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T. E. Brown as revealed in his letters and poems Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Felmley, Mildred H. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 22/02/2021 11:55:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553121

T. E. Brown as revealed in his letters and poems · it a biography of Thomas Edward Brown, as irevcalcd in his poems and letters* in the diaouaBton of his writings, I wish, also,

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Page 1: T. E. Brown as revealed in his letters and poems · it a biography of Thomas Edward Brown, as irevcalcd in his poems and letters* in the diaouaBton of his writings, I wish, also,

T. E. Brown as revealed in his letters and poems

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Felmley, Mildred H.

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this materialis made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona.Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such aspublic display or performance) of protected items is prohibitedexcept with permission of the author.

Download date 22/02/2021 11:55:45

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553121

Page 2: T. E. Brown as revealed in his letters and poems · it a biography of Thomas Edward Brown, as irevcalcd in his poems and letters* in the diaouaBton of his writings, I wish, also,

I.B. Brown aa Hevoaloa in Hi a Letters and Pocias,

byMildred Felmley

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementa for the degree of

Master of Arts

in the College of Letters, Arts, and soienoea, of the

University of Arizona

1981.

S, >.

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; tn

> Vs'V'A

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F0R3W0RD

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in 1900 a two volume edition of the letters of an English schoolmaster poet, Thomas Edward Brown, more familiarly known as was presented to the public.The volumes, edited by Sidney T. Irwin, a contemporary in* atruotor at Clifton, achieved instant popularity. So wide­spread was the interest in the letters that Macmillan publish­ed a Complete Edition of Brown’s poems• After a few months of extensive sales, the fascinating letters disappeared from the book counters almost as suddenly as they had appeared. They are now out of print; and, except for an occasional set which may have strayed into a second hand book shop, no copies are obtainable.

Thirty years later, admirers of Brown, in­cluding many of his loyal ex-Jyipila, and otaers who appreciated the ability and literary charm evident in both poems and let­ters, planned a centenary celebration in his honor• There has been, then, a revival of interest in both poems and letters. With the exception of the introductory remarks in the books published, a few brief critical reviews, and some magazine ar­ticles, little has been written of the man. Ho adequate bi­ography has been written. Both the poems and letters, especi­ally the letters, are decidedly self-revealing•

I am, therefore, attempting to construct

i79825

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it

a biography of Thomas Edward Brown, as irevcalcd in his poems and letters* in the diaouaBton of his writings, I wish, also, to show the influence of his poems upon his letters, and to use the letters as examples to give some idea of the relation* ship between the letter and the familiar essay as types of literature. To show this resemblance. Brown's letters are particularly good.

To Illustrate Brown's delightful style, especially since the Letters are out of print, I shall quote very freely from them, giving a few almost entire •

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OUgLIilB

T.E. Bi'ovm as Bevoaled in His Let tor a and Poems.

Introduction.Because of hia centenary last year, 1930, 2.E. Brown has been of eepeoial Interest to the literary public.

X. Sketch of life of $.B. Brown* (Largely taken from letters and poems.iA* Early homo life at Braddan Vicarage.B. Parents.

1. Bather a literary parson.2. Mother an intelligent scotch woman.

0. Early nature influence.D. schooling.

1. King William? a .a. Special interest in classics, b» Friendships formed.

2. Oxford.a. unhappy life as servitor*b. Brilliant record.o. Fellowship at Oriel.d. Sours thru neighboring countryside*

E. Teaching.1* King William’s.

H i

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iv

a. Marriage.b. Visits from friends4

2. Gloueeeter Episode.a. An untisppy experienee.b. love for Isle of Man intensified, o; Travels.d. influence upon V7»B. Henloy.

3. Clifton.a. Interview v/ith principal.b. Friendships with masters,o. Influence upon students.d. Influences of surrounding country.e. Travels.f. writing of po*C s'le Yarns.g. sorrows.

F. later days at Ramsey.1. Joy at being free from teaching.2. Interest in music and eong writing.3. V/ork as pastor of two parishes.4. Occupation as lecturer.5. Strengthened interest in Manx.6. Interest in literary criticism.

G* Death at Clifton.II. Brown as revealed in the letters.

A • His home, the Isle of Man.B« Portrayal of Manx character.

1. Speech.

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2.. Loyalty.3. BarnoutneBo.4.. Love of goauip.5. Love of homo..6. Suporatltionu.7. Exaggeration#.8. Heligioua nature.9. Love of umtimal.

G. Characteristics of Bmoa#1. Love of nature.

a. Love of landscape.b . Love of #e«uc. Love of birds.d. Love of flov/ora.

2. Power of dosorlptlan.3. Religion.4. Philosophy.5. Interest In children.S# Ability as literary critics.

a. Love for classics.b. Interest in eontemporary literature.

De Relation of Brown* s letters to familiar essay. E* Relation of Brown*a letters to his poems•

H I . Brown as revealed In the poems.A. Poems revealing earlier life.

1. Braddan Vicarage.

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2. old John*3* Clifton.

B* Poeraa revealing attitude towards life.1. Those shooing sympathy with people in sorrow.2. Those revealing his optimism.3. nature poems.4. Religious poems.6. Those showing his interest in alassies•6. Those revealing keen insight into eharaeter.

0. polo«a»le Yarns.1. sayings of Tom Baynes believed to he Brown's own ideas.2. Characters typical lianx characters.3. Some of poems old lianx legends.4. Poems popular with Manx.6. Poems written to reveal character rather than story.

D* Bxeellenco of style evident in poems.Conclusion.

It is probable that T»E* Brown will have a growing popularity; he should be better known.

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"T. B. B.»

"He looked half parson and half skipper, a quaint, Beautiful blend, with blue eyes good to see And old-world whiskers. You found him oynio, saint. Salt, humorist, Christian, poet; with a free yar-glenoing, luminous utterance, and a heart Large as St. Francis*S: withal a brainStored with experience, letters, fancy, art,And scored with tunes of human joy and pain.Till six-and-eixty years he used his gift.Hie gift unparalleled of laughter and tears.And left the world a higher piled, golden drift Of verse; to grow more golden with the years,Till the Great Silence fallen upon his ways Break into song, and he that had Love have praise."

W. 3. Henley.

vii

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T. B. m o w AS R3VEAISD III HIS ISIfBRS ABD PCEMS.

Last year, in 1930, in the pictnrestue little Isle of Man was held a great celebration; it was the en»»hiin4zeAth anniversary of the birth of the greatest man ever bora on the island. The same year, across the Interven­ing strip of sea, a celebration was held in England, at Clifton; it was the centenary of one of the most interesting, influential teachers who had worked among the boys there• The purpose of both occasions was to honor the same man, - Thomas Edward Brown, more familiarly known as $• 2. Brown, or even 2. E# B» While these events did not oause any great furore in the united states of imorioa, yet timely articles appeared in The Bookman, The nineteenth Century Magazine, and The Contemporary Review, sales of his poems increased to such an extent that Macmillan was forced to reprint an edition of his selected poems in the golden Treasury series.

It was thru Mr. S. ?. Pattison, the Head of our English Department, that I first became acquainted with T. E« Brown. He suggested that I read the man*s fascinating Letters and poems, since the centenary was being observed. He even loan­ed me his copy of the Letters - they now being out of print - and assured me I had a great pleasure before me. How great that pleasure was to be, I had no idea. Forgotten were themes andstudents; neglected was sleepl Here was something far more im-

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port ant— a now diaooreryl I was charmed with the Lettors, thrilled with the Fo'c*8*le Yarna, and deeply moved by^Mater Dolorosa and 2Abor station#. Deoidedly impressed by Brown’s evident eoholarship, I was delighted with his whimsical style and simple, wholesome spirit. After reading Brown, my great regret is that eomparativoly few people have experienced this pleasure of mine; that he is not much better known.

21

Collected poems by T. E. Collected Poems. p. 702.

Brown. P- 31.

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I. SKETCH OP TH3 LIPS OF T. S. BR07/I1

ihomas Edward Brown was b o m on May 5,1830, at Douglas, Isle of Man, where his father, the Rever­end Robert Brown, was inmmbent of St. Matthew*s ehmreh.When young Tom, as he was always known on the Island, was but two years old, his father was made vicar of Kirk Braddon, near Douglas# It is around the old vicarage of Braddon that Brown*o early memories center. Mr. Irwin tells us that this "vicarage was a low white house, with an upper floor that sloped as in old inns# The garden was in squares of fruit and vegetables, and bordered by flower beds. The flowers wore chiefly moss and cab­bage roses, narcissus and wallflowers. It is not unimportant to mention these things, as flowers had an extraordinary fascination for him.... to the east the view from Braddon Vicarage included a strip of sea. The house looked south-east, and that view was bounded by Douglas Head. 'There were fields beyond the garden - the scene of the potato-picking and hay-carrying described in •Old John1 - and the house was sheltered by trees, ash and

sycamore#"in this lovely, homely spot, young Thomas

lived a simple, uneventful life* Sixth in a family of ten child­ren, he played with his brothers and sisters; together with Hugh 1 2

1 ------------ :-----------------------— ------- :------- — -------letters of Thomas Edward Brown, vol. 1, introductory Memoir

2 by S.T’ Irwin. p. 14.Old John, From selected poems, p. 3#

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and william* he helped the old scotch retainer, John McCullough, with the work of the field and the garden; listened to the old man1 a stories; climbed the mountains; and wandered by the sea* yor a short period he was taught by the parish schoolmaster, but this proved tmsatisfactory and the children were taught largely by their father. It is to his father that Brown owes his early instruction in Satin and that lore for style which marked his work thruont his life*

At an early age, fom became noil acquaintedwith the historical and English classics. Since hie father'seyesight was weak, the boys road to him, often for hours at atime. The deep interest aroused by these readings was manyyears later mentioned by Brown in one of his letters, when he

1said: "As children, my brother Harry and I illustrated historyat a groat rate* we hung the walls of our bedroom with thesepictures, Creek, Roman, English history." He goes on to say thatthe .interest of his parents in these pictures was so great thatthey left them on the walls till the boys wont away to school.•

. 2Of the father, Ur. Irwin tolls us that ?the

Vicar of Braddon was no ordinary man* Of this his published sermons, some of which I have read, are sufficient evidence* His son loved to tell of an occasion when he noticed a distinguished stranger In the congregation arrested and surprised into earnest attention by a preacher so uncommon.

"He was so fastidious about composition that

Letters. Introductory Memoir. p. 16.

1 Letters. Vol. 2. p. 146.

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he would make hi® Ban read some fragment of an Bngliuh classie to him before answering an invitationl fhero wore those who eould not understand how a man so [email protected] for BvangeIleal piety could attach so much importance to a question of style and manner. But his son was not one of them* 'To my father,* he said, 1 Style was like the instinct of personal cleanliness.

But he owed to his father more than an in­terest in the classics, more than the pronounced style which distinguished his work; he owed to him his great interest inhumanity, hie spirit of friendliness, and his insight into the

1very souls of the Manx people of all classes. *1 do lore the poor wastrels, and you are right, I have it from my father. Be had a way of taking for granted not only the innate virtue of these outcasts, but their unquestioned respectability;*.. hisrespect made them respectable.... To others my fhther was av ..perfect Port-y*«hee• ?o be in the same room with him was enough.... He was a hot hater, though, I can tell you. Be hated hypocrisy, he hated lying, and he hated presumption and pretentiousness. He loved sincerity, truth, and modesty. It seemed as if he felt sure that, with these virtues, the others could not fail to be present•" How well Brown describes his later self in this bit about his father!

The Reverend Robert Brown was not only a clergyman and a scholar; he was also somewhat of a poet. At one time he received a letter of appreciation from Wordsworth,

1Letters, fol. 2. p. 90.

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bocouoG of a reoently published poem. Altho T« B. B. did notthinlc much of hie father1 a poo tic ability, he did bolieve hehad soma okill as a writer of hymns* Probably the elder manwas too reserved end tealtorn to make a real poet; yet he

1was given to deep emotion in the pulpit• "Old John" alwaysliked "the roadster*s sermons best when he was cryin'

Altho the influence of the father .on thegrowing boy was strong, in all probability Brown owes moreof his success to his mother• prom her he got the combinationof humor and irony which wo find in him so many times* Shehad lived all her life on the Isle of Man; yet the imaginationof her scotch ancestry was strong in her; she passed this on

2to her son, Tom. He says of her, "A pure borderer she was­her father a Thomson from the Scotch side, her mother a Bir- kett from the Cumbrian side of Cheviot. I don't suppose the earth contains a stranger race, and she had all its strengths she was typical; so was my brother Hu$i•"

3Mr* Irwin further tolls us, "Mrs. Brown

was a diligent reader all her life, and a great reader of poetry* Besides literary feeling, she had a keen wit— a more daring and masculine wit, her son has told mo, than is common in women - and strong practical common sense* Of her son's affection for her, of his consciousness of all he owed to her and had inherited from her, of his self denying efforts to help her, there is testimony of every kind."

Old John, Collected poems, p. 3.

Letters, Yol. 1, intro. Mem, p. 17.

123 Letters. Yol. 1, p. 118.

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Brovm was very proud of hie scotch blood#At one time In his letters he tells us that he also has a root in Scottish ground; another time, he is sure some Scottish ancestral ghost rises in him to cause him to be 11 the victim of a perfect scotch erase;" again, ho finds that when he visits Scotland the people there can better appreciate him and are kinder to him because of hie Scot eharacteriatios# It is not often that we find the traits of parents so noticeably present in their children as they wore in T, B# Brown and his brother Hugh*

So the little boy grew older# Ihoro, on the little rooky island in the Irish sea, he welcomed each spring with its birds, tender green leaves, and delicate flowers; let his imagination wander as he roamed over the mountain meadows, or upthe ferny glens for which the Island is famous, or climbed over the

, ■ 3rooky cliffs by the sea; heard in the evening, "along the valley

She wind1s sad sough, half credulous of the taleHow from shieu-whallien moans the murdered witches1 wail";

dreamed of the historic scenes enacted years before in England,beyond the "purple ring that rises on a belt of blue"; and drankin the adventurous tales of the weather-beaten sailors as theyreturned from distant lands and far off seas. He suggests theabiding influence of these things upon his life in the lines f rom

Braddan Vicarage.

1 ̂ :8 letters, Vol. a, p. 85#» Bradden Vicarage, Poems, G. T . S. Ed., p. 4.° Poems, G* 3?# 3# Ed., p. 3.

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"I wonder If in that far isleSome child is gror/ing now, like me

When I was child; care-pricked, yet healed the while With halm of rook and Goa."

When fifteen years of age, he was sent to school at King William*8 college, at Douglas. Here he was an unusual student in Greek, Latin, and Englishe hut disliked mathematics so heartily that he refused to study it. Since he was a day-boy, he was seldom at school during the play hours; consequently, he formed few close friendships during these days."He had then, as throughout his life, a strong sense of humour,

with a keen eye for any little peculiarity of voice, or accent, or manner, and it is to he feared that hie rather indiscreet use of his great power of mimicry sometimes gave offense to those who did not know (as his more intimate friends did) how in­capable his kindly, gentle soul was of willingly hurting any one*a feelings." Three of the boys ho know at King William*s became life-long friends. These were Archdeacon Gill, Rector of Kirk Andreas in the isle of Man; the Archdeacon of Xanohesf ~ter, the Reverend J. 11. Wilson, who tells us that Brown was said

3to "know more than the masters", and "to have written the best Latin prose the University examiners have ever seen"; end the Vioe-Ohanoellor of Oxford, Dr. Fowler, president of Corpus, who used to go with Brown for long walks on half holidays, and to hold long youthful conversations with him about "literature,

1

poems, G. T. S. Ed., p. 3. 8 Letters intro* Mem. p. 20. .3 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 18 4 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 21.

1

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polities, theology, and perhaps above all, the feeaatiful scenery.”While the boy vjas at King William1 e, his

father died very suddenly. Always very poor, the family became almost poverty-stricken. Brown withdrew from the college in March, 1849, and studied by himself until the time came for him to go to Oxford, insOctober* letters which he wrote during his first days at oxford show his pressing need for money; they also show his consideration for his mother* He refused to accept funds which would in any way lessen her small income. Thru the kindness of Archdeacon Moore, he was able to obtain a servitor- ship at Christ Church, in an article in Macmillan*s Magazine, he told the public of some of his experiences as servitor; prob­ably no one will ever know how deeply his sensitive nature was affected by the humiliations he had to undergo. One of his friends of later years regretted that Brown had not entered Balliol• He felt that there, in the sympathetic environment of men more like himself, the literary spark within him might have been fanned into a much greater flame, perhaps one so great that its reflections might have boon caught on tho literary sky down • thru the ages following. But he did not go to Balliol; he want to Christ Church, as a Servitor, and never In his life recovered entirely from the feeling of inferiority that position cast upon him.

VC do not have much intimate knowledge of the Oxford days; tho letters preserved are few. He writes his mother of his hearing Jewett preach; he writes of interesting walking tours thru picturesque England; he tells her that the excellent

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examination he wrote for the Orsrea Seholarahip so pleased Dr.Jacobson (Regius Professor of Divinity, Canon of Christ Obnroh)that the old gentleman presented him with a handsome copy of

1Baehr's Herodotus, "beautifully and strongly bound in ealf gilt, in 4 vols•n, as an appreciation of his work, in this letter, he speaks of a visit to the same Dr. Jacobson, when he . found him in "the graceful neglige' of shirt sleevesnl Even now we find the influence of Burton noticeable, when ho says, "I think there is nothing in any language so beautiful as the long- drawn sighs of passionate mo lane holy expressed in our most path­etic poets; •. .whoever wrote the pleasures of melancholy (I don’t remember now) just hit my notion."

While at Oxford, ho gained a wide and thor­ough acquaintance with the classics* * His interest here never

5waned, and more than once ho exclaimed in his letters, "Ah, sir,that Greek stuff penetrates". In various other places in hisletters are remarks "in which we catch that note of deep ecm-4serration which characterizes him.” He also learned "to love 1 quaint books' like Wood's Athonae oxonlenses; ho cultivated music, which he had studied as a boy, and to which he was passion­ately devoted thraout his life, tho his straitened means may have hampered his freedom;... and above all, he had already begun 'to pink up racy anecdotes', wherein we see him started on one of his

1Letters, Vol. 1, p. 58

* Letters, Vol. 1, p. 59 I Letters, Vol. 1, p. 194* Poems, G. !E. S. Ed., Intro, p. 41.

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major life-long quests•«1"in 1853 he took a Double First, but, to his

hitter mortification* his sorvltorship was considerod a bar to his election as a student, and ho records that the first night after his Double First was •one of the most intensely miserable I was ever called to endure1 in April of the following year, however, he was able to write good news to his mother.

"I am delighted to announce the fact of my success at Oriel.... The glory of tho thing is that to gain a Fellowship at Oriel is considered the summit of an Oxford man's ambition* The Follows of Oriel are the picked men of the univer­sity; and this year there happens to be an unusually large num­ber of very distinguished men in. This is none of your empty honours • It gives me an income of about h 500 per ann; as long as I ohoeee to reside at Oxford, and about i 220 in cash if I re­side elsewhere. In addition to this it puts mo in a highly com­manding position for pupils, so that on tho whole I have every reason to expect (except perhaps the first year) I shall make between a 500 and a 600 together per ann. So you see, my dear mother, that your prayers have not been unanswered, and that God will bless the generation of those who humbly strive to serve Him. You are new (it is unnecessary to say), if my life is spared., put out of the reach of all want, and, I hope, henceforth need never again give yourself, a single anxious thought or care about money matters.... I have now gained the very summit of my hopes

IPoems, G. T. S. Ed., Intro, p. 41.

* Letters, yol. 1, p. 66.

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at oxford; and hope that I may be able to make good use of my position with a view to my future life. But my first thought was and is of you, and tho pride which (though I say it) you may reasonably take in my sueces's.... I hope that you will aooept the oriel scholarship as a proof that your son hes met as yet lived quite in vain."

He found, however, that he did not enjoy tho life of a Follow at Oriel; ho did not enjoy tho tutoring; so in 1856, after having been ordained deacon, ho left for the Isle of Men, where he became Viee-prlnoipal of King William’s College.

In 1857 Brown married his cousin. Miss Alice Stowell, the daughter of Dr. Stowoll of Ramsey, in the little island ohureh of Kirk Maughauld, a place forever after most sacred of all his island hamate. His old school fellow, Dr. fowler, journeyed to the Isle of Man to perform the ceremony. There are no letters to mark the days at King william’s. Mr. Wilson, how­ever, used to vieit him during vacation times, and told of longwalks, short trips on the water - where Brown was a master hand

1with the sail, - and interesting evenings - "such oteries and conversations, and involuntary mimicry - every storyutold so as to reproduce the very man of whom the story was told."

In 1861 ho left King William’s College and his beloved island to assume the bead mastership of the Crypt School at Gloucester. They were not happy days, the ones spent

Letters, Intro. Mem. p. B8.1

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fit giouoeeter. While he reveled, in the befinty ef the English landscapef and enjoyed the long walks with his wife and his friends, the irksome duties of managing a school under un* congenial conditions wore more than he could enduro. Ho told his mother that ho wag gradually becoming Mthick-skinned in the presence of annoyances." Probably the one bright spot in the whole "Gloucester episode," as he termed it, was the satis­faction of mooting, knowing, and influencing the youthful W* E* Henley• Mr. Horatio p. Brown, an old Clifton pupil, believedthat there was another far-reaching influence of those unhappy2days, this one upon 2. B. Brown himself; that "what ho called ’the Gloucester Episode * woke that inveterate longing for hi# Island which novor loft him, and to his mother he declares him­self as ’one of the most patriotic exiles it can boast*." .

in 1864, thru the efforts of his old friend, Mr. Wilson, ho was offered a position, as Master of the Modern Side, on the staff of Clifton College, by the new headmaster,Dr. Poroival, later Bishop of Hereford. Mr. Wilson tolls of the meeting of Brown and Dr. percival:

"He came over (to Rugby) to be interview­ed. He spent an evening at my lodgings. About half a dozen of us dined there. I warned Brown that he must be on his good be­havior* He did not take my advice* Sever was Brown so great.I still remember the Manx songs with their odd discordant piano-

12 Letters, intro. Mem,, p. 28.Poems, G. 3. S. Ed*, Introductions, p. zll.

° Letters, Vol* 1. Intro. Mem., p. 28.

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forte aooompanimont.and final shriek; the paradoses; the torrent of fun and talk; and the storiee*-

'Stories, Stories, nothing but stories,Spinnin* away to the height of your glories.'

Ferolvel, I think, was the first to leave, his usual gravityhaving been completely shattered. next morning I asked him,net without anxiety, what he thought of Brown, 'oh, he'll do,'said poroival. And so ho came to Clifton." This was in 1608*

"And so he came to Clifton'." possiblythose are the most important words in the whole biography ofT. E. Brown, for the greater part of his life was spent there

1as schoolmaster. Mr. Horace Brown says that "the place, with its soft western climate, the downs, the Leigh woods, the Avon, the Severn, and the distant hills of Wales -'the prime of English Aroady'- made a deep impression upon him, producing that 'dream mood' of which he often speaks. It was there that Brown 'of the long solitary walks upon the downs', was developed, end it was there that most of his go'c's'lo Yarns and much of his other poetry were written, no doubt his passion for his native land and its scenery was heightened by absence, and by contrast with the softer airs and richer landscape of Clifton, and in that characteristic poem called Clifton he tolls us how his heart yearns book to the gorse, the heather, the liohena, the sea- thunder, and the silences of his island home."

Poems, G. T. 8. Ed. Intro., p. Xii1

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Wliilo ho vma liappy in hia sarroundinga at OlidTton, and with hia aasooiatoc, it is very doubtful if ho en­joyed m o h of the actual teaching. He rather resented hia call-

1 ' ing; and it was generally believed, Ur. Irwin says, that hewas ineffective and indifferent as a teacher much of the time.His boys were well aware that some of the lessons did not Inter­est him and that he wasted little time on them," but whore the literature or history was great they recognized - quite undis­tinguished pupils recognised - the difference, and spoke of those lessons as things they could never forgot." Ur. Irwin farther calls attention to the influence of Brown in hia Sun­day evening lectures, upon subjects usually of music or liter­ature, although at times he lectured of places, or even of

2 „ » morals# *A*eh4eaoon Wilson, Irwin remarks, reminded him of onecharacteristic sayingt *1 am certain God made fools for no toenjoy, but there must bo an economy of joy in the presence of

)a fool; you must not betray your enjoyment.” Ho was always,

. 3surprising his audioneee and his classes. "It did not matter,"according to Mr. Irwin, "whether he was reading or talking;what was seen end hoard was an individuality by which the leastinteresting, least interested part of hia audience must havebeen arrested as no presence had ever arrested them before."

She Bishop of Hereford ha# described the 5Brown of Clifton days. "To compare Brown with the average run

of oven the moot distinguished men who are all around us is

3— ------------------- ---------------:----------------------------Letters. Intro. Mem., p. 32.

„ Letters, Vol. 1., p. 33 8 Letters, Vol. 1., p. 30.

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•IS*1

like trying to compare the Bay of Haplea with an English bay or seotoh loetu we can find plenty of beauty in the familiar northern scenes; but we miss the pent-up forces, the volcanic outbursts, the tropic glow, and all the surprisingly manifold and tender and sweet-scented outpourings of soil and sunshine, so spontaneous, so inexhaustibly rich, and with the great heat of fire burning and palpitating underneath all the time*"

Ur* Horatio p* Brown, who was in a special history class under 2. E* Brown, says that the recollection he has la that his was the most vivid teaching he ever received; great breadth of view and poetical, almost passionate power of presentment* He said that in reading proude1 a History he could never forget how it was 2. B. B**s words, T. E. B.*s voice, net the historian1a, that made him feel the great democratic function which the monasteries performed in England; the view became alive in his mouth,- all set forth with such a dramatic force and aided by such a splendid voice that it left an in­delible impression upon his mind. H. F. Brown further comments on 2. E. !.*a appreciation of style - and tolls how he made what had seemed to be a dry passage fairly live. He continues;*Of course it was all there before, in the book itself, and other people had said it all, time and time again; but for me it was Brown*s voice, Brown*a perception, that made it real. I think he got at me thru the imagination.... He certainly had the power of making mo want to please him.... He never spoke to mo out of school, and I never knew him at all privately or sooi-

I ■Letters, intro. Mem. p. 66

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ally at that time, but his personality male a groat impression| M s slow sort of urgent walk, like Loviathan, his thick mass* ive figure, above all his voice, I used to see him in the diatanee on hi a lonely otrolla about the downs,, and his figure seemed to belong to, and to explain the dorms, the river, the woods, the Severn, and the far welsh Mila, I romeabor him walking in the rain, and looking as if he liked it, as I did. Personally, at that time 1 was afraid of him; but he stirred fancy, curiosity, imagination• I should say that his ed­ucational function lay in 'widening* * He was a 'widener* #He made ono feel that there was something beyond the school, beyond successful performance at lessons or at gams; there was a whiff of the groat world brought in by him."

When he had been six years at Clifton*$• E» grown wrote the poem Clifton, in which he expressed his attitude towards the life there. It appears in his Collected Poems with the six years changed to thrice nine; moat of M s friends seemed to think that change a mistake. They felt that the poem expressed merely the attitude of a certain mood; that he had two many pleasant memories of the place to keep the view*point continually.

1"I'm here at Clifton, grinding at the mill

My feet for thrlee nine barren years have trod;But there are rooks and waves at soarlett still.

And gone runs riot in d e n Chase-thank Godir'He insisted that this expressed his atti-

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Olifton. Collected Poems, p. 78.

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tude towards Ollfton at all times, however, and to maintain1 . .

his standpoint, w r o t e " M y whole life is in •Clifton*, alife steadfastly or normally rebellions against the callingto whieh olrenmetaaees liad compelled mo.... And so— -, a boyof boys, thought it was impatience of routine; really a verygood, if inadequate, solution."

in later years, when advising a formerpupil who irks at the bonds of touching, he gives us what he

2really thought of his job: W plan always was to recognizetwo lives as necessary.- the one the outer kapelistic life of drudgery, the other the inner and cherished life of the spirit.It is true that the one has a tendency to kill the other, but it must not, and you must see that it docs not.

"It*s an awfully large order, but we really need three lives - the life of pedagogic activity, as strenuous as you like; the social life nicely arranged, and kept in hand, but never regarded as serious; and the intellectual and spirit­ual life.

"The pedagogic is needful for bread and butter, also for a certain form of joy; of the inner life you know what I think; the social life is required of us and must be managed. You had better act on the supposition that you are never to make your bread and butter by anything but eohoolmaster- ing. That supposition, amounting to a oonriotlon, will keep you hard at it. Hake quite sure of that department. Your inner 1

1 letters, Vol. 1., p. 2022 Letters, Vol. 1., p. 212.

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work had better bo kept as a solaoe.". Brovm spent as much of his spare time as

he could in travel♦ This ranged from the long trips to Italy, Switzerland, soetland, the Wordsworth country in the north of England, and to his own dear Isle of Man in the longer vacations* to the tramps across the downs, and in the craggy hills of Wales on his short days off from duty, ge oven considered a trip to America, but decided that thero were two many desperate wild men in Denver for him to care to make the trip# He gives us an unusually vivid description of the Jungfrau in a letter written to his sister, Mrs. Williamson, after his return from a trip to Hurren in 1874.

1 .. •"Hurren faces the Jungfrau.- This glorious creature is your one object of interest from morning to night.It seems so near that you could fancy a stone might be thrown across to it. Between you and it is a broad valley* but so deep, and with sides so precipitous, that it is entirely out of sight. so the Jungfrau vls'-a'-vis'-es you frankly through the bright sweet intervening air. And then she has such moods; such unutterable smiles, such inscrutable sulks, such growls of rage suppressed, such thunder of avalanches, such erowne of stars, one evening our sunset was the real rose-pink you have heard of so much, it fades, you know, into a deathlike chalk- white * That Is the most awful thing. A sort of spasm seems to come over her face, and in an instant she is a corpse, rigid* 1

1Letters,- Vol. l.y p. 76.

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ana oh, so ooldt Holl, so oho died, and you folt ab if a groat soul had ebbed away into tho. Heaven of Heaven a; and thankful, but very sad, I went up to ray room, I was' reading by candle­light, for it goto dark immediately after sunset, when A. fthrlekad to mo to come to the window. What a Resurrection - •e gentle, bo tender-like that oonnot of Milton's about his , dead wife returning in vision! 5?ho moon had risen; and there was tho Jungfrau-oh chaste, oh blessed saint in glory everlast­ing! Then all the elemental spirits that haunt crevasses, and hover around peaks, all the patient powers that bear up the rook buttresses, and labour to sustain great slopes, all streams, and drifts, and flowers, and vapours, made a symphony, a time most solemn and rapturous. It was there, unheard perhaps, un* heard. I will not deny it; but there, nevertheless. A young Swiss felt it, and with exquisite delicacy feeling his way, as it were, to some expression, however inadequate, ho played a aonata of sclauaaim, and one or two of the songs, such as the Fruhllngsnacht. Forgive my rhapsodys but, you know, you dent get those things twice. And let me say just one word of what followed. The abyss below was a pot of boiling blackness, and on to this, end down into this, and all over this, the moonlight fell as meal falls on to porridge from nimbly sifting fingers. Moon-meal! That was it." •

Among his associates during his years at Clifton were moat of his life-long friends, tho men whose oerre- pondenee and visits made his last days happy, numbered among

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thorn wore 3* Irwin, who later edited the letters, H« G*Dakyns, J. R. Eosley, J. E. Pearson, G. H. Wollaston, A. H« Worthington, and P. M« Bartholomew# It was with these men that he rambled over the hills of England and Wales; with them he talked of current literature and the old classics; it was to them he road his long poems before publishing them. It was upon them he leaned at the times of his great troubles #If there had been nothing else at Clifton, hie friendship with these men would have made the years well worth while.

But it must not be forgotten that almostall 5# E. B ’s published poetry was written during his days atClifton. Betsy Lee appeared in Macmillan's Magazine ( May andApril 1873), then was published separately in 1873, and in 1881in the po'c's'le Yarns# In 1887, The Doctor and other poemsappeared; in 1889, The Manx Witch and other poems; and in 1893,Old John and other poems. Before they were published he used *0read these long narratives to his friends# Canon flewnsley, ina note, reminded Mr. J. R. Mosley of just such an evening, re-

1 'calling "specially a long after-supper-timo at the Read at Keswick, when one went right through a great part of 'The Doctor' before one thought of the stars and the rising moon, and the weary lend lady and the looked house-door, and the work of the morrow. And one stole back home a guilty and ashamed thing to find the light above Skiddaw, which had never quite died, was miving towards Helvellyn, and one felt that bed was almost an

^'letters, Bol. 1, p# 29.

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impo83ibiliT>y; one had been ao wakened all over by Brown's wild spirita,.hio loud peals of laughter, his merry wit, his boisterous almost schoolboy fun." It was in 1876 that $• B«Be wrote to j. R. Mozloy, "'$ho Doctor' is still in the long- clot he o of MS., and most likely will never be short-coated.It is enough: he has been born: the gossips have come andlooked at him, and said - What a remarkable ohildl how like his fatherIs

It was in April, 1076, that Brown lost hie boy, Braddan* For months afterwards he was crushed; his poem Aber Stations shows in part how deep the blow struck; AberStations with its hopeless questioning,

2."Oh, what is there to say?. Oh, what is there to think?"

with its re-iterated wail of "if he had lived, if ho had lived"; and its triumphant, yet mournful close,

"I have no willBut thine, o Godl I know that fhou art true - Be blue, 0 heavens, be bluel Be still, o Earth, be still."

in the fall and early winter of 1885, hewas kept indoors for months by a badly sprained ankle. Rowhe did rebel at being kept away from his graas-eonrered downs %

5He tells us at one time in his letters, "altogether, my holi­days must be given to the pursuit of health under one of her most obvious conditions, to wit, that of loeemotion. Ho pro- * 2 3

Letters, Vol. 1, p. 79.2 collected Poems, Afror stations, p. 708.3 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 118.

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greee that I may mako in this art will lead me as far as Ire­land. It is provoking, and indeed I am provoked, and dis­appointed, and rather weary.*1 A few days later, he wrote,• "There is one trick I would fain learn, and that is the homely trick of walking upon my logs like a man - tHomo sum*. Yob, but what * a the good of that, if I am only impluals and not Mpea? Positively the doctors have done nothing for me, and I am after all to go up and see sir James Paget. I eant walk 800 yards, and that is crawling.”

in 1886, he lost his brother, Hugh, in aletter to Miss Cannon, he shows a little of how deeply he misses

2that brother. "I begin to feel something like a wrecker down on a lee shore after sunset, watehing the M g ships. My brother has ringed me round all my life with moral strength and abet-~ tanoe; I hardly knew how mueh.... not direct control or sug­gestion, but a sort of taking each other for granted....

“in many ways I am content. My brother had had a glorious life, had hit hard, and thoroughly realised his blows• in his best lectures he has said things which arc con­tributions to the literature - hard-headed, racy, brilliant, humorous things; things most delightful, most original; things easily apprehended of and not easily forgotten by the people.

It is a great thing for his children to have had such a father- they speak of him as 1 their glorious father*•* i

i Letters, Vol. 1., p. 114.Letters, Vol. l f, p. 118.

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But the greatest sorrow of 2. E. B's life, came in July, 1888, when Mrs* Brown died. She had been fail­ing in health for a year; the summer before she had found sheoould not climb the mountains as readily as she always had

1done. When his little boy died, Brown was uncertain a® to the.future life; but with the death of his wife, his belief inimmortality beoamo absolute. He wrote Mr. Mozley at this time,S"Death is the key to another room, and it is the very next

room."3

So, as Horatio Brown tells us, "For twenty- eight years Brown passed a kind of dual existence at Clifton, teaching the boys and inspiring some of then, making close and warm friendships with the masters, and also with others in the town, leaving a deep imprint the school; but t^e inner man was withdrawn into the sacred rooesses of his family affections,, his long and solitary musinga on the downs, and the steady ac­cumulation of his poems, about which I believe he seldom spoke, tho the calm and the assurance with which... he forged ahead, clearly indicate that in literature lay his true life's work."

Sear the end of 1691, 2. E. B* was taken very ill. For some time it was feared he might not recover; then it took long to regain his strength. Before that strength was fully regained, his health gave way again, and in the au­tumn of that year, he gave up his mastership at Clifton, to re­turn to the Isle of Man to spend hie declining years.

_ -Letters, Vol. 1.* p. 128.

£ Letters, Vol; 1., p. 129;3 Poems, G. $. s. Ed. intro, xii

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Shortly before hia last days at Clifton,a commemoration aervico was held in hia honor. At this, theprincipal speaker was H. G. Dalcyna. In his Banal picture aqua

1style. Brown wrote of the event, ’'They drowned me in a bowl1,1 .e. presented me with a silver vessel in which you could baptize a baby by immersion." ,

He was very happy to get hone, back to the little island he had always loved so well, where he had spent several of his vacations every year of all those since he had left, a young boy, to go to oxford, in many ways his home­going was sad; there were so many memories of his wife, of the brother of whom ho had been so proud, of the mother to whom ho had always been a devoted son, - of the little boy named for his own childhood homol Ho settled down in Ramsey, moving for the last time to another home near:by in June, 1894# Here he lived with his son Birkett, and his daughters, watch­ing the little garden grow, delighting in the Msaz scenery, living with the Manx people, and renewing the memories and ties of his youth.

He reveled in his leisure time - writingto his still busy-in-the-classroom friends at Clifton that2"to be well shut of schools and things scholastic is a prime

bliss." yet he could not got away from a certain Interest inhis old work} again and again in his letters he begged for

3news • and more news of Clifton, once he wrote, "Hang it all!

1. letters, Vol. 1, p. 156.: letters, Vol. 1, p. 174.8 letters, Vol. 1, p. 228.

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if sohoolmaataring ia but a sorry buainoss, at any rate it mixes you up with contemporaries and compels you to take account of them.”

During his leisure days at Ramsey, he spent a great deal of his time reading from his dearly loved ©lassies, down thru contemporary literature,- so much @£ the latter that he wrote, ‘’much novel reading makes me, if not mad, yet dreadfully immoral.” He wrote to Hr. Mosley and Mr. Irwin that he had gone back to his youthful habit of memorise ing poetry# He spent much time with his musio, attempting to make a collection of Manx songs and to interest the people of tho Island in those songs - some of which ho wrote himself.He wandered over his beloved Island, rode to the top of Snae* fell on the train, visited and received visits from the promin­ent men of the island, sailed around it on one of the little steamers, with tho governor - and lectured.

Ho thought the lectures took too much times2*1 have resolved to give up tho platform; it is too dissipat­

ing. Still it was very pleasant. I spoke, i sang, I mimicked,I was thevY. buffoon, much to the satisfaction of my audience.” 2hen he found he had enjoyed the contact with the sober, litoral minded Manx so much that he could not do without it,- and backto the lecturing he wont, one thing troubled him continually

Sin his speakings ”our Manx folk cannot understand how one can laugh at a man and, at the same time, love and respect him.

• f 1

1 ~~ '_ Letters, Vol. 1, p. 209.| Letters, Vol.11, p. 30

Letters, Vol.11, p. 33.

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Want of hamor, I auppoae. Bit It is a groat nuisance, and a grant icapeftiment. I an getting borad by it, and shall prob­ably not trouble then much more." But in some blundering way, each time, the dear quaint people ahonod their love and ap­preciation for him, their pride in him, and he could not re­sist thorn# He even took upon himself clerical duties. Altho he had been ordained deacon before he left oxford, he did notassume priest’s orders till just before leaving Clifton. Here,

1m Homeland, he hovered, he said, "like some shabby old ’Angel of the Covenant*, over the ’spirituals* of too parishes toonty- eight miles apart, Bride, and St. Katthev/s, Douglas." Ee really did not think much of himself as a pastor, for ho said, "Bio parishes... depend on my vigilance; too congregations of ’hungry sheep look up and are not fed*, save with such orts as a very shabby divinity can supply. But, if they look up hungry, they look up kindly; I never saw ouch patient cheerful mortals. Ho doubt ’they’re marching thru Emmanuel’s grotmd’, but seme odds and ends of doctrinal turnips would not come in amiss. From me ’if aught of oaten stop or pastoral song’ can obviate ’the rank mist they draw*, well and good. But I fear me much my ’lean and flashy songs’ have an air of the ’scrannel pipe’

All thru M s letters we have evidences of the groat joy and satisfaction he finds in the natural life about him, particularly in the plant life. Booh spring he watches for the first flowers; each fall for the last one. At one time when he 1 2

1Letters, Vol. 11, p. 155

2 letters, Vol. 11, p. 155

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had not been fooling well, he wrote: "The- progress ofspring helps me much. The days are becoming glorious, andthe garden shows promise of rewarding the Adamic Birkett.Crocuses spring up like tongues of living fire, and hyacinthsdisplay a bona voluntas. Everything is late, but everythingis consentient and sound.’'

Tho crowds of visitors v/he swarmed overfrom the mills of Liverpool and Manchester for week ends onthe attractive Isle of Man worried him. Time and again, he

'2mentioned how he tried to get away from them. "I delicately and carefully folio# this ridge,.*, and thus escape; very few people go up there.” At another time he went to a favorite glen, where for years he had picked blaeberries, only to find visitors ahead of him. His indignation was great, for, ' :,A bear robbed of her young is nothing to a blaoborry-picker cheat­ed of his blaeberries." But to hia great joy, the next morn­ing he found much finer blaeberries farther on,- and so had his blaeberry pie, after alll

in 1894, he was offered the Archdeaconry of Man, but he refused the honor* |e felt that he had purchased his freedom at some coat, and did not wish to part with it. He

. felt that Literature was his real calling and that ho must have absolute freedom to follow it; must not be limited in any way. An Archdeaeon might not have this freedom. Then, toe, he hoped that his cousin, Hugh Gill, might be given the honor.

1

Letters, Vol. 11, p. 94. Letters, Vol. 1, p. 119. Letters, Vol. 1, p. 200.

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As the weeks and months passed by, hefelt himself aging sadly. He ootsld no longer wander forhours over the little island, as he had boon wont to dosinco boyhood, so deeply did this grieve him that in liareh,189o, ho wrote, "It's no use living if I aorta walk and oliahcliffs." Things began to worry him. A servant girl on theplace became insane, once this would have meant little tohim; perhaps, in a sympathetic, yet humorous manner, he mighthave mimicked her. How, the close contemplation of dementia

2almost killed him, he said. He was afraid that he had anaffinity for it. He brooded. Fortunately, a brother of thewoman called for her, and took her away, in Hay, 1897, whenlecturing at Castletown, he lost his voice. This worried him.

3in June, he wrote Mr. Irwin, ”1 am often very weary, and be­gin to feel that any exertion drains, or, at any rate, strains me. The doctor does not attend me as a regular patient; very intermittently he looks me over, and I dont like to force his reticence. Old age, perhaps, accounts for my condition, but the change has been sudden* What I could have done without a thought a year ago is now far above out of my sight. The li­ability to neuralgic pains is a novelty and very distressing* The onset of senility altogether is both distressing and hu­miliating* n on September the nineteenth he preached at St. Matthews, in Douglas, Afterwards, he could net sleep* He 1

1 ' c letters, Vol* 11, p. 167." letters, Vol. 11, p. 190.° letters, Vol. 11, p. 817.

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had been Invited, urged, to go to Clifton to speak on the theme of ghe Ideal Clifton to the beys of his old House, on the twenty-ninth of October* Ho hesitated about going, for fear the trip might be too much of an undertaking* But the temptation to see Clifton and his old friends - and to talk to the boy# again - proved too much for him; he had to got

Leaving the island on the first of Oc­tober, he had a rough trip to England* After visiting the Wollastons for ten days, he went to Cardiff for ten days to visit hie sister, coming back to Clifton on Monday, October the twenty-fifth* on Wednesday evening, accompanied by Mr. Wollaston, he attended a Richter concert, which he enjoyed very much. Thursday evening, he dined with Mr. Irwin, open the request of the sister of his host, he started to read one of hie poems, but did not finish it; ho was too tired. On Friday evening, ho began his speech to the boys of his House, speaking with groat vigor; then suddenly, hie voice grew thick, and he seemed to stagger* He died in less than two hours. He did not live to experience the senility ho fearedl

There seemed to be something singularly fitting in the manner of his death. It was beautiful that he could go b o Suddenly, in the place where be had so long la­boured, among boys like the ones he himself had so deeply in­fluenced in other years; there where he had known some of his greatest joys, and certainly his deepest sorrows*

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XI. BROVffl A3 RBVBAISD M TEE 1*82*853.

Before one attempts to become well ac­quainted with the writings of 2* B* Brown* he should know something of the isle of Man; for almost all of the letters and poems reflect the spirit of the place. It is not large, that hilly island in the Irish sea,- just about thirty-three miles long and twelve across* It is, in the main, oval in Shape* with close juxtaposition of mountain; glen, and sea.A mountain chain runs from the north east, culminating in Snaefell, some two thousand feet high. Abrupt cliffs mark the joining of the mountains and the sea. She other two sides of the island contain rich rolling plains where cattle and sheep graze, and where small farms are to be found. For the most part, the scenery is exceedingly picturesque, with much rough granite rock, many steep-walled gullies, and dashing water falls, a tiny island, the Calf of Man, lies off to the side *

There are many trees, - fir, sycamore, and mountain ask; one finds heather there, and many gorge­ous ferns in the glens$ while there is not a wide variety in the flora, the flowers are unusually beautiful; indeed, the island is famous for its profusion of spring flowers.This is probably due in part to the wild, equable climate,

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and heavy rainfall#Antiquarians find many things of In­

terest on the island - the sculptured stone crosses; Castle Rusheen, once the palace of native kings, situated near Castletown, the ancient capital of the island; the Toner of Refuge near Douglas, the present capital of the island; §reeba Castle, not far from Peel, and the home of Hall Caine; as well as the old castle at Peel on St# Patrick's Isle, join­ed to the mainland by a causeway and dating from the early fifteenth century.

The people are simple, god-fearing, in­tensely loyal to their Island. Their interests lie largely in the lead and sine mines, in fishing, and in farming. Of more recent years, summer tourists, largely mill operatives of Lancashire and Yorkshire, have almost over run the place; and catering to the tourists now forms one of the most lucra­tive businesses. The Manx have their own peculiar laws, like no others in the world, their own form of government $ end even their religion is decidedly flavored with the Manx spirit. Except for the writings of Hall Caine and T» E. Brown, there is little Manx literature#

Most people, when they hear the words Isle of Man or Manx ooupled with the word literature, think of Hall Caine's Manxman and Deemster. It is generally believed that in these two novels he has given to the world the best pic­ture of Manx life ever presented. But this is a mistake, a-

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rislng from tho fact that comparatively fere people know T.E» Brown1o letters and poems. Much as he admires Hall Caine, much as he praises him. Brown has to admit that most of the Manx life presented in the Caine novels is an idealised life, worked over to fit the story, v/e can learn much from the letters, but much more from the po'c's'le Yarns concerning the true conditions of life in the Isle of Man and the charac­teristics of the people there* possibly we do not learn as much concerning the government of the island, but we learn vastly more of the people themselves, of their quaint speech, their customs, and the peculiar workings of their minds• For, exsept for tho Scotch blood inherited from his mother. Brown was thoroly Manx. He loved his island; he loved its people; he reveled in its scenery# He kept the interests of the Manx ever at heart, it was because he loved them'that he wrote of them - because he understood them and wished others to see them as he did; particularly did he wish his colleagues at Clifton to see, to understand, and tb love these quaint in­dividuals of his native island. With all their oddities, ho had an inborn pride in them*

In his letters, ho mentioned the loyalty of these simple minded folk to their country, and to each other; he spoke of the quiet lives they lived, with their homely pleasures, while at one time he bewailed their wantof a certain sort of humor, at another he mitigated this

1opinion: "Ihe tremendous earnestness of these blessed oldI — —Letters, Vol. 1, p. 171.

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Kelts does not debar them from a levity which in a imply o- thoreal and heavenly, ^iey have ouch faith in one, and un­bounded reverence for what they suppose to be one's 'lamin'*, end yet such sympathy with one's nonsense. They are indeed 'gleg at the uptakl' : never miss a point, nowever dodgy.The princess showed her thorough breeding by the discomfort she experienced from the one crumpled rose-leaf in a bed of roses. My dear old friends discover theirs by detecting the merest suggestion of a point thru all the wrinkles that I cancomplicate.* He told us of the inspiration ho received when-

1ever he visited the island in his Clifton-writing days. "It really does seem... as if the whole island was Quivering sad trembling all over with stories - they are like leaves on a tree. The people are always telling them to one another, and any morning or evening you hear, whether you like it or not, innumerable anecdotes, sayings, tragedies, comedies - I wonder whether they lie fearfully. They are a marvellously narrational community,M

One bit of life - he calls it an idyll - which he heard from an old seaman, he expected to put into a poem, but did not got it done. He told his friend, j. 5. Pearson, of it in a letter. Since its very appeal to Brownis indicative of certain traits in his own character, I shall

2include it here. "The Chickens Light-house lies off the island called the Calf of Man, due s«W. prom the shore of

1Letters, vol. 1, p. 128,

2 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 123.

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the Calf a long olopo runs up to the Croat of tho island; this slope exactly faces tho Chickens* Bear the top of the slope, nestling under the crags of the crest, are the cottages inhabited by the families of tho light-keepers, their doors opening out right towards the Ghiokeno far down below them.

"How the light keepers are absolutely separated from their families for three months at a time.But - and here is tho point - these good fellows hare of course a powerful telescope, and they solace themselves with

ilooking thru it at their children playing in front of the cottage door®. lent that beautiful? Ah, human heartsi Fancy on Sundays... how proud the mothers must bo to hae the bairns brae for the guitaan to see them thru the spying-glassl"

their superstitions amused him; At one time he wrote of visiting Qhlbbyrlnoh. "this purports," he said, "to be a sacred well; az*4 I dare say it has been one. The name means 'the well in the rock* . My friend and I sought it with the keenest interest, but all one found was a very • dirty puddle', and no appearance of rook. But the good people over here swear by these things• •Chibbyr-incbt ohibbyr- inohl My gough,' is it Ohibbyr-inoh? I've been at it scores of times. Wasn't tho ould people used to go up with bottles to get the water? Ter'ble good for sore eyes, they’re sayin*•

"Quite so, but all the same, no one has any real vital memory or knowledge; and thus it is with all

1Setters, Vol. 1, p. 137.

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Manx assertion®; the spirit of exaggeration, of gasconade, of total irresponsibility of saying anything that it may be convenient or flattering to themselves or others to saye • ••And how the feeling haunt# mo that I belong to this race!That the same spirit, ohastened a little, perhaps, is in me; that the very words I have just written sheer symptoms of this falling, a failing which may in the possession of a great Blaster become a positive source of treasure * but as possessed and used is wholly an impediment l I'he whole island seems strewn with the rubbish of slatternly inaccuracies and over­statements; it would be quite refreshing to take a nolle in the narrowest and least decorated lane of simple truth. I will read a few propositions of Euclid every morning." And so he showed us hie reaction to another peculiarity of the Manx people.

Brown called attention many times to the gossipy nature of the people - said that they were "only too glad to get into a ooosh with you, and they would talk all day, leaving a spade, or forsaking plough and horses to lean .over a hedge, leaning on something at any rate, end talking away, their talk is bright, aimless rambling, not without dives into the depths, and pokes into your personality, above all e%&- goueraent the most absolute, and desire of inter-Qowsmnioatioa the most insatiable•" He bewailed the fact that the Manx seamen and fishermen were tending to become self conscious, that the

1Setters, Vol. 1, p. 142.

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•etrangera* were epoiling them. Ho wont on to say that this was not so with the farmer: "of course no one can make him understand that the visitors do him any good by raising the prices of hio produce, so he cares very little about them, and in no way guides himself according to them or their fash­ions."

In a letter to Hr. Irwin, he emphasised still another trait of those interesting people; "r/e are all agog for marvels• This is the normal condition of the Manx folk. Anything that seems to set at defiance the ordi­nary routine of natural experience fits in exactly with their mood, is accepted indeed as a positive bonus, fhey hunger and thirst for miracle; you can’t give them too much, impatient of science and all such trumpery, they welcome with delight this relegation to the ’First Cause1• Quite at home in the

primordial embrace, they snuggle to it, and are happy. Any­thing that could diminish the area of the marvellous is re­sented by them, it is a.philosophy of a sort, and they look so dismally at you if you enclose the smallest atom of space from the great common of the unexplained. And when they dohazard an explanation it is such fun." Brown, at another time,

8summed up his opinion of Manx character by saying, "The Manx­men is good and sound, and a man to live with, a lovable and livable man."

1letters, Vol. 11, p. 87.

2 letters, Vol. 1, p. 815.

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One cannot read the letters without feel­ing the tremendous influence which Haturo had upon the man; it dominated his whole life, never is he out of tune with his surroundings. He loved the sea; he loved the glens and crags, the rolling forms, one felt in his Clifton lettora that hie communication with the life of the out-of-doors was possibly the greatest influence in his life, The man was utterly miserable when kept inside from disability of any sort, The birds, especially of his own island, came in for their share of his notice; but it was the wild flowers of the island upon which he lavished his deepest love, his greatest attention. A few quotations, picked at random from the letters, best willillustrate this - as well as show his charming style,

1"February goes out like a snow-while lamb;

the sea round its nook like a blue ribbon.,..How about prim­roses? You lie too high, I should suppose, for wild one®. Crocuses must now be abundant. They are so here, a stick or two of Mesereon sends a shrewd thrust of spring smell through the borders; and lent lilies are preparing to bo gorgeous•But wild primroses - of them the faintest prognostic. I long to be out and seeing to all this; and soon I hope to be aidingand abetting in the most active manor.n

2"The other day Hugh and I went up Glen

Aldhyn, and picked many primroses, also one bluobill. It must

1letters, Vol. 1, p. 174.

2 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 181.

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bo very delightful to him handling these tender thing® after spun-yam and canvas• I should say the great plant hero is the wild honeysuckle• it is not in flower yet, of .course; but its foliage Is the prettiest and most engaging of any.”

"indeed, the Island blooms like a rose. Primroses make no secret of it now - they are everywhere, and begin to bring with them young blue-bells, •tor'ble shoy** but they'll soon get over that. I went up Sully Glen a bit tho other day: the gores there, as elsewhere, is a mass of goldenflame; and I heard the cuckoo."2

"Ballaglass is delicious in the sunlight with the beeohen spray breathing over it. Alfio its primroses are good, also its blue bells. as yet tho blue-bolls are hesi­tant, or apologetic. Of course you know that later on they will attend the funeral of the primroses with a mighty mourning of hyao in thine blooms; and them they will become quite cheeky and truculent, and make the ground their own. But now the Curragh is in its absolute perfection. "

*1 had a solitary ramble which lasted all day yesterday in Ballaugh curragh. The bog-bean is everywhere end in extraordinary form.... one of the loveliest, I think, of marsh plants* It insists upon growing right in tho water, and the water is so still, and therefore so clear. All bog, observe, black, tremendous bog, i,e« the bottom; but what

*1letters, Vol. 1, p. 164.■letters, Vol. 1, p. 186.

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wlth read and rush and flower, the Curragh, the combinationof land and water, the inextricable labyrinthine turning ofthe two clements, is a thing marvellous to sec, to smell,and Indeed to hoar. For the ouekoos were innumerable, and•orn-orakes aoraped their reaping colli with unwearied vigor#"

1»I found a foxglove family fairly out:

that, too, was early. The mountains had the midsummer smell - a wonderful oonooction; the glens perplexed mo with an even more subtle aroma. Upon smells it is hard to reflect, so that I have not yet determined what it was. The glens were very full of blue-hells, and the flower of the mountain-ash, but I don’t think I have got it; no... Heaven itself walked down the valley and lingered there, ‘and doludhed me ter’blo*

When at Haolemere, late in August, 1694, ho wrote, "The day was perfection; all round the domain the earlmaon heather rolls right up to the enclosure and mingles with the woods. I positively have to knock under about our Manx ling. This Surrey stuff* consisting of crimson bell, eat heather, and ling, is the finest I have ever seen anywhere•The woods are, of course, not to.be paralleled in the isle of Man; they are quite tumultuous, and remain as green as in June. There Is not the smallest appearance of decay; it looks like midsummer. But the rich golden grain reminds us that au­tumn is "dominant*•"

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1letters, vol. 1, p. 192.

8 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 59.

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•’Gorse has been terribly retarded, but will now assort itself; and, before another month has pass­ed, I shall be in the currafeh, among the bog-bean and listen­ing for the ouokoos. Mist lies upon the ground, but above itthere is fine blue air, and the sea is blue,"2

"•pour and twenty blank-birds baked in a pie*. Hot exaotly that; but four and twenty crocuses shin­ing in my garden. They look delightful and spring like. Snow­drops have been out a long time; but they look so like babioS1 funerals that I had rather they stayed away."

No one can read these expressions of his reaction to the Mature-life about him, and the picture of his vision of the Jungfrau, without realizing that Brown had a power of vivid description. He frequently gave objects almost faery-like personality. For he had enough of the Manx in him to believe in fairies. Indeed, the Isle of Man, with its dash­ing water falls and ferny glens, with the air of mystery per­vading it all, was made for fairies. Much of hie description

3was figurative. "It is so cold.... We have one color: itis grey, the grey of an old man«s beard, stubbly and unwaahen";4 *"Those dry dust-heaps where the hens wash themselves.in a kind

of earth-born snuff;” his description of a glorious breezy day,i

when the bay was lblue as indigo, tipped with white feathers, perfect," - all these and many more intrigue the reader*s im- 1 2 3 * 5

1letters, Vol. 11, p. 95.

2 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 193.3 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 80*| Letters, Vol. 11, p. 82. •5 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 50

1

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"Chalk, chalk, chalk - that is the coast, and coasts hare, to mo, always a blank and idiot look* $he cliffs seem to have no intelligent appreciation of whore they are, or what is expected of than; the very sea has got tiredof buffeting their poor pasty fronts."2

"Grey and grim, for the most part, is own * little eilan*'; but just at this moment I can look out upon a bright blue ooa* 2ho wind is blowing off the land, the bay therefore quite smooth, except for tho blosscd little wrinkles that get stronger and darker to about tho middle dis­tance, when the real state of affairs is manifested in the shape of breakers and general commotion."

Could any man write in such a way of these things if he did not feel them deeply? If they were not a part of his very soul? If Brown had read them, written by some One else, he surely would have written to s« P* Irwin, "aren't they delicious?"

in his earlier letters, he almost em­barrasses one at times by his outspoken religious fervor. Al­ways a devout man, as he grew older he became more settled in his religion. Altho the religious attitude crept out very fre­quently, it was not so obvious. To the end, he retained, with some variation, the religion of his youth. He passed thru the

1

1Letters, Vol. 1, p. 92.

1 Letters, Vol. 1,. p. 140,

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Victorian stroaa with hardly a rufflo in his ooronity; there was for a time a question in his mind concorning the immor­tality of the soul, 'out tho death of his wife removed all

1doubt. In 1898* he wrote, "Men who go in for 'now religions'must not apply to mo, I do not moan to say that 'tho old ishotter*, but I am content to drink the blessed old vintageas long as I am 11 qua. When I * drink it new in my Father'skingdom*, these bothers will bo of tho past."

If he was melancholy, as his friends sayho was at times* he had an explanation for it in a letter of

21895$ "If melancholy sometimes creeps into my letters, pray do not imagine that I am melancholy. Melancholy is the over­flow of everything.but, with me, only an overflow, not, how­ever, of melancholy. You have heard of harmonies in music. Well, such are my melancholies. Strike any note, and listen attentively; you will hear the harmonic« It is part of our­selves -'the elootrio chain wherewith we're darkly bound'? loneeneet Very good Byron, but very poor philosophy."

Back in 1885, he wrote a letter in which he gives .us an insight into the spirit of calm self possession which usually dominated his philosophy* Reading it, we wonder if it were this in his philosophy which in part influenced hisfamous pupil, W. E- Henley.

3"lethlng on earth would induce me to crocs

1letters, Vol. 1, p. 229.

“ letters, Vol. 11,, p. 151.3 letters, Vol. 1, p. 107.

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the bright blue of my oerenity. I have a great notion of be­ing the master of my own happiness, and not suffering it to be contingent on the manners and conduct of other people.

"If a man allots me, he does me no harm; but if his conduct is detrimental to the general good, if he is unjust, a villain in a high place, a seducer, a poison, a snare to the innocent, then have at himl though, constitution­ally, I had rather leave him alone.

"She sum of happiness in the world is not too large. I would like, if possible, to increase it by the modest contribution of my own store. If so, I must guard it from all disturbance; and poetry enables mo to do this, gives me a thousand springs of joy, in hone of which there is one drop of bitterness - and thank God for thatt"

Brown, with all his lovable nature, was far1

from perfect. He told us himself, «x suppose every man likes2to scratch and bite once in a way," and "I rise, and say the bitter thing, and hate it." He admitted that he did not take even a normal interest in the political life of his island.Once he had made up his mind, he was hard headed. His letters show that he did not change his mind readily, nor was ho always as charitable as he might have been of the opinions of others. But thru them all, the aweetnees and goodness of his nature is most apparent.

One dominant phase of his philosophy was **

** Olifton, Collected Poems, p. 78.

1 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 139.

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expreseea in a letter o£ September, 1895, nhon ho was rather1

advising the Reverend 3 * Quine. "surrender yourself to some Illusions. what are wo but children? only we don't quite believe in our toys, nor, indeed, can we live upon interludes. Solid foot? well, that's not far off. Meanwhile illusions, gossamers - keep yourself amused. In my life I have been so much alone, it cannot be helped. Y/here is the comrade? I never had one* The absolute self is far within, and no one can reach it. I will not cant* but God reaches it, and He only. I used to envy the surface people, obviously happy, and in their happiness all there, so to speak, the full complete presence of one being to another - no, it is not for men of a certain temperament, yet wd; love candour, sincerity, thorough­ness, and would fain saturate ourselves with free communication Poor old Emerson and his over and under soul, he was not far wrong. Hie friend Carlyle broke down the division habitually - smashed the two souls into one great smudge of discontent* I

would not do this. Keep them both going separately. A strong man has strength enough, to do this, and all his surroundings benefit thereby. Moreover, in a sweet ancillary way they re­flect upon us their sunshine."

One group of letters reveals a slightly different side of the versatile g. R. $hey were Written to

Kathleen Rydings when she was a little girl, and show the de­lightful, whimsical way he had with children. Most of them

1 letters, ?ol. 11, p. 120.

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deal with his "interpretations" of stories of Greek mythology, in his own inimitable way. Brown told her one story of which the Greeks had never hoard - of a thirteenth labour of Her­

cules.1"Hercules had twelve labours, or tasks

to do. But he had anether which is not generally mentioned. Being a great traveller, he once came to the isle of Man, and, wandering up Glen Roy, he mot a big oat, and had a fight with him. They fought near St. Patrick’s Well. The cat was what is called a Bull-oat, and had an enormous and very strong tail. This tail he twisted round end round poor Hercules, and they rolled together right down into the river. There Hercules drew his sword, and out off the cat’s tail, and all the young ones of this cat are still without tailsl Wonderful, is it not?" And thus is solved the mystery of the development of the famous Manx tailless oats.

Brown was no mean literary critic. it is in this capacity that he most Interests the majority of the readers of his letters. The charm of the man’s personality and his intimate spiritual association with nature attract them, but his keen, fairminded, intelligent - withal fresh and spontaneous - criticisms hold and fascinate them* Hie range of reading was wide, from his beloved classics to the contemporary writings of his own time.

Ho read Burroughs with great satisfaction.

1Letters, Vol. 11., p. 141*

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ooneiaering him “a genuine naturalist, with a sweet and whole­some enthusiasm, and no had style;3 bewailed the fact that2Dry den, who wrote so much that was good, wrote Eleanor a - notunderstanding why the poem, ”strained and forced beyond allbearonce," should be so greatly praised; reveled in sir ThomasBrowne1s tangents; espeoially did he enjoy the Religio Hedici.

31# was not sure about Kipling - feeling that he seemed "a Versatile being, without a pivot - magnificent skyrocket of a genius. There is nothing that he can't do, but I question whether he will ever do anything really great*”

Robert Louis Stevenson he admired greatly."Weir of Hermlaton I take to be the most consummate thing that

has been written for many years. Don't you agree with mo? that Woman- not Mrs. Weir, tho she is marvellously good, but the humble relative who ©couples the place of chief and confidential servant11 Do one bat a Scot can enter into this character. That I am able so thoroughly to feel it, I consider the strongest proof of ray Scottish origin. Such a womanl And yet they said Stevenson couldn't draw a woman. And the passion of love - yes, love; yea, passion - the positive quasi-sexual for shall X drop the quasi? ) longing for the young Heraiston. Good Godl what depthl shat truth l what purityl scat nobilityt If the century runs out upon this final chord, what more do I want? Let me die with the sough of it in my ears. It is enough; nun# diaittis, Domino. you I * * 4

I-------------------- :----- ----- :----------------------------------p Letters, Vol. 11. p. 145.Z. Letters, Vol. 11. p. 151.% Letters, Vol. 11. p. 183.4 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 184.

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will go on t® other joys: the coming century will bring themto you* But to mo - well, well, all right, in heaven I will bless you, leal* Stevenson.

in discussing Shakespeare^ use of anachro-1

nisms, he said, "I sliould always hesitate to attribute to Shakespeare any artistic or literary Intention, The fountain is too deep, too universal, at once geyser and cataclysm. I feel sure that the humour of his oitisene,.in the Roman plays for instance, was not to him heightened or even qualified by tho cross-sensing of the anachronism. Of course ho had bona fide Elizabethan Englishmen under his hand. But I don't think he was conscious of the difference. To me it is amusing; to him it was not (es war nloht da). To us it yields a flavour piquant enough; to him I am pretty confident that its pres­ence or suggestion would have been a bore. So genuine is the outflow, so pure and vital."

He did not say much of Milton at any one time, but the many references to Milton's opinions, to the memorising of Milton's poetry, and the deep reverence ho seem­ed to boar him show that tho influence of the author of paradise lost upon Brown was great. H® regretted that the people of the day seemed to bo neglecting to read Sponsor; he enjoyed read­ing Flaubert, and spoke of him often. Much of one year he spent in reading little but eighteenth century work. His re­action was characteristic.

1Letters, vol. 1., p. 179.

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1"I have been wandering thru Swift a good

deal," he wrote. "She hearty cursing in hia Sale of a Sub gooa straight to ray midriff - so satisfying, the beat of tonics* For absolute splendour too, commend me to hia chapters about the AoolistsV Defoe is with me not seldom. She style of these men is refreshing. For narrative, it would be difficult to beat Defoe. She History of a Cavalier is a downright master­piece."

"A friend has lent mo a lot of eigiteenth- osatury letters stowed up in his family archives. $hey are entertaining, and, I think, instructive. Largely written by parsons, they go far to show that liaoaulay was all wrong about the matter. These old fellows were more literary, better scholars, finer humourists than we can now boast in the Ohnroh*It is delightful to see them pelting one another with Latin, and, very occasionally, with Greek quotations."

Be found great^onjoyment in Dante* He recog­nised that Dante was monotonous - but liked that monotony which he said, "drowns you In a dream, and you never want to wake."He read Maupassant with pleasure; tho he found some of the stories rather disappointing, others were excessively clover, ho thought, and one beautiful* He read much from the Italian and French literature. One of his favorites was Daudet. Shis he expressed in a letter to J. C. Server* in 1893. (Ho mention­ed Daudet in a number of other letters).

g Letters, Vol. 1, p. 173* Letters, Vol. 1, p. 220.

1

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"But I never tiro of Dau&et's Lettros do man Moulin. You know the short story called *Les Yieux.1 Ah, that is exactly what I would fain writel such a merest trifle, but such ineffable loveliness. Doubtless you have read it: you will at once recollect it, when I quote thephrase, 'Bon jour brave* genet je suis I'ami do Maurice.'The qualityl the qualityl Oh, do let us aim at that; it is everything. And to think that it should seem so casual, just a drop amongst a thousand others, when it is really the gutta aerena of a priceless pearl that doesn't drop at all.”

His fooling towards Victor Hugo was little£

short of worship, for ho wrote, in 1885; "Viator Hugol I am one of the Hugo • maniacs, absolutely certain that there has been n o .poet like him since Shakespeare. It is very curious, is it not? how absolutely certain we Hugonians fool about this. It seems to me quite amazing that it is not universally recog­nized. I know that I ought not to be mazed; but I assure you that I am, most unfeignodly. I don't want you to argue with me

at all, but merely to constater it as a fact, that there are

men to whom this position of Victor Hugo in the history of liter­ature seems as axioraatioally obvious as the position of the sun in the solar system.”

x, 3Of the orlando gurloso he wrote; "Have

you read it? It is just now my constant companion. What a * 2 3

Letters, Vol. 1., p* 820.2 Letters, Vol. 1., p- 109.3 Letters, Vol. 1., p* 104.

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brilliant bird-of~paradit3Q sort of creature it isl I think the hard enamel of this Italian reprobate pleases me bettor than Sponger with his soft velvet carpet, on which you walk ankle-deep in the moss of yielding allegory.”

One of his favorite books was the Fortunes ofjigol. The thought of anyone's dying without having read it; and, upon going into the presence of one's maker, being eempelled to such a confession was beyond his fancy, indeed, Scott, he considered, was one of the few great masters of writing,. One of the compensations for having to stay indoors when, in 1866, he sprained his ankle was his enjoyment in re-reading the books he read as a boy. As he wrote at that time; "But the great discovery, or rather re-discovery, has been Scott#I have read Waverly, old Mortality, Woodstock, Bedgauntlet,Bride of lammermoor. Bob Roy, and am now reading Quentin Bur- ward. They suite spring on me, these old darlings# What a manl I am full of 'wonder, love, and praise*| I seem to see all manner of great and good things; but the main thing is - the joy and the glory of it all is - what I suppose the French moan by verve, at any rate what I understand by that favorite term of French criticism. The inexhaustible streaming and bubbling up of the great old heart of him, his own boundless enjoyment of it all; this is health to the navel and marrow to the bones#”

, At times, contemporary literature became

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1Letters, Vol. 1., p. 110.

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too much for him. He loved Trilby, and even oould aoo somethings to praise in Miss Braddon1s lohmael; yet, possiblyhis one unjust criticism was that of the prisoner of Honda,

3which he termed ridiculous rubbish. "The evil savour ofthis bosh,” he said, "sent me to my Euripedea, and I read thegeraclldea and the Hypolytua. How very fine the latterl11 .Often, when he tired of the more modern writing, did ho turnto such things as Oedipus Tyrannus.

His sense of humour is rarely lacking;this is evident when he says of the odyssey. "It reads solike a lovely comedy; sometimes the cloven heel of the satyrpeeps out. He must have often excited laughter."

Brown was a Wordsworthian, yet he wishedWordsworth might have gone to Oxford. At times ho got what hocalled a "Burns fever," when for days at a time he could read

6nothing else, becoming as he said, "dithyrambio, rhapsodic, idiotic;" for Bums moved him deeply. He loved to read Tenny­son - and some of Coleridge*s writings appealed greatly to him; some did not. He marveled at some of Cowpor*o moods, and found that Anna Karenina grew wonderfully engrossing upon the secondreading* At one time, he wrote of reading (and enjoying) Law’s 6Treatise on Christian Perfection!

Thomas Hardy’s Toss bothered him; ho felt * 2 3 * 5 6

Letters, 701. 11, p. 76.2 Letters, Vol. 1., p. 219.3 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 88.% Letters, Vol. 1., p. 198.5 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 27.6 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 215.

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it most onoatiefactory* "2ho last part, the part after Clare1 a return, is intolerable. It is also weak, just as if Hardy had been very unwell, yet forced by the serial method of publication to produce ‘copy’• One observes this in the langour of the story, combined with the eantharadine grip, or rather griping, of an occasional effort• SJhe original impulse dies, but makes a few desperate, ineffectual kicks*Such arc the Stonehenge business, and the *black flag** Fancy grasping at Stonehenge to heighten a situation! And how badly it is done! It surely was going out of the way to drag in the blessed old thing at all. But, when he was about it, he ought to have made a better use of the machine. unquestionably he had an attack of influence just at that point. I resent it enormously. A man must be either miserably out of sorts, or fearfully hard up for sensational colour, to make a snatch at Salisbury plain, it Is just like rouge; and that too upon a moribund face, for the story has already shown every symptom of approaching death,

"The «black flag1i Cheap, though creepy. What an end! And do you think Glare and Liza-iu are oven re­spectable as they crawl away - hand-in-hand, it is true, but yoked in a dismal fellowship, inevitably suggested by the ex­pressed wish of Teas that they should marry? notice too the Vague treatment of iiza-Lu's person. I take Liza-Lu to be a

1

1letters, Tol. 1., p. 207.

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sort of giant suocubus, or suoouba would it bo? - an ebauoho of God Imows what. And those two aro to continue the busi­ness. lisa-lu is all that Teas ought to have been. That la the most oomraonplaoe of expedients, and can never satisfy* Lisa-lu indeedl conceived of by me as a compound of undine,Caddy Jollyby, and a possible poll Soarsheotl And then how abominable is the later fessl Her first fall was nothing.Xhit tho second — What; that follow; the chap that she had seen as Iletho&iet preacher; incredible; She couldn't. Ho woman could. How you detest herl Of course you do, for she is simply monstrous - a portent. And yet you diked her. cer­tainly I did, but net now - this is ruin indeed. Glare had told her to have recourse to his father in oase of extremity.She author has slipped that in lest we should feel Clare to be guilty of criminal neglect. But he failed to perceive how terribly it aggravated the guilt of less. Had fess pride?Pridel \7hat; And this pride threw her into the arms (shall wo call them arms?) of the hydra D'Urberville; And this is the Cess we knew, fhe fact is Hardy doesn't know his people, and, for tho soke of sensational effect, ho will take one of his own sweet countrywomen and drag her through all this impossible and inconsistent dirt. Don't tell me that this is the aim of a true artist.... You can't eat your cake and have your cake, 5?ho Tees of the later part is not the 3esa of tho earlier. You surely must have some kind of identity in order to maintain the most otiose interest in the victim. But she is gone, vanished like

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Iphigonia from omong the flameb . Something hao been left be­hind, subetitutod for her; but not a deer of Diem's herd - good gracious, nel a mask of the unutterable, faeces and the flendl.

"It will be long before I recover from this abominable book* * But I am not sorry I have read it, There is a decided talent, but it is wasted* The heroine was 'condemned under an arbitrary law, not founded in nature.1 That is, the lav; of chastity is not founded in nature* lie thinks a precious doctrine. But the second fall of Teas? Do you condemn it or do you not? Did she then merely break an arbitrary law? If so you can sympathise with her. But, in the name of all that is holy, I cannot and will not sympathise."

When Hall Caine * a book The Henxman appear­ed, Brown, who admired the author greatly, was at first not quite sure of himself. on April 29, 1894, he wrote to Irwint "The island is all in a shiver about Hall Caine, 'worse than

TeesV so they say. ladies can't admit that they read The Manxman. Poor innocent Hall; and I such an old pig that Toss enraged me, nor am I quite comfortable about her ilanx rival.” yet, with, the passing of the cummer. Brown fought out his battlewith himself, and was whole-heartedly in favor of the book, in

2October, ho wrote t "Hall Cainel I agree with everything you say about this marvelous book, only imagine - as Manx — oven so it comes up to my utmost demands, sweeps me

T~ ------------------------- -- ----------------_ letters, Fol. 11, p. 38.* letters, Yol. 11, p. 62.

off my Manx fort.

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charrsno*lQest naked, bleeding with the gorse-priclte. And then you are a witneos of its depth, its reach, its grip, its electric energy, its universal truth. Be sure it is a genuine as it is a profound fascination that the book exor­cises. You have taken it to your heart; let it lie there, a sovereign specific for all ills, an amulet of peace and purity. The people here, and I dare say at Clifton, talk of its 1 coarseness-1 By the people I mean, of course, the genteel class. The people, the warm-hearted, humorous, loving Hanx folk, glory in it. The darling old savagest Don't you see them looking into the mirror? Just as the South sea beauties stared deliciously into Captain Cook's glass, and showed all their pearly teeth, and nudged one another. These are my people, savages if you will, I don't mind - noble, unconscious, sympathetic, naked and not ashamed. Yes, they love the book and greedily devour it. My genteel friends however draw their skirts out of the path. * Faugh l disgrace full coarscl' as one of them said the other day, 'Mr. Hall Caine seems to have a little bit of genius - yes, I dare say, but that is all.'Alll Did you over?

"Upon the subject of coarseness I preach incessantly to these owls. It is just the point for them.Some of them seem rather ashamed. The reason is so obvious that I have to spare then. 'Your passion then is coarseness; passion is coarseness; coarseness is passion; they are the seme thing. Therefore Kate's passion is coarse.' But Kate's passion is a flame of purity and splendour. They don't see

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that beaauoo thoir own passion, if it at all exists, is - what? Ah, poor soulst It is something that they have to stifle,, to beat down like the prairie fire, to be ashamed of, to be silent•about, instead of the joy and glory of their life.Do these things live?..,

n,Oaosar Cregoen1 is the triumph, who ever guessed before that euoh treasures of humour lay hidden with­in the breast of Hall Caine? The isle of Man seems to have elicited them. Literature is permanently enriched by this creation. A great tour do foroe is the recovery (rebabili*r tetion) of Philip. I .myself feared that he had brought Philip too low. But he ends.magnificently, with a pathos that is as­tounding. We find that, all the time, we have loved this

Philip."Pete is a dangerous character for a novel­

ist. The danger consists in the inevitable spooning. He is too sweet, a luscious moral jolly, which falls upon the taste and disorders the digestion.... Said a Peel lady tersely, *pote is a fooll• A hard-mouthed quean this lady of peel, but perilously near being right. How don’t bo angry with her, or with mot Be­fore long you'll come round to my opinion, if not to hers."

With the appearance of The Deemster, in 1096, we have a later opinion, we wonder if the keen minded T« B« Brown is not suffering just a bit from the Manx trait of ex­aggeration, due to his excessive Manx loyalty.

"The Deisms ter has fine things in it; but

% ! ~

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Letters,.yol. 11., p. 174.

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it is not moh a whirlwind as gh'e Manxman* Take gho Klanz- man as a rapturo, not a reality. It is not Manx or anything else that * savours of the realty•* a s well ask for a map of prooporo's isle as a pioturo of the Isle of Man from The Manx­man. Don’t bother about that, surrender yourself to the hurly-burly of splendour and get carried away, God knows wherel you are on the border of Shakespoaria, and what more do you want? Shakespeare? Ah, welli . The dear old Manx folk are terribly puzsled, many of them quite outraged* ’local color* is knocked to smithereens (glorious smithereenst), anachronism .runs riot: this Pegasus is no pony creel-laden with Manx moun­tain turfs ho bounds over apace, and with his forefeet paws the stars. Head and enjoy, ’on the baek of Pegasus,’ say you! bumping and thumping, and’ all *in a muck of sweat*? Hay, but streaming, gleaming, meteoric, cometic, breathless but ecstatic.

William lyon Phelps has defined a personal essay as "glorified talk"; it is the treating of a subject in a conversational and confidential style. Part of tho charm of;a personal - or a familiar - essay lies in the original, fresh way in which the author expresses himself; part lies in the philosophy of life he ocnsolously or unconsciously presents in M e opinions of things, great•or small - in his somewhat unstudied reactions to the affairs of life, it is not difficult then, to see how clearly Brown’s letters re­semble familiar essays# True, they bear the form of letters, and in many are the few extra-personal touches not bearing upon the main theme » those necessary adjuncts to a friendly letter.

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But in almost every one, we find a distinctly unifying theme, a discuseicm of something really worth while, in a freak, •yontaneouB, - often almost naive, and certainly ehiseleal - yet always charming, manner*

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Ill BRQOTI AS HEVBAEBD I I I 2H3 POSIiS.

Running thru both letters and poems v;efind the eame philosophy; tho same religious fervor - fervor,yes, yet at the same time, wholesome; the same keen insightinto the oharactors, lives, and feelings of men. \7e findthe kindly interest in little children; the whimsical halfbelief in fairies; the descriptions of loved places, vividand clear; the love for his family and friends; and thepenetrating, intelligent criticism of other writers. Here wehave much more of the portrayal of character; much less ofthe literary criticism. But thruout all of his writing, Brownis Brown. Versatile as he is, poet, musician, letter writer,friend of his countrymen, hero is no dual personality, but awholesome, lovable, always-tho-same, understanding person.'

1In Braddan Vioarage, we see him as a

Child growing up on the little island, with m ever-increasing2interest in the Mature-life about him; in Old John, we see him growing up from childhood, honoring tho old scotch ser­vant who influenced his life in such a wMS>losomo, sensible way;

3in Clifton, we feel his dissatisfaction with the life of rou­tine he must follow as schoolmaster; we fool the longing to bo out on the downs, or to watch the waves and rooks at Scar­lett. in Abor stations we grieve with him over the lose of

%2 Collected poems * * p. 4._ Collected Poems, p. 5.Y Collected Poems, p. 78.* Collected Poems, p. 702.

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M b little boy; in tho Epietola ad Dakyna he lets us know of the three places he loves beet in this world, - Clifton, Derwentwater, and the Isle of Man.

Even more do the poems show his attitudetoward life# He had a rare sympathy with those in sorrow;2few of our writers earn equal him. In Mater Dolorosa he gives us a poem that stirs uo as possibly no other does. Shore Is BO other just like it in all English literature, it is tho aagaSsh of a mother who has just lost her baby son# She grief expressed in so deep, po tearing, withal so natural, that it would melt the most unfeeling heart - the touching - even sear­ing - pathos of her worry, of her anxiety lest he be not comfort­able in that hazy, indefinite place to which he has gone:

3"But won1t he want me when he111 be wakin1fWill they take him up when he's want in1 talcin' ?I hope he'll not bo left in the dark.”

Pure, unadulterated, unselfish suffering, sorrow in its stark outlines is given here. Had he written nothing else in his life, this poem of some forty lines would show his power as a real poet, a portrayer of human emotions#

Altho the Kelt in Brown gave him the sym­pathetic insight into the sufferings of others, gave a touch of melancholy to much that he wrote, he was not always mourn­ful. There usually was a silver lining to hi a cloud; some­where, a ray of sunlight shining thru. * 2 3

_ Collected Poems, p. 713.2 Collected Poems, p. 31.3 Mater Dolorosa, Collected poems, p. 31#

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"When all the sky is pure My soul takes flight.

Serene and sure,Upward — till at the height

She weighs her wings, and sings.

"But when the heaven is black.And west-winds sigh.

Beat back, beat back,She has no strength to try

The drifting rain Again.

"80 cheaply baffledl seel The field is bare-

Bohold a tree-list not enough? sit there,

Thou foolish .thing.And Bingl*

fie was exceedingly optimistic in Vespers; seeing the joyto be found in little things.

£”0 Blackbird, what a boy you arol How you do go itlBlowing your bugle to that one sweet atar- How you do blow itlAnd does she hoar you, blackbird boy, so far?Or is it wasted breath?'Good Lord*. She is so bright TonightvShe blackbird aaith."

in the poem by which most people know 0

him, the oft quoted My Garden, he shows his truimphant assur­ance in the omnipotent, ever-present influence of God.

"A garden is a love some thing, God wotl BOB® plot,Fringed pool,Forned grot- The veriest school Of peace; and yet the fool Contends that God is not- 1

1A Canticle, Collected Poems, p. 85.| collected poems, p. 609.** collected Poems, p. 699.

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let'Qodl in gardenat when the eve is cool?Hay, but I have a sign;•Tis very sure God walks in mine."

This same religious feeling evidences it- 1 E S 4

self in^raany other poemst̂ ghe Prayers, Praesto, Dreams, obvlam.Specula, Risus pel. Pain, opifex indwelling, in one groupof religious poems wo have an unusual view of Heaven; itis humanized. Some critics have felt it almost lacking inreverence for him to ta3Jc of Heaven as he does, •* as a placeho might have visited* Particularly do they criticize hie 10glorifying Catherine Klnrade where ho showed what he thouglit11Christ * a treatment of a sinning Woman would he, The organist in Heaven givea us a fantastic vision of the organist, wosloy, playing on the heavenly organ, the thunder being the soundmade by the pedals, lightning furnishing the manuals.

The scholar in Brown did not forsake him as he wrote* Altho it is generally believed that Hilton in­fluenced him more than any other poet, the Greek influence is12Strong; and thru many of the poems, of which Dartmoor is anexample, runs a strain of metaphysical thought worthy of Donne#

13While Baooaooio is one of the best of his poetic criticisms, yet he writes his little wish from his heart.

1 Collected Poems, p* 687.J: Collected poems, p. 7S1.? Collected Poems, p. 751.

Collected poems, p. 733*5 Collected Poems, p* 733.6 Collected Poems, p. 677.7 Collected Poems, p. 670.

8 Collected Poems, p. 88. _5 Collected Poems, p. 88. j-Y Collected Poems, p. 47. ** Collected Poems, p. 95.

Collected Poems, p. 679. 13 Collected Poems, p. 92.

collected Poems, p. 92.

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"Of two thingo one* with dhaucer let me rides And hear the pilgrims1 talea; or, that denied, let mo with potraroh in a dew-apront grove Ring ondleee changes on the hells of love."

Among the shorter poems, Roman womenis an excellent example of characterisation. However, the

8sketches given in In a Coach, bits of local color written in Manx dialect, rank very near the top in the list of his eharaeter portrayals, particularly is this true in jus1 the Shy. where he delineates for us one of the most noticeable traits of hie countrymen.

"And that the way with the Manx; aw, it is though, aw, they are, they are,

Hos1 despard shy; and it's a pity for all, but star1 They will, and wink and nudge and poke and bother."

Brown felt his poems deeply; he wishedothers to appreciate thorn, too. m e of his desires regarding

3them, he wrote in a letter of 1898. "One thing that I alwaysfelt about my own verses...was the hope that some day my friends,including ray old boys grown up to man’s estate, might accept themas human pledges, and, by a certain retrospective sympathy, bearme upon their hearts. Shi® has largely happened to me, and isnow the source of my greatest happiness."

Always a stylist, he loved the sound of a4

phrase. -Someone had criticised a poetic line, -"the honey- tongued quintessence of July-." Eo rather resented it, say­ing; "After all, what is much of our verse making but the hunt

I :Collected Poems, p. 69.Collected poems, p. 19.

J Letters, Vol. 1, p. SIS.* Poems, G.T.E. Ed. lytton Versos, p. 97. 6 Letters, Vol. 1, p. 198.

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for phrases? I don’t mind owning that I have many a time oonstruoted a whole system of little more than bosh to en­shrine a locution.M

in addition to the lyrics and those poemsclassified as ”characters and Aspects," Brown wrote a groupof long narrative poems called The Fo’c’s’le Yarns* All buttwo of these are in the Manx dialect,- which probably accountsfor their not being better known. The Anglo-Manx dialect isnot easy to read, especially aloud. Then, too, altho theyare interesting, presenting the really elemental things oflife - joys and sorrows, loves and hates, jealousies, sacri-floes, and people -'and giving^we are told, an accurate pictureof the real Manx character, yet it is the very emphasis uponthe Manx traits which prevents the smoothness of the narrative.As Brown told us in his letters, the Manx loved to ramble intheir conversation; it was difficult to hold them to any onesubject; they were also prone to repeat. There is much ofthis in the Yams. ' •

"But the gel - did you say? I know l I know l The gelt "the gell just sol just sol Gelsl gelsl gelsl and sorrow and sin They’re in everythin’, in everythin’.And what was she lek? Yesi Yesl I hear -What was she lek? Aye-never fear lfhe little girl that was took from the wreck?What was she lek eh? what was she lek?"

The stories are long and when the flow of narrative is impeded by passages like this and wandering di- 1

1 . . . . .Collected poems, Christmas Bose, p. 159.

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gressions auoh as ore fo’and in any old man1 a reminisconco of hio youth, they drag, yeverbholoas, they are fascinating.The Yarns are built around the character of fora Baynes, a blustering, good hearted, hard headed, kindly, just^old sea­man. He tolls the otories. of him. Brown wrote; "You are right about these stories. Keltic, that is its the Kelt emerging if you win, but the Kelt, if I may say so, a good deal hardened and corrupted by the Saxon. Shat is Sow Baynes; that is myself, in fact. I never stopped for a moment to think what som Baynes should be like; he simply is I, just •ueh a crabbed text, blurred with Scholia *in the margent« as is your humble servant* so when I am alone * I think and . speak to myself always as ho does."

8Y7e first meet Som Baynes in Betsy lee,

the story of his own life and love, - the first of the go'c's'le Yarns, Shore ore many of the marks of the melodrama in Betsy lee, Here are the youthful'lovers; the scheming adventurer- villain who poisons the father’s mind against poor Som and later makes all the island believe the sailor dead,-; the wronged girl (in this ease testifying unjustly against the hero)j the misunderstanding parents, with their expected actions under sudden access to unexpected wealth. We have the tragic death of Betsy, the remorse of the wrong doers, and Som’a grief* But as the story is told by the bluff old salt, we do not think of 1 2

1letters, Yol. 1, p. 100.

2 Collected Poems, Fo’c’s'le Yarns, Betsy lee, p. 108.

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melodraifia* We are listening to life.1

-Xhie is true in the- case of ChristmasRose, whore love for the charming - adopted sister caused abreak between two devoted brothers; in that'of the Doctor*where fine Dr. Lee, separated forever as ho thought from theone he loved, married from pity a scheming Manx child- onlyto find hor a selfish shrew, dishonest and unbearable; thenthe woman he loved returned to the island. It sounds trival,but it is a real story, tho it docs drag at times. Here, thepoet showed that intellect could help but little in time ofdespair. Some people have considered this poem his greatest;

2some his worstV la gommy Big-Eyes, another case of the. mis­understandings of ill-starred love, he found an opportunity todenounce the hypocrisy which was a noticeable vice of the Jlamc.

3Two of the Yarns are in English - Mary

4fluayle. and Bella Gorry. of those, Bella Sorry,is the more famous. It is rare that any one conceives so deeply tho passion of motherhood as he does here. Brown gives the whole story an unusual treatment. Devoting her life to the little child, the mother rears her at a great sacrifice; at the close, the ador­ation of the mother for the beautiful daughter becomes blind worship. She last part of tho poem contains a scone of the mother caressing her naked daughter on the night before the 1 2 * 4

1Collected poems, Fo'c's'le Yarns,

2 Collected Poems, Fo'c's'le Yarns,J Collected Poems, p. 618.4 collected poems, p. 640.

p. 159. p. 242.

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lwedding.- lt2}Uis Sybil clinging to this Venus"- thus Brown expresses it, calling the adoafatlm "nursing the baby." in­deed, the mother reached such a groat degree of emotion that it consumed her very life. she was dead in the morning.

Running thru the Fo'c's'le Yarns xie have a decided vein of fun and humour, as well as a poignant emotionphilosophic bits - almost epigrams - are frequent. For example 2in Mary ft.uayle, he questions the progress of mankind thru thestatement of the simple seaman that the sailors on the steamers 3"are very different now

From fisherman like us; I don't hardly know how.But quite another sort - they hardly seem Like sailors - may bo something in the steam."

Altho the narratives themselves are in­teresting the story was.secondary in Brown's mind. It was primarily the character he wished to portray, to give the man who told the story, rather than the story, next in interest to Com Baynes Is the Bason, patterned in part after Brown'sfather. In Tom Bayne's words in Betsy Lee, we have him*

4’’He was a simple pas on, and lovin' and wise.That s' what he was, and quiet uncommon.And never said much to man nor woman;Only the little he said was meatFor a hungry heart, and soft and sweet.The way ho said it: and often talkin'To hisaelf, and lookin' down and walkin'.Quiet he was, but you couldn't doubt The Pason was knowin* what ho was about. 1

1Collected poems, p. 666.

~ Collected poems, p. 618.3 collected poems, p. 627.4 Collected poems, p. 128.

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Ayo, many a time I've seen his faceAll slushed with tears, and him tollin' of graceAnd mercy and that, and his voice so low.But tfiiaeiin*- aw, we liked him though* ”

In the Doctor, wo have another portraitwhich shows Brown's attitude towards his followmon#

1"Man to man - aye, that's your sice,That's the thing that'll make you wise*That's the plan that'll carry the day- Lovin' ie understendin' -oh?Lovin' is understendin'. well.He'd a lovin' ould heart, had Doctor Bellil

1Collected Poems, p. 334.

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COUCLUSloa

Brown was not worried because his poems■ 1

had not had a greater sale. At one time he wrote $ "I have a perfectly serene confidence in their future. u At another time when his name was omitted from a list of minor poets,

ihe exclaimed to a friend,. "Ols well, perhaps I belong among the major." The wonder among the people who learn to know him is that his fame is so slow in arriving. His poems con­tinue to sell. Boring his life, many of the reviews concern­ing him were written by his friends; of those today, several are by people who know him only thru his writings. All pro­claim the strong belief that his day has not yet come; that some day he will come into his rightful place as one of the great poets of English literature. Hot really great, I should ■ay; but certainly near-great.

But if T» E. Brown were living; or if in that far off land beyond our knowledge he sense the verdict of man, it would not make a great difference to him whether his poems sold widely or not; nor would he consider of high im­portance his position on the ladder of fame. He achieved hie two main purposes: to interest and to inspire the Manx, andto please him friends. All else to him was a minor issue, a satisfaction? YesI $© be counted among the world*s great 1

1 ̂ ’ 1 Letters, Vol. 11, p. 175.

-f0»

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poeta would bo more than a mere satisfaction to any one* But Brown did not strive for worldly success. H® felt that he had a message to deliver to his people $ felt that he could in­spire the Manx to a greater interest in themselves and in their country, some day, he believed, a really great poet of the Manx would be bom; in his humble way, he wished to pave the way for him. Why worldly fame and greatness in hie fieldwere so unimportant in hie life, Brown tells us himself*.

1"As I was carving images from clouds,

And tinting them with soft ethereal dyes Pressed from the pulp of dreams, one comes, and criesj-

. ’forbearl* and all my heaven with gloom enshrouds.•forbeart Thou hast no tools wherewith to essay

The delicate waves of that elusive grain; Wouldn’t have due recompense of bulgar paint

The potter’s wheel for thee, and some coarse clayl"So work, if work thou must, 0 humbly skilled!

Thou hast not known the Master; in thy soul His spirit moves not with a sweet control;

Thou art outside, and art not of the guild?"Thereat I rose, and from his presence passed.

But, going, murmured$ - ’To the God above,Who holds my heart, and knows its store of love,

I turn from thee, thou proud iconoclast*."Then on the shore God stooped to me, and saidj-

•He spoke the truths even so the springs are set That move thy life, nor will they suffer lot,

Hor change their scope; else, living, thou wort dead."This is thy life*, indulge its natural flow.

And carve these forms. They yet may find a place On shelves for them reserved. In any ease,

I bid thee carve them, knowing what I know’." 1

1Oplfex, Collected Poems, p* 88.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Letters of Thomas Edward BrownEdited with an introductory memoir By Sidney $• Irwin. Third Edition. 2 vols. 493 pp. Hew York. E. P. Button end Co. Westminster. Archibald Constable and Co.,Ltd. (1900) - ^

Collected Poems of T. E, BrownEdited by W. E* Henley.Hew York, Macmillan and Co. 1900 {700. $fp.j

poems of g. E« BrownGolden Treasury Series. Selected and arranged with an introduction and notes by H. F. B. and G« G* B» Macmillan and Co. Limited.St. Martin's Street, London. 1900.

Betsy Lee, a Fo'c's'le Y a m s by T. B. Brown.London, Macmillan and Co. 1873.

po'o's'le Yarns, including "Betsy Lee" and other poems.By '£• B. Brown. Macmillan and Co., 1881.

The Doctor and other Poems. By T. E. Brorm, M. A.,late Fellow of oriel College, author of Betsy Lee, fo'c's'le Yarns, etc. London, Swan,.Sdnncnochein, Lowery and Co.,Psternocter Square, 1887.

fo'c's'le Yarns. By T. E. Brown. (Hew Edition) (as supra) London, Macmillan and Co., 1889.

The Manx witch and other Poems. By T* E* Brown,author ofMacmillan

London.

• The Doctor. A Manx poem, by f. E. Brown, m . A.,late fellow of ©riel College, author of Betsy Lee, fo'c's'le Yarns, etc. swan. Sonneneonein ana Co. Paternoster Square, 1891.

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Kitty of Shorragh Vane, and the Schoolmaatera.By 2. B. Brown, M. A-, late Bellow of oriel College author of Betsy Lee, |«o»o«a|lQ Yarns, etc. Swan, sonnensohein and do,, Paternoster Square, 1891.

Old John and other Poems. By f. B. Brwn, author of ' Betsy Lee, Fo'o'8'le Y a m s , etc. London, Uacmillan

e n r ^ T ; --aiiT i r ow-ToriqrT H95 .

The works of W.' E. Henleyt Vol. IV. Essays 11.London, David Butt, 1908«

Retrospective Reviews. By Richard Le GallienneVol. 1 - 1891-95| London. The Bodley Head Dodd Mead and Co., Bow York, 1896. g. E. Brown, pp. 260-863.

Ward's English Poets V* Introduction by G* A*Macmillan, pp. 408-418.Edited by Thomas Humphry-Ward, H. A. lew York. The Macmillan Co., 1910.

The Literature of the Victorian Era By Hugh Walker, H.D., D- Litt.Cambridgei at the university Press. 1931. (p. 578)

The Gentlest Art. By E. V* Lucas.Bow York, Maomillan and Co., 1907.The Rev. T. E. B . p. 152.

Cambridge History of English Literature« Vol. Kill.The nineteenth Century 11. Edited by Sir A* W. Ward Litt. B., F.B.A., and a .R. Waller, II. A.Bow York. G. P. Putnam's Sons Cambridge England university press.Lesser Poets of the Middle and Later nineteenth Century. By George Saintsbury, M. A.W. B. Brown, pp, 116-18.

Enoyolopaedia Britannioa, Vol. IV. 14th Edition Thomas Edward Brown, pp. 266-7.

Hew International Encyclopaedia. Vol. IV.Thomas Edward Brown, p. 41.

The Amerloanna. Vol. IV.Thomas Edward Brown, p. 612.

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« w *

Dictionary of national Biography - supplement. Vol. 1, pp. 303-4.Thomas Edwara Brown. By "Q"

living Age* 218: 709-717. . Sept. 10, 1898.Quarterly Review, April 1898.

Articlea in the following magazineo, not in the library:Times, Bov. 1, 1895.Guardian, Hov. 3 and 24, 1897.Academy, Bov. 6 and 13, 1897.Hew Review, Deo. 1897.Good words (article by Willies Cawton) 39:189.Macmillan1s Magazine (article by j. c. Tarverf 82:401. Pall Mall MEigazine (article by w. E. Henley) 22;424,582. Temple Bar (article by J. R. Hozleyj 123:505.Miles' Poets of the nineteenth Century.

Betters of Thomas Edward Brown.Atlantic Monthly, 86;854-7. Dec. 1900.

Muaings without Method— T* E. 3* Poet and Letter writer. Blackwood's Magasine. 168;765-7. Hov. 1900.

The Rev. Thomas Edward Brown: poet. By 8. H. W • Hughes. Games*Fortnightly Review. 74i764-778. Hov. 19C0.

A cheerful FailureThe nation. 71:407-8. Hov. 22, 1900.

Recent Poetry— pealing with poems of T.E.B*The Ration. 71:468. Doc. 13, 1900.

Letter Writer and Poet. By E. G. Johnston.The Dial, 30:9-11. January 1, 1901.

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A Haro porraapondantShe independent, Vol. 53; part 1; pp. 273-4e Jan* 31, *01.

portrait of ghomaa Edward BromiHouse and Garden. 43;102, April *23.

ghe PSetry of g. S* Brown. By Constance spender. Contemporary. Review, 187;359-66* March, 1925.

T.E.B. By ,Viuo Kimball Suell.She Bookman. 71;290-8. June 1930.

She Centenary of s. E. Brown, by Frederick $. Boas, (prom lecture delivered before the Royal Society of literature)

Contemporary Reivew. 137;745-58. June 1930.T. E. B r o m . By lasoelles Abercrombie#

nineteenth Century. 107;716-28. May 1930.g* E. Brown, a poem. By W. B. Henley,

living Age. 850;60. June 6, 1901.

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T. B. BH07/H'>3 OWH P0SM3.

Land Hol By 2homa8 Edward Brown.Living AGO. 227:454. Uov. 17, 1900.

Uy Garden. By $. E* Brown.“ living Ago. 227:497e Hov. 24, 1900.

House Beautiful. 25*95. March *09.Home Progress. Yol. 1, Ho. 6:16 p. 312.

Bocoaooio, By a?. B. Brown -----Living Age. 227:566. Leo. 1, 1900.The Prayer. By T* B« Brora

McOXure* e Magasine. 16:248. June 1901. Current Literature. 30:272. March 1901. Living Age. 234*824. Sopt. 27, 1902.

At the Play. By l1. E. Brora.MoOIure*s Magazine, 16:349. pob. 1901. Living Age, 234:768. Sept. 20, 1902.

Praoato. By 2. E. BroraMcClure's Magazine, 17*282, July, 1901.

The Intercepted salute. By 5?. E* Brora.McClure's Magazine, 18;147, Uov. 1901.

God is Love. By T* E* Brown. w Living Age* 231;728. Dec. 4, 1901.Canticle. By 2* E. Brown -- -— Living Ago. 234*704. Sopt. 13, 1902.Obvrain. By T. B. Brown

Living Ago. 235:64. ootobor 4, 190*.Star Steering. By T. E. Brownindwelling. By T. E. Brown -----Living Age. 235:192. OOt, 10, 1902.The organist in Heaven. By OS E* Brown

Living Ago* 235:256. Oct. 25, 1902.Climbing. By T* E* Brown

Living Age. 236*320. Uov. 1, 1902.

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Spooula. By 3J. E* Brown.----- Uving Age. 235:448. Hov. 15, 1902•

Ott-.-THB ISLE 03? UftJU

What to see in England. By Gordon Home London, A* and 6. Black, 1903.Isle of Han, p. 288.

Baedeker, Karl Great Britain. Edition 3. leipsig.Encyclopaedia Brltannlca. Vol. 14, p. 767.

gho lolo of Man.Manx Life and Manxland. By 2* B* Brown*

Contemporary 66:642-653 •Sculptured Stone crosses

aeiiquary. 25:97-161, 193.Manxland.

• living Age. 176:243-41.

overland II. S. 47:353-62. April 1906.The Manxman» a novel. By Hall Caine,

thirteenth Edition. Hew York.D. Appleton and Company.

the Deemster, a Romanes. By Hall Caine.lew York. R. p. Penno & Co. 9 & 11 E. 16th. St.

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%

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NOLL', lUAkN tiO S S O I tiOJ CDOtiVHD 3 8 H '̂AA 001$ JO 33 j v LL3>!OOd >008 :*:otij ativo S IH ± 3AOlN3d ± O N OO