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No. 4
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4 May 26
e of Contents Start for Soy
lower Survey
acts of Floodinon Crop Deve
Spot ObserveWheat ...........
at Fungicide Available .......
octonia Root Sugarbeet .....
dress OptionsSeeded Crops
ng of HerbicidCritical for EffControl in Sug
delion contro
tan on Flax ....
Planting Wee
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North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT May 26, 2011
3
fields with serious weed pressure, the yields were only 1456 lb/a (fields with no production issues yielded 2328 lb/a). The main grassy weeds present in North Dakota and Minnesota were green foxtail and volunteer grain. Producers are encouraged to plant sunflower carefully to obtain properly distributed plant stands, and manage weeds and diseases appropriately. Reference: Kandel, H. 2011. National Sunflower Association Survey 2010 PowerPoint pfd. http://www.sunflowernsa.com/uploads/resources/554/2010_nsa_crop_survey.pdf
Hans Kandel ‐ Extension Agronomist Broadleaf Crops [email protected]
IMPACTS OF FLOODING/WATERLOGGING ON CROP DEVELOPMENT
Excessive rainfall this spring following an unusually wet winter has resulted in extensive flooding in many regions of ND. Currently, even soils that are not visibly flooded, quickly become saturated after a rain because there is little evapotranspiration occurring due to low temperatures and lack of an established crop. Waterlogging (flooded/ponded/saturated soils) affects a number of biological and chemical processes in plants and soils that can impact crop growth in both the short and long term. The primary cause of waterlogging in crop plants is oxygen deprivation or anoxia as excess water itself does not react chemically with the plant. Plants need oxygen for cell division, growth and the uptake and transport of nutrients. Since oxygen diffuses through undisturbed water much more slowly than a well drained soil, oxygen requirements rapidly exceed that which is available when soils are saturated. The rate of oxygen depletion in a saturated soil is impacted by temperature and the rate of biological activity in the soil. Faster oxygen depletion occurs when temperatures are higher and when soils are actively metabolizing organic matter.
The cooler weather we are having this week will delay the adverse effects of waterlogging on any emerged crops. Generally, the oxygen level in a saturated soil reaches the point that is harmful to plant growth after about 48‐96 hours. In an effort to survive, tissues growing under reduced oxygen levels use alternate metabolic pathways that produce by‐products, some of which are toxic at elevated levels. Germinating seeds/emerging seedlings are very sensitive to waterlogging as their level of metabolism is high. Crops like small grains and corn tend to be more sensitive to waterlogging when their growing point is still below the surface of the soil (before the 5‐6 leaf stage). With the exception of winter wheat, all of the small grain and corn crops in the state are still in these sensitive stages (if planted at all) and can be killed if soils are saturated beyond 48 hours when soil temperatures exceed 65 degrees.
Crops can differ in their tolerance to waterlogging. Although I was not able to find definitive information on the relative tolerance of crops to waterlogging, data from differing sources suggest a possible ranking of waterlogging tolerance as follows (most tolerant to most susceptible): rice, soybean, oats, wheat, corn, barley, canola, peas, dry beans and lentils. Growth stage and variety can impact this ranking.
Waterlogged conditions also reduce root growth and can predispose the plant to root rots, so the ultimate effect of excess moisture may not be known until late in the season. It is common to observe plants that have experienced waterlogging to be especially sensitive to hot temperatures and to display nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies later in the season due to restricted root development. Yield losses can occur even if these obvious visible symptoms are not observed.
Waterlogging can also indirectly impact cereal growth by affecting the availability of nitrogen in the soil. Excessive water can leach nitrate nitrogen beyond the rooting zone of the developing plant, particularly in well‐drained lighter textured soils. In heavier soils, nitrate nitrogen can be lost through denitrification. The amount of loss depends on the amount of nitrate in the soil, soil temperature, and the length of time that the soil is saturated. Research conducted in other states found losses from denitrification between 1 and 5% for each day that the soil remains saturated.
Joel Ransom – Extension Agronomist [email protected]
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North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT May 26, 2011
5
With the advent of Roundup Ready sugarbeet, root rot is more commonly observed than crown rot. This is probably because less cultivation, which may result in throwing of R. solani infested soil into plant crowns, is done for weed control in Roundup Ready sugarbeet. Fields with a known history of severe Rhizoctonia should be planted to a tolerant variety. Crop rotation with a non‐host (such as wheat and barley), early planting, proper drainage, and avoidance of throwing soil into crowns of plants at cultivation will assist in managing the disease. The use of the fungicides (Quadris or Proline) at the 4 to 6 leaf stage or when the soil temperature at the four inch depth is about 65 F will also help to control Rhizoctonia crown and root rot. If planting is done later than normal and plants are smaller than the 4 leaf stage when the soil temperature at the 4 inch depth averages 65 F or higher and the soil is wet, fungicides should still be applied in a 7 inch foliar band for root rot protection in fields with a history of Rhizoctonia. The fungicide provides protection, not by moving through the leaves and then down to the roots, since it is not phloem mobile, but by getting into the soil where it kills the fungus. In years where conditions are favorable (wet and warm for a prolonged period), it may be necessary to apply two foliar fungicide applications for best disease control. Data available for one year of late planting of an inoculated Rhizoctonia nursery when soil temperature averaged over 65 F, showed best disease control and highest yield was obtained with two fungicide applications; one at planting and one 2 weeks after. This was because of the favorable environment where the pathogen was active for a prolonged period. However, In research done at Foxhome, MN, where the site became dry after the initial favorable conditions for infection, one fungicide application (Quadris or Proline) was just as effective in reducing mortality as two applications 14 days apart. Research is ongoing to get more data in different environmental conditions.
Growers need to plan management strategies early to manage diseases – planning should start with field and variety selection. Fields with root rot this year should be recorded so that appropriate varieties will be selected the next time those fields go into sugarbeet.
Mohamed F. R. Khan ‐ Extension Sugarbeet Specialist [email protected]
TOPDRESS OPTIONS FOR HURRIEDLY‐SEEDED CROPS
Many growers were able to seed more fields by seeding rather than waiting for fertilizer application. With the calendar ticking away, this was probably a good plan. Application of urea on the surface can be made without Agrotain™ if the chance of rain in the next few days is about 100%. If not, Agrotain™ will provide about 10 days of urea volatilization protection. By that time, if the past is any predictor of the future, enough rain will fall to incorporate the urea. UAN can also be applied. I would recommend stream‐bars even if the crop has not emerged, since urea volatilization from the UAN will be reduced by the concentrated band. Be aware that if the stream‐bar application takes place on a windy day, the actual application will act as a broadcast and no reduction in urease activity will be seen. Urea can also be applied over emerged corn if the corn is 2‐3 leaves. After this time, some urea can be trapped in the whorl and cause burn damage that should be avoided. Any row crops can also be side‐dressed using knives, coulters or other means to incorporate the nitrogen fertilizer. Row crops can also receive N through dribbling UAN between the rows. Surface application of UAN will need rainfall to make it most effective; the sooner to the application day the better. Never broadcast UAN over corn rows.
Dave Franzen NDSU Extension Soil Specialist
North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT May 26, 2011
6
TIMING OF HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS IS CRITICAL FOR EFFECTIVE WEED CONTROL IN SUGARBEET
Sugarbeets have emerged or are beginning to emerge. That means it is time to begin postemergence herbicide applications to sugarbeet. Timing of the first postemergence herbicide application is the MOST critical weed management tactic, regardless of the type of sugarbeet planted. For conventional sugarbeets, herbicides should be applied for the first time when weeds are in the cotyledon stage of growth and no larger than 1 true‐leaf. A mixture of Betamix plus Nortron or Progress plus Stinger plus UpBeet plus Select plus methylated seed oil at 1.5 %v/v usually provides the most effective weed control. Consult the Sugarbeet Production Guide and/or the Weed Control Guide for specific herbicide rates regarding the micro and mid‐rate programs and additional information, especially about mixing herbicides. Apply the highest rate of Betamix or Progress based upon the stage of the sugarbeet at the time of the application. All sequential herbicide applications should be applied every 5 to 7 days or according to the growing degree day model to cotyledon weeds and increase herbicide rates in each sequential application based upon the sugarbeet stage. Do not be afraid to hire an aerial applicator if weather does not permit ground application. Timing of sequential postemergence applications to sugarbeet is nearly as important as the initial application. The hot water used for preslurring UpBeet and the spray solution should be adjusted to a pH of 8 to 9 to maximize the solubility and subsequent activity of UpBeet. The highest legal amount of Nortron must be applied per application if kochia is present to improve control. If ACCase‐resistant wild oat is known to occur or is suspected, apply the highest rate of Select for a single application when tank‐mixing with the broadleaf herbicides or apply Select alone at a high single use rate one day prior to the broadleaf herbicides.
For Roundup Ready sugarbeet, apply glyphosate at 1.125 lb ae/A plus non‐ionic surfactant at 0.25 to 1%v/v (depending upon the formulation) plus AMS at least at 8.5 lb/100 gallon of spray mixture to 1” weeds, before four‐leaf sugarbeet, or when the spring cover crop has 3 leaves. Applying the maximum rate of glyphosate in a single application to Roundup Ready sugarbeet and including nonionic surfactant is necessary if temperatures remain cool, lambsquarters are present in the field, and/or difficult to control weeds are present. If ragweed, wild buckwheat, volunteer soybean, and/or dandelion are present include Stinger at 2 to 4 fl oz/A with the glyphosate and repeat the mixture in the second application. Wild buckwheat and dandelion require the higher use rate. If glyphosate‐resistant waterhemp is present include Betamix at 1 pt/A plus Nortron at 4 fl oz/A plus MSO that is friendly to glyphosate at 1.5 to 2 qt/A with the glyphosate to improve control. Repeat this mixture as necessary. Subsequent glyphosate applications should be made every 14 to 21 days to weeds less than 2” in height. Consult the NDSU Weed Science website and look under sugarbeet weed control for information about glyphosate formulations labeled for Roundup Ready sugarbeet in 2011.
Jeff Stachler
NDSU and U of MN Extension Agronomist – Sugarbeet/Weed Science [email protected]
DANDELION CONTROL
Just from the amount of phone calls it appears dandelion is a major weed problem again this year. With ample or excessive soil moisture at this time high water use from dandelion is not a problem but thick and mature stands of dandelion can extract large amounts of soil moisture in dry conditions. Many established dandelion plants can escape spring tillage and land preparation forcing a dependency on burndown, preemergence, or early postemergence herbicide applications to do a majority of the control.
North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT May 26, 2011
7
We have addressed dandelion control in several Crop and Pest Report issues but there at least two things that will be helpful in developing a control strategy.
#1 – Use residual herbicides. Effective residual herbicides will help kill the seedlings that emerge from all the white pappus‐born seeds that will be floating around shortly. Many residual herbicides will ‘run‐out‐of‐gas’ in mid to late summer which brings is to point #2.
#2 – Fall weed control. Any fall dandelion control program will prove very valuable come the next spring. Killing the flush of dandelion seedlings that germinate in late fall will greatly reduce the infestation that will develop the next spring. Take advantage of fall residual chemical control in earlier harvested crop like small grains. Fall control will be more difficult in later harvested crops like corn and sunflower.
In each issue of the ND Weed Control we address a problem weed and call it the Weed of the Year. Dandelion was a major problem in 2008 making it the Weed of the Year in 2009 (and a problem in 2010, 2011, …). Even though the 2009 Weed Guide is no longer available we have included a collection of all the Weeds of the Year on the NDSU Weed Science Web page (listed on the cover of the weed guide). www.ndsu.edu/weeds SPARTAN ON FLAX
Spartan has received a full federal registration (Section 3) for use on flax overriding any further need for Section 18 registration. The new full Spartan 4F label which includes use on flax is listed now on CDMS.net. For access to CDMS refer to #3 on the back side of the ND Weed Guide. FMC will add flax to their Spartan Charge label for next use season. LATE PLANTING WEED CONTROL ISSUES
Wet weather has continued to prevent application of burndown herbicides. At this point, herbicide rates may need to be increased as application continues to be delayed. Growth of summer annual weeds (ragweeds, lambsquarters, foxtails, etc) has generally been slow but they are getting larger, and have the potential for rapid growth with sun and heat.
Winter annuals are beginning to flower and will shortly go to seed and may be not an essential target for burndown treatments. Effective burndown is generally easier to achieve in corn than soybeans, due to the burndown activity of saflufenacil, dicamba, SureStart, Hornet, Lumax, etc. Application of 2,4‐D too close to corn planting does occasionally cause crop injury, and most labels advise applying either at least 7 days before or 7 days after planting. Dicamba products can be used at the time of planting. Dicamba product labels allow the use of up to 1 pint/A on medium to fine‐textured soils with at least 2% organic matter, but state that corn should be planted at least 1 ½ inches deep with adequate seed furrow closure to reduce risk of injury. Gramoxone can have more utility in corn than in soybeans, because it works well in combination with growth regulator herbicides.
We have received questions about whether PRE herbicide rates in PRE+POST programs can be reduced when planting is delayed into late May or June. The answer is – maybe. The result of crop planting in late May or early June is an overall compression of the period of time for which weed control is needed. Crops planted in late April often grow extremely slowly for a while, and a late April planting will be subject to the full season of summer annual weed emergence. The result is that the crop can require 8 weeks or so of weed control. Crops planted in late May typically emerge and grow faster than those planted in April. A late May planting occurs well into the period of summer annual weed emergence, so the weeds that emerge after planting is lower.
The net result of these factors is that only about 4 weeks of weed control may be needed. So, it may be possible to reduce PRE herbicide rates where a POST herbicide will be applied. Keep in mind that reducing PRE herbicide rates reduces the longevity of weed control, but it also reduces the initial active rate of herbicide. This can mean a reduction in control in tougher broadleaf weeds that require a higher herbicide rate to be controlled, such as ragweed, cocklebur, buckwheat, and marshelder. For these weeds, reducing the PRE herbicide rate could result in a higher population of weeds, and larger weeds, at the time of the POST application.
Rich Zollinger ‐ NDSU Extension Weed Specialist
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North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT May 26, 2011
10
North Central and Northwest ND PROGRESS UPDATE
The area covered by this report includes 11 counties in north central and northwest North Dakota stretching from Bottineau and Pierce counties west to the Montana line and from McKenzie and McLean north to the Canadian border. A weather system moved into the region on Friday May 20th and persisted for most of the weekend. Rainfall totals according to NDAWN ranged from a little over a 1/3” in north central Bottineau County to 2.5” in McKenzie County. Local rainfall amounts varied greatly, but the entire region suffered a set‐back in planting progress. In the days leading up to the weekend system there was some planting progress made throughout the region but the narrow window allowed only enough time for some to get a “good start” on field work. Producers struggled with wet field conditions and spending valuable field time removing equipment from mud holes was a common occurrence. In general, there is an average of 15‐20% of the crop planted throughout the region with less progress occurring as you move north and west. Some counties in the north and western parts of the region are reporting less than 10% of acres planted. Winter wheat is nearing the 3‐4 leaf stage or beyond in many parts of the region. The wet conditions have created a favorable environment for the development of tan spot and the inclusion of a fungicide with herbicide applications on winter wheat may be advisable. NORTHERN CANOLA GROWERS ASSOCIATION “CANOLA DAY” SCHEDULED
The North Central Research Extension Center (NCREC) will be hosting the Northern Canola Growers Association “Canola Day” on Wednesday, June 29th. The event will begin at 9:00 am and include a tour of NCREC field research trials and information on several pertinent canola production topics including desiccation, harvest options, and canola storage and drying. Several speakers will be on hand and the event will provide a good opportunity for growers to interact with researchers and industry experts. The event, which is free of charge, will wrap up at 12:00 noon and will include a lunch for all attendees. There will be a golf outing associated with this event beginning at 1:00 pm at the Minot Country Club. If interested in signing up for the golf outing please contact Barry Coleman, 701‐223‐4124.
Jeremy Pederson ‐ Area Extension Specialist/Cropping Systems NDSU North Central Research Extension Center
North Central ND SEVERE TAN SPOT INFECTIONS FOUND IN WINTER WHEAT
Severe infections of tan spot have been observed in some winter wheat fields in the area. Fields with back to back wheat and close rotations of wheat (less than 3 years) are at higher risk for severe tan spot infections especially during a wet spring. The fields with the severe tan spot had canola in 2010 but included wheat in their rotation for 2009. This disease is easily controlled with fungicides which can be tank mixed with herbicides and applied at the four to five leaf stage. Producers that typically apply propiconazole (e.g., Tilt, Fitness, PropiMax, Bumper, Propiconazole E‐AG and others) at half rates (2 oz./acre) may be better served with a 3 or 4 oz. rate during a wet spring like the one we are experiencing this year. The higher rates increase the number of days that wheat is protected from leaf diseases including tan spot and septoria.
Daniel Waldstein ‐ Crop Protection Specialist North Central Research Extension Center, Minot
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North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT NDSU Dept. 7650; PO Box 6050 Fargo, ND 58108-6050 Janet Knodel, Co‐Editor Entomology 231‐7582 Plant Sciences 231‐7972 Soils 231‐8881
Sam Markell, Co‐EditorPlant Pathology
231‐8866
Weeds231‐7972
Ag Engineering231‐7261
Helping You Put Knowledge To Work The information given herein is for educational purposes only. References to a commercial product or trade name is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the North Dakota Extension Service is implied. NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Duane Hauck, Director, Fargo, North Dakota. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. We offer our programs and facilities to all persons regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, handicap, age, Vietnam era veterans status, or sexual orientation; and are an equal opportunity employer. This publication will be made available in alternative formats for people with disabilities upon request (701) 231‐7881.
NDSU Crop and Pest Report http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/ndsucpr/index.htm
