Upload
ambrose-wilcox
View
216
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Ethical Issues in Social Research Two Ethical Controversies The Politics of Social Research Quick Quiz
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Ethical (Webster’s): conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Voluntary Participation No one should be forced to participate.
Balance of science and ethics?
Possible?
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH No Harm to the Participants
People being researched should never be injured (physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, psychologically).
Examples: Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Stanford Prison Experiment
Possible to eliminate 100% of risk?
Informed Consent – a norm in which subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risk involved.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Anonymity and Confidentiality Anonymity – guaranteed in a research project
when neither the researchers nor the readers of the findings can identify a given response with a given respondent.
Confidentiality – guaranteed when the research can identify a given person’s responses but promises not to do so publicly.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Deception Deception within social research needs to be
justified by scientific or administrative concerns.
Debriefing – interviewing subjects to learn about their experience of participation in the project.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Analysis and Reporting Ethical obligation to colleagues in the scientific
community.
All results must be reported (positive and negative).
All limitations must be admitted.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Institutional Review Boards – a panel of faculty who review all research proposals involving human subjects so that they can guarantee that the subjects’ rights and interests will be protected. Exceptions
TWO ETHICAL CONTROVERSIES
Trouble in the Tearoom – Laud Humphreys Studied homosexual activities in public
restrooms in parks Researcher became interested in the lives of
participants Researcher volunteered to become
“watchqueen” Researcher collected personal information about
the participants (license numbers of cars)
Which ethical issues are in question?
TWO ETHICAL CONTROVERSIES
Observing Human Obedience – Stanley Milgram Participants imitated a laboratory-based World
War II controversy Participants were assigned job of “teacher” – to
teach a list of works to the “pupil.” If the pupil got the word wrong, the teacher would administer increasing levels of shocks to the pupil.
Which ethical issues are in question?
THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
The ethics of social research deals mostly with the methods employed.
Political issues tend to center on the substance and use of research.
There are no formal codes of acceptable political conduct, while there are formal codes of conduct for social research.
THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Objectivity and Ideology Science achieves objectivity through inter-
subjectivity.
Weber (1925): sociology needs to be unencumbered by personal values if it is to make a special contribution to society.
THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Politics with a Little “p” Social research in relation to contested social
issues cannot remain antiseptically objective.
THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Politics in Perspective1. Science is not untouched by politics.2. Science does proceed in the midst of political
controversy and hostility.3. An awareness of ideological considerations
enriches the study and practice of social research methods.
4. Whereas researchers should not let their own values interfere with the quality and honesty of the research, this does not mean that researchers cannot or should not participate in public debates.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
1. Which constrains must be placed on social research for it to be considered realistic?
A. scientific constraintsB. administrative constraintsC. ethical constraintsD. all of the above
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
ANSWER: D.Scientific, administrative, and ethical constraints must be placed on social research for it to be considered realistic.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
2. _____ is a norm in which subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.
A. Research participationB. The Hawthorne effectC. Informed consentD. The code of ethics
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
ANSWER: C.Informed consent is a norm in which subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
3. Though the norm of voluntary participation is important, it is often
A. justifiably violated.B. not received.C. impossible to follow.D. all of the above
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
ANSWER: D.Though the norm of voluntary participation is important, it is often justifiably violated, not received, and impossible to follow.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
4. Both ethics and politics hinge on
A. idiographic research.B. power and resources.C. manifest research.D. ideological points of view.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
5. Ethics are not a consideration in which one of the following fields of research?
A. natural sciencesB. psychologyC. medicineD. sociologyE. None of the above – they all require ethical considerations.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
ANSWER: E.Ethics enters in all of these fields: natural sciences, psychology, medicine, and sociology.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
6. The major justification that social scientists have for requesting participation in a study is that
A. it may help the respondent.B. it may help all humanity.C. it may help the social scientist.D. it may help government officials make policy decisions.E. it may help improve the educational system.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
ANSWER: B.The major justification the social scientists has for requesting participation in a study is that it may help all humanity.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
7. The controversy surrounding Laud Humphreys’ study of homosexuals suggests that he most violated which of the following ethical principles?
A. anonymity and confidentialityB. harm to subjects and data reporting without identificationC. concealed identify or researcher anonymityD. harm to subjects and anonymity
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
ANSWER: D.The controversy surrounding Laud Humphreys’
study of homosexuals suggests that he most violated the ethical principle of harm to subjects and anonymity.
CHAPTER 3 QUIZ
8. Which of the following is not a difference between ethical and political aspects of social research?A. Ethical considerations are more objective than political considerations.B. Ethical aspects include a professional code of ethics, whereas political aspects do not.C. Ethics deal more with methods, whereas political issues deal with substance.D. Ethical norms have been established, whereas political norms have not been established.