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Slide 2
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computing Before Computers
Charles Babbage (1791-1871) 19th-century mathematics professor at Cambridge
The Analytical Engine, Lady Lovelace (1823) Mother of all computers, conceived by Charles Babbage Could be programmed with punched cards Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 3
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computing Before Computers
Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace Interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work Wrote a plan for using the Analytical Engine to
calculate sequences of Bernoulli numbers Often called the first computer programmer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 4
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Living without Computers
Computers are no longer a luxury but rather a commodity
Computers and their applications are involved in all aspects of our daily life
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 5
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
Every computer in use today follows the basic plan laid out by Babbage and Lady Lovelace
The computer is an incredibly versatile toolCan compute your taxes or deploy a missile
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 6
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
All computers take in information called input and give out information called output
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 7
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
The computer's versatility is built upon its:
Hardware: The physical part
Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to transform the input data (information in a form it can read) into the necessary output
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 8
The First Real Computers:1939: Konrad Zuse completed the
first programmable, general-purpose digital computer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
Slide 9
At about the same time, the British government was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi military codes
1943: The team, led by mathematician Alan Turing and others, completed Colossus, considered by many to be the first electronic digital computer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
Slide 10
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
1939: Iowa State University professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 11
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 12
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in World War II by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns
called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
After the war, Mauchly and Eckert started a private company called Sperry and created UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 13
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
Evolution and Acceleration
Vacuum tubes were used in early computersTransistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 14
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
Integrated circuits brought: Increased reliability Smaller size Higher speed Higher efficiency Lower cost
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 15
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)
The Microcomputer Revolution1971: The first microprocessor was invented
by Intel engineersThe microcomputer revolution began in 1970:
AppleCommodoreTandy
Desktop computers haven’t completely replaced big computers, which have also evolved
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 16
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Mainframes and SupercomputersMainframes
Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 17
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief TaxonomySupercomputers
For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 18
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Servers, Workstations, and PCsServers
Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 19
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Workstations High-end desktop computers with massive computing power used for
high-end interactive applications
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 20
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
PCs: Serve a single user at a timeCommon applications include:
word processing, accounting, gaming, and enjoying digital music and video
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 21
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy (continued)
Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied to the desktop Notebooks (laptops)Handheld computers (PDAs)
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 22
Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief TaxonomyEmbedded Computers
Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks
Controlling the temperature and humidity Monitoring your heart rate Monitoring your house security system
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.