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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Muhammad Zeeshan
Frame Structure, Overheads and Pointers
2
SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure
SDH Multiplexing
Overhead
Pointers
SDH OVERVIEW
4
SDH – Definition
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard
which is developed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
It is documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708
It was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of
telephone and data traffic and to allow for interoperability
between equipment from different vendors
5
Limitation of PDH
INTERFACES:
Electrical interfaces
There are only regional standards, instead of universal standards
Optical interfaces
No unified standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers
develop equipment according to their own standards
6
PDH: the electric interface is a standard interface, but the optical interface is not a standard interface
Special PDH optical signal
Manufacturer
A
Manufacturer
B
Standard electric interface
2Mbit/s or 34Mbit/s
PDH Network
Manufacturer
B
Standardization of optical interface
7
Limitations of PDH
MULTIPLEXING METHOD:
Asynchronous Multiplexing
Code rate justification is required for matching and
accepting clock difference
The locations of the low-rate signals in high-rate signals
are not regular nor fixed
8
European Series
565Mb/s565Mb/s
139Mb/s139Mb/s
34Mb/s34Mb/s
8Mb/s8Mb/s
2Mb/s2Mb/s
×4
×4
×4
×4
Japanese Series North American Series
1.6Gb/s1.6Gb/s
400Mb/s400Mb/s
100Mb/s100Mb/s
32Mb/s32Mb/s
6.3Mb/s6.3Mb/s
1.5Mb/s1.5Mb/s
274Mb/s274Mb/s
45Mb/s45Mb/s
6.3Mb/s6.3Mb/s
×4×4
×4
×4
×6
×7
×3
×5
64Kb/s64Kb/s
×24 ×30
×3
×3
Limitations of PDH
9
Limitations of PDH
140/34 Mb/s 34/140Mb/s
34/8 Mb/s 8/34 Mb/s
8/2 Mb/s 2/8 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
Optical/Electrical Electrical/Optical
multiplexingdemultipexing
Adding and Dropping in PDH
10
Limitations of PDH
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (OAM)
PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead bytes
for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE
No universal network management interface for PDH
network
11
Advantages of SDH over PDH
INTERFACE
Electrical interfaces
SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.
(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64……).
The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1, at a rate of
155Mb/s
Optical interfaces
Optical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line coding of SDH
signals involves scrambling, instead of inserting redundancy codes
12
SDH Network
Standard optical interface
Uniform STM-N optical signal
Manufacturer
A
Manufacturer
B
Standardization of optical interface
SDH has standard optical interface
13
Advantages of SDH over PDH
MULTIPLEXING METHOD
Low-rate SDH signals → high-rate SDH
Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing method
PDH signals → SDH
Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure
14
STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
×4
×4
×4
×4
STM-1, 2, 34, 140 Mb/s
STM-N
×N
SDH Multiplexing
15
SDH SignalsSDH Signals Bit rate(Mb/s)Bit rate(Mb/s)
STM-1STM-1 155.520 or 155M155.520 or 155M
STM-4STM-4 622.080 or 622M622.080 or 622M
STM-16STM-16 2488.320 or 2.5G2488.320 or 2.5G
STM-64STM-64 9953.280 or 10G9953.280 or 10G
SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times that
of the lower-rate signal (STM-1)
STM: Synchronous Transport Module
SDH Signals and Data Rates
16
ADM155Mbit/s
Optical interface
155Mbit/s
Optical interface
2Mbit/s
Electric signal
SDH: Economical and easy way for network!
Adding and dropping in SDH
17
Advantages of SDH over PDH
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Abundant overhead bits are used for OAM.
Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to monitor line
performance during line coding
COMPATIBILITY
SDH network and the existing PDH network can work
together
SDH network can accommodate the signals of other hierarchies
such as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
19
STM-N Frame Structure
For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame
structures of the signals are often illustrated as block
frame structures
The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and
data packets of IP network are also block frames
The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x
32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes
20
RSOHRSOH
MSOHMSOH
11
33
44
55
99
STM-N payloadSTM-N payload
(including POH)(including POH)
99 261261
270 Columns270 Columns
9 Rows9 Rows
P P O O HH
AU-PTRAU-PTR
RSOH: Regenerator Section OverheadRSOH: Regenerator Section OverheadMSOH: Multiplex Section OverheadMSOH: Multiplex Section OverheadPOH: Path OverheadPOH: Path OverheadAUPTR: Administrative Unit PointerAUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer
125 125 μμssSTM-1 Frame Structure
21
RSOHRSOH
MSOHMSOH
11
33
44
55
99
STM-N payloadSTM-N payload
(including POH)(including POH)
9×N9×N 261×N261×N
270×N 270×N
ColumnsColumns
9 Rows9 Rows
P P O O HH
AU-PTRAU-PTR
RSOH: Regenerator Section OverheadRSOH: Regenerator Section OverheadMSOH: Multiplex Section OverheadMSOH: Multiplex Section OverheadPOH: Path OverheadPOH: Path OverheadAUPTR: Administrative Unit PointerAUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer
STM-N Frame Structure125 125 μμss
22
SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY
Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:
STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is
transmitted every 125 μs
That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a second
Transmission rate of a single byte:
8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps
Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:
9 rows x 270 columns x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps
= 155.52 Mbps
23
11
21612161
270270
24302430
271271 540540
1st Byte of 1st Byte of
STM frame # 1STM frame # 1Last byte of Last byte of
STM frame # 1STM frame # 1
STM-1 Frame # 1STM-1 Frame # 1 1st Byte1st Byte
STM STM Frame # 2Frame # 2
Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte, Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte,
From Left to right & top to bottomFrom Left to right & top to bottom
Transmission DirectionTransmission Direction
1st 1st
ByteByte
24302430thth
ByteByte
STM-1 Frame Transmission
24
SDH Frame Structure
Payload – area for services transmission in STM-N
2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried
in the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network
Path Overhead (POH) – after packing low rate
signals, POH is added for OAM of every frame
25
SDH Frame Structure
Section Overhead (SOH) – monitors the whole STM-
N frame
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) – monitors the
whole STM-N frame.
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) – monitors each
STM-1 of the STM-N frame.
RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integrated
monitoring system of SDH.
26
SDH Network – NE Types
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Regenerator (REG)
27
Regenerator
Regenerator has the job of regenerating the clock and amplitude
relationships of the incoming data signals that have attenuated
and distorted by dispersion
The regenerator replaces the RSOH bytes before re-transmitting
the signal
RegeneratorSTM-N STM-N
28
Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal multiplexers are used to combine
plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into
higher bit rate STM-N signals
Terminal Multiplexer
PDH
SDH STM-N
29
Add / Drop Multiplexer
PDH and SDH signals can be extracted from or
inserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means of
ADMs
Add / Drop Multiplexer
PDHSDH
STM-N
Towards other NEs
Customers
IPATM
STM-N
Towards other NEs
30
Sections in the SDH Network
There are three sections in the SDH
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section
The overheads are always generated at the beginning of a
section and only evaluated at the end of a section
Terminal Multiplexer
Add/Drop Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer
REG REG REG
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section
31
Payload
Path
Section
Optical
Payload
Path
Section
OpticalOptical Fiber Cable
RSOH
MSOH
POH
Overhead Layer
32
How to understand SOH and POH?
Both SOH and POH are OAM bytes added to ensure correct and
flexible transmission of signals
SOH and POH are used in different layers to supervise and
administrate the signals. RSOH and MSOH are used in RS and MS
separately, but HPOH and LPOH are used for VC-3/VC4 and VC12
LPOH----used to supervise small package (VC-12)
HPOH----used to supervise big package (VC-3 / VC-4)
MSOH----used to supervise the “carriage”(STM-1) of the “truck”
RSOH----used to supervise the motorcade formed by trucks (STM-4/16/64)
33
SDH Frame Structure
AU Pointer (AU-PTR)
Used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-N
frame to accurately locate the payload
AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packed
into the payload of STM-N frame
At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-N
frame according to the AU-PTR value
Low-rate signals in the STM frame are arranged obeying some
rules – byte interleave; so only have to locate the first low-rate
signal in the STM frame
SDH MULTIPLEXING
35
SDH Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing includes:Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)
PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM STM-N)
36
SDH Multiplexing Structure
STM-1 AU-4
TU-3
AUG-1
TUG-3 VC-3 C-3
VC-4 C-4
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
TUG-2
×1 ×1
×3
×1
×7
×3
139264 kbit/s
34368 kbit/s
2048 kbit/s
Pointer processing
Multiplexing
Mapping
Aligning
AUG-4
AUG-16
AUG-64
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
×1
×1
×1
×4
×4
×4
37
Mapping, Aligning and MultiplexingLow-rate tributaries are multiplexed into STM-N signals through three procedures:
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing.
MAPPING
SDH mapping is a procedure by which tributaries are adapted into virtual containers at the
boundary of an SDH network, for example, E1 into VC-12, E3 into VC-3, E4 into VC-4.
ALIGNING
SDH aligning is a procedure by which the frame-offset information is incorporated into the
tributary unit, by adding a pointer
The pointer value constantly locates the start point of the VC frame within the payload, so that
the receiving end can correctly separate the corresponding VC
MULTIPLEXING
SDH multiplexing is the procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted
into a higher order path
38
Multiplexing Structure
C: ContainerVC: Virtual ContainerTU: Tributary UnitTUG: Tributary Unit GroupAU: Administrative UnitAUG: Administrative Unit Group
39
2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
C–12
Rate Adaptation
2 Mbps Signal
1 4
1
9
125 μs
1 Byte Path Overhead
(POH)
1 4
1
9
VC–12
C-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) – 2 = 34 Bytes
C–12
POH
VC-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) – 1 = 35 Bytes
125 μs
VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH)
C-12 Frame Duration = 125 μs
VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 μs
There can be four different POH bytes for one C-12 V5, J2, N2, K4
MAPPING
40
2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
Multiplexing x 3
1 12
1
9
TUG–2
T
U
-
12
125 μs
1 4
1
9
VC–12
C–12
POH
125 μs
1 Byte Tributary Unit Pointer (TU-
PTR) 1 4TU–12
C–12
POH
125 μs
PTR
T
U
-
12
T
U
-
12
TUG-2 size: (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 108 Bytes
TU-12 Size : (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 36 Bytes
TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR)
TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12
TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 μs
ALIGNING MULTIPLEXING
41
RR
2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
1 12
1
9
TUG–2
T
U
-
12
125 μs
T
U
-
12
T
U
-
12
Multiplexing x 7
1 86
1
9
TUG–3
125 μs
T
U
G
-
2
T
U
G
-
2
T
U
G
-
2
T
U
G
-
2
T
U
G
-
2
T
U
G
-
2
T
U
G
-
2
TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns)
TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 μs
42
2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
1 86
1
9
TUG–3
125 μs
Multiplexing x 3
R
P
O
H
1 261
1
9
VC–4
125 μs
T
U
G
-
3
T
U
G
-
3
T
U
G
-
3
R
VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)
VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes
VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 μs
43
VC–4
2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
1 2611
9
125 μs
AU-PTR
AU–4
VC–4
1 2701
9
125 μs
AUG1 2701
9
125 μs
STM-11 2701
9
125 μs
Multiplexing x 1
RSOH and MSOH
AU-PTR
VC–4AU-PTR
VC–4AU-PTR
MSOH
RSOH
2 Mb Multiplexing Route
2 Mb C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TG-2 TG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1
44
34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
C–3
Rate Adaptation
34 Mbps Signal
1 84
1
9
125 μs
Path Overhead
(POH)
C–3
1 85
1
9
125 μs
P
O
H
VC–3
C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes
C-3 Frame Duration: 125 μs
VC-3 = C-3 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte
VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes
VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 μs
45
34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
VC–3
Tributary Unit Pointer
1 86
1
9
125 μs
Fixed Stuffing Bits
1 86
1
9
125 μs
TU–3
H1H2H3
R
TUG–3TU–3H1H2H3
TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3)
TUG-3 = TU-3 + R (Fixed Stuffing
Bits)
R (Fixed Stuffing Bits) = 6 Bytes (Fixed Stuffing Bits)
TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 μs
STUFFING
46
34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
T
U
G
–
3
1 261
1
9
125 μs
P
O
H
R R
VC–4Multiplexing
x 3
TU–3
1 86
1
9
125 μs
H1H2H3
R
TUG–3
VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)
VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes
VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 μs
T
U
G
–
3
T
U
G
–
3
47
VC–4
34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
1 2611
9
125 μs
AU-PTR
AU–4
VC–4
1 2701
9
125 μs
AUG1 2701
9
125 μs
STM-11 2701
9
125 μs
Multiplexing x 1
RSOH and MSOH
AU-PTR
VC–4AU-PTR
VC–4AU-PTR
MSOH
RSOH
34 Mb Multiplexing Route
34 Mb C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1
48
VC-4 = C-4 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte
VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes
140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
C–4
Rate Adaptation
140 Mbps Signal
1 260
1
9
125 μs
C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes
C-4 Frame Duration: 125 μs
Path Overhead
(POH)
C–4
1 261
1
9
125 μs
P
O
H
VC–4
Rate Adaptation: The process of “Bit stuffing”, to account for different clock rates of the signals coming from different sources
49
140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
VC–4
AU-PTR
10 2701
9
125 μs
Multiplexing x 1
AU-PTR
AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4
AU–4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes
1 9
A U – 4
10 2701
9
125 μs
1 9
AU–4 AUG–4
In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical
AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 μs
4
50
140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
STM-1
RSOH and MSOH
1 270
1
9
125 μs
A U – 4
10 2701
9
125 μs
1 9
RSOH
MSOH
AUG–4
RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes
MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes
STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes
STM-1 Frame Size: 125 μs
3
5
A U – 4
270
125 μs
1AUG–4
OVERHEADS
52
Overhead Bytes
270
1
9
STM-1 Frame Structure
RSOH
MSOH
AU-PTRP
O
H
OVERHEAD
1
PAYLOAD
53
Section Overhead (SOH)
Overhead in SDH frame structure are classified as:
Section Overhead SOH
Path Overhead POH
SOH is further divided into RSOH and MSOH
RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal
equipment
MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment
54
Regenerator Section Overhead – RSOH
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 X X
D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3
∆: Media dependent bytes
X: Bytes reserved for national use
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame Alignment (Framing) Bytes Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame A1 = F6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000) In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
stream
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
Finding frame head
Frame # 1 Frame # 2 Frame # 3 Frame # 4 Frame # 5 Frame # 6
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing
Nextprocess
FindA1,A2
OOF
LOF
N
Y
AIS
over 3ms
625 μs
OOF: Out Of Frame
LOF: Loss Of Frame
AIS: Alarm Indication Signal
57
Regenerator Section Trace – J0 Byte
Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0
It’s used to transmit repetitively a Section Access Point
Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued
connection to the intended transmitter
Another usage of the J0 byte is that J0 byte in each STM-N
frame is defined as an STM identifier C1 i.e., to identify
individual STM-1 inside a multiplexed STM-N
Within the domain of a single operator, this byte may use
any character
B1 Byte
Tx
2#STM-N
Rx
1#STM-NCalculateB1 of STM-N #1
1#STM-N
2#STM-N
Verify B1 B2
STM-NA1 00110011A2 11001100A3 10101010A4 00001111
B 01011010
BIP-8
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte A parity code (even parity), used to check the transmission
errors over the RS
Place the result of BIP in B1 of STM-N #2
59
F1 Byte
User Channel Byte: F1
Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for special
maintenance purposes.
F1
TM REG TMADM
E1 and E2 Bytes
Digital telephone channelE1-RS, E2-MS
E1 and E2
TM ADM TMREG
Orderwire Bytes: Provides one 64 kbps each for voice communication
E1: RS Orderwire Byte – RSOH orderwire message E2: MS Orderwire Byte – MSOH orderwire message
61
Quiz
If only E2 byte is used as order wire byte, then order
wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B
B and C
C and D
62
Quiz
If only E1 byte is used as order wire byte, then order
wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B
B and C
C and D
A and D
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
TMN
DCC channel
NE NE NENE
OAM Information: Control, Maintenance, Remote Provisioning, Monitoring (Alarm & Performance), Administration
Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes Message-based Channel for OAM between NEs and NMS RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 kbit/s (3X64 kbit/s) MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 kbit/s (9X64kbit/s)
64
Multiplex Section Overhead – MSOH
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2 X X
X: Bytes reserved for national use
65
B2 Bytes
The B1 byte monitors the transmission error of the
complete STM-N frame signal
The B2 bytes monitor the error performance status for
each STM-1 frame within the STM-N frame
There are N*3 B2 bytes in an STM-N frame with
every three B2 bytes corresponding to an STM-1 frame
66
B2 BytesB2 Byte Principle
At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits of the STM-N frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and the result is placed in 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame before scrambling.At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of the frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and then Exclusive OR with the B2 bytes of the later arrived frame.If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit block error. Any mismatch in result indicates transmission errors.
For example
BIP-N×24 is computed over a frame of signal composed of 9 bytes.
11001100 11001100 11001100
01011101 01011101 01011101
11110000 11110000 11110000BIP24
01100001 01100001 01100001
67
K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel bytes
Used for transmitting APS signaling to implement equipment self-healing function
The K1 byte and K2(b1~b5) are used for automatic switchover to a standby path
68
K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)
NE-A NE-BWorking path
Standby path
Working path
Standby path
NE-B detects a transmission error on the line and informs NE-A via K1 byte to switchover
NE-A switches to the standby channel
NE-A via K2 byte indicates the switchover in NE-B
NE-B switches to the standby channel
K1
K2
S1 Byte
bits 5 ~ 8 Meaning
0000Quality unknown (existing sync. Quality unknown (existing sync.
Network)Network)
0010 G.811 PRCG.811 PRC
0100 G.812 transitG.812 transit
1000 G.812 localG.812 local
1011G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment
Timing Clock)Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync.Do not use for sync.
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB)Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB) This byte is used for This byte is used for synchronizationsynchronization of network of network Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the quality of the incoming clockquality of the incoming clockThe smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock qualityThe smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock qualityThis helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e. This helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e.
switch to higher quality clock sourceswitch to higher quality clock source
M1 Byte
Tx Rx
Traffic
Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication ( MS-REI ) Byte
This byte is used to report back the number of error blocks detected by the receiver by evaluating three B2 bytes
Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-REI
B2 B2 B2
Report no. of errors detected
Evaluate B2 and detect bit errors
M1
Generate MS-REIMS-REI
Path Overheads
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
123456789
VC-n Path Trace Byte
Path BIP-8
Path Signal Label
Path Status
Path User Channel
TU Multiframe Indication
Path User Channel
AP Switching
Network Operator
Higher Order Path OverheadHigher Order Path Overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
72
Path Signal Label : C2 Byte
C2 byte is used to indicate the type and composition
of the VC-4 tributary information
73
Path Status : G1 Byte
Path status byte
This byte is used to report back the fault from path sink to path
source and is set in the POH of the opposite direction
HP-REI HP-RDI Reserved
87654321
HP-REI: High order Path Remote Error Indication
HP-RDI: High order Path Remote Defect Indication
74
HP-REI and HP-RDI
Higher order Path Remote Error Indication
The SDH NE (sink end) checks B3 bytes
If error blocks are detected, the number of error blocks detected
is sent to the remote terminal in HP-REI signal
The SDH NE (sink end) checks J1 and C2 bytes
Higher order Path Remote Defect Indication
If J1 and C2 fail to be consistent, HP-TIM (Higher order path
Trace Identifier Mismatch) and HP-SLM (Higher order Path
Signal Label Mismatch) alarms are generated
HP-RDI is sent back to the remote end
75
Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte
This byte indicates the frame
label for a multiframe in the next
VC-4 payload
The value of this byte ranges
from 00H to 03H
Path Overheads
V5 J2 N2 K4
VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
1
9
1 4
500μs VC-12 multiframe
Low Order Path OverheadLow Order Path Overhead
77
Path Status and Signal Label : V5 Byte
BIP-2Parity code of VC-12
LP-REILow order Path Remote Error Indication
LP-REI is set to "1" and returned to teh opposite direction if one or more errors are detected via BIP-2
LP-RFILow order Path Remote Failure Indication
If a defect condition persists beyond the maximum allowed time, it becomes a failure, then LP-RFI is set to "1"
and sent back to the source
Signal LabelIndicates type and composition of VC-12 tributary information
LP-RFILow order Path Remote Defect Indication
If sink end detects a TU-12 AIS, it sets LP-RDI to "1" and sends back to the source
BIP-2 LP-REI LP-RFI Signal Label LP-RDI
87654321
POINTERS
Pointers
Pointers
AU-PTR TU-PTR
AU-PTR
RSOHRSOH
AU-PTRAU-PTR
MSOHMSOH
44
11
99
81
AU-PTR
Y: Fixed value “1001SS11”
F: Fixed value “11111111”
H3: Additional transmission capacity during negative
justification
H1 and H2: Pointer value is contained in the last ten bits of H1
and H2
H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3
87654321 9
82
AU-PTR
N: New data flag bits
A notification to the receiver about the change in pointer value and pointer
justification operation
AU/TU type:
For AU-4 and TU-3, SS=10
I/D: Increment/Decrement bits
D bits are inverted to decrement next AU-PTR address (-ve justification)
I bits are inverted to increment next AU-PTR address (+ve justification)
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
H1 and H2
83
TU-PTR
The tributary unit pointer is used to indicate the
specific location of the first byte (V5) of the VC-12
within the TU-12 payload
TU-PTR
VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
V1 V2 V3 V4
1
9
500μs VC-12 multiframe
TU POINTERSTU POINTERS
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