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TABLE GRAPE
INDUSTRY IN SPAIN
9 ITGS Santiago de Chile
20 de febrero de 2020
Trini Díaz GallegoDirectora Técnica MOYCA GRAPES S.L.
Own design on René Magritte´s work
it couldbe, but…“This isgrape”
Table Grape World production
• Temperate Regions: between parallels 27 and 40• Tropical Regions: Between parallel 5 and 10 (Petrolina-Brasil, Piura-Perú)
Spain
Spain in the world ranking table grape production
700
Spain300.000 Ton
95001700
1900 1200
1100
600
400
300
300
300
100
19001000
800
1500
Thousandtonnes(2018)
1 Chine 95002 Turkey 19003 India 19004 Iran 17005 Egypt 15006 Uzbekistan 12007 Italy 11008 USA 10009 Brazil 800
10 Chile 70011 Peru 60012 Mexico 40013 South Africa 30014 Greece 30015 Spain 30016 Australia 100
World 27.000
Source:
Soil and Climate
Mediterranean – Semiarid climate
low rainfall < 250-300mm/year
summer = dry season
Region climatic variety isthe topography:
from 0 to 1.000 m. altitude
• 120-150 days sunshine/year• high Tª, average Tª 18ºC • hot summers and mild winters
In Autumn, the cold dropcauses strong stormsepisodes of heavy rainfall
• Loamy loam soils• ↑ pH (7.7-8.5) • ↑ limestone• ↓ OM
Spanish Table Grape Export by Region, 2018
Regions
Table Grape (Ton)
2018
R. MURCIA 131.000
C. VALENCIA 11.000
ANDALUCÍA 3.000
CATALUÑA 2.200
EXTREMADURA 1.800
ARAGÓN 1.000
Total 150.000
R. MURCIA 131.000
C. VALENCIA 11.000
ANDALUCÍA 3.000 CATALUÑA 2.200 EXTREMADURA
1.800
ARAGÓN 1.000
Source: APOEXPA
United Kingdom 31%
Germany 23%
Netherlands 5%
France5%
Italy 3%
Ireland 3%
Finland 2%
Rest of UE countries
20%
Countries outside the UE
8%
CountryTable Grape
(Ton) 2018
United Kingdom 46.000Germany 35.000Netherlands 8.000France 7.300Italy 4.500Ireland 4.000Finland 2.600Rest of UE countries 30.600Countries outsideUE 12.000
Total 150.000
Spanish Table Grape Exports Destinationby Volume, 2018
Source: APOEXPA
Spain Table Grape Export by month, 2018
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY
3,000
28,000
38,000 39,000
24,500
13,500
3,700 300
Ton
s
Total (Ton) 150.000
Source: APOEXPA
Spanish Table Grape Industry: vertically integrated
growers
packers
exporters
The Spanish table grape industry in Spain, isvertically integrated, grape producers typicallyown their own packinghouses wich arelocated near to the production sites.
The production and export ofSeedless table grapes in Spainhas grown spectacularly inrecent years. “Step by Step”
The decline in grape varieties that ocurred inthe 70s has been offset by the innovativework in the production sector in growing newvarieties, mainly since 2000´s.
2 companies represent almost the
75% of the exports of Seedless
Grapes in Spain
Designed by JFco Díaz
Spain´s table grape sector is fairly concentrated in Region of Murcia andAlicante. Very close to the Mediterranean Sea.
Region of Murcia, with 6,300 hectares, has been leader in starting todiversify into new licensed varieties developed abroad. A few exporters andvery big.
Region of Alicante, with a diferent industry and concept, where the 80%table grape production is mainly seeded varieties and a 20% new seedlessvarieties concentrated in 2 exports companies
In Spain, like a private industry association, Asociación de Productores yExportadores de Fruta y Uva de mesa, APOEXPA, was founded in 1985, andjoin the main exporters from Table Grapes and Stone Fruit from Region ofMurcia.
Now, 30 partners.
Spanish Table Grape Industry where is mainly concentrated
Spanish Table Grape Training Systems
Overhead parronsystem
flat canopy
NetsHail protection, also Wind
90%
Varietal distribution in Murcia, 2018
6.360 ha
Seedless86%
Red Globe
6%
Dominga
5%
Napoleón
2% Italia
1%
Source: Consejería de Agricultura R.Murcia, 2019
Grape growninside paper bags
VSP Trellising System: Vinalopo V. Alicante
Vinalopo Valley
Aledo Italia (Ideal) Red Globe Victoria
Spain: Season extension strategies
Calendar of
availability
varietyseason
coverplastics
comertialwindow
geographaltitude
Vega del Segura V.
Norwest
Guadalentín Valley
Coast of Murcia
• Little orchads < 3 Has• Without net or plastic covers• Structure with wooden sticks• Old flood irrigation• Growers without technical assistant
Conventional farms
Table Grape Orchads before 1995
Native seeded varietiesand … Sugraone
• Orchads > 10 Has• Drip Irrigation• Covered with Nets and Plastic• Galvanized steel tubes• Beginning new seedless varieties
Table Grape Orchads after 2000´s
Introduction of Seedless varieties inR.Murcia after Sugraone cv. in 2000´s
Crimson S. Princess Autumn Royal
Seedless Varieties beginning
Early varieties → at or before bud break
Late varieties → for harvest time
Plastic Covers since ´90s
-To advance harvest date early v.-Rain protection
Mainreasons
↑ fruit quality↑ production↓ shot-berries↓ labour hand thining↓ water irrigation
Nowadays,also
Plastic covers at or before bud break
Rain protection
Mainpurpose
Also
Dust protection↓ Dew nights↓ Sunburn o yellow color↑ Posibility harvesting days↓ Water irrigation
Cover Plastics for harvest time
Main international breedingprogrammes currently active in Spain
GRAPA3,18%
GRAPE EVOLUTION
2%
IFG21%
INIA-CHILE0,82%
ITUM22%
OTROS1%
POLAR4%
SNFL29%
SUNWORLD18%
USDA (CTGC)1,15%
Spain Table Grape Distribution by Breeder, 2019
TotalEspaña 3.926 (Has)
Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data
ITUM S.L. (Investigación y Tecnología de uva de mesa)
Breeding program created in 2002 with the Association of 24 companiesin the area of Murcia and the IMIDA (Murcian Institute of Agriculturaland Food Research & Development).
Objetive: Obtaining and development new table grape seedlessvarieties for producers in R.Murcia
Selection criteria• Varieties of high productivity
• Crunchy• Very long harsvest period• Long lasting hanging on the vines
• Easy growing• Adapted to Murcian hard conditions of soil , water and high Tª
Nowadays:
• 26 Companies in Region of Murcia (90% production)• In the world: Peru, Chile, Brazil, Sudafrica, Namibia, Mexico and Australia
• 16 Varieties of Table Grapes• 1 Tolerant to Powder Mildium variety in production from 2017
Source: Manuel Tornel (ITUM) data
2020 932 Has in Murcia
Production calendar in Spain
29-jun. 19-jul. 9-ago. 30-ago. 20-sep. 11-oct. 31-oct. 21-nov. 12-dic.
Itumeighteen
Itumseventeen
Itumsixteen
Itumfifteen
Itumfourteen
Itumthirteen
Itumtwelve
Itumeleven
Itumten
Itumnine
Itumeight
Itumseven
Itumsix
Itumfive
Itumfour
Itumthree
Itumtwo
Itumone
Seedless grapes in Spain
Seedless grapes in Spain
What is thebest???
“The more appropiate in
our case”
New varieties…
Green Seedless Varieties in Spain, 2019
*
*
230
174.9
160
114.15
*
91
54.5
46.2
46.14
46
45.5
42
30
13
10.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00
Superior S.
Autumn Crisp
Timpson
Itumfive
Pristine (Blanc S.)
Sweet Globe
Cotton Candy
Ivory
Itumone
Itumsixteen
Sugar Crisp
Arra15
Itumfour
Princess
Arra30
Kelly
Arra16
Has
*Cotton CandyIvoryTimpson SeedlessPrincessSweet GlobeItumsixteenSugarcrispKellyItumfourArra 15
17 seedlessvarieties
Superior Seedless
Blanc SeedlessAutumn CrispItumfive
Arra 30Itumone
*Sugrafortyone
Red Seedless Varieties in Spain, 2019
Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Crimson S.
Sweet Celebration
Allison
Scarlotta Seedless
Ralli / Sugra14
Itumfifteen
Itumnine
Magenta
Itumeight
Timco
Jack's Salute
Krissy
Carlita
Itumten
Giant Pearl
Arra 29
Muscat Beauty
Candy Snaps
Autumn Pearl
Candy Hearts
Sweet Nectar
Sweet Mayabelle
Strawgrape
K2
Funny Fingers
*
256.43
236
*
*
168.5
156.8
102
98.1
94
86.40
69
46
45
35
30
32
28.94
21.00
18.46
13.83
10.57
8
8
4.15
Has
Ralli SeedlessSugrafourteenTawny SeedlessArra 29
Magenta*Sweet Néctar*Strawgrape*K2Sweet CelebrationKrissy
*Candy HeartsItumeightItumtenCarlitaGiant PearlItumnineCrimson SeedlessAutumn Pearl
Itumfifteen*Candy Snaps*Sugrathirtysix*Sweet Maybelle
23 seedlessvarieties
AllisonScarlotta Seedless
Black Seedless Varieties of Table Grape in Spain, 2019
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Midnightbeauty
Autumn Royal
Melody
Itumtwelve
Adora Seedless
Sweet Joy
Sweet Sapphire
Maylen
Candy Crunch
Sweet Favors
Candy Drops
Sweet Enchantment
Pandora
Sweet Jubilee
Candy Dreams
Summer Royal
*
*
57
55,4
*
28.93
24.85
15
14.54
10.40
9.47
9.33
8.01
7.80
4.25
3
Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data
Has
ItumtwelveSweet SaphireMelodySweet JoyAutumn RoyalSweet FavorsMaylenCandy DreamCandy CrunchCandy Drops
15 seedlessvarieties
MidnighbeautySweet EnchantmentPandoraSummer Royal
Adora Seedless
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
CottonCandy
SableSeedles
s
MuscatBeauty
CandySnaps
CandyHearts
CandyCrunch
SweetNectar
SweetMayabe
lle
CandyDrops
Strawgrape
K2 CandyDreams
Sugrathirtysix
Sugrafortyone
Series1 109.25 80 32 28.94 18.46 14.54 13.83 10.57 9.47 8 8 4.25
Has
Unique flavors Seedless Varieties of Table Grapein Spain, 2019
Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data
Early• Neutral
• Muscat
• Foxy
Mid• Neutral
• Muscat
• Foxy
Late• Neutral
• Muscat
• Foxy
± 324 combinations
GreenRedBlack
EarlyMidLate
CrunchyCrispyFirm
NeutralMuscatExotic
OvalRoundElongated
Selection criteria I
early red neutral
• Ralli, Sugrafourteen
• Itumfifteen, Arra29
early green neutral
• Prime, Superior Seedless
• Itumone, Arra30
early black neutral
• Midnighbeauty
• Summer Royal, Sweet Bond
early red muscat
• Sugrathirtysix, Sweet Maybelle
early green muscat
• Sugrafortyone
early black muscat
0
early black neutral
Midnighbeauty
Cotton Candy
unique flavormid green
mid red neutral
Timco
highproductivity
reducedinputs costs
resistancedeseases
full color
goodstorageand shipping
strongstems
weatherand diseasetolerance
Selection criteria II
Easygrowing!!!
Spanish Table Grape Cultural Practices
CULTURE PRACTICES
PRUNING CANE PRUNED NO DORMEXCOVER PLASTICSFERTIRRIGATIONPEST & DISEASE PROGRAMREMOVE WEAK SHOOTSMANAGE CANOPY REMOVE LEAVESREMOVE CLUSTERS CROP LOAD PRODUCTIVE FACTORPGRs TREATMENTSTIP CLUSTERS / HAND THININGGIRDLEMANAGE CANOPY AVOID TOUCHING BERRIESMANAGE CANOPY LIGHTBRIX & MADURATION CONTROLPICKINGTAKE OFF PLASTICS AND/OR NETS
Productive factor =
-Cluster weight-Bud break-Fertility ratio-Spacing-ObjetiveTon
To consider
No buds/ha???
Nowadays, “Pruning” difficult and expensiveculture practice in Spain.It needs specialistlabour!!!
DORMEX isforbbiden
in UE!!!
Pruning: cane pruned
GA: to decrease hand thining
At Stretching & Bloom
Purpose
each variety, diferent guidelines
PGRs: GA, CPPU, Ethrel, ABA
GA low ppm
• Demanding varieties : 30-40 ppm
• Undemanding varieties: 5-10 ppm
• Very undemanding varieties: 0-3 ppm
• GA / CPPU tolerant ?
• Fertility?
• Shatter?
• Stem?
• Splits?
• Color?
GA & CPPU: thiningand berry size
Only if it´sneccesary
2-3 varieties
Very expensivecost!!!
Hand Thining
(+)↑ Size↑ Color (-)
↑ Labour↑ Trunk deseases
↓ Plant life
Only if it´snecessary
so that…
Girdle
Remove canopy at enveration
warmnight
summer
highover load
Verydifficult
color
ethrel
ABA
In the ten last years the fruitis packed mainly in thepackhouse, rarely in thefield.
In appropiate refrigeratedpackhouses with a hightechnology to reduce costsand with the main purposeto fulfilling the programsand orders that periodicallyrequest from the diferentsupermarkets.
Piking & Packing
Courtesy of the MOYCA company
PACKAGING FORMATS
Clamshell 10x500g
Clamshell 12x400g
Clamshell 18x250g
Clamshell 20x250g
Clamshell 8X400g
Clamshell 8X750g
Clamshell curve 10x300g
Flow Wrap 10x500g
Flow Wrap 4x500g
Frutube School 110g
Heat Seal 10x500g
Heat Seal 8x400g
Loose 5Kg Paper bag
Loose 5Kg Plastic bag
Loose 9Kg Zip Bag
Pitufo 1Kg
Triangle 14x200g
Locked bag 10x500g
Locked bag 12x350g
Locked bag 18x250g
Vitrine bag 10x500g
Vitrine bag 12x350g
Vitrine bag 18x250g
Eco basket 10x500g
Eco basket 12x350g
Eco basket 18x250g
Vitrine basket 10x500g
Vitrine basket 12x350g
Vitrine basket 18x250g
Vitrine punnet 10x500g
Vitrine punnet 12x350g
Vitrine punnet 18x250g
Coach 10x500g
Coach 12x350g
Coach 18x250g
Liltte trunk 6x1Kg
Liltte trunk 10x500g
Liltte trunk 12x350g
Liltte trunk 18x250g
Chest 10x500g
Chest 12x350g
Chest 18x250g
Babybox 6x1Kg
Case 6x1Kg
Fenobox 6x1Kg
Packing & Logistic
This is not fish,This is sushi
The analysis of pesticide residues
Before 2000 year only MRLs UENowadays % ARfD + Supermarket specification
Growing grapes to themost restrictivesupermarket
Large number of samplesand pesticidesdegradation study
To get minimum nº of residues and % MRLs and ARfds
MRLs & ARfDs
Planococcus Ficus/Citri= Mealybug
Lobesia Botrana = European grapevine moth
Frankliniella occidentalis = Thrips
Ceratitis capitata = Mediterranean fruit fly
Tetranichus urticae/ludeni = Spiders Mites
Jacobiasca lybica, Empoasca vitis = Green Leafhopper
Drosophila sp., Grasshoppers, Birds, Aphids, Snails
Uncinula necator = Powdery Mildew
Plasmopara vitícola = Downy Mildew
Botrytis cinerea = Botrytis Rot
Summer Bunch Rot = Sour Rot
Esca and Trunk Deseases
Monitoring Insects and Spider Mites
• Pheromone Traps• Chromotropic Traps
Check Traps
Distribution ratios
Injury Levels
Treatment guidelines
PheromoneTraps
IPM ProgramIntegrated Pest Management
European Grapevine Moth
Mating Disruption Technique
Mealybug
IPM Program: since 1995
Natural Enemies
Irrigation management: drip irrigation
-Climatic data, ETo-Vigor and variety-Soil and water type-Soil prospecting-Soil moisture sensors
Challenge
Average: < 6000 m3/Ha
High variety of origin and cost water for irrigation
Origin of water:
DEEP WELLS
RIVER TRANSFER
DESALINATED
RAIN
RESIDUAL
Mainly ensured by deep wells reservoirs
Cost/m3
0,21
0,35
0,48
0,57
Source: Data extracted from diferent water sources 2019
-Rootstock (mainly 1103-P)-Vigor and clusters type-Soil and water type-Crop nutrient extraction-Nutritive solution in the soil
Samples analitycal
- Soil, water, foliar, soil solutio- Roots
UF/Ha
Use of suction probes
Fertilization
Table Grape production = labor intensivefor high quality grapes bound for export
± HANDCRAFT
SMI: Salario Mínimo Interprofesional
Salaries must meet minimum monthlysalaries established by law
Manual laborers
Labor in the Table Grape Industry
40 hours/week
Sample Costs to Produce Table Grapes in Spain
Labor cost per day 2019 (€) 66,08Labor cost per day 2019 (US $) 72,33
YEAR 2 TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/HA (€) 18.000-22.00040 Ton/Ha TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/HA (US $) 19.703-24.081
Labor (included picking)Water and energyPhitosanitary, Fertilizer, PGRs, PheromonesInsurance, Supplies, Others
HighChallenge!!!!
Varieties with bad thinning
Very difficult to produce in the future
CHALLENGE RISK SOLUTION?
Labour Availability BenefitsTransport, food…
Childdaycare
Cost production Elevated PoliticsI+D , maquinery,
infraestructures TrialsEasyvarieties
Residues High specificationsResistance varieties todeseases
New organicproducts
Natural enemies
Oversea market Long shipping/StorageQuarantinepest Lobesia b Strong varieties
Studypostharvest
SystemsAproach
Climate change Water TªNew material plasticinvestigation Net
Resistancedeseases
Crop insurance Elevated
Plastic packing Enviroment problem Paper cost I+D new materials Low cost paper
ChallengesTable Grape´s Industry in Spain
“One Tip” is the main labor in the majority of varieties
In some new seedless varieties: “hand thin” (exceptional)
1º shoulder TipHand
thining
Hand Thining
Enviroment
Is a giant sizenecessary???
The sector would need to focus on working with new yielding varieties and keeping production costs down in
order to stay competitive
Global competition increases grape industry
Looking to the future
Art Handicrafts Factory
Digital Farming
-Water resources savings
-0 Residue for pesticides
-Saving in energy resources
-Reduced inputs costs
-Easy-growing varieties. Breeders!!!
-New trainig systems
-NewTechniques
-Robot maquinery
Future
Acknowledge• Juan Carreño: Breeder GRAPEGENESIS & ITUM (Spain)
• Manuel Tornel: Breeder ITUM (Spain)
• David Ramming. USDA BREEDER (US)
• David Cain: IFG BREEDER (US)
• Terry Bacon: SUNWORLD BREEDER (US)
• Shakar Karnier: GRAPA BREEDER (IS)
A todos las personas que trabajan como Técnicos, Asesores y Administradores de campo, porque en la sombra del terreno crean los cimientos de esta industria.
To all the people who work as Technicians, Researchers,Consultants and field Administrators because in the shadowof the land they create the foundation of this industry.
Trini
• Francisco Gonzalez: C. de Agricultura Murcia (Spain)• Josep Estiarte & Marcos Felici: SNFL (Spain)• Mónica Murcia: IFG (Spain)• Manuel Tornel: ITUM-IMIDA (Spain)• Maurizio Ventura: SUNWORLD (Italy)• Ross Jones: CTGC (U.S.)• Luis Fernández: ANA (Chile)• Dimitrios Spanos: Grape Evolution (Greece)• Carlo Lingua: AVI (Italy)APOEXPA (Spain)• CAERM de Murcia (Spain)• OIV: International Organisation of Vine and Wine• Juan Carreño: (Spain)• Fernando Egea : Agrovides (Spain)• Enrique Moya: MOYCA (Spain) • Alejandro Ibáñez: MOYCA (Spain)• Tomi Munuera: MOYCA (Spain)• Technical Team MOYCA (Spain)• Juan Fco Díaz (Spain)• Rafaela Gallego (Spain)• Víctor Mansanet (Spain)• Guadalupe (Spain)• Mª Luisa Segura: (Spain)• Óscar Salgado: San Lucar (Chile-Spain)• Carolina Cruz: Uvanova (Chile)•UVANOVA: (Chile)
Acknowledge
To all the workers that make
possible for a company towalk the road Guetty Museum LA
Viva Spain,,,,unitedand… the 20s!!!!