T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia - Centrála cestovního ruchu AJ FINAL.pdf · 8 T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia Son of a Coachman and a Cook Becomes a Philosopher and the President

T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia Son of a Coachman and a Cook Becomes a Philosopher and the President 1

T. G. Masaryk and souTh MoraviaSon of a Coachman and a Cook Becomes a Philosopher and the President

2012

T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia Son of a Coachman and a Cook Becomes a Philosopher and the President2


TaBLE oF ConTEnTs

Current Message ........................................................................................................................ 5

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8

Masaryk’s Life Journey ........................................................................................................... 10

Childhood and Studies ................................................................................................ 10

Arrival in Prague ......................................................................................................... 14

Disputes........................................................................................................................ 14

Political Activity .......................................................................................................... 16

Leader of Foreign resistance ...................................................................................... 17

President Liberator ....................... .............................................................................. 18

Masaryk’s Family .................................................................................................................... 24

Masaryk’s Religious Struggle ................................................................................................. 26

About the Foundation of the Second Czech University .......................................................... 28

Masaryk’s Region .................................................................................................................... 29

Hodonín ....................................................................................................................... 29

Mutěnice......................................................................................................................36

Čejkovice.....................................................................................................................36

Čejč .............................................................................................................................39

Klobouky u Brna ......................................................................................................... 40

Heršpice ....................................................................................................................... 42

Hustopeče....................................................................................................................42

Brno ............................................................................................................................. 43

Židlochovice................................................................................................................43

Masaryk’s Life in Data ............................................................................................................ 45

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 48

Recommended Literature......................................................................................................... 49



CurrEnT MEssaGE oF T.G.M.

The humanist idea requires that we systematically, everywhere, in everything and always oppose the wrongdoings, our own non-humanity as well as that of the society and its enlightening, ecclesiastic, political and national bodies – all. Humanity is not sentimentality; it is work and only work. The Czech Issue, 1894

Modern politics can only be done by working; world politics can only be done by working and that also allows us to escape from the depressing narrow-mindedness.About Our Current Crisis, 1895

Those who look for happiness have already lost it. Every man likes to be happy – sure, but once he starts to look for happiness with too much effort, he can no longer find it.Humanist Ideas, 1901

Morality today means, to a large extent, political morality. Let’s not draw a distinction between politics and morality. Humanist Ideas, 1901

Our troops, fighting on three frontiers, have won our freedom for us. The history of our international activity and particularly of our troops, their battles and heroism, the history of the Siberian anabasis – all of that will be a rich educational epic for our future generations!First Address to the National Assembly of 22 December 1918

Let’s emphasize with all determination that, in addition to its administrative apparatus and armed forces, our new state, our republic and democracy require a strong moral foundation; we cannot build a strong republic without moral, high-principled individuals, without healthy families, without faithful friendship, without locality to various social organizations of which we are members, without firmness in all our activity. Democracy that does not acknowledge the moral authority, the authority of principles and competent people is not possible. Second Address to the National Assembly of 28 October 1919

“... I decided to start the revolutionary campaign abroad with the belief that the nation at home and its leaders would skilfully use the victory of the Allies and that we all would work on achieving our maximum political programme. Our revolution was truly done well and it provides a guarantee for successful politics in the post-revolutionary period.” World Revolution, Prague 1925

“Any war – and revolution is also a war – is not so much about determination and courage, as it is about a well thought-out plan, about organization of all forces and about full command. I went abroad with the belief that we have to have international troops. Our demand for liberation would be left unnoticed without fighting troops; the entire world was fighting and we could not just limit ourselves to historical and constitutional-legal tractates.”World Revolution, Prague 1925


“Not by violence, but amicably; not with a sword, but with a plough; not by blood, but by work; not by death, but by life to life – that is the answer of the Czech spirit, that is the meaning of our history and the legacy of our great ancestors. That teaching does not say that we should not oppose the wrongdoings; on the contrary, we have to oppose the wrongdoings, everywhere and all the time, but systematically and from their very seeds. If so-called good and nice people were not actually idle fellows, there would be no bad people. There may be a time in the life of every man when he has to protect himself with iron, not only work and reason, from violence.The Czech nation would do the same if its life was threatened.”AboutBolshevism,Prague,1990(thefirstsentencewasusedintheCzechIssue,1894)

“And the education of grown-up voters and their parliamentary representatives and leaders must be self-education and self-discipline; in democracy, every citizen is the law-maker and administrator and it is for that very reason that this democratic administrator and law-maker shall exemplarily observe the laws, exemplarily keep the order achieved through public administration. We do not pass laws for the others; we also pass them for ourselves.”Address to the National Assembly, Government and People of the Republic, 28 October 1928

“Ten years does not mean much in history, but it means a lot in the lives of people. When I came back home, to the liberated republic ten years ago, I used the words that were at the tip of my tongue: that it was like a fairytale. Now, when I look back at those first ten years, I would say again that they have been like a fairytale – a miracle. We started with bare hands, without an army, without a constructive tradition, with a collapsing currency, during an economic disintegration, during a general decline of discipline, with inherited dualism, with irredentists in our midst, in the middle of countries shaken by commotions on the right and on the left: we, constrained by insufficient resources, weaned from governing, not used to listening, almost unknown to the world. And yet we have succeeded in this test and we have passed with honours: we have given the renewed state it constitution, we have organized administration and the armed forces; we have faced an economic crisis, an ethnic battle and international conflicts. Our tasks were more difficult than we were able to admit; and yet we have built a state that has trust abroad and – what is even more important – that has trust of all of us; after the ten-year test, we can now safely continue in our creative political work.”Address to the National Assembly, Government and People of the Republic, 28 October 1928

What we have achieved so far, we have to keep and improve; what we have not yet done, we have to do. Let’s learn from our mistakes: those how forget bad experience, lose the good one.”Address to the National Assembly, Government and People of the Republic, 28 October 1928

“A true democracy cannot keep up with mere institutions; a true democracy needs people, live people, people who believe in the mission of their state and nation, people connected with an idea; our democracy cannot keep up just with technical training of our clerks and troops, our democracy is a moral task not only for the clerks and troops, but also for all staid citizens and above all for the representatives of the citizens, their leaders. Our democracy must be a guarantee and protection of all cultural efforts in the technical and economic field, in the field of science and arts, in morality and religion. Therefore, our revolution must be a permanent reform, a permanent revolution, a revolution of heads and hearts!”Address to the National Assembly, Government and People of the Republic, 28 October 1928


“If I should say what the climax of my life was, it was not that I became the president and that I can carry this great honour as well as grave obligation. I have not put out anything important from my beliefs and affections even as the head of the state. I may say that all I have ever believed in is not becoming true and fulfilled so I have not had to change anything in my belief in humanity and democracy, in the search for the truth or in the highest moral and religious commitment to love of people. There is no different morality, no different ethic order for states and nations and their administrators than that for individuals. I think that I have stood on the good side in the permanent struggle for a better future of the nation and the humankind. And that knowledge is sufficient to make one’s life beautiful and to make one happy.”ČAPEKKarel,TalkswithT.G.Masaryk,Prague1990


inTroduCTion

Moraviaisaregionrichinnature,historyandculture.However,itsgreatestwealthlieswiththe people. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, a distinguished teacher, philosopher and statesman, the founderof themodernCzech state, is undoubtedly themost influential personality that hastranscended the designated time and space. It is characteristic that there are many politicians anddiplomatsintheworldhistory,butonlyafewtruestatesmen.Histimelesslegacymakeshimoneof the fewhistoricalpersonalities thathavedefinitelybecomeapositivemodel forwholegenerations.

TomášGarrigueMasarykconsideredhimself tobeanupholderofJanHus,KarelHavlíček,JanÁmosKomenskýandFrantišekPalacký;thelasttwowerealsoborninMoravia.However,Moravia is also linked to personalities that had a great impact on history, but not a positive one. ThereisahouseinDědiceuVyškovawhereadifferentpresidentwasborn:KlementGottwald,thesymbolofthemonopolyofcommunistpowerinCzechoslovakiaafter1948,thesymbolof the political terror of the 1950s. Another one of Czechoslovak presidents, General Ludvík Svoboda,camefromHroznatínnaVysočině.HewasamanwhoshowedagreatamountofpersonalbraveryduringWWIIwhenheworkedinthefirstCzechoslovakarmycorpsbuthisactivityinthetimeofpeace,namelythroughso-callednormalization,wascontradictory.

On the other hand, there have been many personalities in South Moravia that are less prominent butthatmeantandachievedalotintheirtimes,however,theyarenowfallingintooblivion.Forinstance,JUDr.AloisPražák,anativeofUherskéHradiště,adistinguishedpolitician,lawyerandaristocrat,representedMoraviainthe19thcentury.PražákstoodatthebirthoftheNationalUnionofSt.CyrilandMethodiusinBrno,latertheMoravianFoundation.HewassignificantlyinvolvedintheMoravianDistrictAssemblyandMoraviaapplieditsownnationalpoliticsunderhisleadership.HegainedrespectinMoraviaaswellasattheimperialcourt.HewasaholderofmanyawardsandhewasnamedalifememberoftheUpperHouseafterheretiredfromthepolitics.Duringhislife,healsoinfluencedtheskylineofBrno;forexample,heinitiatedtheconstruction of the St. Anna Hospital.

KarelEngliš,adistinguishedpoliticianandeconomist,createdtheteleologicaleconomictheory.HebecamethefirstrectorofthenewlyestablishedMasarykUniversityinBrno.TogetherwithAloisRašín,heparticipatedinthecurrencyreformofthenewCzechoslovakstate.HeactedastheMinisterofFinanceinsixgovernmentsandhewasthegovernoroftheCzechoslovakNational Bank and the rector of the Charles University after WWII. Unfortunately, he had to retire as a representative of the Masaryk democracy after February 1948.

KarlRenner,asociologistandpolitician,camefromDolníDunajoviceandstudiedatalocalgrammarschoolinMikulov.HewastheFirstChancelloroftheAustrianRepublic(1918-1920)and he also held the post of the Federal President of the Second Austrian Republic from 1945 to1950whenhedied.JosefRedlichcamefromthesametownasT.G.Masaryk–Hodonín. HewasamemberoftheParliamentandalsothelastMinisterofFinanceoftheformerAustrian-HungarianEmpire.

Whatwassaidatthebeginningapplieswithoutquestions.TomášGarrigueMasarykisthemostdistinguishednativeofSouthMoravia.Hewasamanwithacomplicatedfatebutwithaclearmoral and humanitarian legacy.



Masaryk’s LiFE JournEy

Childhood and Studies

TomášGarrigueMasarykwasbornastheeldestsontoTerezieandJosefMasarykon7March1850.HisfatherJosefcamefromanoldandlargeSlovakfamilyfromKopčany.BecausethehomesteadinKopčanycouldnotsupportthewholefamilyandJosefwastheyoungestchild,hewassentofftoaGermanfamilyasachildtolearnGerman,whichwasaconditionformanorservice1.Whenhewastwentyyearsold,hegotajobatanimperialmanorinHodonínwherehetookcareofhorses(laterheservedasacatchpoleandthensteward).Terezie’smother,bornKropáčková,camefrommostlyGermanHustopeče,fromquiteawealthytownfamilybutsheleftherbirthplaceattheageoftwenty-sevenwhenherparentsaswellasherillegitimatesondied.SheworkedasacookinViennaandlaterinHodonín.Sheprobablyworkedforsomeoneat the administration of the imperial manor. On 15 August 1849, Josef and Terezie got married withtheconsentofthemanorialnobilityandtheymovedfromaplacetoaplaceasrequiredby the nobility.They lived inMutěnice,Čejkovice,Čejč,Klobouky and they are buried inHustopeče (thisdoesnot includeplaceswhereJosefMasarykworkedafterhewas releasedfrom the imperial service in1868). In addition toTomáš, theyhad fourother children. JanEvangelistaandFrantiškadiedshortlyafterbirth,MartinandLudvíkliveduntiladulthood.

Tomáš Masaryk did not remember much from his childhood in Hodonín and later on he did notremembermuchaboutKopčany,eventhoughtheyoftenvisitedtheirrelativesinKopčany,Holíč,ŠaštínandSkaliceandMasarykalsosupportedhisrelativesinKopčanyandHodonínduring his presidency2. Masaryk could not remember House No. 121 stated in the Hodonín registryashisbirthplacebecausethefamilymovedtoMutěnicein1852.HisfirstmemoriesarerelatedtoMutěnice,moretohisexperiencethenthevillageitself–hisfathercatchingcrows in traps, his teacher Metoděj Ludwig giving him a pencil and paper or a runaway horse in Hodonín jumping over a child that fell into his way. The Masaryks lived at several addresses in Hodonín. For example, at Rynková (Národní tř.), U Krejsů, in the house of shepherdTóth inMěšťanskáor inŠvejčárna (today apowerplant).InTalkswithT.G.M., Masarykrecalledhowhe,asachild,usedtolookattheflatlandsbytheMoraviaRiveracross ablindlake(nolongerexisting).HestartedgoingtoschoolinHodonínin1856.Hismotherwantedhimtogetabettercareerthanthatofamanorserviceandsohestartedgoingtothe German department of an Utraquist school (the building is still standing at the corner ofMasarykSquareandNárodnítř.).ThefamilysoonmovedtoČejkovicewheretheystayed for the longest continuous time (1856-1858 and1859-1861). T. G. Masaryk considered ČejkovicethehomeofhischildhoodandhiswarmfeelingforČejkovicelastedthroughhisentire life.His stay there left deepmemories,whether those of friends, school orChaplainFrantišekSatorawhohadagreatinfluenceonMasaryk’sapproachtoeducation,religionandsocialfeeling.ItwasSatorawhoinfluencedMasaryk’sdecisiontostudyatagrammarschoolin Brno.

1 Fromtimetotime,therearespeculationsregardingthe“real”fatherofT.G.Masaryk,withreferencetohisilliteracy,whenitissomewhatautomaticallyassumedthatJosefMasarykcouldnotspeakGermanwhenhemetTerezieKropáčková.SendingchildrentootherfamiliestolearnalanguagewasquiteacommonpracticeandT.G.MasarykstatedthisfactinhisSlovakMemories(DOLEŽAL,J.:Masarykovacestaživotem,II,Brno,1921,p.19.)StanislavPolákrevisesmanyinaccuratefactsaboutMasaryk’sparentsandhischildhoodandyouth inhisworks, forexample,Masarykovirodičeaantisemitskýmýtus,Praha1995,p.15,p.58-59orZaideálemapravdou,Praha2000,p.15.TheworkofMiloslavTrapl,Moravavživotěadíle T. G. Masaryka in the Moravian Foundation Magazine, Brno, 1938, p. 1-89, is often neglected.

2 GRONSKÝTOMÁŠ:MasarykaKopčany.In:IrregularMasaryk’sMuseumBulletin.Hodonín,2000,p.12-13.


The house of the Masaryks in Mutěnice, No. 120

The house in Čejkovice where the Masaryks used to live. A copy from 1929.


TheoriginalideaoftheparentsandTomášofhisprofessionalandlifejourneywasbasedontheassumptionthathewouldbecomeeitherateacher,orapriest.HedecidedtobecomeateacherandwenttostudyahighschoolinHustopeče.ThehighschoolwassufficientforthatpurposeandhisuncleFrantišekKosandhisfamilylivedinHustopečeandtookcareofTomášduringhisstaythere.WhenhefinishedhisstudiesinHustopeče,hestartedteachinginHodonínataschoolwherehestartedhiseducation.However,heonlymanaged todo that for twomonths.3 His fatherdidnotlikethecarefreeandidlelife.TomášhadtogotoViennaattherecommendationofMr.Malý,whomhismotherknewfromherstayinVienna,tolearnlocksmithing.However,themonotonouswork, foreignenvironment, lackof friendshipbetween theapprenticesandhomesickness forcedhim to run away.At that time, theMasaryksmoved toČejč and theywerenotveryhappyabout thedeserter.His fatherarrangedapprenticeshipwithblacksmithAntonínBeneš(whowasalsoaveterinarian)whereMasarykwasactuallysatisfiedbutaluckycoincidence soon ended his blacksmith episode.

3 NEJEDLÝ,Zdeněk:T.G.Masaryk.Knihaprvní.Praha1931,p.130.Curriculumvitae.In:DOLEŽAL,Jaromír:Masarykovacestaživotem,II,Brno1921.

Blacksmith shop – a view of the exposition “T.G.M. and His Native Land” at the Masaryk’s Museum in Hodonín


A former teacher fromHustopečewhowasvisitingČejkovicenoticedTomáš and arrangedteachingpracticeforhimwithhisparentsandRectorFranzLudwig,thistimeinČejkovice.AfteradiscussionwithSátora,Masarykdecidednottofollowthroughwiththeteachingcoursebut tostudyatagrammarschool.Heenrolledasanexternalstudent inthePiaristgrammarschoolinStrážnicewherehepassedtheexamsforthefirstyearandafterthesummerholidayof1865hewenttostudyatagrammarschoolinBrno.Abrandnewlifephasestartedandhebasically left his native soil.

The Masaryks did not have much money to support Tomáš in his studies and so he had to earnalivingbytutoring.Aftertheverydifficultbeginningslivedinpoverty,hegotajobas a tutor of a son of Chief Constable Anton Le Monnier. This liberal Austrian bureaucrat became fondofMasarykandlethimusehisextensivelibraryandalsohelpedhimoutwhenMasarykwas threatened tobebanned fromall grammar schoolsdue to adisputewith theprincipal.Coincidentally,LeMonnierreceivedanaristocratictitleandthusmovedtoViennatotakethepositionofChiefConstablethere.HetookMasarykwithhimandlethimfinishhisstudiesatthe Academic Grammar School. When Tomáš Masaryk graduated from the grammar school, he continued at theViennaUniversitywithLeMonnier’s support.WhenLeMonnier died,TomášMasarykworkedforRudolfSchlesinger,GeneralCouncillorofAnglobank.This jobbroughtagreatfinancialsecurity,accesstosocietyandalsofurtherstudiesinLipskoafterhecompletedhisstudieswithadoctoraldegreein1876.ThankstohisstudiesinLipsko,hemetCharlie Garrigue, an unusual young American. Tomáš Masaryk and Charlotte Garrigue got marriedinBrooklynon15March1878.Withrespecttohiswifeandhernativeland,Masarykmadeanunusualstep–hestarttosignhisnameasTomášGarrigueMasaryk.TheirrelationshipwasverysolidanditlastedfortheentirelifeofMrs.CharlotteMasaryk.Shelaterdecidedtobecome a Czech and so she started to learn Czech and all about the Czech culture and she came to stay in the Czech Republic.

The building of the former German grammar school in Brno


WhenMasarykleftforVienna,heseeminglylostcontactwithhisnativeland.ThetruthisthathekeptintouchwithMoraviabyhisvisitswiththeparentsduringholidays(eventhoughthevisitswerenotasintenseaswhenhestudiedinHustopečeorBrnoduetohisbusyscheduleanddistance)andalsobyhiscooperationwiththeMoravianyouth:heusedtocontributehisstudiesintotheZoraAlmanacortheMoravianEagle.ThestudiesinBrnoandinViennadidnotonlyprovideMasarykwitheducation.Manyeventsfromthattimehadasignificanteffectonhisworldviews.WhilestudyinginBrno,MasarykbecameawareofthedifferencebetweenthepositionoftheCzechsandGermansandstartedtolivethroughtheCzechhistory.ItwasalsoinBrnowhenheexperiencedhisfirstseriousdisputes.InVienna,hedevelopedhisopiniononthepatrioticfeelingsevenfurther.HeusedtomeetwiththeCzechsfromthekingdomatthehouseofProfessorAloisVojtěchŠembera.HeactivelyworkedintheAcademicAssociationwherehebuiltalibrary,workedasthechairmanandalsousedanalternativepatrioticname:VlastimilMasaryk.AfterhemarriedCharlotteandreceivedhishigherdoctorate(SuicideasaCollectiveSocialPhenomenonofModernEducation–oneoftheworksthathelpedfoundsociology),hestartedafamilybutasaprivatelecturerhedidnothaveapayandtherewasnotapositionforhimattheViennaUniversityandsincehedidnotwanttogotoadifferentGerman university, he decided to take advantage of the re-established Czech Faculty of Arts at the Prague University.

Arrival in PragueT.G.Masarykneverheldout the fact thathedidnotwant togo toPrague.HehadalwaysconsideredhimselftobeaSlovakbutbecameaCzechbyhisowndecision.HecametoPraguein1882tobeanassociateprofessorattheCharlesUniversity.HetaughtatKlementinum,wheretheFacultyofArtsusedtobe,withtheCzechscientificelite.Hebecameclosetotheyoungerpartofthestaff;hewasaclosefriendwithJanGebauer,anexcellentlinguist,AugustSeydlerand Jaroslav Goll, historians. Associate professor T. G. Masaryk introduced an unusual style ofteachingtotheCzechFacultyofArts.Heworkedandlivedinpermanentcontactwithhisstudents,hetaughtthemtocriticallyacceptnewknowledgeanddiscussionsbecameacommonpartofhisseminars.Masaryk’sfirstlectureshadcharacteristictitles:“NumberofProbabilitiesand Hume’s Scepticism”, “Blaise Pascal, His Life and Philosophy” or “Theory of History according to T. H. Buckle’s Principles”.

Hewas interested inclassificationofsciences,hegave lectureson therelationshipbetweennature and the man, on family, on society, he focused on then provocative issues such as the positionofwomen,sexuallife,alcohol,work,religionandhewasabletospeakaboutthemopenlywithhisstudents.T.G.MasarykdidnotliketheisolationofCzechscience,thelackofknowledgeabouttheworldscienceandculture.Therefore,hefoundedtheAthenaeummagazinethatbroughtprofessionalcriticismofbothCzechandforeignworks.TheAthenaeummagazinealso launched another part of the dispute over the authenticity of theManuscripts ofDvůrKrálovéandZelenáHora.ThoseeventscoincidentallyhappenedatthetimewhenhisbrotherLudvíkhadawinecellarinPraguewhereT.G.MasarykmetHanušSchwaiger,apainter,andtheybecamesuchgood friends thatSchwaigerwasconsidered tobea friendof the family.T.G.MasarykgraduallygottoknowthePragueenvironment.Asmanyofhiscolleagues,hestarted to give lectures in the American Ladies’ Club that met in the house of famous traveller VojtaNáprstek.BothmenbecameclosethankstotheiradmirationtoAmericandemocracy,toAmericanpracticalityandhorizon.TheAmericanexperiencealsoledMasaryktoafriendshipwithpoetJ.V.Sládek.

DisputesT.G.Masaryk became a frequent actor in various disputes during his life.His position onthescientificandpoliticalsphereandhisprivacyinfluencedtwofundamentaldisputes–thedisputeregardingtheauthenticityoftheManuscriptsofDvůrKrálovéandZelenáHoraandtheHilsner Affair. Masaryk became interested in the issue of the authenticity of the Manuscripts during his stay inVienna thanks to his friend, Prof.A.V. Šembera.TheManuscriptswere


enthusiastically accepted by the Czech public immediately upon their discovery as a relic of the Czecholdesthistoryandscepticswerelabelledastraitors.

A.V.ŠemberaandA.Vašekwereoneof the fewwhopubliclyopposed theopinionof themajorityandtheybothpaidforit.A.V.ŠemberabecameestrangedfromhissonduetothecoarseattacksoftheManuscriptdefendersandA.Vašeksufferedhealthwise.In1886,T.G.MasarykwasaskedbyJanGebauertopublishanarticleinAthenaeuminwhichhedemonstratedthefalsenessoftheManuscriptsbyalinguisticanalysis.MasarykaccommodatedhisrequestashehimselfdidnotbelievethattheManuscriptswereauthenticandaskedforaseriousscientificexaminationofthematter.HedemonstratedthefalsenessoftheManuscriptsaestheticallyandsociologicallywhileanotheroneofhisfriends,JaroslavGoll,provedthesamehistorically.TheopponentstotheManuscriptsbecameatargetofpublichuntagainbutatthattimetherewasalready so much evidence against the authenticity of the Manuscripts that they simply had to cometotermswiththeunpleasanttruth.Thechemicalandphysicaltestsperformedattheendof1960sdefinitelyprovedthattheopponentsoftheauthenticityoftheManuscripts,andthusMasaryk,wereright.

TheHilsnerAffairbecameatrueordealbyfireforMasarykandhisfamily.TheaffairstartedwithfindingthebodyofbrutallykilledAnežkaHrůzováinApril1899nearthetownofPolná.Basedonasuperstitionofaritualmurder,LeopoldHilsner,aJewishvagrant,wastriedandsentencedtodeathbyrope.Thewholeprocesswasinfluencedbymobmentalityandstronganti-SemitismoftheCzechenvironment.T.G.Masarykwasaskedbyhisformerstudentwhathethoughtaboutthatmatter.Masarykwasoutragedthatsomanypeople(eveneducatedones)werewillingtobelievesuchanabsurdsuperstition.Hepubliclyexpressedhisopinioninhisletterssuchas“NecessitytoRevisethePolenskýCase”and“SignificanceofthePolenskýCaseforRitualSuperstition”whereheaskedforarevisionofthecase.Hemanagedtoachievetherevisionbuttheoriginaldeathsentencewasonlyconfirmed.However,theEmperorchangedthedeathsentencetoimprisonmentforlife.In1918,HilsnerwaspardonedbyKarlIofAustriabuthisverdictwasneverannulled.T.G.Masarykhadtodealwithpersonalattacks,frombeinghissedfromhislecturebyhisstudentstobrokenwindowsandahomicideattempt.Thewholenationstoodagainsthim,exceptforafewpeople(hisfriendsfromtheČasmagazine,FrantišekDrtina, a former student or the social-democratic press).The attorney of theHrůza family, Dr.KarelBaxa,wascelebratedbythemob,whileHilsner‘sattorney,Dr.ZdeněkAuředníčeklostsomanyclientsthathemovedtoVienna.T.G.MasarykwasverydisappointedwiththeprogressoftheaffairandhewasconsideringmovingtoAmerica.

T.G.Masaryk’s study – from the exposition in the Masaryk’s Museum in Hodonín


Political Activity

Theworld ofCzechPraguewas also theworld of political conflicts.Masaryk noticed thatthe exalted patriotism in theCzech societywas accompanied by petty disputes andmutual denigration of two political groups: the Old Czechs, functioning as a free political grouprepresentedbyhighlyeducated, respected,butoldandconservativecelebritiesof renownednames, such as František Palacký, František Ladislav Riegr or Albín Bráf, and the Young CzechswhohadtheirownpresstribuneintheNationalGazette,suchastheGrégrbrothers,or Josef Kaizl and Karel Kramář, leading young Czech politicians. T. G. Masaryk was always interested in public issues; he wanted the Czech lands to become an equal part oftheAustrian-HungarianEmpire. In1891,he ran for theViennese ImperialCouncilwithhis realists for theYoungCzechs andhe became amember of theCouncil for Šumava towns.However,hedidnot like the two-facedpoliticsof theYoungCzechs, theroughmethodsoffightingbetween theoppositionparties and alsohis ownpolitical inexperience and thushegave up his mandate in 1893. He started to study political literature, Czech history and the Czechspiritualculture,whichgaverisetohisfundamentalworks,suchas“TheCzechIssue”,“KarelHavlíček”and“OurCurrentCrisis”.Hebecameamemberof theParliamentfor thesecondtime:forhisCzechProgressParty,whichhefoundedandchaired,in1907-1911forWallachiantowns.Inhisparliamentaryspeeches,hetalkedabouteducation,culture,religiousfreedom and he asked for reforms of the domestic and international policies of the monarchy; hewarnedagainsttheconsequencesoftheexcessivedependenceofthemonarchyonGermaninterestsandagainsttheconsequencesoftheunsolvednationalpolicy.Healsointervenedinespionage affairswhere he, for example, established the untrustworthiness of the policy ofthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Zagreb case of 1909 and saved 53 alleged traitors in a fabricatedprocessfromthegallows.

Russia played an important role in the reasoning of the Czech politicians regarding the future of the Czech lands in relation to Slavism as they looked for protection from the German element. T. G. Masaryk thoroughly studies Russian literature, philosophy, history and politics. HebecameagreatadmirerofLeoTolstoy.Hevisitedhimtwiceandhesaidthathedisagreedwith his pacifismandwith his admiration to “manikin”.He rejected themessianismof theRussian Church, he did not respect the Tsar politics but he considered Russia to be a serious actorofdevelopmentinfutureEurope.Inhiswork“RussiaandEurope”(1913),heprovedtobealeadingexpertoftheRussianstateofaffairs,forwhichhefellintodisfavouroftheTsarregime.MasarykdidnotgobacktoRussiauntil1917whentheRussiangovernmentpermittedhim to build a legion at their territory.

Čas was a magazine that provided Masaryk with a significant support in publishing hisparliamentaryspeechesandhisotherworks.Byattractingpersonalitiesandinfluencingthem,T.G.Masarykgotclosetoyoungstudentsinvariousfields(orrathertheysoughtafterhim)whothensupportedhiminotherevents.OneofthemostimportantsupporterswasJanHerbenfromBrumovicewhostartedpublishingČaswithsomefriends.ThemagazinebecameaMasaryk’sforumatthetimeofhisparliamentaryworkfortheyoungCzechs(ortheŠumavatowns)in1891-1893,whichwasoneofthemostdifficultperiodsinMasaryk’slife–duringtheHilsnerAffair,thenduringhisparliamentaryactivityin1901–1907,1907-1914(whichwasaperiodof espionage affairs, fighting for the second university, fighting for religious freedom andother serious problems) and also during thewar.Hewas also supported by youngSlovaksfrom theDetvan StudentAssociation –MilanRastislav Štefánik,Vavro Šrobár and others. T.G.Masarykhadadirectinfluenceontheirthinkingandactivity.ŠtefánikwasaneditoroftheHlasmagazinepublishedbyDr.PavolBlahoinSlovakSkalice,towhichMasarykcontributed.TheHlasmemberscreatedanewpoliticaltrendwhoseessencelayinpettywork,notinfierypatriotic speeches. By that they incurred the displeasure of the nationalists.


Leader of Foreign Resistance

TomášGarrigueMasarykmadegooduseofhisexperience,knowledgeandcharacteristicsduringWWI.MasarykwarnedofthedangeroustrendsintheAustrian-HungarianandGermanpoliticsasearlyasin1907.HesupportedtheideaofareformoftheEmpiresothatitwouldbecomedemocraticandnationallyjustbuthisexperiencelaterledtotheopinionthatitwasnotfeasible.WhenWWIstarted,hetookastandfortheAllies.In1914,heandhisdaughterOlgawentabroadandwhenhereturned,hereturnedasthePresidentofthenewstate.Fortheentiretimehewaswithoutadirectcontactwithhisfamily.HewasinformedofthedeathofhissonHerbert,oftheimprisonmentofhisdaughterAlicewiththeimminentdeathsentence,ofhiswife’sillnessandpersecutionshisfamilyhadtoface.Masarykkeptintouchwithhishomelandthroughsecretcouriers.Tobemoreprecise,itwasacontactwiththedomesticresistance,so-calledMafia,ledbyJUDr.PřemyslŠámalafterBenešemigrated.ŠámalwasanoblePragueattorneyandlaterthePresident’sChancellor.Hisleadershipwasimportantfortheencouragementandsupportofbothdomesticandforeignresistance.On6July1915,T.G.Masarykopenlydeclaredwaragainst theHapsburgmonarchy during his speech to the five hundred years anniversary ofMaster Jan Hus’s death in Geneva. He established the Czechoslovak National Council based inParis inclosecooperationwithDr.EdvardBenešandMilanRastislavŠtefánik. In1915,Masaryk moved to London and delegated Beneš to manage the Council. In London, he soon attained the authority of a leader of the foreign resistance as a professor of Slavic studies throughhislectures,journalisticworkandpersonalcontacts.Thankstohistirelessactivity,hegraduallymanagedtounifytheforeignresistanceandtopromoteitspurposeandobjectives.ManydifficultmeetingstookplacewheretheAllieshadtobeconvincedabouttheimportanceof disintegrating theAustrian-Hungarian Empire. Štefánik arranged ameetingwith FrenchPrimeMinisterBriandwhopromisedfullsupporttoMasaryk.Themeetingsfinallyledtotheestablishmentofoneofthebasicsupportsoftheforeignresistance–theCzechoslovaklegionsintheterritoryofRussia,FranceandItaly.Masarykwasawareofthenecessityofbeingdirectlyinvolvedinthebattlesifhewantedtonegotiatetherecognitionofhisownstate.Russiaseemedto be a suitable area for the realization of the idea to create an independent Czechoslovak army thanks to the high number of Czech and Slovak prisoners. TheTsar regimewasnot in favourofsuchaplan.However,MasarykcommencedlongnegotiationsinRussia after March 1917 in the effort to create an army from the prisoners and send them to France. On 2July1917,theCzechoslovakarmywonitsspursinthebattleofZborovwhereitdefeatedtheAustrianlines.MasarykestablishedcooperationwithFrenchpoliticians and soldiers in the effort to incorporate the Czechoslovak legions in Russia into the French armed forces and to achieve their independence of the Russian situation. Masaryk welcomed therevolutionagainsttheTsar;however,herejectedtheBolshevik one. The Bolshevik coup in November broughtchaosandcivilwartoRussia.Thelegionshad to maintain neutrality and get to France and the onlyfeasiblewaywastogototheEastandaroundthe world. In addition to the preparations of thetransport,negotiationswiththeUSthatenteredthewarinApril1917hadtobecommenced.

T. G. Masaryk in Washington in 1918


The return of T.G.M. into the country – a stop in Horní Dvořiště

The US counted on the preservation of the Austrian empire and they had to be convinced otherwise,whichnamelymeantwinningthefavourofthelocalCzechsandSlovaksandthepublicopinionandPresidentWilson.Masarykwasawareof thatand inspring1918he left for the United States to convince Wilson to change his opinion. The Sokols as well asAmerican compatriotsmorally and financially supportedMasaryk’s activity, as well as his pre-war contactswith scientists and journalists.Meanwhile, the legionaries inRussia came intoconflictwiththeBolsheviksandtheytookcontroloftheSiberianmainrailwaylineand a large territory surrounding it. The Siberian anabasis won respect and recognition to the Czechoslovakforeignresistance;thecombatsofthelegionstogetherwiththehecticdiplomaticactivityofT.G.Masarykandhis co-workers servedasgreatpromotionand supportof therequirements of small nations in the Habsburg monarchy. On 18 October 1918, Masarykhanded the Declaration of Independence over to President Wilson in Washington and on 28 October 1918, the National Committee in Prague declared an independent state and on 14 November, the National Assembly elected Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk as the President of the CzechoslovakRepublic.ThereturnofthefounderandPresidentofthenewCzechoslovakstate,TomášGarrigueMasaryktoPragueon21December1918wasareturnoftriumph.

President Liberator

The capital city prepared a grandwelcome at theWilson’s railway station, fromwhere thePresident’scardecoratedwithflowersandaccompaniedbyatriplecordonoflegionariesdrovethroughPragueandwasgreetedbyhugecrowdsofpeople.TheFirstAddressofthePresidentoftheCzechoslovakRepublicwasthefirstofficialspeechofT.G.Masaryk.Hedeliverediton22DecemberinfrontoftheNationalAssemblywhowasinformedoftheactivityoftheforeignresistance and of the principles of Masaryk’s political programme. Originally, T. G. Masaryk assumedthathewouldgobacktohisscientificandteachingwork;hewasnotquitereadyfortheoffice.Hewasawareoftheresponsibilitylyingaheadofhimandthereforehepreparedtheprinciples of his political programme during his trip on the ship from the United States. And he wasright–therewasalotofworkawaitinghim.


T. G.Masaryk worked in the spirit of his political programme based on the principles ofdemocracy and humanity. To thoroughly enforce those principles, he had to reform the system of public administration and the Parliament. The 1920 constitution did not give him much executive power – it limited the function of thePresident as a representative one.Thus heenforcedsomechangesthatstrengthenedhisposition–forexample,therighttoparticipateingovernment meetings and to appear in the Parliament. In spite of the limited competences given bytheconstitution,hewasastrongpresidentthankstohisstrongpersonality.ThePresidentappointed and dismissed ministers, determined their number and their departments. T. G. Masarykhadclearideasofthetasksandobjectivesoftheindividualgovernmentdepartmentsandwhenappointingnewministers,heoftenformulatedthosetasksandobjectivesinthelettersof appointment in the form of various recommendations. During his presidential function, he appointed14governmentsandhe tried toplaceexpertsoncrucialpositions.HeappliedhiscompetencetocallanddismisstheNationalAssemblythreetimes,alwaysinagreementwiththe parliamentarymajority. Samples of documents related the presidential competences areexhibited.InspiteofthefactthatMasarykwasnothappywiththedeterminationofhisfunctionby the constitution, he did not think itwas a bad constitution.The constitution guaranteedfreedomandequal rights to all citizens regardlessof their language, raceor religion and itintroduceddirect,general,secretandequalvotingrightsforwomen.

During the Masaryk’s era, the Prague Castle became a true centre of the democratic government. EventhoughtheelectionlawprovidingaproportionalrepresentationofpartiesintheParliamentsupporteddivisionofthepoliticalscene,wecanstillspeakofanextraordinarypoliticalstability.Afterthefirstelectionsin1920,14politicalpartieswererepresentedintheParliament,outofwhichonlythreehadmorethan10%;intheyearofthelastelections(1935),therewereagain14politicalparties,outofwhichfourobtainedmorethantenpercentofvotes–theAgrarians,Henlein’s Sudeten German Party, Social Democrats and Communists. No political party has a positionstrongenoughtobeabletogovernonitsown.Coalitiongovernmentsthusbecameaconsistent phenomenon of the First Czechoslovak Republic.

T.G.M. with his son Jan and Chancellor Přemysl Šámal. 1935.


The unrest in Slovakia and Hungarian efforts to control it presented a real threat to the young Czechoslovakstate.On4November1918,aprovisionalgovernmentledbyVavroŠrobárwasappointed,withA.Štefánek,IvanDérerandPavolBlahoasmembers.Thefirstgovernmentmeeting took place in Hodonín. The provisional government did not have any real powerbecause Slovakia was still occupied by the Hungarians. The National Committee and theforeigngovernmentdecidedthatthesituationhadtobesolvedwiththeuseofthearmedforcesanddecisively.On10December,theNationalAssemblypassedalawonemergencymeasuresinSlovakiathatestablishedaministrywithfullpowerofattorneyforSlovakiamanagedbyMUDr.VavroŠrobár.Thetaskoftheministrywastomaintainorder,toconsolidatethesituationandtoensureapropercivillife.OfficesandschoolsweretakenoverandSlovakwasintroducedin education. The immaturity of the Slovak political situation and lack of Slovak intelligence virtuallyprecludedtheestablishmentofautonomy,whichapartoftheSlovakrepresentationdemanded based on the Pittsburgh Agreement of May 1918. The concept of Czechoslovakism, whichmanypoliticiansprofessedto,hadandstillhasseveralinterpretations.T.G.Masarykimagined the Czechoslovak nation as a political nation and he understood the Czechs and Slovaksasoneconstructiveelement.Thefollowingdevelopmentshowedthateventhoughsucha concept had a positive effect on the consolidation of the Slovak situation at the beginning, it wasnotsustainableforlaterrelationshipsofbothnations.InspiteoftheincompletenessoftheSlovakpoliticalscene,manySlovaksinfluencedtheoperationoftheCzechoslovakgovernmentat ministry positions.

The Germans did not recognize the newly established Czechoslovak Republic and theydemanded the right to self-determination even by separating the German-populated areas from Czechoslovakia.However,theysoonlearnedtousethepossibilitiesprovidedbytheconstitutionand from 1919, German political parties, namely the conservative ones, regularly participated in the elections.Their representativeswere also in theministry seats from1926.However,thedemonstrationsofGermannationalistsstartedtogrowduringMasaryk’spresidentialterm,particularlyafter1933whenAdolfHitlerbecametheChancelloroftheGermanReich.

InrelationtotheinitialuncertaintyofthenewstateandlatertotheprecariousdevelopmentinneighbouringGermany,thequestionofprovisionofsecurityofthestatearose,bothexternallyby a foreign political concept and internally by building a republican army. T. G. Masaryk wasapracticalpoliticianandhewasawareofthesignificanceofthearmyforthenewstate.TheCzechoslovakArmywas formed from the legions thathad55,000members inRussia,20,000members in Italy and about 10,000members inFrance.Their existencewasoneofthe important reasons for recognizing Czechoslovakia as a belligerent country and Masaryk compared the activity of the legions to a rich educational epic for our future generations in his addressof22December1918.MilanRastislavŠtefánikwhoorganizedthelegionsduringthewarwasappointedthefirstministerofmilitaryaffairsinthenewstate.However,hecouldneverholdthisofficebecauseofhistragicdeathafteranaircrashduringhisreturnhome.Therefore,VáclavKlofáčbecamethefirstministerofnationaldefence,laterfollowedbyFrantišekUdržalandGeneralJanSyrový.PoetJosefSvatoplukMachar,otherwiseacontradictorycharacterofthe Czech modern history, became the general inspector of the Czechoslovak armed forces. The social issue remained one of the greatest unsolved problems of the First Czechoslovak Republic.T.G.Masarykfollowedhissocialprogrammeof1907inwhichhedemandedtheintroduction of a pension and disability insurance; he did not consider insurance to be a matter ofphilanthropy,butamatterofjustice.TheCzechoslovaksocialsystemwasnotperfectinspiteof the fact thatmanygood thingswerecarried through incomparisonwith thesurroundingstates.The incomplete social situation then led to anunrest culminatingwithmany strikes,themostfamousisprobablythecriticalDecemberstrikeof1920.Oneof itscentreswasinHodonín.


T. G. Masaryk is watching the Sokol youth procession at the Old Town Square in Prague. 1926.

Masarykpaida lotofattention to thesocial issuesasoneofhisstatementsof1933shows: “I feel ashamed when standing in front of a beggar and a suppliant; I feel humbled in a strange way. I will give them what they ask for to get rid of the live memento of our imperfect social affairs. I buy my way out. Guilty conscience.”


The First CzechoslovakRepublic also experienced some assassination attempts.The attemptonthelifeofKarelKramář, thePrimeMinister, inJanuary1919wasunsuccessful.However,AloisRašín,theMinisterofFinance,whowasshotbyayoungcommunistfanaticon5January1923,succumbedtohisinjurieson18February.T.G.MasarykwasalarmedbyallexpressionsofinhumanityinthelifeoftheRepublicandheshowedhisconcernatvariousoccasions.Inresponseto the death of Alois Rašín he stated in his address to the Prime Minister that “there is no place for violence in a cultural nation” and he marked the violence committed on Dr. Rašín as inhuman and notCzech.Hisidealwasdemocracybasedonrespectandlovetoeachandeveryperson.

Masaryk’scooperationwiththerepresentativesofthefivestrongestpoliticalpartiesstartedinthepost-warcrises.Amongothers,theywererelatedtothedestructiveactivityofGermanpoliticalpartiesintheyearsimmediatelyfollowingafterthewar,tothesocialissuesculminatingbythegeneralstrikeofDecember1920andalsotothecrisiswithintheSocialDemocraticPartythatledto the split-up of this largest party and to the transformation of its radical part into the Communist Party.WhenthegovernmentofsocialdemocratVlastimilTusarresigned,acaretakergovernmentofJanČernýwasappointed.However,itspositionwasnegativelyaffectedbythenarrowlypartisanbehaviourofrepresentativesintheParliament.Thatresultedinanagreementonajointcourseof action between the leading representatives of theAgrarian Party (Antonín Švehla), SocialDemocrats(RudolfBechyně),NationalDemocrats(AloisRašín,replacedbyKarelKramářafterhediedduetoassassination),People’sParty(JanŠrámek)andNationalSocialists(JiříStříbrný).TheFiveGroupwasestablishedanditcontrolledtheCzechoslovakpoliticalsceneuntil1925.Masaryk often invited the members of the Five to meetings but he cooperated the most and the bestwithAntonínŠvehla.ThepersonalitiesoftheFivebroughttheartofcoalitioncompromiseinto the politics. T. G. Masaryk spoke about the activity of the Five in his address to the National Assemblyatthebeginningof1922asoftheconclusionofthefindingthatdemocracycannotdowithoutcompetent,educatedandrespectableprofessionals,workersandscientists.Thenewstatewasabletoovercomethegreatestobstacleinquiteashorttime.Ithadanoperatingadministration,a strong currency, prospering economy and the democratic principles applied both in the domestic andforeignpolicybroughtinacknowledgementandrespectataninternationallevel.However,MasarykwassoberaboutthefutureoftheyoungCzechoslovakdemocracy;hewasawareofitsincompleteness and he recognized the need for its further peaceful development.

TheclosestcolleaguesaswellassupportersofPresidentT.G.MasarykwereoftencalledtheCastle,ofthecastlepolitics,bythepeers,particularlybyjournalists.Masaryk’sclosestcolleaguesincludedhissonJananddaughterAlice,Dr.EdvardBeneš,Dr.PřemyslŠámal,theChiefoftheOfficeofthePresident,JosefSchiezsl,theChiefofSectionoftheOfficeofthePresident,historianKamil Krofta, the Chief of the Presidium of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or Jaroslav Preiss, the DirectorofŽivnostenskábankaandDr.AntonínSchenka,President’sPrivateSecretary.

T. G. Masaryk at a military parade at Invalidovna in Prague. 1919.


Thewider group ofMasaryk’s devotees included legionaries and themembers of the SokolMovement.Masaryksaidthefollowingaboutthecastlepolitics:“There is no castle politics in the sense that a circle of people under my leadership or I would do some kind of politics alongside the Constitution and the Parliament. I have my political belief as every other citizen and my obligations as the President are defined by the Constitution. I have never hidden my beliefs and I have always understood my obligations in a way that I have to speak openly with the government and with the leaders of the parliamentary parties about our joint worries. Sometimes they convince me, sometimes I convince them. That’s what the castle politics is about.”

TheconditionofthePragueCastledidnotmeettherequirementsforaseatofthedemocraticstate,whetherbyitscharacterorduetothetechnicalcondition.TheOfficeofthePresidenttookovertheadministrationoftheCastleandorganizeditsrepairs.TheOfficeofthePresidentwasestablishedbylawon5December1919andT.G.MasarykappointedDr.PřemyslŠámaltobetheChancellor.ThetaskoftheOfficewastoarrangethePresident’scontactwiththegovernment,Parliament,variousinstitutionsandwiththepublic.AboutthreethousandpeoplevisitedtheOfficeeveryyearandthePresidentpersonallyreceivedabout400ofthem.ThepositionsintheOfficewerestaffedaccordingtoqualifications;thePresidentwasnotinterestedinthepartyaffiliationoftheemployees.TheOfficetookcareoftheCastleadministrationanditsrepairsandexcellentSlovenianarchitectJosipPlečnikwascommissionedtotakecareofthearchitectonicalissues.

T.G.Masaryksoonfeltthelimitationsthathispresidentialfunctionbroughtin:notonlythelossofprivacy,butalsotheimpossibilitytopublishhisopinionsinfullextent.Hepartiallysolvedthatbyanonymousarticlesregardingcurrentaffairs,amongothersalsointhePřítomnostmagazinethatheandFerdinandPeroutkafinanciallysupportedwhenitwasfounded.Masarykwascloseto journalists, which is understandable for someone who founded twomagazines and wrotemanybooksandarticles,buthewasalsoattracted to interestingandcreativepeople inotherprofessions.HisdesireforinformalmeetingswiththosepeoplewasfulfilledbyregularmeetingsintheflatofwriterandjournalistKarelČapekonFridays.Masaryk’scontactwithjournalists,artistsandscientistswereinternationalwithregardtohishorizonsandhesupportedmanyofthosepersonalitiesbothmorallyandfinancially(e.g.singerJarmilaNovotnáorpianoplayerRudolfFirkušný).

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was extraordinarily physicallyandmentallyfit andhedealtwith the loadof thepresidentialofficeinadmirablyforhisgreatage.HewasworriedaboutthechangesinEuropeandhethoughtaboutthedifficultiesthatthedemocracywouldhavetoface.Hebecameasymbolofsecurityandmonumentswereerectedforhimduringhislifetime.Attheoccasion of his 80th birthday, the National Assembly passed a lawathishonourentitled“T.G.MasarykRenderedOutstandingServicestotheState”.However,Masarykthoughtaboutapracticalandfeasiblesolutionofproblemsandhesawthefutureingettingrid of the “Austrian elements”, in taking over the responsibility in thecivicsocietyandhebelievedinthefinalvictoryofdemocracy.In May 1934, the President became seriously ill and his health conditionpreventedhimfromworking;however,hepostponedhisabdicationuntilhewassurethatEdvardBenešwouldbecomehis successor. On 14 December 1935, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk resignedfromtheoffice.Hesaidthefollowingabouthispresidentialoffice:“The presidential function is demanding and requires responsibility and full energy. I can see that I am out of my depth and therefore I abdicate. I have been elected the President of the Czechoslovak Republic four times and therefore I might have the capacity to ask you and the entire Czechoslovak nation as well as fellow citizens of other nations to remember that states are preserved by those ideas that gave them a rise.” Masaryk spent the last years of his life in Lány. He died on 14 September 1939 andhisdeceaseevokedawaveofnationalmourning.


Masaryk’s FaMiLy

T.G.MasaryklivedwithhiswifeCharlotte(20Nov1850–13May1923)inahappyandharmonicmarriagethatlastedfor45years.Theybroughtupfourchildren;thefifthone,Eleanor,diedsoonaftershewasborn.Theeldestdaughter,Alice(3May1879–5Nov1966)studiedphilosophyandsociology and after her mother died, she took over the function of the First Lady.

T. G. M. with his family in Wallachia in 1910


She played an important role in the establishment of the Czechoslovak Red Cross and she served as its chairwoman fromFebruary 1919. SonHerbert (1May 1880 – 15March 1915)was atalentedartistbuthiscareerwasendedprematurelybyhisdeathafterhebecameinfectedwiththetyphoidfever.Hehadtwodaughters,AnnaandHerberta.SonJan(14Sep1886–10March1948)pursuedadiplomaticcareer.HeworkedastheCzechoslovakAmbassadorinLondonandastheCzechoslovakMinisteroForeignAffairs.Histragicdeathin1948willprobablyneverbeexplained.DaughterOlga(25May1891–24Sep1978)marriedDr.HenryRevilliod,aSwissdoctor.Theyhadtwosons,LeonardandHerbert.LeonardvolunteeredfortheCzechoslovakAirForceinEnglandduringWWIIandhediedinanaircrashin1944.Herbertpassedawayayearlater. At present, there are no direct successors carrying Masaryk’s name.

T. G. M. with his wife at the Hustopeče cemetery by his parents’ grave


Masaryk’s rELiGious sTruGGLE

TomášGarrigueMasarykwasareligiousperson,broughtupinstrictCatholicmannerbyhismother. During his studies at the grammar school, he started to doubt the sense of his belief. Hedidnot like the requiredconfessionand thehypocrisyof theCatholic religious life.HetalkedabouthisdoubtswithMatějProcházkaduringhisstudiesinBrno.Procházkashowedunderstanding and helped Masaryk keep his faith. Young Masaryk protested the announcement ofthedogmaonPapalinfallibility.HisreligiousdevelopmentwasstronglyinfluencedbytheProtestantenvironmentduringhisstudiesinLipskoandalsobymeetingCharlotteGarriguewhohasbeenbroughtupintheUnitarianspirit.HedefinitelydecidedtoconverttotheEvangelicalChurch during his summer stay in Klobouky after he married Charlotte. At that time, he became friendswithSuperintendantFerdinandCísařwithwhomheledlongphilosophicaldebatesandCísařtriedtodissuadehimfromconvertingformanyreasons.Masarykconvertedon31August1880inHeršpicewithPastorOskarOpočenský.However,thatwasnottheendofMasaryk’sneedtodealwithreligioninhisphilosophy,aswellastodealwiththesenseandsensibilitydissonance.Hiscriticalspiritoftenresultedindisputeswiththeclericals,thegreatestonesbeingthedisputewithcatechistsin1906andtheWahrmundAffairof1908,whichwasalsoafightforthefreedomofspeechatuniversities.MasarykconsideredthesubjectionoftheChurchandstate authority to be the greatest problem of the contemporary school. He demanded to make religiouseducationvoluntaryandtoseparateitfromotherschoolsubjects.Theparentsweretodecideonthereligiouseducationoftheirchildren.Heclaimedthatitwouldalsobegoodforreligionassuch.Hedemandedreligiouseducationtobereplacedwithmoraleducation,butintheChristianspirit.AsthePresidenthewishedtosolvetherelationshipbetweentheChurchandthestatebyaseparationforthesakeofreligionandtheChurch;however,thatneverhappeneddue to the resistance of the Church.


Evangelical church with a rectory in Klobouky u Brna


aBouT ThE FoundaTion oF ThE sECond CZECh univErsiTy

ThefoundationofthesecondCzechuniversitywasoneofthegreatissuesthatMasarykpursuedduringhisparliamentarywork.HewroteaboutthisissueinAthenaeumandeducationwasonehismajortopicsduringhisfirstparliamentaryterm.Masarykspokeabouttheneedtoreformtheeducationalsystemwithreferencetoitsone-sidedcultivationofthesenseandnegligencetosensibilityandwillandalsotothedissonancebetweentheschoolandtheage,thebureaucracywhenadministrationsupersededtheeducationaltasksofschool.Hecomplainedaboutcentralismineducationandhedemandedautonomyofeducationfromthepedagogicalpointofview.Healsomentionedhowharmfulcentralizationwasinconnectionwithuniversities.Hedemandedthe establishment of the second Czech university that would educate the nation through aliveword,thesupportofscientificcompetitionandcriticismandthusthescientificqualityofprofessorsandstudentsandalsoagreaterfreedomofscientificteachings.Healsopresentedpracticalreasonsinadditiontothepoliticalones.Hefiguredthatthenewuniversitywouldhaveabout1,000studentsrightatthebeginning,withregardtothenumberofMoraviansstudyingatotheruniversities,andalsothattwouniversitieswouldbeadequatetothenumberofCzechgrammar schools.Thearguments concerning scientificcompetition, the ratioofuniversitiestothepopulationandtheneedsofculturalandspiritualdevelopmentofthesocietywerequitestrongbutinspiteofallMasaryk’seffortsaswellastheeffortsofthepublic,thesecondCzechuniversitywasnotestablishedduringtheexistenceoftheHabsburgmonarchy.ItwasnotuntilafterWWIIwhenaCzechuniversitywith four faculties (law,medical,naturalsciencesandarts)wasfoundedinBrnobylawof28January1919.IthascarriedMasaryk’snamefromtheverybeginning.Itsmissionwasto“live,growandprosperinthenoblecompetitionwiththeolderPraguesister”.KarelEngliš,aneconomistandpolitician,wasthefirstrector.

T. G. M.’s monument in front of the Masaryk University in Brno


Masaryk’s rEGion

My home is the region around Hodonín. (…) I can still see the vast flatlands and I think I have preserved the impression it made on me when I was a child; that’s why I love flatlands; I like mountains from far but I wouldn’t like to live in them; valleys constrain me, there is not enough sun.KarelČapek,TalkswithT.G.Masaryk

hodonÍn

Masaryk’s birthplace is one of the oldest towns in the Czech Republic. The settlement established below the castle guarding the road to Hungary received town privileges from QueenConstanceofHungarysometimeafter1230.Thefrequentpledges led to the lossofawarenessofsolidaritywiththeRoyalCrownandsoin1512HodonínbecameapartoftheestateoftheLordsofLípa.HodonínhasalwaysbeenthegatetoMoraviaandfrequentwarsanddisastershaveinfluenceditsappearance.

The oldest preserved monuments come from the Baroque period – a chateau where the Masaryk’sMuseumislocated,theformerSt.CrossChapel(nowKapličkaGallery),aplaguecolumnatthesquareandsculptures.CountessMarieAntonieCzoborová,bornLichtenstein,whoownedHodonínfrom1712,wasadistinguisheddonor–therearestillBaroquesculpturesaroundthetownthatshehadmade.Thelastowner,CountJosefCzobor,losttheestateandon25July1762,itwaspurchasedbyFrancisI,HolyRomanEmperor,MarieTheresa’shusband.Hodonín was then a part of the Habsburg manor until the fall of theAustrian-HungarianEmpire.

The square carries Masaryk’s name and there are many places around Hodonín that are related toMasaryk.However,most of the placeswhere theMasaryks lived have not beenpreserved– theygaveway tomoderndevelopment. It is the ironyof fate thatoneof those placesisthepowerplantthatstandsalmostinthecity.ThereusedtobetheAnenskáavenue there (today there is Anenská street leading to the Masaryk’s Square), a former populardestination,andŠvejčárna,wheretheMasaryksalsolived.

Masaryk’s Museum in Hodonín

The Museum was established more than one hundred years ago, as a successor of the former Slovak MuseumAssociation that ceased to exist during WWI. The Museum wasrenewedin1923under thenameMasaryk’sMuseuminHodonín.TheMuseumchangeditsname aswell as its concepts after thewar until 1990swhen it finally received a dignifiedlocation and expositions and became a stately bearer of Masaryk’s name. It is located inthechateauat theZámeckéSquare,No.9, the formerseatof themanoradministration thatMasaryk’s father surely often visited during his service. Today, there is an actively presented permanent exposition dedicated toTomášGarrigueMasaryk and his native landwith threeshort audiovisual programmes and a short movie played at the end of the tour (also available in EnglishandGerman).TheMuseumisopenedallyearround.

Contact:tel.:518351834;www.masaryk.info


Hodonín Chateau – seat of the Masaryk’s Museum


Birth House

ThehousewhereTomáš,theeldestsonofJosefandTerezieMasaryk,wasbornon7March1850wasdemolishedlongago.Lateron,theybuiltaboardingfacilityforthestudentsoftheGermanhighschoolthere(formerDobrovolskýstreet),whichisnowtheBusinessAcademy atVelkomoravskástreet.Thebuildingisstillusedforeducationalpurposes.Atpresent,there are art studios of the Secondary Industrial and Art School of Hodonín. The entrance of the school is decoratedwith a portal designed byArch.Antonín Blažek (he also designed the GalleryofFineArtsand theschoolat theMírovéSquare), thebust in theportalwasmade byacademicsculptorV.A.KovaničofHovorany.TheoriginalbustwasmadebysculptorJuliusPelikán(amemberoftheOlomoucArtist’sAssociation),unfortunately,itwasnotpreserved.ThecurrentbustwasmadebyacademicsculptorJaroslavJurčák.

Church of St. Lawrence

The church was originally built sometime around 1240. It was reconstructed in the late Baroque style in1780–1786.Otheradjustments tookplaceat theendof the19thcentury whentheHolySepulchreChapelwasbuiltbelowthetower,thesacristywasadjustedandanoratoryasbuilt.ThisiswhereMasarykwasbaptised.

Former Bilingual School

ThesecondoldestschoolinthetownusedtobelocatedinthecornerhouseattheMasaryk’sSquareandthepresentNárodnítřída.TomášMasarykstartedschooltherein1856.HeusedtogototheGermansectionbuthisfamilysoonmovedtoČejkovice.WhenhefinishedstudyingthehighschoolinHustopeče,hepracticedatthisschool,butonlyfortwomonths.Bycoincidence,thebuildingnolongerservedasaschoolinthefollowingschoolyearandanewschoolwasopenedattheotherendofthesquare(today’sIROdepartmentstore).

T. G. Masaryk’s Monument – Symbol of Changes in the Perception of Masaryk’s Legacy

Therespect toT.G.Masarykdidnotonlyshowinthenamesofclubs,schoolsandvariousinstitutions,butalsoinerectingmonumentsalloverthecountry.ThetownofHodonínmadeeffort to place a commemorative plaque onMasaryk’s former home at the occasion of his60thbirthdayin1910.However, itwasnotuntil1919whenastonebustwasplacedbythebuildingofthetownschoolforgirls.In1922,itwasreplacedbytheUnionoftheCzechoslovakLegionCommunitywithanew,bronzeone.Theportaldesignwasselectedinthecompetition:itwasdesignedbyAch.AntonínBlažek.Therewasaninscriptioninthebronzerelief:“Thetruthwillprevail.ThisiswhereT.G.Masaryk,ourfirstPresident,wasbornandgrewup.”4 However,thetownstilllackedadignifiedMasarykmonument.TheUnionoftheCzechoslovakLegionCommunityexertedgreateffortinthisdirection.Inadditiontobuildingalibrarybythe Masaryk’s Museum, the Union also initiated the establishment of a committee for building amonument in 1926.The committeewas presided by legionaryE.Pouchlý in cooperationwith school inspectorRudaŠoupal and the fundraising broughtCZK395,908 in total.Thefoundationstonewaslaidon28December1928andthetownofHodonínandmayoralstafftookoverthepatronage.Tendesignswereenteredinthecompetitionforthemonument.TheywereassessedbyacommitteeconsistingofProf.V.V.Štech,sculptorandmedaldesignerJosefŠejnost, academicartistRomanHavelkaandarchitectAntonínBlažek.Thewinningdesignwaspresentedbyaformerlegionary,sculptorAloisBučánek.Inspiteoftheenthusiasm,therealizationofthemonumentwasnoteasy.Itwasnotonlyaboutthesculpture–themonumentwastoallegoricallyrepresenttheliberationoftheCzechsandSlovaks.4 Visitor’sbookofthetownofHodonínI,p.401.SOkAHodonín.


As allmonument authors, Bučánek alsowanted to use amodel for themonument.Unlikeothers,thePresidentallowedBučánektohavesessionsinTopolčiankyinOctober1927andinFebruary1928andBučánekalsolatergotphotographsfromananthropometricexamination–artistswouldlendeachothersuchphotosbutsomeartistscouldnevergetones.TheUnionalsowantedtoplaceamottobelowthereliefdepictingnationalliberationandasitwasamottoonMasaryk’s monument, they asked him for permission. In August 1931, the President changed the original motto “Wish education to everyone and demand morality from everyone” to the present “Wish education to everyone and demand from everyone that they are decent people andstayawake!”ThemonumentwassolemnlyuncoveredinthepresenceoftheMinisterofEducationandNationalEnlightenment,I.Dérer,therepresentativesoftheNationalAssembly,representatives of the Army, districts, cities etc. in 1931. The Czechoslovak government took over the patronage and general public came to see the special occasion. The monument became a memory of TGM and a symbol of Czechoslovak solidarity.

Today, the Masaryk’s monument symbolizes the fate of Masaryk’s legacy and other Masaryk’s monuments.Youcanfinditatthe17thNovemberSquareinHodonín(Náměstí17.listopadu).In1940,itwasremoved,includingthereliefs(aswellasthebustintheportalofMasaryk’sformerhomeandKopřiva‘spaintingofTGMat thecityhall).Thesculpturewassavedanditwasmovedback in1945; copiesof thebroken reliefswereadded later.However, itwasremovedagainin1961,onlytobeerectedinOctober1968.InMarch1977,themonumentwasremovedagain, this timemore thoroughly,with thepedestalandpavement.The last time itwaserectedasinMarch1990inthepresenceofPresidentVáclavHavelandahugecrownofpeople;however,thelegacyofthelegionarieswasmissing.Thismoraldebttolegionarieswasat least partially paid by adding a torso of the national liberation allegories at the occasion of the90thanniversaryoftheestablishmentofCzechoslovakiaandthemonumentisnowauniquehistoric memento.


T. G. M. monument at the 17th November Square in Hodonín (Náměstí 17. listopadu)


Gallery of Fine Arts

The original hall of the Association of Moravian Artists is the most architectonically valuable buildinginHodonín(Úprkovaul.2).Thesignificanceoftheartisticassociationhasexceededthe borders of the region. Its leading representatives have included such personalities as brothers Joža andFrantaÚprka, brothersAlois aBohumír Jaroňka,AloisKalvoda,StanislavLolek,AdolfKašpar,CyrilMandel,AntošFrolka,RomanHavelkaandJanoKöhler.MembersMaxŠvabinskýandJanŠtursalefttheassociationearlybut,forexample,AlfonsMuchajoinedtheassociationfromabroad.ThefoundinggenerationwaslaterjoinedbyJakubObrovský,OldřichBlažíčekandSlovakartistMartinBenka.

TheconstructionoftheHouseofArtswasthemostimportantactoftheassociation.Thereasonwhy itsmembers decided to build a newbuildingwas a bit of a joke based on an allegedmessagefromMasarykwhosaid:“Donotstay in thepub!”when theywereconsidering toadaptthelocalpubforexhibitionpurposes.Thecompetitiontookplacein1910andthejury(JožaÚprka,JanoKöhler,VladimírFischer,DušanJurkovič)recommendedbuildingthehouseaccordingtothedesignbyAntonínBlažek(1874-1944).Thebuildingwassolemnlyopenedto the public on 4 May 1913.

Thebuildingwasmainlyusedforrepresentativepurposesandtheexhibitionactivitiesoftheassociationwereveryrich.Inadditiontotheirownworks,theyalsopresentedtheworksofauthorsassociatedinothergroups,includingforeignones.Theassociationwasalsoinvolvedin education.

ThepersonalcontactsofMasarykwiththemembersof theassociationdidnotonlymeanaconnectiontotheworldofartsthroughhissonHerbert,HanušSchwaigerandotherfriends,butalsousefulcontactswithapoliticalimpactduringthewar.ThatwasalsogivenbycooperationwiththeHodonínFoundation(namelywithFrantišekHessandAloisKolísek)andalsowiththeHlasmembers,namelywithMilanRastislavŠtefánik,VavroŠrobárandPavolBlaho.

AllofthoseintertwinedrelationshipsledtoclosecontactswithDr.SetonWatson–ScotViator, aBritish lawhistorian, Professor at theRoyalUniversity ofLondon,whowas involved in research of the contemporary ethnic issue in Hungary and withWickham Steed, a Britishjournalist who had similar opinions as Masaryk. When WWI broke out, both British supportershelpedtheCzechoslovakforeignresistance.SetonWatson(ScotusViator)played an important role in the promotion of the Memorandum to constitutional agents of the Allies that T. G. Masaryk prepared in October 1914 in Rotterdam as a preliminary idea of the territorial demarcation and character of the future Czechoslovak state. One of the streets in HodonínnowcarriesthenameofScotViator.TheGalleryofFineArtsisopenedtothepublicall year round.

Contact:tel.:+420518351051;www.gvuhodonin.cz


The current appearance of the Gallery of Fine Arts in Hodonín

T. G. Masaryk in front of the House of Arts in Hodonín


MUTĚNICE

ThemunicipalityofMutěnicewasprobablyestablishedasaresultofexternalcolonizationinwhichalsotheKnightTemplarparticipated,astheyownedMutěnicetogetherwithČejkoviceinthe13thcentury.TheMutěniceandČejkoviceestatesbelongtotheKnightsofMaltauntil1312,whichhadtheirseatinStrakonice,buttheydidnotmanagetheirestates,theyleasedthem.Thefirstwrittenrecordofthesettlementcomesfrom1367accordingtothelocalchroniclesand thedistrict chronicles inBrno.Mutěnicebelonged to theHodonínestate from the15thcentury and thus shared its fate. President Masaryk lived in the former old brick factory behind thegamepreserve–inHouseNo.120whenhisparentsmovedtherein1852.Thehousewasdestroyed in a storm in 1919.

ČEJKOVICE

ČejkoviceisavillagenearHodonínwhereMasaryklivedthroughthelongestandmostbeautifulpartofhischildhood.Thevillagewasestablishedsometimearound1232withthearrivaloftheKnightsTemplar.Atthattime,theČejkoviceGothicfortressandTemplarcellarswerebuilt.Also,theTemplarCommanderEKKOoftenstayedthere.Čejkoviceisfirstmentionedintherecordsof1248.In1309,JindřichofLípatookpossessionoftheTemplarproperty.Čejkovicewasdefinitelytakenoverbyfeudallords.In1624,theestatewastransferredtotheorderofJesuits.When theorderwasabolished in1773, itwas transferred to theStudyFund.Therearetwodominantbuildingsinthevillage–theoriginallyGothicfortressthatwasgraduallydevelopedandreconstructedintoachateauwhereyoucannowfindahotelwitharestaurantand the Church of St. Cunigunde.T.G.MasarykconsideredČejkovicetobehishome.Hewenttoschoolthereandheworkedasateacherassistantthere.WeshouldalsomentionChaplainFrantišekSátorawhowasafriendofMasarykandhadagreatinfluenceonhiminnational,religiousandsocialaspectsandwhoalso urged him to study

The current appearance of the house in Čejkovice where the Masaryks used to live


Chateau

OriginallyaGothicfortressthatwaslaterusedasanofficebuildingandhousingaftertheJesuitorderwasabolishedandtheČejkoviceestatewasannexedtoHodonín.In1918,thechateauwas transferred to the state farmsand it dilapidated. In1975, themunicipality received theobjectinadesolatestate.However,theystrictlyrejectedtheproposeddemolitionandgraduallyreconstructedtheentireobject.Thechapelwasthefirstpartofthechateauopenedtothepublic.Apartofthechateauhasbeenreconstructedasahotelwithacapacityof50bedsinstylishrooms.In2000,theChateauWineGallerywasopenedinthechateau–itofferswinesfromtheMutěnicewinedistrict,bothfromlargeandsmallproducers.TheMasaryksusedtovisittheburgrave’sfamilythere.WhenTomášwasaboy,hevisitedthelessonsoftheburgrave’ssonwithatutorandheusedtoteachthereasafourteen-year-oldwhentheoldschoolwasbeingreconstructed.Today,thechateauisopenedwithintheregularrestaurantandhoteloperation.

Masaryk’s House

ThehousewheretheMasarykslivedin1856–1858and1859–1861wasreconstructedin1990andsolemnlyopenedtothepublicinMayofthesameyear.Twomonthsbeforethat,Masaryk’sstatuewaserectedinČejkovice.OnepartofthehousecurrentlyhostsanexpositionaboutT.G.Masaryk and the second part includes a chapel of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church.

Masaryk’s house belongs to the Sokol Čejkovice Sports Union and it may be visited byappointmentat+420518362335.

Church of St. Cunigunde

TheChurchofSt.Cunigundewasfirstmentionedintherecordsof1269thatshowitsfoundationbyGermanKnightsTemplar.In1624,JesuitstookovertheČejkoviceestatewiththechurchandtherectory.DuringtheThirtyYear’sWarwhentheentireregionsufferedterribly,thechurchwasdamagedbyfireseveraltimes.In1727,thechurchwasfinishedagainandanewdomewithacupolawasinstalled.In1778,thechurch,alltherectorybuildingsandathirdofthewholevillagewentupinflames.In1783-84,thechurchwasbuiltagainfor8,660florinsbutitwasonlyequippedwithreedceiling.Thebellswerehangedinabelfrybuiltontwomasonrypillars.Thechurchdidnothaveatower.Duetothebadconditionoftheoldchurch,itwasclosedon 3June1890andmasseswereservedatthegranarynexttothechateaufortwoyears.Thechurchwasbuiltagainin1892.MasarykusedtoofficiateintheChurchofSt.CunigundeandChaplainFrantišekSátoraalsoservedthere.HewasverypopularamongtheparishionersandhisnameisalsomentionedinoneofthenovelsbyJanHerben,situatedinBrumovicewhereSátoraalsoserved. Masaryk admired Sátora as a child and they remained friends until Sátora’s death.


The original statue of TGM in Čejkovice made by Vincenc Makovský was not preserved. The current monument was erected on 7 March 1990 at the centre of the village in front of the former school.


ČEJČ

ThevillagenearHodonínwasfirstmentionedin1222;however,itsufferedsuchdamageduringtheHussitewarsthatitwasrecordedasabandonedfrom1459.Itwasnotreneweduntil1769whenMarieTheresa,HolyRomanEmpress,orderedtoploughthelocalpasturesbyČejčsothatnewsettlementscouldbeestablishedonthesoil.LordPosch,thecaretakeroftheimperialestates,invitedFrenchfamiliesfromLorraineandFranche-ComtétocolonizetheHungarianestates. The families came from Besancon, Dorn and Deservillers. The Masaryks lived there twice.T.G.Masarykwas a blacksmith apprentice inČejč after he stopped teaching at theschoolinHodonínandranawayfromhisVienneseapprenticeship.Masaryk’sfamilymovedtoČejčinAprilin1864andtheyfirstlivedatthemanorinHouseNo.3wherehisfatherworked.Thesecondhomewheretheylivedwasagamekeeper’slodgeatHouseNo.56andthentheylivedinHouseNo.27withFabiánSlabý.

Commemorative Plaques

Thefirstcommemorativeplaquewasrevealedon28October1920bythelocalSokolClubinHouseNo.56whereithasremainedeversince.ThehouseisbytheroadontherightsidetowardBrnoandyoucanseeitwhenyoudrivethroughthevillage.Thesecondplaqueisasymboloftheblacksmithcraft–itisahorseshoethatwasmadebyalocksmithschoolinHradecKrálovéaccordingtothedesignbyIng.SochorofBrno.Itwassolemnlyrevealedon7March1930in the building of the blacksmith’s shop at the farm. Today, it is located on the administrative buildingintheobjectofthecompanyRodinnáfarmaČejč.


kLoBouky u Brna

Thispicturesquevalleywithawindmillthatyoucannotmisshasbeeninhabitedforaverylongtime.IntheMiddleAges,itwasmanagedbytheZábrdovicemonastery.ThesettlementwasownedbymanyfamiliesaftertheThirtyYear’sWar,thelastwastheDuffekfamilyandBaronessMarieMittisová,fromwhomthemunicipalitypurchasedthechateauin1932.ThereisamunicipalmuseuminKloboukywithremarkablycoherentethnographiccollections.ThemuseumisopenedfromMaytoSeptember.Therearetwointerestingbuildingrelatedtothepersonality of T. G. Masaryk.

Chateau

A single-storey building in Zámecká, No. 8, is formed by an entrance tract on the north side of theKloboukysquareandthesideeasternwingwithoriginallyadministrativeandsupplyannexes. It was originally a summer home for the Zábrdovice Premonstratensian order. In1784,thebuildingwastransferredtothereligiousfundandin1789itwasleasedtoCouncillorDornfeld. In 1820, the chateau was sold to brothersAugustine and Ignatius, knights fromNeuvallwhohadtheestateandthechateauinteriorsintheClassicstyle.Thechateauwasalsousedforoffices.In1881,JosefDuffekofOstrovačiceboughttheestatewiththechateauandthelastownerwashisniece,BaronessMarieMitisová.In1870,Masaryk’sparentscametoworktotheKloboukyestateandtheirsonTomášvisitedthem there several times; he liked Klobouky. He returned there even after his parents left and he wasafriendofThDr.FerdinandCísař,theKloboukyevangelicalpriest,latersuperintendantoftheEvangelicalChurchinMoravia.HeusedtostayatthechateauduringhisvisitsandhealsospentholidayswithhisyoungwifeCharlottethere.AsthePresident,T.G.MasarykofficiallyvisitedKloboukyon18June1924.Attheoccasionof the 10th anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia, a commemorative plaquewith the following textwasplacedon thechateaufacade:“T.G.Masaryk, the founderandfirstPresidentoftheCzechoslovakRepublic,livedinthishouseasastudentandauniversityassociate professor.”


However,theplaquewasremovedfromthechateaufacadein1983duringnormalizationanditisnowstoredinthedepositoryoftheKloboukymuseum.In1990s,anewcommemorativeplaquewithalmostthesametextwasplacedonthechateaufacade.

Contact:CityMuseum,Library:tel.519361576,Guide:723361576,CityCouncil:519361570www.kloboukyubrna.eu

Evangelical Church

Immediately upon the declaration of the 1781 Patent of Tolerance, a reformed evangelical communitywasestablishedinKlobouky.In1786,thechurchfraternityreceivedthebuildingofaformercooperagethattheytransformedintoachapel,schoolandrectory.Thebuildingwasused by the fraternity for almost 100 years and it accommodated up to 1,000 people. In 1860, thefraternityreceivedapermittobuildatowerfromtheregionalauthority.ThetowerheldfourbellscastbyVojtěchHillerofBrno.Thetowerwascompletedin1861anditstoodaloneformore than 20 years.

The foundation stone of theEvangelicalChurch inKloboukywas laid on 20August 1882whenthechurchwasledbyFr.F.Císař.TheconstructionworkscommencedinFebruaryandthechurchwasopenedon4November1883.ItwasbuiltbyAntonínStrnad.Thechurchhasavery modern technical solution for its time. The vault is suspended on a metal roof construction andthelevelgalleriesareheldbynarrowironcolumns.Thepulpitislocatedinthecentreofawoodenpartitionthatseparatedtheapsefromthenave,abovewhichthereisanorgan.TheglasspartitiondecoratedwithBiblicalimagesmadefromcastcolouredacrylicglass(accordingtoapatentbyProfessorKřížfromPrague)providesforamoreeconomicuseofthespace.Thechurch can accommodate 600 seated listeners.

T.G.MasarykmetwithSuperintendantFerdinandCísařduringhisstaysinKlobouky.HespentalotoftimewithCísařdebatingreligion,alsobecausehewascontemplatingtoconverttotheEvangelicalChurch.MasarykhasreasonsthatrelatedtohiscriticalviewofthehypocrisyoftheRoman-CatholicChurchandalsohiswifeCharlotte,afterleavingAmerica,neededtofindachurchandtheEvangelicalChurchwastheclosestoneforherUnitarianbeliefs.Císařdidnotrecommenddoingthatformanyreasons.However,MasarykfinallyconvertedinHeršpice.Acommemorativeplaquespeaksabouthispresenceatlocalmassesin1878–1882.

Commemorative plaque on the Evangelical Church in Klobouky u Brna


hErŠPiCEHeršpiceislocatedaboutsixkilometrestothesoutheastfromSlavkov.Thefirstrecordsofthevillage come from the 13thcentury.ThereisanextinctmedievalsettlementofKonůvkyinthecadastral territory of Heršpice. A nature trail leads through this area as a part of the protected landscapeareaofŽdánickýles.HeršpicealsoownsthenaturalmonumentofJalovýdvůr.Themonument includes the Heršpický Lake on the Buchlová brook and adjacent hillsides with a forest, clearings and pastures. There is also a monument to soldiers killed in WWI and WWII and amonument to killed Soviet pilots. The inhabitants profess two religions: Catholic andEvangelical.Therefore there are two churches and two cemeteries.TomášGarrigueMasarykconverted to evangelism in the local evangelical churchwithPastorOskarOpočenskýon31August 1880.

HUSTOPEČEHustopeče is located in the area of one of the oldest settlements in South Moravia, to the northoftheNovéMlýnydams.Hustopečewasfirstrecordedinthefirsthalfofthe13th century. TheKrálovémonastery(AulaRegia)playedanimportantroleinitshistory–themonasteryownedHustopečefromthebeginningofthe14th century until the end of the 16thcentury.HustopečewaslaterownedbytheLichtensteinfamily.ThegothicChurchofSt.Wenceslaswithtwonaves,whereMasarykusedtoofficiateasaboy,wasdemolishedin1964aftertheeighty-meter-talltowerfelldowntothelackofmaintenancein1950sand1960s.Thevillagewaspromotedtoatownin1572.HustopečewasacentreofSouthMoravianvinicultureforalongtime.However,winegrowingquicklydeclinedattheturnofthe19th and 20thcentury due to moulds and pest outbreak and most oftheremainingvineyardsceasedtoexistatthebeginningofthe20th century. The regeneration that started in the 20thcenturywasinterruptedwithWWIIbutitcontinuedaftertheendofthewar.Today,thetownanditssurroundingsare,onceagain,animportantviniculturecentre.HustopečehasahistoricallyinterestingcentrewithbuildingsbuiltintheGothic,Renaissance,BaroqueandEmpirestyle.

ThetownisstronglylinkedtothepersonalityofTomášGarrigueMasaryk–hismotherwasbornthere and he studied there at the local high school thanks to the effort of Mrs. Masaryk to provide abetterlifetohersons.Tomášwastobecomeateacherandallheneededatthattimewastofinishthehighschoolandtakeateacher’scourse.ThedecisiontostudytherewasalsoinfluencedbythefactthattheirrelativeslivedinHustopeče–MasaryklivedwithhisauntVeronikaKosováinthetoday’sDobrovskáStreet.Thereisacommemorativeplaque.Masaryk’sbrotherMartintrainedtobeatradesmaninHustopečeandhisbrotherLudvíkhadaprintshopthere.Ludvík’sprintshop(inthetoday’sHerbenovaStreet)publishedtheAthenaeummagazineafterMasaryk’spublisherJanOtto discontinued further cooperation due to the dispute over the authenticity of the Manuscripts. Masaryk’sparentslivedtheretowardstheendoftheirlivesandMasarykusedtogotherewithhisfamilyduringholidaysandhealsowrotehisFundamentalsofConcreteLogicthere.Hisparentsare buried at the local cemetery. His father survived his mother by 20 years (his mother died in 1887,fatherin1907).Otherrelativesarealsoburiedhere.

House “U Synků” – City Museum and GalleryHouse“USynků”at theDukelskéSquare,No.23, is thebestpreservedrepresentativeof theoriginaltownRenaissancedevelopmentofthesquare.Thereisabaywindowinthefacaderestingontwocantileversandthegroundfloorroomshavebarrelvaultswithgores.Atpresent,theCityMuseumandGalleryresidethere.InadditiontotheGallery,theMuseumalsohastwopermanentexpositionsandatouristinformationcentre.TheexpositiononthehistoryofthetownisdedicatedtothehistoryofsettlementinthecadastreofHustopeče.Thewineexposition(SVE),locatedinthehistorical–so-calleddampcellars–informsvisitorsofthehistoryandpresentofgrapevinegrowingandwineproduction.Inaddition,winesfromlocalwinegrowersaresoldthere.


Since2007,therearpartofthecourtyardofHouse“USynků”hasbeendecoratedwithasandstoneenlargementofthewineyeastwithacircumferenceof167cm.The“stone”yeastis69,230timeslargerthanitsreallivemodel.HustopečereceivedarecordintheCzechBookofRecordsforthelargest enlargement of a live organism. The author of the design is Mgr. J. Milotová, its sculptor T. Wech.

Contact:CityMuseumandGallerytel.:519413839;519412254;www.hustopece-city.cz

Masaryk and Hustopeče Nature Trail

Thenaturetrailwasopenedon19June2009,onthedayofthe85thanniversaryofMasaryk’svisittoHustopeče.InJune1924,T.G.Masaryk–asthePresident–visitedHustopečeagain.Thenaturetrailisabout3kilometreslonganditismarkedwithinformationboardswithmaps;thereare printed materials in three languages available at the local tourist information centre and the City Museum and Gallery.

Hereisalistofthestopsalongthenaturetrail:1. Triumphal return (crossroads of the Dukelské Square and Brněnská Street – city hall, City Museum and Gallery)2. Student’s years, Ambrůz’s memorial (Masaryk’s Square) – a memorial in front of the former high school (still an educational facility) where Masaryk studied3. Mother (crossroads of the Brněnská and Jiráskova Street) – a place where the birth house of Masaryk’s mother used to stand (Hotel Centro)4. Father (Herbenova Street) – his father lived in two places that were near each other and he also died at his neighbours, the Dvořáček family5. Brother (ibid) – a place where Ludvík’s print shop used to be6. Cemetery (Havlíčkova Street) – the grave of his parents and grandparents

Brno

BrnowasaplacefromwherestudentMasaryksetofffortheworld.Itwasaplacewherehedealtwithhisfirstreligiousconflicts,wherehefirstlearnedaboutChristiansocialismthroughcatechistMatějProcházkaandwherehemethisfirstlove.Fromthere,hispatronLeMonniertookhimtoVienna.Masarykusedtostudyattheformergrammarschoolthere,todaytheFacultyofMusicattheJanáčekAcademyofMusicandPerformingArtsatKomenskéhoSquareNo.6.Atthesquare,there is also a building of the former Faculty of Medicine of the Masaryk University. There is a monument of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, its founder, in front of the building. The author of the statueisVincencMakovský.

ŽIDLOCHOVICE ŽidlochoviceliessouthofBrnoatthefoothillofVýhonontheSvratkaRiveranditisaculturallyinterestingplacewithalonghistory,attractivefortourists.Therearetwonaturetrailsthatleadthroughitssurroundings–throughthelandscapeofVýhonandatrailwithalookouttowercalledtheAcaciaTower,builtin2009.ThetownwasfirstmentionedinthedecreeofKingWenceslausIofBohemiain1237.ŽidlochovicewaspromotedtoatownbytheHabsburgsin1873.Eventhoughthetownhasarichhistory,itsmostimportantsymbolisthechateauwiththeadjacentgame park.


Chateau

TheformerwaterfortwasconvertedintoachateaubyFridrichofŽerotín.ThereisanadjacentparkofagreatvaluethatwasdesignedbyFrenchlandscapearchitectAugustCharbonieratthebeginningof the18thcentury.The treeswere laterplantedby JosefHatzl, a caretakerof theSchönbrunn gardens. The chateau park is often mentioned in professional literature for its rare exotictrees.

In1772-1728,thechateauwasreconstructedintheBaroquestylethankstoCountSinzendorf.ItwaslaterreconstructedagainbytheHabsburgswhopurchasedthechateauwiththeestatein1819.ItthenreceiveditscurrentEmpireform.ThechateauwasconfiscatedbythenewCzechoslovakstate in 1919. President Masaryk used the chateau as a summer home during the First Czechoslovak Republicandhealsoheldaudiencesthere.Thereisaplaquetocommemoratehisstaysthere.

Today,thechateauispartiallyusedastheheadquartersoftheŽidlochoviceForestEnterpriseandpartiallyasahotel;weddingsaswellaspoliticalmeetingsareheldthere.ThechateauisopenedtothepublicforonedaythefirstweekendinSeptember.

Information:RegionalTouristInformationCentre,telephone:+420547426024www.zidlochovicko.cz

Chateau in Židlochovice. Photo - Pavel Vrba


Masaryk’s LiFE in daTa

1850 Born in Hodonín on 7 March as the eldest son of Josef and Terezie Masaryk

1861–1863StudiedatthehighschoolinHustopeče

1865 Started studying at the German grammar school in Brno

1869 StartedstudyingatthegrammarschoolinVienna

1872 GraduationandenrolmentinViennaUniversity

1876 Seriesofninearticlesinthe“MoravianEagle”

10March–awardedadegreeofPh.D.inVienna

Study visit in Lipsko

1878 15March–marriedCharlotteGarrigue

14November–inauguraldissertationattheViennaUniversityentitled

“SuicideasaCollectiveSocialPhenomenonofModernEducation”

1879 3May–daughterAliceborn

1880 Publication“OnHypnotism(orAnimalMagnetism)”

1May–sonHerbertborn

1882 FirstseminaratthePragueUniversity–“NumberofProbabilitiesandHume’s

Scepticism”

1883 Foundation of the “Athenaeum” magazine

1884 “On the Study of Poetic Works”

1885 “ElementsofConcreteLogic”

1886 Commencement of the dispute regarding the authenticity of the Manuscripts

14September–sonJanborn

20December–publicationofthefirstissueofthe“Čas”magazinebyHerben‘s

group

1887,1888 TravelstoRussia,visitswithL.N.Tolstoy

1891 MemberoftheImperialCouncilinViennafortheYoungCzechsforŠumavatowns

1892 District member of the Parliament

1893 Resignation of both mandates

First issue of the monthly “Our Times”

1895 First issue of “The Czech Issue”

1896 “KarelHavlíček”

1897 Named a professor at the Prague University

1898 “The Social Issue”


1899–1900 TheHilsnerAffair–fightagainstasuperstitionofaritualmurder

1900 FoundationoftheCzechPeople’s(Progress)Party

1902 Lectures at the Chicago University

1906 24January–criticizestheconductofcatechistsatthemeetingUHelmůandis

prosecuted for religious disturbance

1907 ElectedamemberoftheParliamentforWallachiantowns

1908 4June–pleadsforProfessorWahrmundoftheInnsbruckUniversityagainstclericals

and defends the freedom of speech at universities

1909 Involved in the Zagreb case in favour of 53 South Slavs accused of high treason

1910 Friedjung‘scase

1911 StayinCapriwithMaximGorky

1913 “RussiaandEurope”(firsttwovolumes)

1914 Trips to Capri, Rome and the Netherlands

17December–triptoItalywithhisdaughterOlga

1915 15March–sonHerbertdiesoftyphoidfever

6July–TGMdeclaresafightwithAustriaattheHuscelebrationsinGeneva

4August–the8th command of the Austrian-Hungarian armed forces orders

prosecution of Masaryk as a person suspected of high treasons against the belligerent

powerofthestate

19October–MasarykdeliversalectureattheKing’sCollegeinLondonabout

theproblemsofsmallnationsinthecurrentEuropeancrisis

14November–theCzechInternationalCommitteeannouncesamanifesto

on the declaration of independence of the Czech lands

1916 In February, the Czech International Committee is transformed into the Czechoslovak

National Council

Cycle of lectures called “The World and the Slavs” in Paris

PublicationofLaNationTchèquerevue

BiweeklyCzechoslovakIndependencewasthebodyoftheCzechoslovakNational

Council from April

6April–aspeciallettertothecommencementoftheconventionofCzechoslovak

unionsinRussiawithanoutlineoftheprogramme

August–requesttotheEnglishgovernmenttosupporttheeffortsoftheCzechs

and South Slavs


1917 May–arrivalinRussia

1July–thebattleofZborov

16December–FranceacknowledgestheCzecharmyasanindependentoperatingunit

1918 7March–departurefromMoscowtoAmerica

2September–theUSacknowledgesCzechoslovaksasabelligerentpower

28September–thefirstcontractonthesovereigntyoftheCzechoslovaknationsigned

withFrance

18October–submissionoftheDeclarationofIndependencetoPresidentWilson

28October–declarationofindependentCzechoslovakiainPrague

14November–TomášGarrigueMasarykelectedthePresidentatthemeeting

of the Revolutionary National Assembly

21December–arrivalofthePresidentinPrague

1920 ElectedthePresidentforthesecondtimebytheNationalAssembly,whichalso

represented German citizens

1921 ThePresidentvisitsmanyMoravianandSlovaktowns

1922 27August–meetingoftherepresentativesoftheLittleEntenteinLány

1923 13May–Mrs.CharlotteMasarykdies

1925 Publication of the “World Revolution”

1927 ElectedthePresidentforthethirdtime

1930 7March–alawwaspassedthatT.G.Masarykrenderedoutstandingservicestothestate

1934 ElectedthePresidentforthefourthtime

1935 14December–abdication

1937 14September–“Hedidnotgoout,heburntaway”(JanMasaryk)

21September–buriedinLány


ConCLusion

TheCzechoslovakRepublicwasbuiltontherelicsoftheHabsburgmonarchyasabrandnewstate based on the principles of democracy and humanity. To put those principles in practice, it wasnecessarytoreformpublicadministrationandtheParliamentandtoprovideorder,security,provisionsandregularoperationofthecountryfromtheverybeginningofitsexistence.ItwasthusrequiredtotakeovertheoldclericalstaffandMasaryksawthatoneofthetasksofthenewstatewastogetridoftheAustrianpart–bothinthematerialsenseandinthesenseofachangeinthinking.AllcontactsofPresidentMasarykwiththepublicwereprovidedwiththeOfficeofthePresidentwithhighlyefficientclericalstaff.Nocomplaintshadbeenfiledduringtheentireperiod of the First Republic.

The new state had to dealwithmany economic, ethnic and social problems from the verybeginningbutthoseproblemsweregraduallyovercome.Toprovidesecurity,itwasnecessarytosolveaclearlygiveninternational-politicalconceptionandtobuildanarmy,whichwasbasedonthelegionsthatwerereturningbackhome.Theconstitution,regardlessofitsdeficiencies,guaranteedfreedomandequalrightstoallcitizensregardlessofdifferencesinthelanguage,raceorreligionanditestablishedadirect,general,secretandequalvotingrightforwomen.Inspiteofthesplitpoliticalscene,wecanspeakofpoliticalstabilityasdemocraticpartiesintheParliamentrepresentedamajority.

Ourpredecessorswerelearningdemocracyonthegowhichbroughtaboutsomedifficulties;however,thepoliticianslearnedtheartofadialogueandcompromiseattheverybeginning.TheGermansdidnotrecognizethenewstateatthebeginningbuttheylearnedtousethepossibilitiesprovided by the constitution, particularly the conservative parties. Unfortunately, nationalistic demonstrationsbecamestrongerduetotheinfluenceofthedevelopmentinGermanytowardstheendofMasaryk’slife.SlovakiastruggledwiththeimmaturityofthepoliticalrepresentationandthelackofSlovakintelligencetogetherwithaworseinitialeconomicsituation.Theconceptof Czechoslovakism that initially helped to create Czechoslovakia and averted the threat of the Hungarian seizure of Slovakia turned out to be unsustainable. Social issueswere not quitesolvedbutobjectivelyspeaking,noneofthesurroundingcountriessucceededinthisarea.Fromthemodernpointofview,theRepublicwasperceivedasastableislandofdemocracyinEuropeinspiteofalltheproblemsithadtodealwithandPresidentT.G.Masarykenjoyedgreatrespectandreverence.Hemanagedtobuildafunctioningadministration,prosperingeconomywitha strong currency –Czechoslovakia provided economic assistance toAustria and protectedrefugeesfromfascismaswellastheStalinrepressions.

T.G.MasarykwasawareoftheimmaturityandfragilityoftheyoungCzechoslovakdemocracy;he estimated that 50 more years of peaceful development were needed. He watched thedevelopmentaroundCzechoslovakiawithworries;heclearlyidentifiedthedangeroustrendsbut he could not guess how terribly the situation in Europewould develop.Unfortunately,eventherepresentativesofwesterndemocraciescouldnotguesstheintensityofthedanger.This underestimation in combination with the ambitions of non-democratic regimes hadunforeseeableconsequencesandwearestilldealingwiththisdireheritage.Thepositivethingisthateventhoughthedemocraticideaswerepushedaway,theyhavebecomedeeplyembeddedinourmindsandmanypeopleremainedhopefulthattheywouldcomebackoneday.HowelsetoexplainthateveninthedeepesttotalitywhentheregimedidallpossibletomakethepeopleforgetTomášGarrigueMasarykandhis legacy,ordinarypeoplewouldstillbringflowers toplaceswhereonlygrassgrewbut theyknew thereused tobeamonument there...There isstillhopethat“Donotbeafraidanddonotsteal”willwinoneday.Maybeonedaywewillunderstandthatwedonotneedromanticrevolutionaryideasbutordinaryworkandmaybeonedaywewillfinallytreattheprinciplesofdemocracy,humanityandmoralityinearnest,notonlybefore the elections, but in our everyday lives.


rECoMMEndEd LiTEraTurE

BENEŠ,Edvard:ŽivýodkazTGM,kvydánípřipravilKarelNovotný,prvnívydání,SpolečnostEdvardaBeneše,NakladatelstvíEvaMilanNevole,Praha1997,ISBN80-86107-01-9.HAIN,Radan[1]:StaatstheorieundStaatsrechtinT.G.MasaryksIdeenwelt(TeoriestátuastátníprávovesvětěideíT.G.Masaryka),Schulthess,Curych1999,ISBN3-7255-3913-8[2],[3].HAIN,Radan:TeoriestátuastátníprávovmyšleníT.G.Masaryka(překladStanislavKučera),Karolinum, 2006, ISBN 80-246-1045-0.HERBEN,Jan.T.G.Masaryk-ŽivotadílopresidentaOsvoboditele,pátévydání.Praha:Sfinx* Bohumil Janda, 1946. 477 s.HOUŠKA,Vítězslav.LidékolemT.G.Masaryka.Karviná:Paris,2006.232s.ISBN80-239-7139-5.HOUŠKA,Vítězslav.T.G.Masaryk„Myslitelastátník“.Karviná:Paris,2007.218s.ISBN978-80-903817-5-9.HOUŠKA,Vítězslav.T.G.Masarykznámýineznámý.Praha:Riopress-Masaryk’sdemokratickéhnutí, 2005. 251 s. ISBN 80-86221-84-9.J.L.HROMÁDKA,Masaryk.Brno:Marek,2005-301s.ISBN80-86263-58-4.JANDÍK,Stanislav.PanpresidentalidévLánech.Praha:Volnámyšlenka,1938.91s.JANDÍK,Stanislav.TGMvLánech.Praha:Zasvobodu,1946.197s.JosefLaichter:Masarykdomainaveřejnosti,VzpomínkynapresidentaOsvoboditele,jehochoťajejichrodinnéprostředí,II.vyd.,258s.,Laichter,Praha1938.KÁRNÍK,Zdeněk.ČeskézeměvéřePrvnírepubliky(1918-1938).Dílprvní.Vznik,budováníazlatálétarepubliky(1918-1929).Praha:Libri,2000.571s.ISBN80-7277-027-6.KÁRNÍK,Zdeněk.ČeskézeměvéřePrvnírepubliky(1918-1938).Díldruhý.Československoačeskézeměvkriziavohrožení(1930-1935).Praha:Libri,2002.577s.ISBN80-7277-027-6.KÁRNÍK,Zdeněk.ČeskézeměvéřePrvnírepubliky(1918-1938).Díltřetí.Opřežitíaoživot(1936-1938).Praha:Libri,2003.803s.ISBN80-7277-119-1.KLIMEK,Antonín.BojoHrad.VnitropolitickývývojČeskoslovenska1918-1926napůdorysuzápasuoprezidentskénástupnictví.1.HradaPětka.Praha:Panevropa,1996.432s.ISBN80-85846-06-3.KLIMEK,Antonín.BojoHrad:vnitropolitickývývojČeskoslovenska1926-1935napůdorysuzápasu o prezidentské nástupnictví. 2.Kdo poMasarykovi?. Praha : Panevropa ; Institut prostředoevropskoukulturuapolitiku,1998.591s.ISBN80-86130-02-9.KOSATÍK, Pavel. Čeští demokraté: 50 nejvýznamnějších osobností veřejného života. Praha:Mladá fronta, 2010. 280 s. ISBN 978-80-204-2307-8.KOVTUN,Jiří–LUKEŠ,Zdeněk:PražskýhradzaT.G.Masaryka.SprávaPražskéhohradu,1995, 80 str.KOVTUN,Jiří:Masarykůvtriumf.Praha,Odeon,1991,537str.KOVTUN,Jiří:Republikavnebezpečnémsvětě.ÉraprezidentaMasaryka1918-1935.Praha,Torst, 2005, 904 str.KOZÁK, Jan Blahoslav:Masaryk filosof.,75 str., Nakladatelství Svaz národního osvobození,Praha 1925.KOZÁK, JanBlahoslav:Masaryk jakoethik anáboženskýmyslitel, 61 str.,Slovanskýústav,Praha 1931.KOZÁK,JanBlahoslav:TomášGarrigueMasarykavznikWashingtonskédeklaracevříjnu1918,116 str., Melantrich, Praha 1968.


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T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia – son of a Coachman and a Cook Becomes a Philosopher and the President.EducationalmaterialfortheparticipantsoftheprojectToKnowandtoShare,co-financedfromthe

resourcesoftheEducationforCompetitivenessOperationalProgramme.PreparedbyIrenaChovančíková.

Photographs:archiveoftheMasaryk’sMuseuminHodonín,archiveoftheČejkoviceMunicipality,JanChmelíček,VratislavZpěvák,JiříHorák.

ProjectMethodologistandTextEditor:JanChmelíček.ProjectManager:ZuzanaVojtová.(2012)

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T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia - Centrála cestovního ruchu AJ FINAL.pdf · 8 T. G. Masaryk and souTh Moravia Son of a Coachman and a Cook Becomes a Philosopher and the President