Systematic Botany. Lecture 8

BIOL 448.8

Systematic Botany. Lecture 8

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

September 14th, 2011

BIOL 448.8

Outline

Questions and answers

Leguminosae, or Fabaceae—legume family

Cruciferae, or Brassicaceae—cabbage family

Malvaceae s.l.—mallow family

Ranunculaceae—buttercup family

BIOL 448.8

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BIOL 448.8

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BIOL 448.8

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BIOL 448.8

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BIOL 448.8


Previous final question: the answer

What is common between Caryophyllaceae (pink family) andPolygonaceae (smartweed family)?

I Simple leavesI Bisexual, actinomorphic flowersI One camera in an ovary

etc.

BIOL 448.8


Previous final question: the answer

What is common between Caryophyllaceae (pink family) andPolygonaceae (smartweed family)?

I Simple leavesI Bisexual, actinomorphic flowersI One camera in an ovary

etc.

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General features of Leguminosae


I Up to 17,000 species, third largest angiosperm family afterCompositae (aster family) and Orchidaceae

I Widely distributed throughout the world but preferably intropics

I Three subfamilies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae,Papilionoideae) often treated as separate families

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Morphology of Leguminosae

I Have root nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteriaI Leaves alternate, pinnately compound (once or twice), with

stipulesI Sepals 5, united; petals 5, in Papilionoideae they are free,

unequal and have special names (banner, keel and wing),in Mimosoideae they fuse and form tube

I Stamens often 10 with 9 fused and one free stamen; inMimosoideae, stamens are numerous

I Singe pistil with single carpelI Fruit is a legume: dehiscent with one cameraI Mature seeds without endosperm

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Flower of Papilionoideae

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Leguminosae flower: Mimosoideae andPapilionoideae

BK(5)C(5)A5−∞G1 or ↑K(5)C1,2,2A1,[4+5]G1

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Representatives of Leguminosae

I Mimosoideae: stamens numerous, petals connectedI Acacia—dominant tree of African and Australian savannas,

often with phyllodesI Mimosa—sensitive plant

I Papilionoideae: stamens 9+1, petals free; this subfamilycontains many extremely important food plants with highprotein value

I Glycine—soybeanI Arachis—peanut with self-buried fruitsI Phaseolus—beanI Pisum—pea

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Phyllodes of Australian Acacia glaucoptera

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Mimosa pudica before touch

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Mimosa pudica after touch

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Glycine max, soybean

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Arachis hypogaea, peanut

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General features of Cruciferae


I ≈ 3,000 speciesI Found mostly in temperate regions, especially in dry

climatesI Morphologically and ecologically uniform family

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Morphology of Cruciferae

I Herbs, often hairy, contain mustard oilsI Leaves simple, often dissected, alternate, without stipulesI Flowers dimerous, in racemesI 4 sepals, 4 petals, ancestrally also 4 stamens but inner

stamens split each in two = 6 stamens in totalI Pistil has two carpelsI Fruit is a siliqua: dehiscent, with two cameras and replum

bearing seedsI Mature seeds with small amount of endosperm

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Cruciferae flower

BK4C4A2+2,2G(2)

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Representatives of Cruciferae

Important vegetables and spices, e.g.

I Brassica oleracea—broccoli, cabbage, cauliflowersI Brassica nigra—black mustardI Brassica rapa—turnipI Raphanus—radishI Armoracia—horseradish

andI Arabidopsis thaliana—famous model plant

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Legume and siliqua

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Arabidopsis thaliana

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Malvaceae s.l.—mallow familyI ≈ 2,300 species, now united several families

(Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Malvaceaes.str.)

I Distributed in tropical and temperate regions, equally inforests and grasslands

I Life forms: mostly trees and shrubs, core Malvaceae areherbs

I Leaves simple (or palmately compound), often withactinodromous venation, alternate, with stipules, often withstar-like hairs

I Flowers mostly in inflorescences, bisexual, actinomorphic,usually with double perianth and often also with epicalyx,5-merous; stamens multiplied and often fused in 1, 5 ormore groups

I Pistil with superior ovary and 5 carpelsI Fruit is a capsule

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Hibiscus and Tilia flowers

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Malvaceae flower

BK5C0∨5A5−∞G(5)

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Representatives of Malvaceae

Importance: textile (cotton), food (cocoa, hibiscus) andornamental (mallows, basswood)

I Malva, Abutilon, Sphaeralcaea—mallowsI Theobroma—cocoa treeI Gossypium—cottonI Hibiscus—hibiscus

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Hibiscus tea plant

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General features of Ranunculaceae

I ≈ 2,000 speciesI Distributed mostly in temperate regions of both Northern

and Southern HemispheresI Generally, forest or meadow plants

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Morphology of Ranunculaceae

I Mostly herbsI Vascular bundles sometimes scattered (as in monocots)I Leaves are complicatedly dissected or compound,

alternate, without stipulesI Flowers solitary or in different raceme-like inflorescences;

bisexual, mostly with infinite (> 12, irregular) number ofstamens and pistils

I Petals originate from stamens, sometimes absentI Carpels free, form multiple pistilsI Fruit is multiple follicle or multiple nutI Embryo very small, sometimes has one cotyledon

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Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus and Aquilegia

BK3−5C0−5−8A∞G1−∞

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Representatives of Ranunculaceae

I Many ornamental plants, e.g., Ranunculus (buttercup),Aquilegia (columbine), Anemone

I Ranunculus and other genera are important component ofwet grasslands

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Ranunculus ficaria

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Blue anemones, Anemone

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Columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris

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Summary

I All today’s families belong to rosids (subclassRosidae)—flowering plants with normally 5-merouschoripetalous flowers

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Final question (1 point)

Chocolate is making from plant of ... family?

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Final question (1 point)

Chocolate is making from plant of ... family?

BIOL 448.8

Appendix

For Further Reading

For Further Reading

O. A.Stevens.Handbook of North Dakota plants. 3rd edition.NDSU, 1963.

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Systematic Botany. Lecture 8