Table 1: Studies on ethnic diversity eetcs (confuting ﬁndings in … · 2018-03-14 · Table 1: Studies on ethnic diversity eetcs (confuting ﬁndings in italics)Study Region Fractionalisation

Table 1: Studies on ethnic diversity e�etcs (confuting findings in italics)Study Region Fractionalisation Dependent Variable

Addison and Rahman (2001) 41 countries Ethnic (national) • Public Spending on EducationAhlerup and Hansson (2011) 79 Countries Ethnic (national) • Government E�ectiveness

• Rule of Law• Corruption• Quality of Government

Aizlewood and Pendakur (2007) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Seeing Friends• Interpersonal Trust• Formal Participation• Talking to Neighbours

Alesina et al. (2003) 215 Countries Ethnic (national) • Corruption• Infant Mortality• Illiteracy• Infrastructure Quality• Tax Compliance

Linguistic • Infant Mortality• Illiteracy• Corruption• Tax Compliance• Infrastructure Quality

Religious • Infant Mortality• Corruption• Tax Compliance• Infrastructure Quality• Illiteracy

Alesina and La Ferrara (2000) USA Ethnic (national) • Associational MembershipRacial • Associational Membership

Alesina et al. (1999) USA Racial • %Taxes Spend On Education• %Taxes Spend On CleaningSewage & Trash• %Taxes Spend On Roads• %Taxes Spend On Police• %Taxes Spend On Healthcare

Alesina and La Ferrara (2002) USA Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustRacial • Generalized Trust

Alesina et al. (2001) 56 Countries Ethnic (national) • %Social Transfers Of GDPRacial • %Social Transfers Of GDP

Alexander (2007) USA Racial • Social Capital IndexAlexander and Christia (2009) Bosnia-

HerzegovinaEthnic (national) • Sanctioning

• Collective Good ProductionAlgan et al. (2011) France Ethnic (national) • Neglect Of Public Areas

• Poor Quality Of Housing• Overall Housing Conditions• Index For Civil Conflicts

Religious • Overall Housing Conditions• Neglect Of Public Areas• Index For Civil Conflicts• Poor Quality Of Housing

Anderson and Paskeviciute (2006) 44 Countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized Trust• Associational Membership• Political Interest• Political Discussion

Linguistic • Political InterestContinued on next page

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Studies on ethnic diversity e�etcs (confuting findings in italics) — continued from previous page

Study Region Fractionalisation Dependent Variable

• Generalized Trust• Associational Membership• Political Discussion

Andrews (2009) England Ethnic (national) • Community AttachmentAndrews et al. (2009) England Ethnic (migrant) • Public Service PerformanceAndrews (2011) England Ethnic (migrant) • Social Cohesion ScaleAnnett (2000) 264 countries Ethnic (national) • Government Consumption

• Political InstabilityReligious • Government Consumption

• Political InstabilityBöheim and Mayr (2005) 18 OECD

countriesEthnic (migrant) • Public Spending

• Share Of Spending On PrivateGoods Coe�cient

Bailey et al. (2012) England Ethnic (migrant) • Neighborhood AttachmentBakker and Dekker (2012) Amsterdam Ethnic (migrant) • Trust In Neighbourhood

• Trust In Neighbourhood• Trust In Neighbourhood

Baland et al. (2007) Nepal Ethnic (national) • Firewood Collection (AllmendeProblem)

Baldwin and Huber (2010) 46 Countries Ethnic (national) • Public Goods Provision• Public Goods Provision• Public Goods Provision• Public Goods Provision

Bandiera et al. (2005) UK Ethnic (migrant) • Worker’S Cooperation To LowerProductivity

Bandiera and Levy (2011) Indonesia Ethnic (national) • Government Health Centers PerCapita• Community Security Members• Beds In Delivery Post PerCapita• Voluntary Labor Members• School Fees• Pupil Per Classroom• Voluntary Labor Program• Schools Per Capita• Teacher Per Pupil• Community Health Posts PerCapita• Midwives Per Capita• Free School Lunch• Community Security Program• Government Hospitals PerCapita• Piped Water• Sewage System• Electricity Per Household• Waste Collection

Banerjee et al. (2005) India Religious • Water Infrastructure• Transportation Infrastructure• School Density• Power Infrastructure• Communication Infrastructure• Health Infrastructure

Bardhan (2000) Tamil Nadu Ethnic (national) • Conflict Over Water• Rules Frequently Violated

Berggren and Jordahl (2006) 52 countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustBjörkman and Svensson (2010) Uganda Ethnic (national) • Treatment E�ect To Increase

Public Goods ProvisionContinued on next page

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Bjornskov (2007) 76 Countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustBjornskov (2008) 77 Countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustBrouard and Tiberj (2009) France Ethnic (migrant) • Trust

• In-Group Proximity• Trust In Institutions

Burgoon (2012) 23 Countries Ethnic (migrant) • Net Welfare SupportBurgoon et al. (2012) 17 European

countriesEthnic (migrant) • Support For Government

Redistribution• Support For GovernmentRedistribution

Campbell (2007) USA Racial • Informed VotingCharles and Kline (2006) USA Racial • CarpoolingCharron (2009) 79 Countries Ethnic (national) • Quality Of GovernmentClark and Kim (2012) New Zealand Ethnic (migrant) • Volunteering

Linguistic • VolunteeringRacial • Volunteering

Co�e and Geys (2006) Flanders Ethnic (migrant) • Social Capital IndexCosta and Kahn (2003a) USA Ethnic (migrant) • Volunteering CPS-Data

• Associational MembershipGSS-Data• Generalized Trust• Volunteering Ddb-Data• Associational MembershipNES-Data

Racial • Volunteering DDB-Data• Associational MembershipNES-Data• Volunteering CPS-Data• Generalized Trust GSS-Data• Associational MembershipGSS-Data

Costa and Kahn (2003b) USA Ethnic (migrant) • Volunteering• Associational Membership

Racial • Volunteering• Associational Membership

Cutler et al. (1993) USA Racial • Spending Per Capita• Spending Per Capita

Dahlberg et al. (2012) Sweden Ethnic (migrant) • Preferences For RedistributionDas and DiRienzo (2012) 180 Countries Ethnic (national) • Corruption

• Government E�cacyDelhey and Newton (2005) 60 Countries Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustDemanet et al. (2012) Flanders Ethnic (migrant) • Number Of Friends

• Attachment To FriendsDesmet et al. (2009) 105 Countries Ethnic (national) • Redistribution

Linguistic • RedistributionDesmet et al. (2012) 142 countries Ethnic (national) • School Attainment

• Measels Immunization Rate• Improved Water Source• Redistribution• Infant Mortality• Illiteracy Rate• Sanitation Facilities Per Capita• Road Network Density• Hospital Beds Per Capita• Infrastucture Quality Rate• Rail Network Density

Dincer (2011) USA Racial • Generalized TrustDinesen and Sønderskov (2011) Denmark Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized Trust

Continued on next page

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Dinesen (2011) Denmark Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustDinesen and Sønderskov (2012) Denmark Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustEgel (2012) Yemen Ethnic (national) • Classrooms Per Pupil

• Teachers Per PupilEger (2010) Sweden Ethnic (migrant) • Support For Social Welfare

ExpenditureEspinoza and Garza (1985) USA Racial • Collective Action Game

InvestmentFalk and Zehnder (2007) Zurich Ethnic (migrant) • Trust Game EndowmentFerrara and Mele (2006) USA Racial • School Expenditure Per Pupil

• Private Schooling• Revenue Per Pupil

Fieldhouse and Cutts (2008a) Great Britain Ethnic (migrant) • Voting Registration• Voter Turnout

Fieldhouse and Cutts (2010) UK Ethnic (migrant) • Participation• Prosocial Norms

USA Racial • Participation• Prosocial Norms

Fieldhouse and Cutts (2008b) Great Britain Ethnic (migrant) • Voter RegistrationFinseraas (2012) 14 European

countriesEthnic (migrant) • Support For Redistribution

• Voluntarism• Trust

Finseraas and Jakobsson (2012) 115 Countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustFong and Luttmer (2009) USA Racial • Money For Charity

• Hypothetical Money For Charity• Support For Private Charity• Support For PublicRedistribution

Franzini (2008) Texas Linguistic • Generalized TrustRacial • Generalized Trust

Gerdes (2011) Denmark Ethnic (migrant) • Public Goods Consumption• Income Tax Rates

Gerritsen and Lubbers (2010) 25 Europeancountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Trust In Own Population

Ethnic (national) • Trust In Own PopulationGesthuizen et al. (2008) 28 European

CountriesEthnic (migrant) • Generalized Trust

• Associational Membership• Meeting Colleagues• Informal Help• Meeting Neighbours• Participation• Meeting Friends• Donations

Gijsberts et al. (2011) Netherlands Ethnic (migrant) • Contacts In The Neighbourhood• Generalized Trust• Informal Help• Volunteering

Glennerster et al. (2010) Sierra Leone Ethnic (national) • Disputes• Generalized Trust• Teaching Quality• Collective Action• School Building Quality• Road Maintainance• School Supplies• Associational Membership

Guest et al. (2008) Seattle Racial • TroubleContinued on next page

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• Help Neighbours• Trust In Neighbours

Gundelach and Traunmüller (2013) Germany Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized Trust• Generalized Reciprocity

Religious • Generalized Reciprocity• Generalized Trust

Gustavsson and Jordahl (2008) Sweden Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustHakansson and Sjoholm (2007) Bosnia-

HerzegovinaEthnic (national) • Generalized Trust

Healy (2007) Melbourne Ethnic (migrant) • VolunteeringHelbling et al. (2012) 20 European

countriesEthnic (migrant) • Generalized Trust

Hjerm and Schnabel (2012) 18 Europeancountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Acceptance Of Redistribution

• Acceptance Of TaxationHodler and Knight (2012) 114 developing

countriesEthnic (national) • Aid E�ectiveness

Hooghe et al. (2007) 20 EuropeanCountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized Trust

Hooghe et al. (2009) 21 EuropeanCountries


• Generalized TrustHopkins (2009) Massachusetts Racial • Pass Debt Exclusion

• Hold Debt Exclusion• Hold Override• Pass Override

Hopkins (2011) USA Racial • %Taxmoney Spent OnSanitation• %Taxmoney Spent On Crime• %Taxmoney Spent On Fire• %Taxmoney Spent On Health• %Taxmoney Spent On Parks• %Taxmoney Spent On Libraries• %Taxmoney Spent On Roads• %Taxmoney Spent On Transit• %Taxmoney Spent On Housing

Hou and Wu (2009) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Trust In NeighboursHoward (1999) USA Racial • Afdc

• Unemployment InsuranceHoxby (2000) USA Ethnic (national) • School Expenditure Per Pupil

• Private SchoolingRacial • School Expenditure Per Pupil

• Private SchoolingHungerman (2009) USA Racial • Chruch SpendingHungerman (2008) USA Racial • Charitable Church Activity

Ncs-Data• Charitable Church ActivityPanel

James (1993) 50 Countries Linguistic • Private SchoolsReligious • Private Schools

Janmaat (2012) England Ethnic (migrant) • Aim For Political EngegagmentGermany Ethnic (migrant) • Aim For Political EngegagmentSweden Ethnic (migrant) • Aim For Political Engegagment

Kaniovski and Mueller (2006) Norway Ethnic (migrant) • Voter TurnoutKarlan (2007) Peru Ethnic (national) • Drop-Out From Group Banking

• Loan Monitoring• Credit Repayment Default• Savings Associated With GroupBanking


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Kazemipur (2006) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustKesler and Bloemraad (2010) 19 Countries Ethnic (migrant) • Political Action

• Associational Membership• Generalized Trust

Khwaja (2009) North Pakistan Ethnic (national) • Community ProjectMaintenance

Knack and Keefer (1997) 29 Countries Ethnic (national) • Civic Norms• Generalized Trust

Kokkonen et al. (2012) 22 Europeancountries


• Generalized TrustKoopmans and Rebers (2009) Netherlands Religious • Collective Action GameKoopmans and Veit (2013) Berlin Ethnic (migrant) • Pick Up Letter

• Stamp MissingKoopmans et al. (2011) Berlin Ethnic (migrant) • Trust

• Contact• Satisfaction• Collective E�cacy• Engagement• Perception Of Problems• Voted For ParentalRepresentation• Identification• Regular Engagement• Visits Of Parental InformationEvenings

Germany Ethnic (migrant) • Collective E�cacy• Trust In Neighbors• Wallet Trust• Generalized Trust• Political Protest• Associational Membership• Volunteering

Kuijs (2000) 79 Countries Ethnic (national) • Life Expectancy• Illiteracy• Infant Mortality• Public Health Spending• Immunization• Schooling• Public Education Spending

Lall et al. (2004) Bangalore,India

Ethnic (national) • Participation

Lancee and Dronkers (2011) Netherlands Ethnic (migrant) • Quality Of Contact WithNeighbours• Trust In Neighbours

Linguistic • Quality Of Contact WithNeighbours• Trust In Neighbours

Religious • Quality Of Contact WithNeighbours• Trust In Neighbours

Lassen (2007) 50 Countries Ethnic (national) • Corruption• Size Of Informal Economy

Laurence (2011) Great Britain Ethnic (migrant) • Social CohesionLaurence and Heath (2008) Great Britain Ethnic (migrant) • Social CohesionLay (2012) Iowa Ethnic (migrant) • Political Knowledge

• Generalized Trust• Participation In SchoolActivities


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• Internal E�cacy• Political Discussion• Intention To Vote• External E�cacy

Lederman et al. (2005) 179 countries Ethnic (national) • CorruptionLeigh (2006) 59 Countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized Trust

Australia Ethnic (migrant) • Local Trust• Generalized Trust

Linguistic • Local Trust• Generalized Trust

Letki (2008) Great Britain Racial • Social Cohesion• Participation• Informal Help• Sociability

Lind (2007) USA Racial • RedistributionLipford and Yandle (2009) USA Racial • Volunteering

Religious • VolunteeringLolle and Torpe (2011) 24 European

CountriesEthnic (migrant) • Generalized Trust

7 EuropeanCities


Lupo (2010) 25 Europeancountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Trust

• TrustLuttmer (2001) USA Racial • Support For RedistributionMarschall and Stolle (2004) Detroit Racial • Generalized TrustMatsubayashi (2010) USA Racial • Interest In Politics

• Voting TurnoutMau and Burkhardt (2009) 17 European

countriesEthnic (migrant) • Support For Government

RedistributionMauro (1995) 67 countries Ethnic (national) • CorruptionMcCarty (1993) 46 countries Ethnic (national) • Governmenr Expenditure As %

Of GDPReligious • Governmenr Expenditure As %

Of GDPMiguel and Gugerty (2005) Kenya Ethnic (national) • School Committee Sanctioning

• Number Of Other Schools InArea• Desks Per Pupil• Donations Per Pupil• Teacher Motivation (Observed)• Well Maintainance• School Funding Per Pupil• Parent Cooperation (Observed)• Classrooms Per Pupil• Textbooks Per Pupil• School Committee Activity• Latrines Per Pupil• Parent Meetings

Miguel (2004) Kenia &Tansania

Ethnic (national) • Membership

• School Desks Per Pupil• School Spending Per Pupil• Classrooms Per Pupil• Wells With Normal Waterflow• Latrines Per Pupil

Nekby and Pettersson-Lidbom (2012) Sweden Ethnic (migrant) • Preferences For RedistributionÖberg et al. (2011) Sweden Ethnic (migrant) • Wallet Trust


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Okten and Osili (2004) Indonesia Ethnic (national) • Money Spend For Public Good• Time Spend For Public Good

Oliver (2010) USA Racial • Volunteering• Actual Participation• Trust In Neighbours

Paxton (2007) 31 Countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustPendakur and Mata (2012) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Wallet Trust

• Frequency Of Interaction• Associational Membership• Frequency Of Interaction• Wallet Trust• Associational Membership

Pennant (2005) England Racial • Generalized Trust• Volunteering• Civic Participation

Petermann et al. (2011) Germany Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustPhan et al. (2009) USA Racial • Help Given To Neighbours,

Friends And Co-WorkersPhan (2008) Canada Racial • Generalized TrustPoterba (1997) USA Racial • School Spending Per Pupil

• Non-School Direct Spending PerPupil

Putnam (2007) USA Racial • Trust In Neighbours• Registration To Vote• Volunteering• Number Of Friends• Political E�cacy• Collective E�cacy• Protest Participation• Interest In Politics

Razin et al. (2002) 11 Europeancountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Tax Rate On Labor Income

• Social Transfers Per CapitaRice and Steele (2001) Iowa Ethnic (national) • Community Attachment

• Community Involvement• Community Suspicion

Rotolo and Wilson (2012) USA Racial • Secular Volunteering• Religious Volunteering• General Volunteering

Rubenson (2005) USA Racial • Voter TurnoutRugh and Trounstine (2011) USA Racial • Number Of Bond Elections

• Total Per Capita Bond DebtApproved

Rupasingha et al. (2006) USA Racial • Social Capital Index• Non-Rent Seeking Associations• Associational Density• Rent Seeking Associations

Ruttan (2006) 94 Fisheries &IrrigationCases

Religious • Trust

• Quality Of Resources• Abundance Of Resources• Formal Sanctions• Limited Access To Resources• Informal Sanctions• Rule Obedience• Participation

Savelkoul et al. (2011) 22 Europeancountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Frequency Of Contact


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• Frequency Of Contact• Informal Help• Informal Help

Schieman (2009) Colombia andMaryland(USA)

Racial • Perceived NeighbourhoodProblems

Senik et al. (2009) 22 Europeancountries

Ethnic (migrant) • Reduce Income Di�erences

• Help The Poor• Equal (Welfare) Opportunities

Smith (2012) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Volunteering In 2004• Volunteering In 2007

Somanathan et al. (2007) Himalaya Ethnic (national) • Watchman Employed• %Area Covered Bytree CrownsIn Pine-Tree Forest• Meetings Per Year• %Area Covered By Tree CrownsIn Broad-Leafed Forest

Soroka et al. (2007b) Canada Racial • Generalized Trust• Support For Welfare• Support For Pensions• Support For Healthcare

Soroka et al. (2006) Countries Ethnic (migrant) • Social Welfare SpendingSoroka et al. (2007a) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Wallet Trust (Neighbour)

• Wallet Trust (Stranger)Stegmueller et al. (2012) 16 West

EuropeanCountries

Religious • Support For Redistribution

Stichnoth (2012) Germany Ethnic (migrant) • Support For The UnemployedStoll and Wong (2007) Los Angeles Racial • MembershipStolle and Harell (2012) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • Generalized TrustStolle et al. (2008) USA &

CanadaRacial • Trust

Sturgis et al. (2011a) UK Racial • Trust In Neighbours• Generalized Trust

Sturgis et al. (2011b) London Racial • Social CohesionSuphachalasai (2005) 43 countries Ethnic (national) • CorruptionSwaroop and Moreno� (2006) Chicago Ethnic (migrant) • Instrumental Organizations

• Expressive Organizations• Problem Solving

Taylor et al. (2010) England Ethnic (migrant) • Perceptions Of Social Cohesion• Perceptions Of Informal SocialControl• Perception Of Anti-SocialBehavior

Tolsma et al. (2009) Netherlands Ethnic (migrant) • Volunteering• Contact To Neighbours• Generalized Trust

Traunmüller (2009) Germany Religious • TrustTrawick and Howsen (2006) Kentucky Racial • CrimeTreisman (2000) 64 countries Ethnic (national) • Judges Corruption

• Politicians Corruption• Public O�cials Corruption• Police Corruption

Tsai et al. (2011) 98 countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustTsai (2007) China Ethnic (national) • Paved Roads

• Running Water• % Classrooms Usable In Rain• Per Capita Investment


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• Newness Of School• Paved Paths

Twigg et al. (2010) England Racial • Social CohesionUslaner (2011) UK Racial • Generalized Trust

USA Racial • Generalized Trustvan Houtte and Stevens (2009) Flanders Ethnic (migrant) • ParticipationVarughese and Ostrom (2001) Nepal Ethnic (national) • Collective ActivityVermeulen et al. (2011) Netherlands Ethnic (migrant) • Density Of Leisure Associations

• Density Of FoundationsVigdor (2004) USA Racial • Response RatesWaring (2012) Tamil Nadu Ethnic (national) • Donations

• Exclusivity• Reciprocal Days• Reciprocal Partners

Wollebæk et al. (2012) Sweden Ethnic (migrant) • Community Trust• Community Trust• Generalized Trust• Generalized Trust• Particularized Trust• Particularized Trust

Wu et al. (2011) Canada Ethnic (migrant) • In-Group Belonging• National Belonging

You (2012) 80 countries Ethnic (national) • Generalized TrustZak and Knack (2001) 41 Countries Ethnic (national) • TrustZerfu et al. (2009) 8 African

CountriesEthnic (national) • Generalized Trust

Zimdars and Tampubolon (2011) 25 Europeancountries


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Table 1: Studies on ethnic diversity eetcs (confuting ﬁndings in … · 2018-03-14 · Table 1: Studies on ethnic diversity eetcs (confuting ﬁndings in italics)Study Region Fractionalisation