area of 75,000

km2

4. Deepest Lake - Russia’s Lake Baikal, north of the Mongolian

border, 1637 m. (Surface 31,500 km2)

5. Highest Lake - Lhagba Pool 6368m (Himalaya-Tibet-China)

6. Main Language Families - Sino-Tibetan, Vietnamese, hindi, Punjabi and

Urdu (India and Pakistan), Kymer

(Cambodian), Laotian, Tai-Kadai (Thailand),

Burmese, Malay (Indonesia and Malaysia) and

Pilipino (Tagalog) for the Philippines, and

Turkic languages, Russian.

7. Main Religions - Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism,

Buddhism, Daosim (Taoism), Shamanism,

Animism, [Hinuism, Sikhism, Muslim,

Birthplace of religions: The Middle East is the

birthplace and spiritual centre of Zoroastrism,

Judaism, Christianity, Islam]

8. Largest Urban Areas - Tokyo- Japan 34.5Mn: Guangehom-China 25.9

Mn;

Shaghai, China 25.5 Mn; Karachi-Pakistan 25.5

Mn; Jatarta-Indonesia 25.4Mn; Seoul, South

Korea 25.4 Mn; (incl. Bucheon/Goyang,

Incheon/Seongnam/Suweon); Delhi, India

23.2 Mn (Incl. Faridabad/Ghaziabad);

Mumbai (Bombay) India 20.9 Mn (incl.

Kalyan/Thane/Ulhasnagar)

9. Largest Agglomeration - Tokyo, Japan 36.6 million

10. Highest City - Venquan, near Jinghai and Tibet, 5100m

11. Largest Waterfall - Chutes de Khone (Khone Falls) Mekong River

in Laos. Height 70m and 12.122 m3 per second

12. Highest Dam - Rogun in Tajikistan 335m

13. Longest and Earliest Man-Made

Canal

- Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. First built in

the 5th century BC and was extended twice

during the Sui and Yuan dynasties. Length

1794 km, drainage area of 4583 m2, 24 locks,

some 60 bridges.

14. Largest Desert - Gobi in Mogolia and northeastern China.

13,00,000 km2

15. Greatest Land Mountain Range - The Himalayas, which contains 96 of the

world’s 109 peaks of over 7315 m. (Other

important mountain ranges: Kunlun, Tien

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Shan, Altai Tibetan Plateau)

16. Longest Man-Made Architecture - Chang Cheng, the Great Wall in China (Total

length-more than 6700km)

17. Highest Railway - Qinghai-Tibet Express

18. Highest Railway station - Tangulla, 5068 m (Tibet-China)

19. Longest Railway Line - Trans-Siberian Express, from Moscow through

the Ural Mountains and across all of Asia to

Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan. It covers a

distance of 9288 kms. The journey from

Moscow to Vladivostok takes about 8 days

4hrs and 25 minutes. There are 97 stops on the

rail route. It crosses seven times zones

20. Highest Road - Road Tibet-Sinkiang 6532 m (China)

21. Highest Building - Burj Khalifa (Dubai) 828 m tall since 2010

22. Highest Point - Mt Everest, 8848 m, Nepal

23. Lowest Point - Dead Sea, Israel/Jordon, at 418 m below sea

level.

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Africa

Africa stands next only to Asia in size and second in the world. It occupies about 20% of

land area of the Earth i.e. 3, 03, 350, 00 sq. km; it has a coastline of 30539 km. It extends between 37° 31' N to 34° 52' S latitude and 17° 31' W to 51° 24' E longitude.

The equator passes almost the middle, cutting Africa into two equal halves. Both the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer pass through it, so most of it lies in the Torrid Zone.

The continent 'Africa' is separated from Europe by the Mediterranean sea and from Asia by the Red sea. However, it almost touches Eurasia at three different points: at the straits of Gibraltar in the North-West, at the Suez canal in the North-East at the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb in the East.

Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak of Africa is located in this highland region, it is 5895 m and remains snow covered throughout the year.

There is a long chain of rift valleys running from the South of lake Malawi, Northward to the Red sea and then through the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead sea. It is known as the Great Rift Valley.

Lake Victoria, the largest lake of Africa is the source of river Nile, which is the longest river in the world. It rises in the rainy equatorial region and flows northward.

Zaire in Central Africa is also known as Congo in later part. It drains a large area and discharges a huge amount of water into the Atlantic Ocean.

About one-third of Africa is a desert land. The Sahara is the largest desert in the world. It is located in the Northern part of Africa. The Kalahari Desert in the Southern Africa is another great desert.

The temperature is very high almost throughout the year. The highest temperature in the world has been recorded at AI-Aziziyah (Libya) as 58°C.

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Europe

Europe is a small continent ranks sixth in area i.e., 10498000 sq. km. It covers from 34° 51' N to 81° 47' N latitude and 24° 33' W to 69° 03' E longitude. Its North-South extent is 4300 km and East-West extent is 5600 km.

Europe is made up of several peninsulas and islands. Most of its land is within a few hundred km of the sea, as large arms of sea have penetrated deep into the land. Its coastline is indented. It provides good sites for natural harbours and ports. Many of the bays and seas surrounding this continent are shallow.

In the Northern part, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark are collectively known as Scandinavian countries.

Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg are called the Low Countries. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Albania are known as the Balkan states.

The British Isles include the two main islands of Ireland (comprising Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic) and Great Britain (Scotland, Wales and England) as well as a number of small islands. Europe and Asia as one common landmass, known as Eurasia.

Instant Facts on Europe 1. Area - 1,03,90,000 km2 [Per cent of Earth’s Surface: 2.0%; %

of Earth’s Land: 6.7%]

2. Population - 729.8 million (10.7% of the world)

3. Largest Agglomeration - Moscow, Russia

4. Major Island - Gr. Britain (UK), 2,18,000 km2; [Greenland (21,75,600 km2)belongs to Denmark situated in North America]

5. Country with the Most Islands - Greece, 1400 of which 227 are inhabited)

6. Major River - Volga, 3690 km, Danube is second with 2860 m; (Other Important Rivers; Rhine, Ural and Don)

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7. Major Lake - Caspian Sea, 3,71,000 km2 and Ladozhskoye Ozero, Ladoga Lake, northwestern Russia, near Saint Petersburg, the largest lake in Europe. It is 201km long (Western Europe: Lac Leman or Lac de Geneve 581,3 km2)

8. Country with Most Number of Lakes

- Finland, 55,000 that are 200 or more metres wide

9. Largest Desert - Pustynia Bledowska in Upper Silesia (Poland) 32 km2

10. Major Mountains Ranges - Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Balkans, Apennines, Sierra, Nevada, Urals, Caucasus

11. Most Volcanic Country - Iceland

12. Smallest State - Vatican City 0.44 km2

13. Largest Urban Area - Moscow(Russia), Istanbul (Turkey), London(United Kingdom), Paris (France), Milan (Italy), Madrid (Spain), St. Petersburg (Russia), Frankfurt (Germany), Naples(Italy), Humburg (Germany), Rome (Italy), Athens (Greece)

14. Largest Cities - Istanbul 141,60,467; Moscow Russia 119,80,000; London, United Kingdom 83,08,369; St Petersburg, Russia 51,31,967; Atens 37,52,973; Berlin, Germany 35,17,424; Madrid, Spain 32,34,247; Kiev 28,47,200; Rome, Italy 27,77,979; Paris, France 22,03,817; Hamburg, Germany 19,21,900

15. Greatest Ports - London, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Le Havre, Hamburg, Genow and Marseille.

16. Largest Ironwork and Glass Structure

- The Grand Palais in Paris, Steel framework; 8,500 tones, compared with 8,000 tones for the Eiffel Tower. Glass area: 15,000 m2. Roof: 5200 m2 galvanized iron roofing (‘zinc’)

17. First Railway in Continental Europe

- Belgium, Railway line (Brussels-Mechelen) in 1835.

18. First Electric Railway - Werner von Siemens 600 yard long Berlin electric track opened for the Berlin Trades Exhibition on 31 May, 1879

19. First Metro - The London Underground, Service began on 10 January 1863

20. Oldest metro-funicular - Construction of the Tunel. A short funicular between Pera and Galata in Istanbul, began on 30 July 1871. The funicular opened to service on 5 December

21. Largest Subway System - The Moscow subway serves 3.2 bn. Riders a year

22. Longest Metro Line - Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line (line 9), Moscow, Russia) 41,500 m

23. Longest Railway line - Trans-Siberian Express, from Moscow through the Ural Mountains and across all of Asia to Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan. It covers a distance of 9288 Kms. The journey from Moscow to Vladivostok takes about 8 days 4hrs and 25 minutes. There are 97 stops on the rail route. It crosses seven time zones.

24. Biggest Diamond Exporter - Antwerp (Belgium)

25. Major Wine and Champagne Producer

- France

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26. Origin of Scotch Whisky - Ireland

27. Highest Point - Russian Caucasus- Mt Elbrus 5633 m (Western Europe; Mont Blanc in France 4807)

28. Lowest Point - Caspian Sea 28 m (Western Europe: Lammefjord, Denmark and Alexander Polder, Netherlands- 7 m)

North America/ Middle America

North America occupies 16% of the total area of the world. It is the third largest continent after Asia and Africa, covering an area of 24474000 sq km including Greenland and Caribbean Islands. Its latitudinal extent is from 7° 12' N to 83° 38' N latitude and longitudinal extent is from 12° 08' W to 172° 30' W longitude.

The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle pass through this continent. Five time zones are found in this continent. There are seven small states of Central America situated in this continent along with Canada, USA and Mexico. A group of islands known as West-Indies are also included in this continent.

The largest island in the North-East is Greenland, which is under the control of Denmark. In the South, continent tappers to a narrow strip of land known as Central America, which connects North America and South America. Northern part like Greenland, Alaska and Canada belong to the cold Frigid Zone.

Interesting Fact on North America 1. Area 2,44,74,00 km2 2. Per cent of Earth’s land 16.5% 3. Percentage of Earth’s Surface 4.8%

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4. Longest Coastline Canada’s coastline 2,43,792 km (including the coastline of the 52, 455 islands)

5. Major Island Greenland 21,75,600 km2 6. Important Mountains Mt. Mckinley, Mt. Logan, Mt. Alias 7. Major Rivers Mississippi. 5969 km2 (Other important Rivers:

Mississippi-Missouri, Mackenzie, St Lawrence) 8. Major Lake Superior 82,100 km2 Canada and USA 9. Population 522.8 million (7.6%) 10. Largest Agglomeration New York (includes Newark, Paterson) 11. Major Deserts Chihuahuan Mexico- south-western US 3,60,000 km2;

Sonoran Mexico-southwestern United States 3,10,000 km2 and Mohave southwestern United States 52,000 km2

12. Longest Undefended and Open Border

8893 km US-Canada border

13. Longest National Highway Trans- Canada Highway 7604 km 14. Highest Point Alaska- Mt. Mckinley 6194 m 15. Lowest Point California- Death Valley-86m

South America

Introduction

Size and Shape: Fourth largest continent and roughly triangular in shape Situation: Situated to the south of North America, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is surrounded by the Caribbean Sea in the north, Atlantic Ocean in the east, Antarctica Ocean in the south and Pacific Ocean in the west. South America as well as Mexico, Central America and West Indies are collectively known as Latin America.

Important Gulfs, Peninsulas and Straits

Name Information

Gulf of Penas - Southern Chile in the Pacific Ocean

Guls of San Matias - North of Valdes Peninsula (Argentina) in the Atlantic Ocean

Magellan’s Strait - Separates southern end of South America, the Tierra Del Fuego.

Important Lakes and Islands

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Name Locations

Lake Popo - Lies in the Altiplano (High Plateau between the Andes mountain chain) in Bolivia.

Important River Basin of South America Amazon River Basin

Source: Andes Mountain, Peru

Mouth: Macapa

The river basin is covered with dense equatorial first which are locally called Selvas.

Orinoco River Basin

Source: Guiana Highlands

Magdalena River Basin

Source: Andes Mountain

Parana River Basin

Source: Brazilian Highlands

The Western Mountains

Forms the second highest mountain system in the world, next to be Himalaya.

Chimborazo (6,310m) is the highest peak of Ecuador and Mt Ojas del Salado the

highest active volcano in the world, is in Argentina.

Guiana Highlands

Located in the northern part of Brazil and extending into Guyana, Surinam and

French Guina.

Brazilian Highlands

Rising from Brazil’s Atlantic coast and levels off into high towards the western side

of Brazil.

Atacama Desert

A Coastal desert in Chile

The world’s driest desert.

It contains a number of salt lakes.

Rich in gold, nitrate (caliche), copper and Sulphur.

Pampa

Vast monotonous temperate grassland that covers about 20% area of Argentina

heartland.

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Australia

Being the world's largest island, Australia is the smallest continent, which is also known as Island continent or Southern continent. It is the only country in the world that covers the entire continent. Australia together with New Zealand and other islands is known as Oceania or Australasia.

It lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is surrounded by the Timor sea in the North-West, Arafura sea and Gulf of Carpentaria in the North, Great Barrier Reef in the North-East and Great Australian Bight in the South. To the South-East of mainland lies the mountainous island of Tasmania.

It is a vast plateau occupies nearly two-third of the continent. Mostly, it is flat and covered with small shrubs. The plateau is made up of old rocks. It is rich in minerals such as coal and iron ore.

The MacDonnell and Musgrave Ranges are low mountains that rise from the plateau. The Nullarbor plain is a treeless plain in the Southern part of this plateau. It rises out of the Great Australian Bight which is a wide bay to the South.

The Murray and the Darling are the major rivers of Australia flowing through the Southern part of the Central lowlands.

Mount Kosciuszko with a height of 2228 m is the highest peaks in Australia. Some of the peaks in this part are covered with snow in winter.

Off the North-East coast of Australia extends a very long ridge-like feature known as the Great Barrier Reef. This world famous reef is more than 1900 km in length and its distance from the coast varies from 30 to 240 km.

The emu is a large-sized bird which cannot fly but can run fast, like the ostrich of Africa. The kookaburra is called the laughing jackass because of its peculiar laugh-like call. The lyrebird is a great mimic.

Antarctica It is the fifth largest continent of the world covering an area of 14000000 sq km. The only

continent which is devoid of permanently settled human population. It is called a white continent because it is permanently under a thick cover of ice. It is extremely cold and windy.

Since the beginning of 20th century, people from different parts of the world have started exploring this continent. Some countries have established permanent stations where a few

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people live throughout the year to conduct scientific studies. India has also established two bases camps known as Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri and has also named a point called Mount Indira.

The surface temperature of water rarely rising above 4° C. Antarctica is 960 km far from South America, 2700 km from Australia and 4000 km from South Africa.

Ellsworth Mountain, fringing the coast, contains Antarctica's highest peak, the Vinson Massif (4897 m). One of the most picturesque landmarks on the continent is Mount Erebus, which is the only live volcano on it. Vegetation in this part consists of mostly lichens and mosses.

Curtained of bright coloured lights appear on the dark winter nights which is caused by magnetic storms in the upper atmosphere. They are called Aurora Australis in the South and Aurora Borealis in the North.

About 70% of the world's supply of fresh water is stored in the ice caps and ice sheets of this continent.

Penguins, sea birds and seals are abundant. Whales are also found in the surrounding areas.

International agreement that Antarctica is used for only to study the climate of the Earth and the origin of its crust. So, it is called continent of science.

Important National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries in India State/UT National Parks Wildlife Sanctuary

Andaman and Nicobar

Cambell Bay National Park Defence Island WLS

Rani Jhansi Maring National Park Mangrove Island WLS

Ross Island WLS Andhra Pradesh

Sri Venkateswara National Park Coringa WLS

Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Krishna WLS

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National Park

Rajiv Gandhi National Park Pulicat Lake WLS

Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam)

WLS

Sri Venkateshwara WLS Arunachal Pradesh

Namdapha National Park Mehao WLS

Mouling National Park Tale Valley Assam

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Amchang WLS

Kaziranga National Park Chakrashila WLS

Manas National Park Garampani WLS

Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park Nambor WLS Bihar

Valmiki National Park Bhimbandh WLS

Gautam Budha WLS

Kaimur WLS

Pant (Rajgir) WLS

Valmiki WLS

Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WLS

Chhattisgarh

Indravati National Park Pamed Wild Buffalo WLS

Kanger Valley National Park Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS

Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Park

Goa

Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) National Park

Bondla WLS

Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) WLS

Netravali WLS Gujarat

Gir Forest National Park Balaram Ambaji WLS

Marine National Park Gir WLS

Jessore WLS

Mitiyala WLS

Nal Soravar Bird WLS

Ratanmahal WLS

Wild Ass WLS Haryana

Kalesar National Park Chhichila WLS

Sultanpur National Park Kalesar WLS Himachal Pradesh

Great Himalayan National Park Bandi WLS

Khirganga National Park Gobind Sagar WLS

Sangla Vallet WLS

Tundah WLS Jammu and Kashmir

Dachigam National Park Changthang Cold Desert WLS

Salim Ali National Park Gulmarg WLS

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Nandini WLS Jharkhand

Betla National Park Parasnath WLS

Udhwa Lake WLS Karnataka

Anshi National Park Bhadra WLS

Bandipur National Park Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (B.R.T.) WLS

Nagarhole National Park Brahmagiri WLS

Cauvery WLS

Melkote Temple WLS

Pushpagiri WLS

Someshwara WLS Kerala

Anamudi Shola National Park Chinnar Park

Eravikulam National Park Malabar WLS

Periyar National Park Mangalavanam Bird WLS

Silent Valley National Park Neyyar WLS

Periyar WLS Madhya Pradesh

Kanha National Park Gandhi Sagar WLS

Madhav National Park National Chambai WLS

Panna National Park Pachmarhi WLS

Sanjay National Park Son Gharial WLS

Satpura National Park

Van Vihar National Park Maharashtra

Chandoli National Park Amba Barwa WLS

Navegaon National Park Bhimashankar WLS

Pench National Park Great Indian Bustard WLS

Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) National Park

Radhanagari WLS

Tipeshwar WLS

Wan WLS Manipur

Keibul Lamjao National Park Yangoupokpi-Lokchao WLS Meghalaya

Balphakram National Park Baghmara Pitcher Plant WLS

Nokrek National Park Siju WLS Mizoram

Phawnpui Blue Mountain National Park

Dampa WLS (TR)

Tokalo WLS Nagaland

Intanki National Park Fakim WLS

Rangapahar WLS Odisha

Bhitarkanika National Park Badrama WLS

Simlipal National Park Chilika (Nalaban) WLS

Nandankaanan WLS Punjab

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Abohar WLS

Jhajjar Bacholi WLS Rajasthan

Darrah National Park Bassi WLS

Desert National Park Jawahar Sagar WLS

Ranthambore National Park Kailadevi WLS

Mount Abu WLS

Sitamata WLS Sikkim

Khangchendzonga National Park Pangolakha WLS

Shingba (Rhododendron) WLS Tamil Nadu

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) WLS

Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park

Karikili WLS

Mudumalai National Park Pulicat Lake WLS

Vettangudi WLS Tripura

Bison (Rajbari) National Park Gumti WLS

Clouded Leopard National Park Rowa WLS

Trisha WLS Uttar Pradesh

Dudhwa National Park Chandraprabha WLS

Hastinapur WLS

Mahavir Swami WLS

Ranipur WLS

Sur Sarovar WLS

Vijai Sagar WLS Uttarakhand

Gangotri National Park Askot Musk Deer WLS

Jim Corbett National Park Binsar

Nanda Devi National Park Govind Pashu Vihar WLS

Rajaji National Park Kedarnath WLS

Sonandi WLS West Bengal

Neora Valley National Park Bibhutibhusan WLS

Sundarbans National Park Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary

Mahananda WLS

Sajnakhali WLS

Important Countries, Capital and their Currency

Country Capital Currency Country Capital Currency

Algeria Algiers Algerian Dinar

Afghanistan Kabul Afghan Afghani

Albania Tirana Albanian Lek Austria Vienna Euro

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Australia Canberra Australian Dollar

Bahrain Manama Bahraini Dinar

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka

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Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese Ngultrum, Indian Rupee

Belgium Brussels Euro

Belarus Minsk Belarusian Ruble

Bulgaria Sofia Lev

Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian Dollar

Bolivia Sucre Boliviano

Brazil Brasilia Brazilian Real Cambodia Phnom Penh

Riel

China Beijing Renminbi (Yuan)

Cyprus Nicosia Euro

Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar

Cuba Havana Cuba Peso

Chile Santiago Peso Colombia Bogota Peso

Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Ecuador Quito US Dollar

Finland Helsinki Euro France Paris Euro/CFP Franc

Georgia Tbilisi Georgian Lari Greece Athens Euro

Germany Berlin Euro Hungary Budapest Forint

India New Delhi Rupee Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar

Israel Jerusalem New Shekel Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian Rupiah

Iran Tehran Rial Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic Krona

Ireland Dublin Euro Italy Rome Euro

Japan Tokyo Yen Kenya Nairobi Kenyan Shilling

Kazakhstan Astana Tenge Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som

Libya Tripoli Libyan Dinar Latvia Riga Euro

Lithuania Vilnius Euro Morocco Rabat Moroccan Dirham

Mozambique Maputo Mozambican Metical

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (official)

Ringgit

Maldives Male Maldivian Rufiyaa

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Togrog

Myanmar (Burma)

Naypyidaw Kyat Mexico Mexico City Peso

Malta Valletta Euro Namibia Windhoek Namibian Dollar

Nigeria Abuja Naira Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese Rupee

North Korea Pyongyang North Korea Won

Netherlands Amsterdam Euro

Norway Oslo Norwegian Krone

Oman Muscat Rial

Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee

Philippines Manila Peso

Panama Panama City Panamanian Poland Warsaw Zloty

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Balboa, US Dollar

Portugal Lisbon Euro Paraguay Asuncion Guarani

Peru Lima Nuevo Sol Fiji Suva Fijian Dollar

Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian Rupee

Qatar Doha Riyal

Romania Bucharest Romanian Leu

Russia Moscow Russian Ruble

Seychelles Victoria Seychellois Rupee

Sierra Leone

Freetown Leone

Somalia Mogadishu Somali Shilling

South Africa

Cape Town South African Rand

South Sudan Juba South Sudanese Pound

Sudan Khartoum Sudanese Pound

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Riyal South Korea Seoul South Korean Won

Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenenoura-Kotte

Sri Lankan Rupee

Syria Damascus Syrian Pound

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian Dinar

Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan Dollar

Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Thailand Bangkok Baht

Turkey (Europe)

Ankara Turkish Lira Turkenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new Manat

Trinidad and Tobago

Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago Dollar

United State Washington D.C.

United States Dollar

Uganda Kampala Uganda Shilling

United Arab Emirates

Abu Dhabi UAE Dirham

Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Som

Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Peso

Vatican City Vatican City Euro Venezuela Caracas Bolivar Fuerte

Zambia Lusaka Zambian Kwacha

Zimbabwe Harare US Dollar

Dances of India and Related States

Dance State

Bathukamma - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana

Bhangra - Punjab

Bihu - Assam

Changu - Odissa and Andhra Pradesh

Dandaria - Andhra Pradesh

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Gair - Rajasthan

Garba - Gujarat

Gatka - Punjab

Gobbi - Andhra Pradesh

Raas - Gujarat

Yaksha Gana - Karnataka

Dumhal - Kashmir

Lavani - Maharashtra

Kathak - Uttar Pradesh

Bharatnatyam - Tamil Nadu

Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh

Kathakali - Kerala

Odissi - Orissa

Chau - Orissa

Kalbelia , Chari, fire Kacchi - Rajasthan

Dindi dance - Maharashtra.

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Research Institutes and Headquarters in India

Institutes Headquarters

Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Science Nainital

All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi

Central Electronics Engineering Research Institutes Pilani

Central Food Technological Research Institutes Mysore

Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering Bhopal

Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur

Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hydrabad

Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment New Delhi

Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore

National Chemical Laboratory Pune

National Institute of Ocean Technology Chennai

National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa

National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Hyderabad

National Institute of Sports Patiala

National Museum Institute New Delhi

National Power Training Institute Faridabad

Bose Institute Kolkata

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehradun

Agharkar Research Institute Pune

Indian Institute of Astro Physics Bangalore

Indian Institute of Geomagnetism Mumbai

Indian Academy of Science Bangalore

International Institute of Population Studies Mumbai

Institute for Plasma Research Ahmedabad

Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages Hyderabad

Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit Vidhyapeeth New Delhi

Rashtriya Bal Bhavan New Delhi

Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management

Gwalior

Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur

Central Pollution Control Board Delhi

Himalayan Forest Research Centre Shimal

Indian Forest Research and education council Dehradun

Institute of Indian Forest Management Bhopal

Institute of Indian Plywood Industry and Research Bengaluru

Institute of forest Genetic Tree Breeding Coimbatore

Institute of forest Research and Human Recourse Development

Chindwara

Institute of Lumbering Science and Technology Bengaluru

Institute of National Science & Technology Faridabad

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Air force Technical College Bengaluru

College of Military Engineering Pune

Defence Management Institute Sikandrabad

Defence Services Staff College Wellington

Electrical and Mechanical Engineering School Baroda

Hindustan Aeronautic Limited Bengaluru

Indian Air Force Training Centre Chennai

Indian Military Academy Dehradun

Institute of Armament Technology Pune

Military College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Sikandrabad

Directorate of National Cadet Core New Delhi

National Defence Academy Kharagwasala

Naval College of Engineering Lonavala

Officers Training Academy Chennai

Institute of National Museum History for Art Conservation and Science Museum

New Delhi

Asiatic Society Kolkata

Famous Airports in India

Airport Name City

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata

Indira Gandhi International Airport New Delhi

Chhtrapati Shivaji Internaltional Airport Mumbai

Chennai International Airport (Meenambakkam Airport)

Chennai

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport/Raja Sansi

Amritsar

Lopriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport Guwahati

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad

Raja Bhoj Airport Bhopal

Devi Ahilyabhai Holkar Airport Indore

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Nagpur

Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport/Amausi Airport.

Lucknow

Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Varanasi

Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport Patna

Swami Vivekananda Airport Raipur

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Birsa Munda Airport Ranchi

Biju Patnaik Airport Bhubaneswar

Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport Chandigarh

Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair

Dabolim International Airport Vasco Da Gama in Goa

Railway zones and their Headquarter

Name of the Railway Zone Zonal Headquarter

Central Railway Mumbai

Eastern Railway Kolkata

East Central Railway Hajipur

East Coast Railway Bhubaneshwar

Northern Railway Baroda House, New Delhi

North Central Railway Allahabad

North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur

North Frontier Railway Maligaon, Guwahati

North Western Railway Jaipur

Southern Railway Chennai

South Central Railway Secunderabad

South Eastern Railway Garden Reach, Kolkata

South East Central Railway Bilaspur

South Western Railway Hubli

Western Railway Mumbai CST

West Central Railway Jabalpur

National Ports of India

Name of the Port Coast State

Kandla Western Coast Gujarat

Mumbai Western Coast Maharashtra

Jawaharlal Nehru Western Coast Maharashtra

Marmugoa Western Coast Goa

Mangalore Western Coast Karnataka

Cochin Western Coast Kerala

Haldia Eastern Coast West Bengal

Paradip Eastern Coast Odisha

Vishakhapatnam Eastern Coast Andhra Pradesh

Chennai Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

Ennore Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

Tutikorin Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

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Rivers of India with their Cities and States

City River State

Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat

Allahabad At the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati

Uttar Pradesh

Ayodhya Saryu Uttar Pradesh

Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand

Banki Mahanadi Odisha

Brahmapur Rushikulya Odisha

Chhatrapur Rushikulya Odisha

Bhagalpur Ganges Bihar

Kolkata hugli West Bengal

Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha

New Delhi Yamuna Delhi

Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam

Ferozpur Sutlej Punjab

Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam

Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand

Hyderabad Musi Telangana

Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Kota Chambal Rajasthan

Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh

Patna Ganges Bihar

Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh

Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir

Surat Tapi Gujarat

Tiruchirapalli Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh

Vadodara Vishwamitri Gujarat

Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh

Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karnataka

Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Fatehgarh Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Kannauj Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Mangalore Netravati, Gurupura Karnataka

Shimoga Tunga River Karnataka

Bhadravathi Bhadra Karnataka

Hospet Tungabhadra Karnataka

Karwar Kali Karnataka

Bagalkot Ghataprabha Karnataka

Honnavar Sharavathi Karnataka

Gwalior Chambal Madhya Pradesh

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Gorakhpur Rapti Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow Gomti Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur Cantonment

Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Shuklaganj Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Chakeri Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Malegaon Girna River Maharashtra

Sambalpur Mahanadi Odisha

Rourkela Brahmani Odisha

Pune Mula, Mutha Maharashtra

Daman Daman Ganga River Daman

Madurai Vaigai Tamil Nadu

Thiruchirapalli Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Chennai Cooum, Adyar Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore Noyyal Tamil Nadu

Erode Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Tirunelveli Thamirabarani Tamil Nadu

Bharuch Narmada Gujarat

Karjat Ulhas Maharashtra

Nashik Godavari Maharashtra

Mahad Savitri Maharashtra

Nanded Godavari Maharashtra

Kolhapur Panchaganga Maharashtra

Nellore Pennar Andhra Pradesh

Nizamabad Godavari Telangana

Sangli Krishna Maharashtra

Karad Krishna, Koyna Maharashtra

Hajipur Ganges Bihar

Ujjain Shipra Madhya Pradesh

Famous Mines of India Diamond Mine States

Bunder Project Madhya Pradesh

Kollur Mine Andhra Pradesh

Panna Madhya Pradesh

Iron Ore Mine State

Barbil Odisha

Mayurbhanj Odisha

Joba Odisha

Kendujhar Odisha

Jajpur Odisha

Sundergarh Odisha

Gangadhamardhan Odisha

Singhbhum Jharkhand

Bailadilla Chhattisgarh

Dalli- Rajhara Chhattisgarh

Ratnagiri Maharashtra

Bellary Karnataka

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Barajamda Jharkhand

Manganese Mine State

Kendujhar Odisha

Rayagada Odisha

Sundergarh Odisha

Balaghat Madhya Pradesh

Nagpur Maharashtra

Shimoga Karnataka

Copper Mine State

Hazaribagh Jharkhand

Singhbhum Jharkhand

Khetri Rajasthan

Udaipur Rajasthan

Malanjkhand Madhya Pradesh

Bauxite Mine State

Balangir Odisha

Bargarh Odisha

Koraput Odisha

Kalahandi & Rayagada Odisha

Sambalpur Odisha

Sundergarh Odisha

Katni Madhya Pradesh

Bilaspur Chhattisgarh

Lohardaga Jharkhand

Coal Mine State

Jharia Jharkhand

Bokaro Jharkhand

Godda Jharkhand

Raniganj West Bengal

Korba Chattisgarh

Jharsuguda Odisha

Taicher Odisha

Singareni Telangana

Neyveli Tamil Nadu

Nagpur Maharashtra

Oil Mine State

Digboi Assam

Kalol Gujarat

Godavari districts Andhra Pradesh

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Ankleshwar Gujarat

Bassian Punjab

Bombay High Maharashtra

Dindigul Tamil Nadu

List of Major Straits of World Straits Joining Sea Separating Lands

Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean Madagascar and Mozambique (Mainland Africa)

Tiran Strait Gulf of Aqaba and Red Sea

Sinai and Arabian Peninsula

Zanzibar Strait Indian Ocean Zanzibar (Unguja) Island from Tanzania (mainland Africa)

Florida Strait Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean

Florida Keys and Cuba

Yuctan Channel Caribbean Sea with Gulf of Mexico

Mexico and Cuba

Jamaica Channel Caribbean sea and northern Atlantic

Jamaica and Hispaniola

Mona Passage Caribbean sea and Atlantic Ocean

Puerto Rico

Davis Strait Baffin bay and Labrador sea

Green and Baffin Island

Hudson Strait Hudson bay and Labrador Sea

Baffin Island and Labrador Peninsula

Denmark Strait Greenland Sea and Irminger Sea

Iceland and Greeland

Nares Strait (Smith sound) Baffin bay and Lincoln sea (Arctic Ocean)

Green and Ellesmere Island of Canada

Nares Strait (Smith Sound) Baffin bay and Lincoln sea (Arctic ocean)

Greenland and Ellesmere Island of Canada

Belle Isle Strait Gulf of St Lawrence and Atlantic Ocean

Labrador Peninsula and Newfoundland

Bab-el-Mandeb Red sea and Gulf of Aden

Yemen (Arabian Peninsula) and Djibouti, Eritrea of Small Peninsula

Hormuz Strait Gulf of Oman and Persian Gulf

Iran and UAE

Duncan Passage Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea

Rutland Island of Great Andaman and Little Andaman

Korea Strait East China sea and Sea of Japan

Japan and South Korea

Ten Degree Channel Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea

Little Andaman and Car Nicobar Islands

Taiwan (Formosa or Black Ditch) Strait

East China sea and North China Sea

Taiwan Island from mainland Asia

Qiongzhou (Hainan) Strait Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea

Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula

Bonifacio Strait Tyrrhenian Sea and Mediterranean Sea

Corsica Island of France and Sardina islands of Italy

Corfu Strait Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea

Albania and Greece

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North Channel (Moyle Strait)

Irish Sea and Atlantic ocean

Northeast Ireland and Southwest Scotland

Otranto Strait Italy and Albania Adriatic Sea Ionian Sea

St George’s Channel (Irish Channel)

Irish Sea and Celtic Sea Ireland and Great Britain

Strait of Sicily West and East Mediterranean sea

Sicily Island of Italy and Tunisia (Africa)

Bali Strait Indian Ocean and Bali Sea

Java and Bali Islands of Indonesia

Bass Strait Great Australian Bight and Tasman Sea

Tasmania Island and Mainland Australia

Cook Strait Tasman sea and South Pacific

North and South Island of New Zealand

Karimata Strait South China sea and Java sea

Sumatra and Bomeo Islands of Indonesia

Singapore Strait Strait of Malacca and South China Sea

Singapore and Indonesia

Torres Strait Arafura sea and Gulf of Papua

Australia and Melanesian Island of New Guinea

Vitiaz Strait Bismark sea and Soloman sea

Huo Peninsula and New Britain of New Guinea

Largest producing countries of agricultural commodities Cereals Cereal First Second Third

Barley Russia Germany France

Maize (corn) United States China Brazil

Oat Russia Canada Finland

Rice, paddy China India Indonesia

Triticale Poland Germany France

Wheat China India United States

Vegetables Vegetable First Second Third

Onion (dry) China India United States

Green bean China Indonesia India

Pulses (total) India Pakistan Canada

Potato China India Russia

Spinach China United States Japan

Soybean United States Brazil Argentina

Tomato China India United States

Safflower India United States Mexico

Sweet potato China Uganda Nigeria

Fruits Fruit First Second Third

Olive Spain Italy Greece

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Banana India Chad Uganda

Mango India China Thailand

Coconut Indonesia Philippines India

Sugar cane Brazil India China

Grapes China United States Italy

Oranges Brazil United States China

Papaya India Brazil Indonesia

Apple China United States Turkey

Pineapple Brazil Philippines Thailand

Jackfruit India Bangladesh Thailand

Dairy Products Product First Second Third

Milk (cow) United States India China

Milk (buffalo) India Pakistan China

Milk (goat) India Bangladesh Sudan (with South Sudan)

Milk (sheep) China Turkey Greece

Milk (camel) Somalia Kenya Mali

Drink Products Product First Second Third

Milk India United States China

Tea China India Kenya

Coffee Brazil Vietnam Indonesia

Wine France Italy United States

Beer China United States Brazil

Meat Products Product First Second Third

Chicken United States China Brazil

Beef United States Brazil China

Pork China United States Germany

Sheep China Australia New Zealand

Goat China India Pakistan

Turkey United States Brazil Germany

Duck China France Malaysia

Other Products Product First Second Third

Cocoa Ivory Coast Ghana Indonesia

Egg China United States India

Honey China Turkey Argentina

Tobacco China Brazil India

Fibers Fiber First Second Third

Cotton China India United States

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Jute India Bangladesh China

Kapok (2012 data) Indonesia Thailand none reported

Rubber Thailand Indonesia Vietnam

Silk China India Uzbekistan

Wool China Australia New Zealand

Wood and Forest Products Wood and forest products First Second Third

Wood fuel* India China Brazil

Sawn wood** United States China Canada

Wood-based panels*** China Russia United States

Paper and Paperboard**** China United States Japan

Dissolving wood pulp***** United States South Africa Canada

Rivers by Length

River

Length (km)

Outflow Countries in the drainage basin

1. Nile Kagera 6,853(6,650) Mediterranean

Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Congo, South

2. Amazon – Ucayali – Apurímac

6,992(6,400) Atlantic Ocean

Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana

3. Yangtze (Chang Jiang; Long River)

6,300(6,418) East China Sea

China

4. Mississippi–Missouri–Jefferson

6,275 Gulf of Mexico

United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%)

5. Yenisei–Angara–Selenge

5,539 Kara Sea Russia (97%), Mongolia (2.9%)

6. Yellow River (Huang He)

5,464 Bohai Sea China

7. Ob–Irtysh 5,410 Gulf of Ob Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia

8. Paraná – Río de la Plata

4,880 Río de la Plata

Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Uruguay (3.8%)

9. Congo–Chambeshi (Zaïre)

4,700 Atlantic Ocean

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda

10. Amur–Argun (Heilong Jiang)

4,444 Sea of Okhotsk

Russia, China, Mongolia

Page 48 of 49

Agricultural Commodities and their Producing States

Agricultural Commodities Top Producer State

Largest total food grains producing state in India is

Uttar Pradesh

Largest Rice producing state in India is West Bengal

Largest Wheat producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh

Largest Maize producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh

Largest Coarse Cereal producing state in India is Karnataka, Rajasthan

Largest Oilseeds producing state in India is Gujarat

Largest Rapeseed & Mustard producing state in India is

Rajasthan

Largest Soybean producing state in India is Madhya Pradesh

Largest Sunflower producing state in India is Karnataka

Largest Sugarcane producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh

Largest Sugar producing state in India is Maharashtra

Largest cotton producing state in India is Gujarat

Largest Jute producing state in India is West Bengal

Largest Horticulture Products producing state in India is

West Bengal

Largest Vegetables producing state in India is West Bengal

Largest Fruits producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh

Largest Loose Flowers producing state in India is Tamil Nadu

Largest Cut Flowers producing state in India is West Bengal

Largest Total Spices producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh

Largest Total Plantation Crops producing state in India is

Tamil Nadu

Largest Banana producing state in India is Tamil Nadu

Largest Guava producing state in India is Madhya Pradesh

Largest Grapes producing state in India is Maharashtra

Largest Apple producing state in India is Jammu & Kashmir

Largest Areca Nut producing state in India is Karnataka

Largest Cocoa producing state in India is Kerala

Largest Coconut producing state in India is Tamil Nadu

Largest Cashew nut producing state in India is Maharashtra

Largest Citrus, Lemon, Mosambi producing state in India is

Andhra Pradesh

Largest Orange producing state in India is Punjab

Largest Litchi producing state in India is Bihar

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Largest Mango producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh

Largest Pineapple producing state in India is West Bengal