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M S G A Q U A R T E R 2 P U B L I C A T I O N

CONTENTS

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ADVOCACY INITIATIVE

EDITOR'S NOTE04 SUMMARY OF CAMPAIGN

Podcasts -------------------------------------- 5Infographics ---------------------------------- 8Videos ---------------------------------------- 15

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SOCIAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

WHAT ARE THE CLIMATECHANGE ISSUES INMALAYSIA

21 CLIMATE CHANGEOCCURRENCE IN MALAYSIACoastal Erosion ----------------------------- 21Air Pollution --------------------------------- 22Floods ---------------------------------------- 23Landslides ------------------------------------24Drought -------------------------------------- 25

26 MALAYSIAN YOUTHADVOCACY IN CLIMATECHANGEWhy youth? --------------------------------- 27How has youth been represented? ------- 32

UNDI18 ONLINEPROTEST

EXCLUSIVE

YOUTHREPRESENTATIVEINTERVIEW

17

E D I T O R ' S N O T EBy Sara Sofea

The youth is becoming the most important demographic in Malaysia. Defined asthose between the age of 15-40 years old, the median age in Malaysia as of 2019is 28.9. As such, youths are an important element in national development.

We have seen an increase in youth-related issues in Malaysia over the past fewyears, from having the youngest elected MP in 2018, increasing youth movementsin education, environment and many other sectors in Malaysia. Although thesectors vary and diverse, this begs the question of how much are we listening tothe youths, and if we are underestimating the value of youth participation indifferent sectors.

The first focus of Quarter 2 was Youth Representation in Climate ChangeActivism. Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic, thousands of Malaysian youths havebrought it to the street to participate in climate change protests all over Malaysia.2% of Malaysian youths think that climate change is a crisis, and 9 out of 10youths are taking their own initiatives in helping with climate change. The effectsof climate change have an impact on everyone, despite age groups. However,those effects, such as global warming, air pollution and flooding, will stay andaffect youths of the current and youths of the future should they are not resolvedsooner. Youths are at the forefront of climate action with different grassroots andenvironmental groups.

The second focus of Quarter 2 was Youth Unemployment. Prior to COVID-19, thephenomenon of fresh graduates having to resort to the gig economy is somethingcommon to hear. Research shows that 56% of the unemployed in Malaysia arebetween the 15 to 24 year old age group. However, the COVID-19 pandemic hasfurther widen the void of unemployment across various industries all over theworld. A consequence from this is that young jobseekers are more likely to bejobless than adults, as they are less ‘qualified’ in comparison to experienced andtrained unemployed adults. Furthermore, studies show that there are skillmismatches of young graduates, resulting in another reason for unemploymentamong youths.

As MSGA is a student representative body, it is important for us to highlight thechallenges that Malaysian youths are facing and the multiple efforts that are beingsupported by the youths in order to change the landscape of Malaysia in thefuture. It is important not only to understand the underlying and systemicchallenges behind important youth-related issues in Malaysia, but also what wecan do to improve, individually and collectively. It is with hope that this campaignsucceeds in highlighting two of the many youth-related issues in Malaysia on awider scale.

Sincerely,Sara SofeaProject Manager of Youth On The Move: Youth Representation in 2021Assistant Vice President of Advocacy 20/21

SUMMARY OF

CAMPAIGN

PODCASTS

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Especially in the age of social media, we can see that young people are given moreimportance in advocacy and activism in various issues in Malaysia. Youths haveincreasingly advocated for #ProtesIklim and #DaruratIklim, showcasing Malaysianyouths as a demographic that take the effects of climate change in Malaysia with asense of urgency and responsibility.

For our April Podcast, we invited again Aroe from Klima Action Malaysia to speak onthe impacts of the youths on climate change in Malaysia, the successes and efforts ofKAMY in furthering climate change advocacy among youths, the challenges ofclimate change activism in Malaysia and what individuals can do in the fight againstclimate change.

To listen: https://bit.ly/3vrciVC

Y O U T H R E P R E S E N T A T I O N I NC L I M A T E C H A N G E A C T I V I S M

6 | PODCASTS

Seeing the uncertain climate of the job market in Malaysia in these challengingtimes, it’s important for young people to understand what the landscape is like, andwhat individuals can do to increase their prospects of unemployment. As studentsourselves, we see that it is important to understand the job market we are enteringinto from a birds-eye view.

For the May podcast, we interviewed Dr. Norshamshida binti Razak, SeniorAssistant Director, Institute of Labour Market Information and Analysis (ILMIA),Department of Statistics Malaysia. We asked Dr Norshamshida firstly on theeffects of the pandemic on youth unemployment and unemployment in general,some of the factors behind youth unemployment in Malaysia, the methodsindividuals can do to increase their skill set before entering the workforce and other programs and policies that not only ILMIA provides, but also other policiesthat could be implemented.

ILMIA provides analysis of labour market trends and emerging human capital issueswhich contribute to better human capital planning and effective labour marketpolicies formulation.

To listen: https://bit.ly/3wE1t2U

Y O U T H U N E M P L O Y M E N T I N 2 0 2 1

7 | PODCASTS

INFOGRAPHICS

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L A U N C H I N G P O S T E R

9 | INFOGRAPHICS

U N D I 1 8 O N L I N E P R O T E S T

Malaysian Students’ Global Alliancestands in solidarity with the Undi18

Online Protest to show our support foryouth voters aged 18 to 20 to stand upfor their fundamental right to voting in

a democratic nation.

We stand together to ensure that theUndi18 amendment is in force prior toany future elections in accordance with

the timeline that was agreed upon.

Furthermore, we urge our government to uphold its responsibilities inrepresenting the best interests of Malaysian youth and the public.

Youths' voices must not be silenced. Join us in showing your support and stand upfor your right to vote! Swipe to read more on how you can make a change!

10 | INFOGRAPHICS

Y O U T H R E P R E S E N T A T I O N

C L I M A T E C H A N G E I N M A L A Y S I A 1

11 | INFOGRAPHICS

Y O U T H R E P R E S E N T A T I O N

C L I M A T E C H A N G E I N M A L A Y S I A 2

12 | INFOGRAPHICS

Y O U T H U N E M P L O Y M E N T

Y O U T H U N E M P L O Y M E N T R A T E S I N M A L A Y S I A

13 | INFOGRAPHICS

Y O U T H U N E M P L O Y M E N T

T H E R O L E O F E D U C A T I O N I N U N E M P L O Y M E N T

14 | INFOGRAPHICS

VIDEOS

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Youth Representation In Politics

Political literacy is crucial in developing rational-minded citizens, criticalof politics and the democratic processes of a government. In the first

video of Youth Representation in Politics, Nurul Rifayah, a youthactivist, spoke on how to improve Malaysia’s youth political literacy and

build political knowledge in schools.

Watch now: https://bit.ly/3fs2khf

16 | VIDEOS

Youth Representation In Politics Part 2

Youth activist groups such as the Malaysian Indian Youth Council haveurged the government to consider limiting the age of MPs to 65 years

old. Is this initiative able to end gerontocracy and encourage more youthto join politics? This time we have Soon Wei Xen, Campaign Associateof UNDI18, spoke about why Malaysia needs more young leaders in

politics and the parliament.

Watch now: https://bit.ly/3wAosM4

17 | VIDEOS

SOCIAL RESEARCH

ARTICLE

WHAT ARE

THE CLIMATE

CHANGE

ISSUES IN

MALAYSIA?

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Climate change is often mistakenly associated with the weather.But weather can change from day to day, whereas the climate ismeasured over a long period. In other words, climate change isthe long-term alteration of temperature and regular weatherpatterns in a place. Climate change is often referred to as aspecific location or globally (National Geographic Society, 2019).

Based on a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), the temperature increase of 1.5°C hasdistinguished Southeast Asia (SEA) as among the regions thatwould be heavily impacted by climate change (EY, 2020).Malaysia’s 2018 climate change report to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) mentionedthat the country’s temperature, rainfall and sea levels have beenincreasing in the last four decades and are projected to continuerising by 2050. These events can bring added vulnerability,particularly to the urban population who live in low elevationcoastal areas (Lee, 2019). It is estimated that up to 1 millionurban populations in East Malaysia and up to 5 million urbanpopulations in Peninsular Malaysia are at risk from climateimpacts in the 2050s (UCCRN, 2018).

CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES IN

MALAYSIA

To change ingrained behaviours and habits that aredetrimental to the health of our planet, a significantunderstanding of climate change and its impact ishighly fundamental (Zalina et al, 2015). The subjectof polar bears bearing a classic icon for climatechange may be a problem in itself (Ong et al, 2020).Therefore, climate change issues must becommunicated effectively in a localised manner toensure that relevant knowledge of local climatechange will lead to positive behavioural change in thegeneral public (Zalina et al, 2015; Ong et al, 2020).

W H A T A R E T H E C L I M A T E C H A N G E I S S U E S I N M A L A Y S I A ? | 2 0

Coastal erosion is one of the significant impacts of risingsea level. As one of the most concerning effects ofclimate change, the rising sea level intensifies the severityof coastal erosion with the intermingled effects fromexisting occurrences such as high spring tides and stormsurges (Sofia Ehsan et al, 2019). From 1984 to 2013, thetotal eroded area of 1878.5 hectares and total accretionarea of 2447.4 hectares were recorded in Selangor alone.In Johor, 85.84 % of Batu Pahat experienced extremeerosion phenomena in the span of only 3 years.

Further monitoring proves that strong ocean currents,waves, and winds damage the infrastructure near coastalareas, which compromises the socio-economic livelihoodof the island communities (Sofia Ehsan et al, 2019). InPeninsular Malaysia, coastal erosion’s economic and socialconsequences include damages to the crops, housing, andpublic facilities as most of the agricultural lands areseverely endangered by invasive seawater that furtherimpacts the rural communities’ main source of income(Yanalagaran and Ramli, 2018).

COASTAL EROSION

C L I M A T E C H A N G E O C C U R R E N C E I N M A L A Y S I A | 2 1

A I R P O L L U T I O N

Air pollution is a seasonal occurrence in Malaysia, with haze

being the most common type of air pollution happening in

the country which impacts all Malaysians both from rural

and urban communities. In 2020, Malaysia was ranked 58th

globally in air pollution which puts its yearly average into

the moderately polluted range (+IQAir, 2020). Even though

Malaysia is placed in the moderately polluted range, there

are months throughout the year that experience rapid

spikes in pollution, which usually happen during monsoon

changes.

Although haze causes many health-related problems -

mainly respiratory illnesses, the major contributors to air

pollution are human activities itself and industrialisation

(The Star, 2020). Slash-and-burn activities, as well as wild

forest and peat soil fires that cause destruction to the

forest, are the main factors of haze; therefore air pollution

is indeed a climate change issue as it threatens the

protection of forests and peatlands which serve as carbon

sinks and natural habitats to the endangered species (Earth

Hour, 2015).


Floods are often described as the most disastrous natural

disaster in Malaysia. Apart from coastal erosion and air

pollution, climate impacts such as the increase in rainfall

intensity had also caused flooding. For the past few decades,

annual rainfall trends in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and

Sarawak have shown an increase from 1990 onwards. This

had led to the occurrence of major floods in 2010, 2012 and

2014 (MESTECC, 2018). According to the Malaysian Drainage

and Irrigation Department, floods in Malaysia are categorised

into two; flash floods and monsoon floods. While flash floods

take only a few hours to return to the normal water level;

meanwhile, monsoon floods can last up to a month to recover

(Mohd Taib, Jaharuddin & Dato’ Mansor, 2016). At the

beginning of 2021, several states in Malaysia experienced

flooding, which was locally claimed as the worst flooding in

half a century. The East Coast region recorded at least six

deaths, with nearly 50,000 people evacuated after monsoon

rains pounded the region (ALJAZEERA, 2021). Around the

same time, Sabah and Sarawak were also experiencing

flooding, and about 6,000 people were evacuated from the

affected areas (Davies, 2021).

F L O O D S

Figure 1: Projected Changes in Flood Areal Extent for the Selected 15 Flood Prone

Basins in Peninsular Malaysia. (MESTECC, 2018)

Despite plannings and flood prevention, our drainage and waterways are unable to handle exceptional rainfalls, which will

inevitably lead to flooding that consequently cause massive damage to infrastructure and socio-economic losses. According to an

assessment carried out in 2000, it is estimated that the total flood-prone area in Malaysia is about 29,800 km2 which

encompasses about 9% of the size of the country, affecting 4.8 million people or 22% of the whole population (MESTECC,

2018:97). The inhabitants of the East Coast states (Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang) as well as Sabah and Sarawak —especially the

youth—are more likely to have experienced and heavily affected by floods in comparison to other environment and climate-

related effects happening in Malaysia (UNDP, UNICEF and EcoKnights, 2020).


According to Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (2020), landslides are impacted by climatechange as the changes in precipitation and temperature cause alteration to slopes and bedrock stability. InMalaysia, the main factor that causes landslides is rainfall, stormwater activities and poor slope management,which becomes a threat to infrastructure and people’s livelihoods. A research centre of the UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia (UTM) has identified 21,000 landslide hotspots in the country, most of which are located inPeninsular Malaysia.

Generally, the high-risk areas with a history of landslides include Ulu Klang in Selangor, which claimed manycasualties and losses. Additionally, a total of 1,740 slopes in Kuala Lumpur are vulnerable to landslides. Amongthe 1,740 hill slopes, at least 620 were classified as very high risk while the rest were high risk (UNDRR & adpc,2020). The impact of landslides in Malaysia has given rise to environmental and socioeconomic issues such asloss of lives, damaged properties and infrastructures, psychological pressures among the victims, disputes onland boundaries and also land degradation (Rahman & Mapjabil 2017).

L A N D S L I D E S

Figure 2: Landslide risk map of Peninsular Malaysia (Public Works Department, 2009)


Drought can be defined as a prolonged period of

abnormal rainfall deficit leading to water scarcity, crop

damage, depletion of streamflow and groundwater or

soil moisture reduction. The link between climate

change and drought is that as more greenhouse gas

emissions are released into the air, air temperature

increases which will lead to more moisture evaporating

from lands, lakes, rivers and other bodies of water

(Climate Reality Project, 2016).

One of the common climate patterns that cause

drought in Malaysia is the El Nino occurrence. El Nino is

a periodic occurrence that can be described as a warm

oceanic phase where a current of warm nutrient-poor

water replaces the cool nutrient-rich water within the

Pacific area. An oceanographer stated that the El Nino

phenomenon of extreme weather is happening more

frequently because of climate change. The

oceanographer Mohd Fadzil Akhir, mentioned that

Malaysians in the past had experienced hot weather

conditions from the El Nino phenomenon every ten

years (Kaur, 2020).

However, instead of every ten years, El Nino

occurrence is now every 5-7 years. Malaysians are

expected to experience extreme hot weather every 2-3

years. El Nino brings a prolonged period of drought,

which impacts the environmental, social, and economic

sectors in Malaysia, such as the increase of wildfires,

low productivity of agriculture, economic losses, and

disrupts water supply.

D R O U G H T


MALAYSIAN

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The advent of the increasingimpacts of climate change

on society brings to questionMalaysian youths’ role (aged

between 15 and 30) inadvocating climate changeaction (Yunus and Landau,

2019).

But why are youths, inparticular, the ideal

representation for the fightagainst climate change?

W H YY O U T H ?

W H Y Y O U T H ? | 2 7

Y o u t h s a r e t h e p e r f e c t s p e a r h e a d i n t h e a d v o c a c y b e c a u s e t h e y w i l l

f a c e t h e i m m e d i a t e r e p e r c u s s i o n s f r o m t h e p a s t g e n e r a t i o n ’ s

o v e r s i g h t s i n c l i m a t e c h a n g e ( U N D P , U N I C E F & E c o K n i g h t s , 2 0 2 0 ) .

M a l a y s i a n y o u t h s h a v e a l r e a d y s t a r t e d f a c i n g t h e b r u n t o f t h e

i m p a c t s o f c l i m a t e c h a n g e , a s s h o w n b y t h e w o r s e n i n g c l i m a t e

c h a n g e i s s u e s i n M a l a y s i a ( U N D P , U N I C E F & E c o K n i g h t s , 2 0 2 0 ) .

T h e N a t i o n a l Y o u t h C l i m a t e C h a n g e S u r v e y ( N Y C C S ) r e p o r t s t h a t

7 1 . 1 % o f M a l a y s i a n y o u t h s h a v e a l r e a d y f e l t t h e i m p a c t s o f a i r

p o l l u t i o n i n t h e p a s t 3 y e a r s ( U N D P , U N I C E F & E c o K n i g h t s , 2 0 2 0 ) .

R e a s o n s t h a t c o u l d h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o s u c h a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f

i m p a c t e d y o u t h s c o u l d b e d u e t o t h e 2 0 1 9 S o u t h e a s t A s i a n h a z e ,

w h i c h l e d t o s c h o o l c l o s u r e s i n M a l a y s i a ( L a i , 2 0 1 9 ) , o r m o r e

r e c e n t l y , f o r e s t f i r e s i n P a h a n g d u e t o d r y s p e l l s c a u s e d b y r i s i n g

t e m p e r a t u r e s ( A l a g e s h , 2 0 2 1 ) .

YOUTH REPRESENTATIONSERVES AS A DIRE REMINDER OF

WHY ADULTS SHOULD BECONCERNED

W H Y Y O U T H ? | 2 8

P u t t i n g y o u t h s a t t h e f o r e f r o n t o f t h e b a t t l e r e m i n d s e v e r y o n e w h o

t h e c o n t i n u i n g d i s r e g a r d o f c l i m a t e c h a n g e w i l l m o s t i m p a c t .

A c c o r d i n g t o a s u r v e y i n 2 0 1 8 , a q u a r t e r o f a d u l t s f e l t t h a t t h e m o s t

s i g n i f i c a n t i n c e n t i v e t o a d d r e s s c l i m a t e c h a n g e w a s “ t o p r o v i d e a

b e t t e r l i f e f o r o u r c h i l d r e n a n d g r a n d c h i l d r e n ” ( M a r r i s , 2 0 1 9 ) .

R e s e a r c h h a s s h o w n s i m i l a r t r e n d s , w h e r e s u r v e y s h a v e s h o w n t h a t

a d u l t s w e r e w i l l i n g t o s p e n d m o n e y t o p r e v e n t f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s

f r o m b e i n g i m p a c t e d b y c l i m a t e c h a n g e , w h i c h h e l p s t o s h o w t h a t a

s i g n i f i c a n t c o n c e r n f o r a d u l t s w i t h r e g a r d s t o c l i m a t e c h a n g e i s i t s

f u t u r e i m p a c t s o n y o u t h s ( M a r r i s , 2 0 1 9 ) . T h i s d a t a s u g g e s t s t h a t

y o u t h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n r e m i n d s a d u l t s o f w h y t h e y s h o u l d t a k e a c t i o n

t o c i r c u m v e n t c l i m a t e c h a n g e , t o s a f e g u a r d t h e f u t u r e o f t h e f u t u r e

g e n e r a t i o n .

W H Y Y O U T H ? | 2 9

YOUTHS CAN HELPTO DRIVE PUBLICENGAGEMENTWITH CLIMATECHANGE THROUGHSOCIAL MEDIA

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n

h a s g r o w n u p i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a g e ,

w h i c h h a s h e l p e d s p a w n h i g h l y

a d a p t a b l e a n d t e c h n o l o g y p r o f i c i e n t

y o u t h s i n r e s p o n s e t o r a p i d l y

e v o l v i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l

a d v a n c e m e n t s .

T h i s t e c h n o l o g y p r o f i c i e n c y i s

r e i n f o r c e d b y d a t a i n t h e N Y C C S t h a t

s h o w s t h a t 8 i n 1 0 M a l a y s i a n y o u t h s

h a v e s o c i a l m e d i a a s t h e i r p r i m a r y

s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g

c l i m a t e c h a n g e , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

m o v e m e n t a w a y f r o m c o n v e n t i o n a l

m e d i a t o d i g i t a l m e d i a ( U N D P ,

U N I C E F & E c o K n i g h t s , 2 0 2 0 ) .

T h i s e m p h a s i s o n s o c i a l m e d i a a s a

s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n f o r c l i m a t e

c h a n g e c a n h e l p b r e e d

i n t e r c o n n e c t i v i t y a m o n g s t y o u t h s

a n d o t h e r i n t e r n e t u s e r s o n c l i m a t e

c h a n g e a c t i o n .

T h i s i n t e r c o n n e c t i v i t y a r i s e s

b e c a u s e s o c i a l m e d i a a l l o w s f o r

e n g a g e m e n t b e t w e e n u s e r s a n d

s e r v e s a s a p l a t f o r m f o r

d i s c u s s i o n f o r c l i m a t e c h a n g e

a c t i v i s t s a n d e v e r y o n e w h o u s e s

s o c i a l m e d i a r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r

s t a n c e o n c l i m a t e c h a n g e a c t i o n

( E l l i s , 2 0 1 9 ) .

A s y o u t h s a r e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d t o

o t h e r s o c i a l m e d i a u s e r s , t h e y c a n

a l s o p l a y a m a s s i v e p a r t i n

p u b l i c i s i n g n e w s a n d a w a r e n e s s

r e g a r d i n g c l i m a t e c h a n g e a c t i o n

t o o t h e r s o c i a l m e d i a u s e r s d u e t o

t h e e a s e o f s h a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n .

W H Y Y O U T H ? | 3 0

W i t h a r o u n d 8 6 % ( 2 8 m i l l i o n ) o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n M a l a y s i a b e i n g

a c t i v e i n t e r n e t u s e r s ( K e m p , 2 0 2 1 ) , w e c a n i n f e r t h a t t h e m e d i a

p l a y s a h e a v y r o l e i n d i c t a t i n g e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l ’ s l i f e s t y l e c h o i c e s

i n M a l a y s i a r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r a g e d e m o g r a p h i c . S o c i a l m e d i a , i n

p a r t i c u l a r , p l a y s a v i t a l r o l e i n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n h a b i t s a n d

l i f e s t y l e s o f u s e r s w i t h r e g a r d s t o s u s t a i n a b i l i t y a n d t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t ( V a l e n t i n e , 2 0 1 9 ) .

With that said, youths are readi ly adaptable to l i festyle choices thatcan help rect i fy the deter iorat ing ef fects of c l imate change (Pandve,Deshmukh, Pandve & Pat i l , 2009) . Therefore, youth inf luencers playa v i tal role in increasing exposure to such l i festyle changes, such aslow-carbon and greener l i festyles, through social media which wi l la id act ion and init iat ives in the ent ire nat ion.

W H Y Y O U T H ? | 3 1

HOW HAS

YOUTH BEEN

REPRESENTED?

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Since the ratif ication of the UNFCCCby the Malaysian government in 1994,Malaysia has been setting clearcl imate targets for the country,notably achieving a 45% reduction ingreenhouse gases (GhG) emissionsintensity per unit GDP by 2030 ascompared to 2005 values. Thegovernment’s efforts to meet theseNationally Determined Contributionscan be seen in the mitigation policiesthat have been set out in the 11thMalaysian Plan (PMO, 2016).

However, the nation's focus andfinancial resources to mitigate cl imatechange are often hampered byadaptation expenditure such as f looddefence in coastal regions and thelosses associated with naturaldisasters. Hence, Malaysian cl imatepolicies often centred around marketformation by the government toprovide the necessary incentives forprivate investments to f lourish.

This can be seen in the mission toimprove Malaysia’s renewablecontribution to the grid as thegovernment has implemented a feed-in tariff system that al lows privategenerators of renewable electricityto resel l the excess energy to ourmajor uti l ity providers. Efforts assuch are done alongside thedevelopment of sustainable f inancingmechanisms, including loans thathave their interest rates pegged tosustainabil ity KPIs.

Malaysia has also focused onensuring the security of naturalresources, including the richbiodiversity that the country isblessed with. This comes in the formof strict conservation acts andpolicies that protect terrestrial andmarine areas al ike.

P A G E 8H O W H A S Y O U T H B E E N R E P R E S E N T E D ? | 3 3

H O W H A S Y O U T H B E E N R E P R E S E N T E D ? | 3 4


h a s b e e n a c k n o w l e d g e d a s t h e e s s e n t i a l

s t a k e h o l d e r t o e n g a g e a n d t h e o n e w i t h t h e m o s t

a d v o c a c y p o w e r . U N I C E F E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r H e n r i e t t a

F o r e m e n t i o n e d t h a t e n g a g i n g y o u t h a s a g e n t s o f

c h a n g e i s o n e o f t h e s o l u t i o n s i n a d d r e s s i n g c l i m a t e

c h a n g e , a n d t h e i n v e s t m e n t i n s u c h a s o l u t i o n i s v i t a l

t o e a s e r e c o v e r y f r o m t h e g l o b a l C o v i d - 1 9 p a n d e m i c .

Youth


The perception that a c l imate-fr iendlyl i festyle is expensiveLack of information and knowledge onwhat they can do and how do they getinvolved in addressing c l imate changeThe perception that their act ions are notimpactful , which could lead todiscouragement and indifference

Youth in Cl imate ChangeBased on the National Youth Cl imate ChangeSurvey by UNDP, UNICEF and EcoKnights , 9in 10 youth in Malaysia have experiencedenvironment and cl imate-related effects inthe last three years . Besides, 91.9% of youngpeople think that c l imate change is a cr is is .The survey also found that 92.0% of youngpeople have taken personal act ion to addresscl imate change in the last three years . Thisf inding i l lustrates the interest among youthin taking a proact ive approach to addresscl imate change (UNDP, UNICEF andEcoKnights , 2020) .

Why are some youth taking action, but notothers?According to the same survey, some barr iersfor youth in tackl ing c l imate change include:

The f indings from the survey have alsoshown that knowledge of c l imate change isstrongly correlated with taking act ion.Respondents with a good level ofunderstanding and perception towardscl imate change issues are more l ikely to havetaken act ion to address the issue. This mightsuggest that interventions that focus oneducating and rais ing awareness amongyouths to foster better knowledge andunderstanding of c l imate topics are essentia lto encourage posit ive changes in tackl ingcl imate act ion (UNDP, UNICEF andEcoKnights , 2020) .

H O W H A S Y O U T H B E E N R E P R E S E N T E D ? | P A G E 1 7



P r a c t i s i n g g o o d e n v i r o n m e n t a l - s a v i n g h a b i t s s u c h a s w a s t e

m i n i m i s a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t ( 3 R ) , r e d u c i n g e l e c t r i c c o n s u m p t i o n ,

a n d m a k i n g u s e o f t h e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

P a r t i c i p a t i n g o r v o l u n t e e r i n g i n c l i m a t e a c t i o n p r o g r a m m e s a n d

e n v i r o n m e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s t r e e p l a n t i n g

J o i n i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s o r m o v e m e n t s t o g a i n e x p o s u r e

t o c l i m a t e - r e l a t e d i s s u e s

Y o u t h c a n h e l p m i t i g a t e c l i m a t e c h a n g e t h r o u g h m e a n i n g f u l y e tm e a n i n g f u l a c t i o n s ( M o n t a , 2 0 2 0 ) , s u c h a s :

F u r t h e r m o r e , 1 9 . 4 % o f M a l a y s i a n y o u t h s w h o r e s p o n d e d t o t h e s u r v e y

a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t ‘ e d u c a t i o n , a w a r e n e s s a n d s t r u c t u r e d r e f o r m o f

e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m s ’ s h o u l d b e t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s t o p p r i o r i t y i n

a d d r e s s i n g c l i m a t e c h a n g e , a p a r t f r o m g e n e r a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l

c o o p e r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a n d s t r i c t e r l a w e n f o r c e m e n t ( U N D P , U N I C E F

a n d E c o K n i g h t s , 2 0 2 0 ) .

A l a g e s h , T . N . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . P a h a n g f i r e m e n b a t t l e f o r e s t , p e a t f i r e s i n t h r e e d i s t r i c t s[ o n l i n e ] . N e w S t r a i t s T i m e s . 1 1 M a r c h . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . n s t . c o m . m y / n e w s / n a t i o n / 2 0 2 1 / 0 3 / 6 7 2 9 3 6 / p a h a n g - f i r e m e n -b a t t l e - f o r e s t - p e a t - f i r e s - t h r e e - d i s t r i c t s - n s t t v > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

A l j a z e e r a . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . ‘ S i x d e a d , n e a r l y 5 0 , 0 0 0 e v a c u a t e d i n M a l a y s i a f l o o d s ’ . A lJ a z e e r a . 9 J a n u a r y [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . a l j a z e e r a . c o m / n e w s / 2 0 2 1 / 1 / 9 / s i x - d e a d - n e a r l y - 5 0 0 0 0 -e v a c u a t e d - i n - m a l a y s i a - f l o o d s > ( A c c e s s e d 1 8 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

D a v i e s , R . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . ‘ ( U p d a t e d ) M a l a y s i a – A l m o s t 2 , 0 0 0 D i s p l a c e d b y F l o o d s i nS a b a h , N e a r l y 4 , 0 0 0 D i s p l a c e d i n S a r a w a k ’ . F o o d L i s t . 1 5 J a n u a r y [ o n l i n e ] .A v a i l a b l e a t : < h t t p : / / f l o o d l i s t . c o m / a s i a / m a l a y s i a - f l o o d s - s a b a h - j a n u a r y - 2 0 2 1 >( A c c e s s e d 2 0 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

E a r t h H o u r . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . ‘ 5 t h i n g s t o l e a r n f r o m t h e h a z e a b o u t c h a n g i n g c l i m a t ec h a n g e ’ . E a r t h H o u r . 6 N o v e m b e r . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / l a t e s t . e a r t h h o u r . o r g / c o n t e n t / 5 - t h i n g s - l e a r n - h a z e - a b o u t - c h a n g i n g -c l i m a t e -c h a n g e # : ~ : t e x t = C a u s e d % 2 0 m a i n l y % 2 0 b y % 2 0 i l l e g a l % 2 0 s l a s h , a l s o % 2 0 l i n k e d % 20 t o % 2 0 c l i m a t e % 2 0 c h a n g e > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

E h s a n , S . , B e g u m , R . , M d N o r , N . & A b d u l M a u l u d , K . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . C u r r e n t a n dp o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f s e a l e v e l r i s e i n t h e c o a s t a l a r e a s o f M a l a y s i a . [ e B o o k ]I o p s c i e n c e . i o p . o r g . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / i o p s c i e n c e . i o p . o r g / a r t i c l e / 1 0 . 1 0 8 8 / 1 7 5 5 - 1 3 1 5 / 2 2 8 / 1 / 0 1 2 0 2 3 / p d f >( A c c e s s e d 1 8 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

E l l i s , K . K . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . H o w s o c i a l m e d i a i s d r i v i n g t h e c l i m a t e c h a n g e c o n v e r s a t i o n .[ o n l i n e ] N e w s W h i p . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . n e w s w h i p . c o m / 2 0 1 9 / 0 9 / s o c i a l - m e d i a - i s - d r i v i n g - t h e - c l i m a t e -c h a n g e - c o n v e r s a t i o n / > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

K l i m a A c t i o n M a l a y s i a ( 2 0 2 1 ) . W h o i s K A M Y . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / e n . k l i m a a c t i o n m a l a y s i a . o r g / s i a p a - k a m y > ( A c c e s s e d 1 6 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

E Y ( 2 0 2 0 ) . C l i m a t e R i s k D i s c l o s u r e B a r o m e t e r 2 0 2 0 M a l a y s i a . [ e B o o k ] E r n e s t& Y o u n g P L T . A v a i l a b l e a t : < h t t p s : / / a s s e t s . e y . c o m / c o n t e n t / d a m / e y - s i t e s / e y -c o m / e n _ m y / t o p i c s / c l i m a t e - c h a n g e / e y - c l i m a t e - r i s k - d i s c l o s u r e - b a r o m e t e r . p d f >( A c c e s s e d 1 1 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

F o r e , H . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . F i v e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c h i l d r e n w e m u s t s e i z e n o w : A n o p e nl e t t e r o n w h y I b e l i e v e w e c a n r e i m a g i n e a b e t t e r p o s t - C O V I D w o r l d f o r e v e r yc h i l d . U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d r e n F u n d ( U N I C E F ) . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . u n i c e f . o r g / m e d i a / 9 3 2 2 6 / f i l e > ( A c c e s s e d 1 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

G l o b a l F a c i l i t y f o r D i s a s t e r R e d u c t i o n a n d R e c o v e r y . ( 2 0 2 0 ) . ‘ M a l a y s i aL a n d s l i d e ’ . G F D R R [ o n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / t h i n k h a z a r d . o r g / e n / r e p o r t / 1 5 3 - m a l a y s i a / L S > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l2 0 2 1 )

B I B L I O G R A P H Y B I B L I O G R A P H Y | 3 9

I Q A i r . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . ‘ M a l a y s i a A i r Q u a l i t y I n d e x ( A Q I ) a n d A i r P o l l u t i o ni n f o r m a t i o n ’ . I Q A i r [ o n l i n e ] A i r V i s u a l . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . i q a i r . c o m / u s / m a l a y s i a > ( A c c e s s e d 1 8 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

K a u r , M . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . ‘ E l N i n o w e a t h e r h a p p e n i n g m o r e f r e q u e n t l y , s a y s e x p e r t ’ .F r e e M a l a y s i a T o d a y ( F M T ) . 2 1 J a n u a r y [ o n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . f r e e m a l a y s i a t o d a y . c o m / c a t e g o r y / n a t i o n / 2 0 2 0 / 0 1 / 2 1 / e l - n i n o -w e a t h e r - h a p p e n i n g - m o r e - f r e q u e n t l y - s a y s - e x p e r t / > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

K e m p , S . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . D i g i t a l 2 0 2 1 : M a l a y s i a . [ o n l i n e ] D a t a R e p o r t a l . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / d a t a r e p o r t a l . c o m / r e p o r t s / d i g i t a l - 2 0 2 1 -m a l a y s i a # : ~ : t e x t = S o c i a l % 2 0 m e d i a % 2 0 s t a t i s t i c s % 2 0 f o r % 2 0 M a l a y s i a , t o t a l % 2 0 po p u l a t i o n % 2 0 i n % 2 0 J a n u a r y % 2 0 2 0 2 1 . > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

L a i , A . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . H a z e : 2 , 6 4 6 s c h o o l s t o c l o s e o n F r i d a y ( S e p t 2 0 ) . [ o n l i n e ] T h eS t a r . 1 9 S e p t e m b e r . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . t h e s t a r . c o m . m y / n e w s / n a t i o n / 2 0 1 9 / 0 9 / 1 9 / h a z e - 2 6 4 6 - s c h o o l s -t o - c l o s e - o n - f r i d a y - s e p t - 2 0 > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

L e e , N . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . ‘ L o w C a r b o n C i t i e s - M a l a y s i a ’ s R e s p o n s e t o G l o b a l C l i m a t eE m e r g e n c y ’ . U N D P . 1 3 D e c e m b e r [ o n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . m y . u n d p . o r g / c o n t e n t / m a l a y s i a / e n / h o m e / n e w s -c e n t r e / a r t i c l e s / 2 0 1 9 / l o w c a r b o n c i t y . h t m l > ( A c c e s s e d 1 3 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

L i n k e d I n . 2 0 2 1 . Y o u t h s U n i t e d F o r E a r t h ( Y U F E ) : O v e r v i e w . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l ea t : < h t t p s : / / w w w . l i n k e d i n . c o m / c o m p a n y / p r o j e c t y u f e / ? o r i g i n a l S u b d o m a i n = m y >( A c c e s s e d 1 6 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

M a r r i s , E . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . W h y y o u n g c l i m a t e a c t i v i s t s h a v e c a p t u r e d t h e w o r l d ’ sa t t e n t i o n . N a t u r e , 5 7 3 ( 7 7 7 4 ) , p p . 4 7 1 - 4 7 2 .

M i n i s t r y o f E n e r g y , S c i e n c e , T e c h n o l o g y , E n v i r o n m e n t a n d C l i m a t e C h a n g e( M E S T E C C ) . ( 2 0 1 8 ) . T h i r d N a t i o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d S e c o n d B i e n n i a lU p d a t e R e p o r t s u b m i t t e d t o t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n o nC l i m a t e C h a n g e ( U N F C C C ) [ e B o o k ] . M E S T E C C , M a l a y s i a . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / u n f c c c . i n t / s i t e s / d e f a u l t / f i l e s / r e s o u r c e / M a l a y s i a % 2 0 N C 3 % 2 0 B U R 2 _ f in a l % 2 0 h i g h % 2 0 r e s . p d f > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

M o h d T a i b , Z . , J a h a r u d d i n , N . & D a t o ’ M a n s o r , Z . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . A R e v i e w o f F l o o dD i s a s t e r a n d D i s a s t e r M a n a g e m e n t i n M a l a y s i a . I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o fA c c o u n t i n g & B u s i n e s s M a n a g e m e n t , [ e B o o k ] 4 ( 2 ) , p . 1 0 3 . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . f t m s . e d u . m y / j o u r n a l s / p d f / I J A B M / N o v 2 0 1 6 / 9 8 - 1 0 6 . p d f >( A c c e s s e d 1 8 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

M o n t a , J . L . ( 2 0 2 0 ) . ‘ H o w Y o u t h C a n H e l p F i g h t C l i m a t e C h a n g e ’ . V o i c e s o fY o u t h . 2 5 J u n e . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . v o i c e s o f y o u t h . o r g / b l o g / h o w - y o u t h - c a n - h e l p - f i g h t - c l i m a t e -c h a n g e > ( A c c e s s e d 1 9 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

M y d c l i m a t e . o r g . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . A b o u t U s | M a l a y s i a n Y o u t h D e l e g a t i o n . [ o n l i n e ]A v a i l a b l e a t : < h t t p s : / / m y d c l i m a t e . o r g / a b o u t - u s / > ( A c c e s s e d 1 6 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .


M y H u t a n . ( 2 0 2 0 ) ‘ T h e g r e a t e s t t h r e a t t o o u r p l a n e t i s t h e b e l i e f t h a t s o m e o n ee l s e w i l l s a v e i t ’ [ I n s t a g r a m ] . 1 J u n e . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / t w i t t e r . c o m / M y H u t a n / s t a t u s / 1 2 6 7 3 0 5 3 0 4 9 9 7 2 4 4 9 2 9 > ( A c c e s s e d 1 6A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h y S o c i e t y ( 2 0 2 1 ) . C l i m a t e C h a n g e . [ o n l i n e ] N a t i o n a lG e o g r a p h i c S o c i e t y . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . n a t i o n a l g e o g r a p h i c . o r g / e n c y c l o p e d i a / c l i m a t e - c h a n g e / >( A c c e s s e d 1 3 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

O n g , B . e t a l ( 2 0 2 0 ) . I n s e a r c h o f t h e M a l a y s i a n P o l a r B e a r : L o c a l i s i n g c l i m a t en a r r a t i v e s a m o n g y o u t h [ o n l i n e ] . U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P r o g r a m m e .A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . m y . u n d p . o r g / c o n t e n t / m a l a y s i a / e n / h o m e / b l o g / 2 0 2 0 / i n - s e a r c h -o f - t h e - m a l a y s i a n - p o l a r - b e a r - - l o c a l i s i n g - c l i m a t e - n a r r a t . h t m l > ( A c c e s s e d 6M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

P a n d v e , H . T . , D e s h m u k h , P . R . , P a n d v e , R . T . & P a t i l , N . R . ( 2 0 0 9 ) . R o l e o f y o u t hi n c o m b a t i n g c l i m a t e c h a n g e . I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f O c c u p a t i o n a l a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a lM e d i c i n e , 1 3 ( 2 ) , p . 1 0 5 . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . n c b i . n l m . n i h . g o v / p m c / a r t i c l e s / P M C 2 8 4 7 3 2 6 / > ( A c c e s s e d 1 1M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t . ( 2 0 0 9 ) . M a l a y s i a : N a t i o n a l s l o p e m a s t e r p l a n 2 0 0 9 -2 0 2 3 . [ e B o o k ] K u a l a L u m p u r : G o v e r n m e n t o f M a l a y s i a . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / r e l i e f w e b . i n t / s i t e s / r e l i e f w e b . i n t / f i l e s / r e s o u r c e s / D i s a s t e r % 2 0 R i s k % 20 R e d u c t i o n % 2 0 i n % 2 0 M a l a y s i a % 2 0 S t a t u s % 2 0 R e p o r t % 2 0 2 0 2 0 . p d f > ( A c c e s s e d2 0 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

R a h m a n , H . A . & M a p j a b i l , J . ( 2 0 1 7 ) . ‘ L a n d s l i d e s D i s a s t e r i n M a l a y s i a : a nO v e r v i e w ’ . H e a l t h a n d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t J o u r n a l , 1 8 ( 1 ) , p . 5 8 . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / p u b l i c a t i o n / 3 2 1 0 9 6 7 6 4 _ L a n d s l i d e s _ D i s a s t e r _ in _ M a l a y s i a _ a n _ O v e r v i e w > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

T h e C l i m a t e R e a l i t y P r o j e c t . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . T h e F a c t s A b o u t C l i m a t e C h a n g e a n dD r o u g h t . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . c l i m a t e r e a l i t y p r o j e c t . o r g / b l o g / f a c t s - a b o u t - c l i m a t e - c h a n g e - a n d -d r o u g h t > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

T h e S t a r . ( 2 0 2 0 ) . ‘ A i r q u a l i t y i n M ’ s i a g e t t i n g w o r s e ’ . T h e S t a r . 1 2 J a n u a r y .[ o n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . t h e s t a r . c o m . m y / n e w s / n a t i o n / 2 0 2 0 / 0 1 / 1 2 / a i r - q u a l i t y - i n - m s i a -g e t t i n g - w o r s e > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

U N D P , U N I C E F & E c o K n i g h t s . ( 2 0 2 0 ) . C h a n g e f o r C l i m a t e : F i n d i n g s f r o m t h eN a t i o n a l Y o u t h C l i m a t e C h a n g e S u r v e y M a l a y s i a . [ o n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . u n i c e f . o r g / m a l a y s i a / r e p o r t s / r e p o r t - c h a n g e - c l i m a t e > ( A c c e s s e d4 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .


U N O f f i c e f o r D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n ( U N D R R ) & A s i a n D i s a s t e rP r e p a r e d n e s s C e n t e r ( a d p c ) . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n M a l a y s i a .[ e B o o k ] U N D R R . A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / r e l i e f w e b . i n t / s i t e s / r e l i e f w e b . i n t / f i l e s / r e s o u r c e s / D i s a s t e r % 2 0 R i s k % 20 R e d u c t i o n % 2 0 i n % 2 0 M a l a y s i a % 2 0 S t a t u s % 2 0 R e p o r t % 2 0 2 0 2 0 . p d f > ( A c c e s s e d2 0 M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ) .

U r b a n C l i m a t e C h a n g e R e s e a r c h N e t w o r k ( U C C R N ) . ( 2 0 1 8 ) . T h e F u t u r e W eD o n ’ t W a n t : H o w C l i m a t e C h a n g e C o u l d I m p a c t t h e W o r l d ’ s G r e a t e s t C i t i e s .U C C R N T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t . [ e B o o k ] . A v a i l a b l e a t : < h t t p s : / / c 4 0 - p r o d u c t i o n -i m a g e s . s 3 . a m a z o n a w s . c o m / o t h e r _ u p l o a d s / i m a g e s / 1 7 8 9 _ F u t u r e _ W e _ D o n ' t _ W a nt _ R e p o r t _ 1 . 4 _ h i - r e s _ 1 2 0 6 1 8 . o r i g i n a l . p d f > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

V a l e n t i n e , O . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . S o c i a l M e d i a ’ s I n f l u e n c e o n G r e e n C o n s u m e r i s m . [ B l o g ]W e A r e S o c i a l , A v a i l a b l e a t : < h t t p s : / / w e a r e s o c i a l . c o m / b l o g / 2 0 1 9 / 1 1 / s o c i a l -m e d i a s - i n f l u e n c e - o n - g r e e n - c o n s u m e r i s m > ( A c c e s s e d 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

Y a n a l a g a r a n , R . a n d R a m l i , N . ( 2 0 1 8 ) . ‘ A s s e s s m e n t o f c o a s t a l e r o s i o n r e l a t e d t ow i n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n p e n i n s u l a r M a l a y s i a ’ . J o u r n a l o f E n g i n e e r i n g S c i e n c e a n dT e c h n o l o g y , 1 3 : 3 6 7 7 - 3 6 9 0 [ o n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e a t :h t t p s : / / w w w . r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / p u b l i c a t i o n / 3 2 9 5 8 7 4 0 5 _ A s s e s s m e n t _ o f _ c o a s t a l_ e r o s i o n _ r e l a t e d _ t o _ w i n d _ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s _ i n _ p e n i n s u l a r _ M a l a y s i a ( A c c e s s e d2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

Y u n u s , A . a n d L a n d a u , E . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . ' Y o u t h ' n o w d e f i n e d a s t h o s e b e t w e e n 1 5 a n d3 0 . N e w S t r a i t s T i m e s . 3 J u l y . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p s : / / w w w . n s t . c o m . m y / n e w s / n a t i o n / 2 0 1 9 / 0 7 / 5 0 1 2 8 8 / y o u t h - n o w - d e f i n e d -t h o s e - b e t w e e n - 1 5 - a n d - 3 0 > ( A c c e s s e d 2 0 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .

Z a l i n a M . D . , N o r a z i z i M . a n d N o r z a i d a A . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . ‘ P u b l i c k n o w l e d g e o f c l i m a t ec h a n g e : M a l a y s i a ’ s p e r s p e c t i v e ’ . T h e 2 n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n H u m a nC a p i t a l a n d K n o w l e d g e M a n a g e m e n t . [ e B o o k ] A v a i l a b l e a t :< h t t p : / / e p r i n t s . u t m . m y / i d / e p r i n t / 6 3 4 1 9 / 1 / Z a l i n a M o h d D a u d 2 0 1 5 _ P u b l i c K n o w le d g e o f C l i m a t e C h a n g e M a l a y s i a . p d f > ( A c c e s s e d 1 7 A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ) .


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