SYMBOLS ANDABBREVIATIONSStandardized abbreviations and symbols for the various trades have been developed by numerous professionalorganizations. These standard abbreviations and symbols are generally used by architects and engineers; how-ever, architects and engineers sometimes create their own symbols and abbreviations to represent materials andequipment on drawings. If symbols and abbreviations are not standard, they are usually noted on the drawing.Some abbreviations for materials, equipment, and titles are called acronyms. An acronym is an abbreviationformed by using the first letter of each word. Some examples of acronyms are CFM (cubic feet per minute),FPM (feet per minute), BTU (British thermal unit), and GPM (gallons per minute). ASHRAE is an acronym forthe American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers.VARIATIONS IN ABBREVIATIONSSome single letter abbreviations are used to represent several different words. The letter R stands for radius,Rankine, road, room, and thermal resistance. Generally speaking, the location of the single letter abbreviation indi-cates what that particular abbreviation stands for.Somewordshavemorethanoneabbreviation.ThewordDOWN canbewrittenasDWN orDN.Eitherabbreviation is correct, but the drafter should choose one and then use it throughout the drawing. Some abbreviations (single letter or several letters) have a period after the last letter to eliminate confusionfor the reader. It is not necessary to place a period after an acronym. VARIATIONS IN SYMBOLSWhen symbols are drawn by hand, templates are usually used. Templates are commercially prepared patternsmade of sheets of plastic with the shapes of various symbols cut out of the plastic. To insert a symbol at theproper place on the drawing, the drafter draws around the cut-out portion of the template. If the symbol is acomplicated one, two or more templates may be required.Computer-aideddesign(CAD)systemshavealibraryofsymbolsfromwhichtheexactsymbolcanbeselected and plotted on the drawing. This library contains symbols for various materials and pieces of equip-ment in each section of drawings (architectural, plumbing, mechanical, and electrical sections).In some cases, there is no standard symbol for a material or piece of equipment. For example, there is nostandard symbol for EARTH when shown on the plan view of a drawing. When there is no standard symbol,the drafter notes on the drawing what the material or equipment is.Some symbols for the same material are shown differently on different drawings. For example, when brickis shown on the elevation views of a building, the drafter usually shows the brickwork as it will look whenthe wall is complete. The mortar joints and the brick are shown in true perspective. When drawn on the floorplan, this brick wall is shown with crosshatching (parallel lines drawn close together at a 45-degree angle).It is important for the reader of the drawings to keep these variations in mind.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 129LEGEND AND SYMBOL SCHEDULESIn most cases, the architect and engineer include a listing of symbols used on the drawings called the Legendand Symbol Schedule. It is usually placed on the first drawing of each section of the set of drawings (archi-tectural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical). When this schedule is present, each symbol used in that sec-tion is shown on the schedule whether it is a standard symbol or one created by the drafter.ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED TOGETHERAbbreviationsandsymbolsarecombinedonworkingdrawingstorelateinformationtothebuilder.Abbreviationsandsymbolsareusedjointlytodescribethesidewallsupplyregister.Thearrowindicatesthedischarge of supply air from the register. The air quantity is shown on the arrow with the abbreviation CFM(cubic feet per minute). A circle, square, or other symbol is placed at the arrowhead to indicate which registerto look for in the Register and Grille Schedule. This kind of combination of symbols and abbreviations is oftenfound on mechanical plans.Equipment Schedulesseveral equipment schedules are always provided on construction jobs, includingthe following:a. Doorscheduleshowsalldoorsusedonthejob.Thedoorscheduleshowsthedoorsize(dimensions),door type, materials used to construct the door, hardware (hinges and door locks), door finish, door frames,and other information needed for ordering doors.b. Windowschedulelikethedoorschedule,informationrequiredfororderingthewindowsincludesthesize, type of glass, type of window, information as to the window frame, and so forth.c. Room finish scheduleeach room in the building is included on this schedule. Such items are listed as thetypeofceiling,baseboard,walltreatment(paintorwallcovering),andfloorfinish(hardwood,treated,painted, carpet, etc.). Special notations give instructions on the finishes in each room. d. Symbol scheduleshows symbols and describes them.e. Abbreviationsscheduleliststheabbreviationsusedinthegeneralconstructionareaalongwithanexplanation of each abbreviation.f. Other schedulesinclude kitchen equipment, hospital equipment, laundry equipment, and special equip-ment installed in the building under the general construction contract. SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 130SYMBOLSWithout the use of symbols, architects cannot showall necessary information regarding materials, meth-ods, and location of components.Types of SymbolsThe types of symbols used include those used in ele-vationviewsandthoseinsectionalviews.Elevationsymbols are easily recognized, as they look very muchlike the actual material or object. An elevation view isa vertical picture of an object showing the front, side,orrearviewofanobject,room,orstructureasonewould view it while facing it.The materials shown in an elevation view appear dif-ferently in a sectional view. A sectional view shows theobject as if it were sliced vertically, showing of what theobjectwouldbecomposed. Forexample,asectionalviewofamasonrywallwouldshowthethicknessofthe joints and the units, how the wall ties are installed,and, many times, the exact height of the wall.Themasonshouldbefamiliarwithsomeofthemore common symbols for the mechanical trades, asthey may affect the work when building in or aroundcertain equipment. For example, it may be necessaryfor the mason to provide for electrical switch boxes,heating units, or built-in plumbing fixtures. Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 3 shows typical electricaland plumbing symbols.SCHEDULESA schedule, in a set of plans, is a list added separatelytotheplansthatdescribessuchitemsaswindows,doors,floors,andwallfinishes.Themasonmustbeable to recognize and interpret schedules correctly, orgreatexpensecouldresultfromnecessarychangesmade at the conclusion of the job so that the job con-forms to the finished schedule.Asmentionedbefore,windowsanddoorsaredesignated by a number or letter on plans. The sameletterornumberisduplicatedintheschedule,witha briefdescriptionoftheitem.Typicaldoorandwindowschedulesmustshowtheirrelationshiptothe floor plan.It should be remembered that schedules consist ofbriefdescriptions;workersmustalsoconsultthedrawings and specifications to obtain all the necessaryinformation. Schedules help greatly in estimating thecost of a job.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 131SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 132SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure1.Elevationmasonrysymbols.Noticebothmaterialsusedandconstruction details.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 133SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 2. Architectural symbols showing materials in the sectional view.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 134SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 3. Typical electrical and plumbing symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 135SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 4. Schedule for a small job, including information on windows, doors,and lintels.WORDING NOTATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION PRINTSThe architect, engineer, and drafter are responsible for relaying design information to the workman or installer.Plans show where the work is to be performed and what materials are to be used, but additional instructionsare often needed. This information is covered by notes. To save space and keep the plan from becoming clut-tered, notes must be written in precise language.It is also important to locate the notation in a logical place on the drawing. The note should be close to thearea where it applies. Notes are written instructions that tell the types of materials, sequence of installation,howdifferentmembersfittogether,equipmentusage,howtooperatetheequipment,andotherpertinentinformation. To link the note to the object it is referred to, a thin line called a leader is extended from the beginning ortheendofthenotationtotheplacewherethenoteapplies.Theleaderusuallystartsnearthenotationandextends to the reference object, terminating with an arrowhead. The leader is usually drawn straight out fromthe note and then turned at an angle to the reference object and arrowhead. Notes should always be located sothat the leader lines do not cross. Some architects and engineers draw a freehand leader. In some cases, notes are too long to place in the location where they are needed. In that case, the drafter willinsert brief instructions such as See Note No. 1. These long notes are then lettered on a blank space on theplan so that the floor plan is not cluttered.Mostnotesareletteredhorizontally,butsometimesitisadvantageoustoletterthenotevertically.Whenverticalnotesareused,theyshouldbereadablefromtheright-handsideoftheplan(SymbolsandAbbreviations Figure 5). SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 136WHEN NOTES ARE REQUIRED TO BE VERTICAL ON THE PLAN, THEY ARE LETTERED SO THEY CAN BE READ FROM THE RIGHT HAND END OF THE PLAN. (THIS NOTE IS AN EXAMPLE.)TOP BORDER OF PLANBOTTOM BORDER OF PLANSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 5. A vertical note on a plan.THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OFA NOTE AND A LEADERTypical note with leaderMATERIALS SYMBOLSThedrawingofanobjectshowsitsshapeandloca-tion. The outline of the drawing may be filled in witha material symbol to show what the object is made of,Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 9. Many materi-alsarerepresentedbyonesymbolinelevationsandanothersymbolinsections.Examplesofsuchsym-bolsareconcreteblockandbrick.Othermaterialslookprettymuchthesamewhenviewedfromanydirection,sotheirsymbolsaredrawnthesameinsections and elevations.When a large area is made up of one material, it iscommontoonlydrawthesymbolinapartofthearea,SymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure10. Somedrafters simplify this even further by using a note toindicatewhatmaterialisusedandomittingthesymbol altogether.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 137ELECTRICAL ANDMECHANICAL SYMBOLSThe electrical and mechanical systems in a buildingincludewiring,electricaldevices,piping,pipefit-tings,plumbingfixtures,registers,andheatingandairconditioningducts.Itisnotpracticaltodrawtheseitemsastheywouldactuallyappear,sostan-dard symbols have been devised to indicate them.The electrical system in a house includes wiring aswell as devices such as switches, receptacles, light fix-tures, and appliances. Wiring is indicated by lines thatshow how devices are connected. These lines are notshown in their actual position. They simply indicatewhichswitchescontrolwhichlights,forexample.Outlets (receptacles) and switches are usually shownintheirapproximatepositions.Majorfixturesandappliances are shown in their actual positions. A fewof the most common electrical symbols are shown inSymbols and Abbreviations Figure 11.MechanicalsystemsplumbingandHVAC(heat-ing,ventilating,andairconditioning)arenotusually shown in much detail on drawings for single-family homes. However, some of the most importantfeatures may be shown. Piping is shown by lines; dif-ferent types of lines represent different kinds of pip-ing. Symbols for pipe fittings are the same basic shapeasthefittingstheyrepresent.Ashortline,orhashmark,representsthejointbetweenthepipeandthefitting.Plumbingfixturesaredrawnprettymuchastheactualfixtureappears.Afewplumbingsymbolsare shown in Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 12.REFERENCE MARKSA set of drawings for a complex building may includeseveralsheetsofsectionanddetaildrawings.Thesesections and details do not have much meaning with-outsomewayofknowingwhatpartofthebuildingtheyaremeanttoshow.Callouts,called referencemarks, on plans and elevations indicate where detailsor sections of important features have been drawn. Tobe able to use these reference marks for coordinatingdrawings,youmustfirstunderstandthenumberingsystem used on the drawings. The simplest numberingsystem for drawings consists of numbering the draw-ing sheets and naming each of the views. For example,Sheet 1 might include a site plan and foundation plan;Sheet 2, floor plans; and Sheet 3, elevations.On large, complex sets of drawings the sheets arenumbered according to the kind of drawings shown.Architectural drawing sheets are numbered A-1, A-2,andsoonforallthesheets.Electricaldrawingsarenumbered E-1, E-2, and E-3. A view number identi-fies each separate drawing or view on the sheet. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 6. Types ofdoors and their plan symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 138SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 7. Window symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 139PLYWOODEARTH ROCK STONEFILLREINFORCINGBARSSTRUCTURALCONCRETELT. WEIGHTCONCRETEBLOCKEARTH ETC.STEEL, IRON ALUMINUM STRUCTURALSTEELFINISH ROUGH STUD WALL &PARTITIONMETALSTONECUT STONE RUBBLE CAST STONE(CONCRETE)SLATE,BLUESTONESOAPSTONECOMMON FACE FIRE BRICKON COMMONGYPSUM INSULATIONPLASTER ONMASONRYBLOCK METAL STUD& PLASTERPARTITIONPLASTER BOARD& PLASTERPARTITIONLOOSE FILLOR BATTSBOARDSOR QUILTSSHEET &PLATEGLASSRUBBLESTONESQUAREDSTONERUNNING BONDMASONRYSTACK BONDMASONRYSHEETMETALGLASS CONCRETEPLASTERSHINGLES BRICK CERAMICPLAN AND SECTION SYMBOLSCONCRETEELEVATION SYMBOLSSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 8. Windows and doors can be measured in several ways.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 9. Material symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 140SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 10. Only part of the area is covered by the brick symbol, although theentire building will be brick.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 11. Some common electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 141SYMBOLS AND ABBRVIATIONS Figure 12. Some common plumbing symbols.Electric symbolsareusedtosimplifythedrafting and later the interpreting of the draw-ings.Electricalsymbols arenotstandardizedthroughouttheindustry.Mostdrawingswillhaveasymbollegendorlist.Youmustbeknowledgeable of the symbols specifically usedoneachproject,sincedesignersmodifybasicsymbols to suit their own needs. Many symbolsare similar (circle, square, etc.). The addition ofaline,dot,shading,letters,numbers,andsoforth gives the specific meaning to the symbol.Learning the basic form of the various symbolsis the best starting point in developing the abil-itytointerpretthedrawingsandtheirrelatedsymbol meanings. Symbols and AbbreviationsFigure14 liststhemostcommonandrecom-mended electrical symbols.TheSchoolAdditiondrawingE-1,SymbolLegend A-4 contains an electrical symbol list forthe project. From the symbol list, it can be seenthat there are duplex receptacles, switches, tele-phone outlets, special purpose outlets, and firealarm devices mounted at various heights. Thenthere is the General Note in the Symbol Legendthat specifies that all mounting heights are to beverifiedandmodifiedasdirected.Thisisanexampleofwhytheinstallermustbecomefamiliar with the drawings and specifications farinadvanceoftheinstallationscheduledtime.The installer must request clarification or direc-tionandgivethedesignersreasonabletimetoclarify the questionable specified instructions.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 142CIRCUITINGSYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure13. Circuitingsymbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 143Electrical Reference SymbolsELECTRICAL ABBREVIATIONS(Apply only when adjacent to anelectrical symbol.)Central Switch Panel CSPDimmer Control Panel DCPDust Tight DTEmergency Switch Panel ESPEmpty MTExplosion Proof EPGrounded GNight Light NLPull Chain PCRain Tight RTRecessed RTransfer XFERTransformer XFRMRVapor Tight VTWater Tight WTWeather Proof WPELECTRICAL SYMBOLSSwitch OutletsSingle-Pole Switch SDouble-Pole Switch S2Three-Way Switch S3Four-Way Switch S4Key-Operated Switch SKSwitch and Fusestat Holder SFHSwitch and Pilot Lamp SPFan Switch SFSwitch for Low-VoltageSwitching System SLMaster Switch for Low-VoltageSwitching System SLMSwitch and Single Receptacle SSwitch and Duplex Receptacle SDoor Switch SDTime Switch STMomentary Contact Switch SMCCeiling Pull Switch SHand-Off-Auto Control Switch HOAMulti-Speed Control Switch MPush Button Receptacle OutletsWhereweatherproof,explosionproof,orotherspecifictypesofdevicesaretoberequired, use the upper-case subscript letters.Forexample,weatherproofsingleorduplexreceptacleswouldhavetheuppercaseWPsubscript letters noted alongside of the symbol.All outlets should be grounded.Single Receptacle OutletDuplex Receptacle OutletTriplex Receptacle OutletQuadruplex Receptacle OutletSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 14. Recommended electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 144Duplex Receptacle Outlet(Split Wired)Triplex Receptacle Outlet(Split Wired)250-V Receptacle Single Phase.Use Subscript Letter to IndicateFunction (DWDishwasher,RARange, CDClothes Dryer) orNumeral (with explanation insymbol schedule).250-V Receptacle Three PhaseClock Receptacle CFan Receptacle FFloor Single Receptacle OutletFloor Duplex Receptacle OutletFloor Special-Purpose OutletFloor Telephone Outlet (Public)Floor Telephone Outlet (Private)Example of the use of several floor outlet symbolsto identify a 2, 3, or more gang flow outlet.Underfloor duct and junction boxfor triple, double, or singleduct system as indicated bythe number of parallel lines.Exampleofuseofvarioussymbolstoidentifylocation of different types of outlets or connec-tions for underfloor duct or cellular floor systems.Cellular FloorHeader Duct*Use numeral keyed to explanation in drawing list ofsymbols to indicate usage.CircuitingWiring Exposed (Not in Conduit)EWiring Concealed in Ceilingor WallWiring Concealed in FloorWiring Existing*Wiring Turned UpWiring Turned DownBranch Circuit Home Runto Panel BoardNumber of arrows indicates number of circuits.(A number of each arrow may be used toidentify circuit number.)Bus Ducts and WirewaysTrolley DuctBusway (Service, Feeder, orPlug-in)Cable Trough Ladder orChannelsWirewayPanelboards, Switchboards,and Related EquipmentFlush-Mounted Panelboardand CabinetSurface-Mounted Panelboardand CabinetSwitchboard, Power ControlCanter, Unit Substations(Should be drawn to scale.)Flush-Mounted Terminal Cabinet(In small scale drawings theTC may be indicated alongsidethe symbol.)Surface-Mounted Terminal Cabinet(In small scale drawings theTC may be indicated alongsidethe symbol.)J2 1*T TB BC CW WTCTCSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 14 (continued). Recommended electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 145Pull Box (Identify in Relation toWiring System Section and Size.)Motor or Other Power Controller(May Be a Starter or Contactor.)Externally-Operated DisconnectionSwitchCombination Controller andDisconnection MeansPower EquipmentElectric Motor (hp As Indicated) 1/4Power TransformerPothead (Cable Termination)Circuit ElementCB(e.g., Circuit Breaker)Circuit BreakerFusible ElementSingle-Throw Knife SwitchDouble-Throw Knife SwitchGroundBatteryContactor CPhotoeletric Cell PEVoltage Cycles, Phase Ex: 480/60/3Relay REquipment Connection (As Noted) *Note: Use heavy weight line to identify service and leaders.Indicate empty conduit by notation CO (conduit only). Note: any circuit without further identification indicates two-wirecircuit for a greater number of wires, indicate with cross lines, e.g.:Neutral wire may be shown longer. Unless indicated otherwise, thewire size of the circuit is the minimum size required by thespecification. Identify different functions of wiring system, e.g.signaling system by notation or other means. Identify by notation or schedule.Remote Control Stations for Motorsor Other EquipmentPush Button Station PBFloat Switch (Mechanical) FLimit Switch (Mechanical) LPneumatic Switch (Mechanical) PElectric Eye (Beam Source)Electric Eye (Relay)Temperature Control Relay R3Connection (3 Denotes Quantity.)Solenoid Control Valve Connection SPressure Switch Connection PAquastat Connection AVacuum Switch Connection VGas Solenoid Valve Connection GFlow Switch Connection FTimer Connection TLimit Switch Connection LLightingCeiling WallSurface or Pendant TYPE SWITCHIncandescent Fixture(PC = Pull Chain)Surface or Pendant Exit LightBlanked Outlet B BJunction Box J J3 wires 4 wiresWATTSPCCIRCUITSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 14 (continued). Recommended electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 146Recessed Incandescent FixturesSurface or Pendant IndividualFluorescent FixtureSurface or Pendant Continuous-Row Fluorescent Fixture(Letter Indicating Controlling Switch)Bare-Lamp Fluorescent Strip**In the case of continuous-row bare-lamp flourescent stripabove an area-wide diffusing means, show each fixture runusing the standard symbol; indicate area of diffusing meansandtypebylightshadingand/orbylightshadingand/ordrawing notation.Electric Distribution or LightingSystem, AerialPoleSteel or Parking Lot Lightand BracketTransformerPrimary CircuitSecondary CircuitDown GuyHead GuySidewalk GuyService Weather HeadElectric Distribution orLighting System, UndergroundManhole MHandhole HTransformer Manhole TMor VaultTransformer PadTPUnderground Direct, Burial Cable(Indicate type, size, and numberof conductors by notationor schedule.)Underground Duct Line(Indicate type, size, andnumber of ducts by cross-section identification of eachrun by notation or schedule.Indicate type, size, and numberof conductors by notation orschedule.)Street Light Standard Feed FromUnderground Circuit Identify by notation or schedule.Signaling System OutletsInstitutional, Commercial, andIndustrial OccupanciesI. Nurse Call System Devices(Any Type)Basic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-cation. Not a part of standard.)Nurses Annunciator 1(Adding a number after itindicates number of lamps,e.g., + 1 24.)Call Station, Single Cord, 2Pilot LightCall Station, Double Cord, 3Microphone SpeakerCorridor Dome Light, 1 Lamp 4Transformer 5Any Other Item on Same System(Use Numbers as Required.) 6II.Paging System Devices(Any Type)Basic SymbolAFixture No.Wattage1100SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 14 (continued). Recommended electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 147Basic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-fication. Not a part of standard.)Master Clock 112" Secondary (Flush) 212" Double Dial (Wall Mounted) 318" Skeleton Dial 4Any Other Item on Same System(Use Numbers as Required.) 5VI. Public Telephone System DevicesBasic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-fication. Not a part of standard.)SwitchboardDesk PhoneAny Other Item on Same System(Use Numbers as Required.)VII. Private Telephone System Devices(Any Type)Basic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-fication. Not a part of standard.)SwitchboardWall PhoneAny Other Item on Same System(Use Numbers as Required.)VIII. System Devices(Any Type)Basic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-fication. Not a part of standard.)123123(Examples of individual item identi-fication. Not a part of standard.)Keyboard 1Flush Annunciator 2Two-Face Annunciator 3Any Other Item on Same System 4(Use Numbers as Required.)III. Fire Alarm System Devices(Any Type) Including Smoke andSprinkler Alarm DevicesBasic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-fication. Not a part of standard.)Control Panel 1Station 210" Gong 3Presignal Chime 4Any Other Item on Same System 5(Use Numbers as Required.)IV. Staff Register System Devices(Any Type)Basic Symbol(Examples of individual item identi-cation. Not a part of standard.)Phone Operators Register 1Entrance Register (Flush) 2Staff Room Register 3Transformer 4Any Other Item on Same System(Use Number as Required.) 5V. Electric Clock System Devices(Any Type)SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 14 (concluded). Recommended electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 148SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 15. Common plumbing symbols.CHECK VALVE (ARROW INDICATES FLOW DIRECTION)GATE VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL)GLOBE VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL)BALL VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL)TEE UP (PLAN VIEW)TEE DOWN (PLAN VIEW)90 DEGREE FITTING UP (PLAN VIEW)90 DEGREE FITTING DOWN (PLAN VIEW)45 DEGREE OFFSET (PLAN VIEW)P-TRAP (PLAN VIEW)ALL PIPING RELATED SYMBOLS ARE GENERIC AND DO NOT REPRESENT A CONNECTION ORMATERIAL TYPE. MANY PLAN VIEWS ARE ALSO USED ON SECTION AND SIDE VIEW DRAWINGSSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 149COLD WATER (SINGLE DOT)HOT WATER (DOUBLE DOT)HOT WATER RETURN (TRIPLE DOT)VENT (CONTINUOUS DOTTED LINE)TANK TYPE TOILET (WATER CLOSET)BATHTUBLAVATORYKITCHEN SINKSHOWERURINALHOSE FAUCETCAPREDUCERSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 16. Common plumbing symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 150MJWPRSS3CONDUCTOR OR WIRECROSSING CONDUCTORS (NOT CONNECTED)CROSSING CONDUCTORS (CONNECTED)TERMINAL OR BINDING POSTSINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW (SPST) SWITCHMOTORGROUNDCIRCUIT BREAKERCEILING OUTLETCEILING OUTLET, RECESSED FIXTUREJUNCTION BOXDUPLEX RECEPTACLEWEATHERPROOF RECEPTACLERANGE RECEPTACLEFLOOR RECEPTACLESINGLE POLE SWITCHTHREE-WAY SWITCHSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 17. Common electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 151orS+-LTPCOMBINATION SWITCH AND RECEPTACLEDISTRIBUTION PANELSERVICE PANELSWITCH, DOUBLE THROW (GENERAL)FUSEPOSITIVENEGATIVELAMP2 POLE DOUBLE THROW SWITCH (TERMINALS SHOWN)SINGLE RECEPTACLEFAN (MOTOR)HOMERUNEXIT SIGNPULL CHAINTHERMOSTATSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 18. Common electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 15220WPEFSUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERRETURN AIR DIFFUSERFLEXIBLE DUCT90 ELBOW WITH TURNING VALVESSQUARE TO ROUND TRANSISTIONEXHAUST FANPNEUMATIC THERMOSTATELECTRICAL THERMOSTATHUMIDISTAT4' 2' (1.22 M 60.96 CM) TROFFER DIFFUSERSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 20. Common HVAC symbols.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 19. Common electrical symbols.SYMBOLS FOR RECEPTACLES HAVING AN ATTACHED ABBREVIATIONINDICATE DESIGNATION OF RECEPTACLEWP = WEATHERPROOF GF = GROUND FAULT REF = REFRIGERATORW = WASHING MACHINE R = RANGE D = DRYERAMPERAGE RATING MAY ALSO BE ATTACHED TO RECEPTACLE SYMBOLS.EXAMPLE: 20 = 20 AMPS AND WP = WEATHERPROOFTHIS SYMBOL INDICATES A 20 AMP WEATHERPROOF DUPLEX RECEPTACLESECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 153BDDDMANUAL BALANCING DAMPERSUPPLY BRANCH TAKE OFF WITH MANUAL BALANCING DAMPERDUCT MOUNTED SMOKE DAMPERBOTTOM FLAT TRANSITIONTOP FLAT TRANSITIONTWO-DIRECTIONAL SUPPLY DIFFUSERFOUR-DIRECTIONAL SUPPLY DIFFUSERSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 21. Common HVAC symbols.WELDING SYMBOLA standard welding symbol and weld symbols have been developed by the American Welding Society. The sym-bolsdevelopedbytheAmericanweldingSocietyarecoveredindetailintheunitsthatfollow.Thestandardwelding symbol Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 22 consists of reference line, an arrow, and a tail. EachSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 154component has a particular function. The ref-erence line is used to apply weld symbols andotherdata,andthearrowconnectstherefer-ence line to the joint or area to be welded. Thetail is added only when needed for the purposeofincludingaspecificationprocessorotherreference.Thephraseweldingsymbol referstothetotalsymbolincludingallinformationaddedtoittospecifytheweld(s)required.Weldsymbol on the other hand, refers to the sym-bolforaspecifictypeofweld.Theweldsymbolisonlypartofthetotalinformationthat may be contained in the welding symbol.Thearrowoftheweldingsymbolmaybeshownwithorwithoutabreak.Whenshownwithabreak,thebreakismadetowardthememberofthejointthatistobepreparedorshaped, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 23.Note that if there is no preference as to whichjoint member is to be prepared, or it is obviouswhichmemberistobeprepared,thearrowneed not be shown with a break. The arrow isalways drawn at an angle to the reference line.It is never drawn parallel (horizontal) to or inthe same plane as the reference line.Multiple arrows may be added to the refer-encelinetoshowthesameweldrequiredinseveraldifferentlocations,asinthecaseofagroupofspotorfilletwelds,SymbolsandAbbreviations Figure 23.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure22. Standardwelding symbol.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure23.Variationsinthe application of the arrow.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure24. Arrowside,other side locations.The reference line of the welding symbol also has a particular significance that remains the same regardlessof the elements added to it, and it is always drawn horizontal to the bottom of the print. The lower side of thereference line is termed the arrow side and the upper side is termed the other side, Symbols and AbbreviationsFigure 24. It should be noted that the terms, arrow side and other side apply to the location of the weldwith respect to the joint. The direction of the arrow has no bearing on the significance of the reference line(refer to Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 25(a)). The arrow simply indicates a point to which the signifi-cance of the reference line and its elements are applied.Multiplereferencelinesmayalsobeusedwithinthebasicweldingsymbol,SymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure 25(b). Additional information on multiple reference lines is presented later in this unit.LOCATION OF WELD SYMBOLWhen a weld symbol is placed on the reference line on the lower side of the line, the weld must be made onthe arrow side of the joint.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 155(b)ARROW LINE AND REFERENCELINE DRAWN INCORRECTLYARROW LINE AND REFERENCELINE DRAWN INCORRECTLY(a)SymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure26(a)illustrates the application of a welding symbol.The element shown on he reference line is theweld symbol for filletor. The symbol islocated within the length or the reference line.In this case, the weld is to be made on the arrowside of the joint. The significance of the symbolisillustratedinSymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure26(b). Notethattheverticallegofthefillet weld symbol is always shown drawn to theleft of the slanted side of the symbol.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure26. Filletweld,arrow side.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure27.Filletweld, other side.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure29. Filletweld, other side.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure30. Filletweld, both sides.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure28. Filletweld, arrow side.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure25.Applicationofmultiplereferencelinestothestandard welding symbol.If the fillet weld symbol is placed on the other side of reference line, the welding symbol is made as shown inSymbols and Abbreviations Figure 27(a). Its significance is shown in Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 27(b).To summarize, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 28(a) and Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 29(a) illus-trate the alternate positions of the weld symbol on the reference line. The significance of the welding symbol ineach case is illustrated by Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 28(b) and Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 29(b).When weld symbols are placed on both sides of the reference line, the welds must be made on both sides ofthe joint Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 30 and Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 31.ADDITIONAL WELDING SYMBOL ELEMENTSA knowledge of the other elements added to the welding symbol and their placement is required before weld-ing symbols on prints can be interpreted properly.Each element applied to the basic welding symbol has a standard location with reference to the componentsof the welding symbol and to the other elements that are added to it. Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 32illustrates the different elements that may be added to the welding symbols and where they are located withrespect to the arrow tail and reference lines.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 156SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 31. Two-joint fillet weld (both sides of joints).FINISH SYMBOLCONTOUR SYMBOLGROOVE WELD SIZEDEPTH OF BEVEL; SIZEOR STRENGTH FORCERTAIN WELDSSPECIFICATION,PROCESS, OROTHER REFERENCETAIL (MAY BE OMITTEDWHEN REFERENCEIS NOT USED)WELD SYMBOLGROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLEOF COUNTERSINK FOR PLUG WELDSROOT OPENING; DEPTH OF FILLINGFOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDSLENGTH OF WELDPITCH (CENTER-TO-CENTERSPACING) OF WELDSFIELD WELDSYMBOLWELD-ALL-AROUNDSYMBOLSIDESBOTHARROWSIDEOTHERSIDEREFERENCELINENUMBER OF SPOT, SEAM,STUD, PLUG, SLOT,OR PROJECTION WELDSELEMENTS IN THIS AREAREMAIN AS SHOWN WHEN TAIL AND ARROW ARE REVERSEDWELD SYMBOLS SHALL BE CONTAINED WITHINTHE LENGTH OF THE REFERENCE LINEARROWCONNECTINGREFERENCE LINETO ARROW SIDEMEMBER OFJOINT OR ARROWSIDE OF JOINTFARS(E)TL-P(N)SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 32. The welding symbol, its elements, and their locations.ThespecificelementstobeappliedtotheweldingsymboltodenotethetypesofweldsareillustratedinSymbols and Abbreviations Figure 33.Astandardsetofsupplementarysymbolsmayalsobeaddedtothebasicweldingsymbols,SymbolsandAbbreviations Figure 34.Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 35 shows the kinds of basic weld symbols applied to a welding symboland their location with respect to the reference line of the basic welding symbol. Note that all symbols do nothave an arrow side, other side, or both sides application. Also note that an arrow with a break is generally nec-essary with bevel and J-groove symbols. In cases where it is obvious which joint member is to be prepared, anarrow with a break is not required.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 157SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 33. Basic weld symbols.RSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 34. Supplementary symbols.SECTION 2/SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS158SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 35. Basic weld symbols and their location significance on the reference line.OBSOLETE WELD SYMBOLSWeld symbols are periodically revised to simplify the shape of the symbol, to consolidate several symbols intoone,ortocreateasymboltospecifyanewlydeveloped welding technique.TheweldsymbolsillustratedinSymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure36 arecalledobso-letesymbolsbecausetheyhavebeenreplacedbynewsymbols.Thesesymbolsarenotusedoncurrentprints;however,theyareincludedfor reference in older prints.PREFERREDSYMBOLSField Weld, Weld-All-Around SymbolsWelds extending continuously around the jointareindicatedbyplacingtheweld-all-aroundsymbolat the break of the reference arrowline, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 37.Welds not made in the shop are identified asfieldweldsandareindicatedbyplacingthefieldweldsymboloratthebreakinthe referencearrowline.Notethattheflagofthefieldweldsymbolmaypointineitherdirection with respect to the arrow of the weld-ingsymbol,SymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure38. Afieldweldsymbolandtheweld-all-aroundsymbolmaybeusedtogether,Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 38.CONTOUR AND FINISH SYMBOLSSupplementary contour symbols are used with the weld symbols to indicate how the face of the weld is to befinished, Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 39. In addition finish symbols may be used with contour symbolstoindicatethemethodtobeusedforformingthecontouroftheweld.Letterdesignationsareusedforthispurpose: C for chipping, G for grinding, M for machining, R for rolling, H for hammering, and Ufor unspecified. Applying the letter U to a contour symbol signifies any method of finish may be used. A stan-dard finish markormay be applied to thecontour symbol with a numerical degree of fin-ish shown above the finish mark, Symbols andAbbreviations Figure 40.Notethatcontourandfinishsymbolsareplaced on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol. They are located directlyabove the weld symbol when the weld symbolis on the other side of the reference line, anddirectlybelowtheweldsymbolwhenitislocatedonthearrowsideofthereferenceline.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 159SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 36. Obsolete weldsymbols.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure37. Applicationofweld-all-around symbol.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 38. Weld-all-aroundand field weld symbol.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 39. Contour symbols.ThefinishsymbolscommonlyusedareshowninSymbols and Abbreviations Figure 40 and Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 41. However, manufactur-SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 160SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure40. Finishsymbols.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure41.Application of finish symbols.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure42.Specifying more than one weld.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure43.Designation of weld on chamfered or beveled members.ers may use their own designations for finishing. Although the degree of finish is not included in the AWS stan-dards, many manufacturers do indicate a desired finish, particularly in the case of flush welds. An example ofsuchaspecificationisthe250-microinchfinishrequirementshowninSymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure 40. The method of obtaining this finish mayor may not be indicated.MULTIPLE WELD SYMBOLSWhenmorethanoneweldisrequiredforajoint,a symbolsisshownforeachweld,SymbolsandAbbreviations Figure 42.DESIGNATION OFMEMBER TO BEBEVELEDCertainweldsrequirethatoneofthemembersofthejoint be beveled before the weld in actually made. To beprecise,abevel describesanedgepreparationwithasharp or feather edge ( ), or with a root face orland ( ), Machinists make a clear distinctionbetween bevel and chamfer, but weld fabricators oftensimply apply the term bevel to both. When a bevel orJ-groove weld symbol (either single or double) is used,thearrowwillpointwithadefinitebreaktowardthemember to be shaped. In Symbols and AbbreviationsFigure 43(a) and (c), the break in the arrow indicatesthat the upper member of the joint is to be beveled. InSymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure 43(b), theright-hand member of the joint is to be prenared.DIMENSIONS ONWELDING SYMBOLSThere are definite locations on the welding symbol for designations of size or strength of the weld, length of theweld, pitch (center-to-center-spacing), and the number of welds (in the case of plug, slot, spot, or projectionwelds). These locations are determined by the side of the reference line on which the weld symbol is placed,Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 44(a) and (b). The location for the number of spot or projection welds maybe either above or below the symbol since there may be no arrow side or other side significance for these symbols.Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 45 shows how dimensions are applied to symbols. A detailed explana-tion of their application is presented in later units which refer to specific welds.DESIGNATION OF SEPCIAL INFORMATIONCertain operations require a specific welding process, a particular type of electrode, or other information nec-essary to complete the weld. In this case, a note can be placed in the tail of the reference line (using standardwelding abbreviations), Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 46.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 161(b) LOCATION OF DIMENSIONSWHEN WELD SYMBOL IS ONARROW SIDE OF REFERENCE LINES(E) L-PRA(N)GROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLE OF COUTERSINK FOR PLUG WELDSROOT OPENING OR DEPTH OF FILLING FOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDSDEPTH OF PREPARATION SIZE OR STRENGTH FOR CERTAIN WELDS(a) LOCATION OF DIMENSION WHEN WELD SYMBOL IS ON OTHER SIDE OF REFERENCE LINEGROOVE WELD SIZEARLENGTH OF WELDPITCH (CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING) OF WELDS NUMBER OF SPOT, SEAMSTUD, PLUG, OR PROJECTIONWELDSREFERENCE LINES(E) (BOTH SIDES)ARROWSIDEOTHERSIDE(N)L-PSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 44. Location of dimensions.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 45. Size dimensions applied to weld symbols.Notethatthetermbackgougeindicatesremoval of weld metal and base metal from theothersideofapartiallyweldedjoint.Thisensures complete joint penetration when weld-ing the gouged side of the joint.There are circumstances when weld symbolsare not added to the reference line of a weldingsymbol. This may occur when the drawing per-mits optional joint preparation with only com-plete penetration specified. This is so indicatedbyplacingthelettersCJPinthetailofthearrow and omitting the weld symbol, Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 46B. A note is addedto the print that signifies this option.It should be noted that when the letters CJParefoundinthetailofthearrow,acompletejointpenetrationweldisrequiredregardlessofthe type of weld or joint preparation that is used.The welding symbol may not always be ade-quatetodenotetheweldrequired,suchasforskewedjoints(jointsthatdeviatefromastraight line). When this is the case, a cross sec-tion or detail drawing of the joint and shape oftheweldisshownontheprint.Data,intheform of notes, may be added to the drawing tofurtherclarifythejointorweldrequired.Reference is made to the detail or section draw-ingbyanoteornotesaddedtothereferenceline of the welding symbol with an arrow side,other side, or both sides significance, Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 46B and Symbols andAbbreviationsFigure46C.Insuchcases,aweld-symbol is not shown on the reference line.A weld symbol may be omitted form the ref-erence line if the type of joint preparation is notspecified.Theweldsizeisindicatedonthedesiredside(s)ofthereferenceline,Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 46D.LOCATION OFTHE WELDINGSYMBOL ONORTHOGRAPHICVIEWSThe welding symbol can be placed on any of theorthographicviews,butisgenerallyshownonthe view that best illustrates the joint. The loca-tion of the welding symbol on each view is illus-SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 162SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure46A. Specifyingadditional information in the tail of the welding symbol.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure46B. SpecifyingCompleteJointPenetration(CJP)inthetailoftheweldingsymbol.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure46C. Applicationof information to reference line of welding symbol.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure46D. Sizeofgroove weld applied to welding symbol without reference to aweld symbol.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure47. Symbolmaybe placed in any view in the orthographic projection.trated in Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 47. However, when the symbol is shown on one view, it is not nec-essary to include it on any of the other views. In Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 47, note that the front viewgives the best indication of the joint; therefore, the symbol should be added to this view.DUPLICATE WELDSTosavedraftingtimeandtoreducedraftingcosts, it iscommonpracticetodesignatesimilarwelds byadditional(multiple)arrows,SymbolsandAbbreviationsFigure 48(a), orbyanindicationplacedinthetailor thesymbol,SymbolsandAbbreviations Figure 48(b). It should be noted, how-ever, that any indication such as 4 places must referto obvious welds. If there is any doubt where these 4placesareontheprint,separatesymbolsforeachweldshouldbeapplied,NotethattheabbreviationTYP for typical may be used to indicate a repetitionofidenticalweldsandisshowninthetailofthewelding symbol.MULTIPLE REFERENCE LINESAND THEIR APPLICATIONSAdditional reference lines may be applied to the basicwelding symbol to show: (1) a sequence of weldingoperationswherethefirstoperationmustbecom-pleted before the next can be performed and (2) sup-plementarydataapplicabletotheweldsymbolshown on the first reference line. Note that the firstreference line is the one located closest to the arrow,Symbols and Abbreviations Figure 48(a, b, and c).Whenmultiplereferencelinesareappliedtothebasic welding symbol, the weld-all-around and fieldweld symbols may be added to one or all of the ref-erencelines.Tailsmaybeaddedsimilarly,Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 49.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 163SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure48A.Sequence of operations signified by multiple referencelines.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure48B.Applicationofweldsymbolstomultiplereference lines.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure48C.Application of supplementary data to second referenceline.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 48. Duplicatewelds.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure49.Application of field weld symbol and tails to multiple ref-erence line.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 164WELD SYMBOL DIMENSION TOLERANCEA tolerance applicable to a weld may be shown as a dimension within the tail of the welding symbol, Symbolsand Abbreviations Figure 50AD.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 50A. Finishabbreviations, also called finish symbols.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 50B. LetterA used for identification.SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONSFigure50C. Suffixesindicatingmethodofapplyingwelding process.SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 50D. Applicationof weld symbol dimension tolerance.Note: AW ARC welding processMA Method used to do weldingSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 165SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 51. Electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 166SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 51 (continued). Electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 167SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 51 (continued). Electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 168SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 51 (continued). Electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 169SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 51 (concluded). Electrical symbols.SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 170Material Symbols in SectionsSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 171Plumbing SymbolsSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 172Electrical SymbolsSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 173EARTHBRICKCONCRETECONCRETE BLOCK WOODSTUDSTUDSIDING STUDORGLASS ORGLASS BLOCKINSULATION ORElevation Plan SectionARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLSNOTE: The following are architectural symbols that are frequently used on construction drawings.Note that thearchitectural symbols for the same material are often different in the elevation view, plan view, and section view. Building MaterialsSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 174Elevation Plan SectionFACE BRICKON RUBBLE FACE BRICKRUBBLEFACE BRICK ON CONCRETE BLOCKS FACE BRICKCONCRETE BLOCKFACE BRICK ON STUD WALL FACE BRICKSHEET ROCKSTUD SPACEPLASTER ON MASONRYMASONRYPLASTERMETAL STUD WALL STUDWALL FINISHSTUD PARTITION WALLWOOD STUDExterior WallsSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 175NORTH ARROWNGRADE POINTFIRE HYDRANTMANHOLE MHTREEWALKPROPERTY LINEFUEL GAS LINE GCONTOUR LINEPOWER POLEWITH GUYELECTRICALSERVICE LINEEWATER LINE WFIRE LINE FDescription Symbol Description SymbolNATURAL GRADE(CONTOUR LINE)NUMBER INDICATESELEVATION IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL06FINISHEDGRADE LINE06SITE PLAN SYMBOLSMECHANICAL SYMBOLSDescription Symbol Description SymbolRECTANGULAR OR SQUARESUPPLY DUCT TURNED UPRECTANGULAR OR SQUARESUPPLY DUCT TURNED DOWNRECTANGULAR OR SQUAREEXHAUST DUCT TURNED UPRECTANGUALR OR SQUAREEXHAUST DUCT TURNED DOWNROUND SUPPLY DUCT TURNED UPROUND SUPPLY DUCT TURNED DOWNRECTANGULAR CEILING DIFFUSERROUND CEILING DIFFUSERFLEXIBLE CONNECTIONTRANSITION:FOT = FLAT ON TOP FOTSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 176Description Symbol Description SymbolELECTRIC OPERATEDDAMPERE.O.D.FIRE DAMPERF.D.SMOKE DAMPERS.D.ELECTRIC HEATERIN DUCTSUPPLY OUTLET WITH SIZE AND AIR QUANTITY SHOWN12 X 8200 CFMDEFLECTOR IN DUCT BEHIND REGISTER OR GRILLE (ARROW INDICATES DIRECTION OF FLOW)TURNING VANES IN A SQUARE THROAT ELBOW TURNING VANES IN A ROUNDTHROAT ELBOW PLAN VIEW OF TRANSITION OFF-SET UP IN DIRECTION OF ARROWDUCT DIMENSIONSFIRST FIGUREIS THE SIDE OF DUCT SHOWN (12 X 10)ACCOUSTICAL LININGINSIDE INSULATIONBRANCH TAP IN DUCTSPLITTER FITTING WITH DAMPERS.D.VOLUME-DAMPERV.D.BACKDRAFT DAMPERBDDACCESS DOOR IN DUCT 10"X 10" SIZEA.D. 10 x 10PNEUMATIC OPERATEDDAMPERP.O.D.THREE-WAY VALVEPRESSURE REDUCING VALVEPRESSURE RELIEF VALVEOR SAFETY VALVESOLENOID VALVEPIPE TURNED UP (ELBOW)PIPE TURNED DOWN (ELBOW)TEE (OUTLET UP)MECHANICAL SYMBOLS (CONTINUED)SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 177TEE (OUTLET DOWN)Description Symbol Description SymbolBACKFLOW PREVENTER B.F.P.UNIONREDUCERCHECK VALVEFLOWGATE VALVE ORGLOBE VALVE ORBALL VALVEBUTTERFLY VALVEDIAPHRAGM VALVEANGLE GATE VALVEANGLE GLOBE VALVEPLUG VALVEFLEXIBLE CONNECTORFLOW SWITCHPRESSURE GAUGE AND COCKPRESSURE/TEMPERATURE PLUGSTRAINER, BLOW DOWNTHERMOMETERTHERMOMETER WELLMECHANICAL SYMBOLS (CONCLUDED)PIPING SYMBOLSDescription Symbol Description SymbolLOW PRESSURE STEAM LPSLOW PRESSURE CONDENSATELPCPUMPED CONDENSATE PCFUEL OIL SUPPLY FOSFUEL OIL RETURN FORHOT WATER SUPPLY HWSHOT WATER RETURN HWRCOMPRESSED AIR AREFRIGERANT SUCTION RSREFRIGERANT LIQUID RLREFRIGERANT HOT GAS RHGCONDENSATE DRAIN CDFUEL GAS GCHILLED WATER SUPPLY CWSCHILLED WATER RETURN CWRSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 178Description Symbol Description SymbolWALL HYDRANTYARD HYDRANTY.H.FLUSH VALVE WATER CLOSETCOUNTER-TYPE LAVATORYMETER MSPRINKLER PIPING SSPRINKLER HEADFLOOR DRAIN F.D.CLEAN-OUTC.O.TUBTANK-TYPE WATER CLOSETWALL-MOUNTED LAVATORYURINALSHOWERWATER HEATERWHMANHOLEMHKITCHEN SINK (DOUBLE BOWL)PLUMBING SYMBOLSPLUMBING PIPE SYMBOLSDescription Symbol Description SymbolPLUMBING VENT LINECOLD WATER (DOMESTIC)HOT WATER (DOMESTIC)HOT WATER RETURN (DOMESTIC)FIRE LINE FFUEL GAS LINE GACID WASTE LINE AWVACUUM LINE VCOMPRESSED AIR LINE ABACKFLOW PREVENTER BFPGATE VALVE ORGLOBE VALVE ORCHECK VALVE (ARROW INDICATES DIRECTIONOF FLOW)SOIL, WASTE OR DRAIN LINESECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 179UNIONPIPE TURNED DOWNPIPE TURNED UPTEE OUTLET UPTEE OUTLET DOWNTEE OUTLET TO SIDEREDUCERPIPE SLEEVEDescription Symbol Description SymbolPLUMBING PIPE SYMBOLS (CONCLUDED)ELECTRICAL SYMBOLSDescription Symbol Description SymbolSINGLE CONVENIENCE OUTLET1DOUBLE CONVENIENCE OUTLETCONVENIENCE OUTLETOTHER THAN DUPLEX,TRIPLEX, OR DOUBLEDUPLEX, ETC.3, 4SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET (DESCRIBE INSPECIFICATIONS)FLOOR OUTLETFAN OUTLET FGENERATOR GSINGLE-POLE SWITCHDOUBLE-POLE SWITCH2THREE-WAY SWITCH3FOUR-WAY SWITCH4KEY-OPERATED SWITCHKSWITCH WITH PILOT LIGHTPWATERPROOF SWITCHPWFUSED SWITCHFGANG OUTLETRSWITCH AND CONVENIENCE OUTLETSJUNCTION BOX JLAMP HOLDER LWALL-MOUNTEDLAMP HOLDERLCLOCK OUTLET CLIGHTING PANELPOWER PANELBRANCH CIRCUITHOME RUN TO PANEL(NUMBER INDICATES THE NUMBER OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKERS IN PANEL)1BRANCH CIRCUIT(HASH MARKS INDICATENUMBER OF WIRES)MOTOR OR MISOLATING SWITCHBELLOUTSIDE TELEPHONE OUTLETFIRE ALARM BELL FSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 180Description SymbolDescription SymbolFIRE ALARM STATION FTRANSFORMER TINSIDE TELEPHONE OUTLETTELEPHONE SWITCHBOARDBATTERYGROUND POINTFUSED ISOLATING SWITCHFELECTRICAL SYMBOLS (CONCLUDED)ABBREVIATIONSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 181Abbreviation DescriptionC Celsius or DegreesCentigradeF Degrees FahrenheitA AreaAAC Air Carbon Arc CuttingAAW Air Acetylene WeldingAB Arc Brazing or Anchor BeltABS Acrylonitrile ButadieneStyreneAC Air Conditioning, ArcCutting, or AlternatingCurrentAD Access Door or Area DrainADA Americans withDisabilities ActADD AddendumAFF Above Finished FloorAG AbovegroundAGA American Gas AssociationAGGR AggregateAHU Air Handling UnitAHW Atomic Hydrogen WeldingAIEE American Institute ofElectrical EngineersAIR COND Air ConditioningAISI American Iron and SteelInstituteAL or ALUM AluminumALM AlarmAMP AmpereAOC Oxygen Arc CuttingAP Access PanelAPI American PetroleumInstituteAPPD ApprovedAPPROX ApproximateARCH Architect, ArchitecturalASA American StandardsAssociationASB AsbestosASHRAE American Society ofHeating, Refrigeration andAir Conditioning EngineersAbbreviation DescriptionASHVE American Society ofHeating and VentilatingEngineersASME American Society ofMechanical EngineersASPH AsphaltASRE American Society ofRefrigeration EngineersASSOC Associate, AssociationASTM American Society forTesting MaterialsAT Acoustical TileAVE AverageAW Acid Waste or Arc WeldingAWG American Wire GaugeAWWA American Water WorksAssociationB Bath, Brine, or BrazingB & S Bell and SpigotB PL Base PlateB to B or B B Back to BackBA BathroomBB Baseboard or Block Brazingbbl or BBL BarrelBD Balancing Damper, Board,or Building DrainBET BetweenBF Back FeedBFP Backflow PreventerBH Boiler HouseBID BidetBK SH Book ShelvesBKR BreakerBL or BLD LIN Building LineBLD, BLDG BuildingBLK Black or BlockBLKG BlockingBLO BlowerBLR BoilerBM Beam or Bench MarkBMAW Bare Metal Arc WeldingBO Blow-OffBOD Bottom Of DuctAbbreviation DescriptionBOP Bottom of PipeBOT or BOTT BottomBP Blueprint or BypassBR Bedroom or Boiler RoomBRK BrickBRM Broom ClosetBS Building Sewer or Bureauof StandardsBSMT BasementBT BathtubBTR BetterBTU British Thermal UnitBV Ball Valve or ButterflyValve or Branch VentBVL BeveledBWV Back Water ValveC Centigrade, Hundred,Center, Courses, orThermal ConductanceC or CL Centerline, Center Line,or ClosetC to C or C C Center to CenterC to F Center to FaceC C Copper by CopperC C C Copper by Copper byCopperC F Copper by FemaleC M Copper by MaleC2H2AcetyleneC4H10ButaneCAB CabinetCAC Carbon Arc CuttingCAW Carbon Arc WeldingCAW-G Gas Carbon Arc WeldingCAW-S Shielded Carbon ArcWeldingCAW-T Twin Carbon Arc WeldingCB Catch Basin or CinderBlockCC Cubic CentimeterCEM CementCEM FL Cement FloorCEM MORT Cement MortarCEM PLAS Cement PlasterCEW Coextrusion WeldingCF or CU FT Cubic Foot/FeetCFLG Counter FlashingCFM Cubic Feet Per MinuteCFS Cubic Feet Per SecondCHAN ChannelCHW Chilled WaterCHWR Chilled Water ReturnAbbreviation DescriptionCHWS Chilled Water SupplyCI or C. I. Cast IronCI or CU IN Cubic InchCIR CircleCIR BKR Circuit BreakerCK Cast IronCKT CircuitCLG HT Ceiling HeightCenter Line or CenterlineCLKG CaulkingCLNG or CLG CeilingCLR ClearCM CentimeterCMU Concrete Masonry Unit(concrete block)CND ConduitCNTR Center or CounterCO Cleanout, Clean-Out, orCarbon MonoxideCO2Carbon DioxideCOD Cleanout DoorCOL ColumnCOM CommonCOMP Composition, Compression,or CompanionCONC ConcreteCOND ConductorCONN ConnectionCONST ConstructionCONT Contact or ContinuousCONTR ContractorCONV ConvectorCONV ENCL Convector EnclosureCOP CopperCORRUG CorrugatedCOV CoverCOV PL Cover PlateCP Cesspool, Chrome Plated,or Control PointCPM Cycles Per MinuteCPVC Chlorinated PolyvinylChlorideCR PL Chrome PlatedCRNRS CornersCS Cast Steel, Cast Stone, orCarbon SteelCSG CasingCSP Central Switch PanelCTR CenterCU CopperCU FT Cubic FootCU IN Cubic InchCLSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 182Abbreviation DescriptionCUR CurrentCV or CK V Circuit Vent or CheckValveCW Cold Water or ColdWeldingCWP Circulating Water PumpCY or CU YD Cubic YardCYL Cylinderd Penny (nail size)D Diameter or DryerD S, DS DownspoutDBL DoubleDC Direct CurrentDCP Dimmer Control PanelDEG, DegreeDET DetailDF Drinking FountainDFB Diffusion BrazingDFU Drainage Fixture UnitDFW Diffusion WeldingDH Double HubDIA, DIAM, or DiameterDIAG DiagramDIF DiffuserDIM DimensionDISC DisconnectDMPR DamperDN DownDO DittoDP Dampproofing, Deep,Depth, or Dip BrazingD R Dining RoomDR Door, Drain, or DrainageDS DownspoutDT Dust TightDW Dishwasher or Dry WellDWG DrawingDWN, DN DownDWV Drainage Waste and VentE EastE to C or E C End to CenterE to E or E E End to EndEASP Electric Arc SprayingEBC Electron Beam CuttingEBW Electron Beam WeldingEBW-HV Electron Beam WeldingHigh VacuumEBW-MV Electron Beam WeldingMedium VacuumEBW-NV Electron Beam WeldingNonvacuumECO End CleanoutAbbreviation DescriptionEDR Equivalent DirectRadiationEF Exhaust FanEGW Electrogas Weldingel or EL ElevationELEC ElectricELEV Elevation or ElevatorEME EmergencyENCL EnclosureENGR EngineerENT EntranceEP Explosion ProofEQ EqualEQUIP EquipmentESP Emergency Switch PanelEST EstimateESW Electroslag WeldingEWC Electric Water CoolerEWH Electric Water HeaterEXC ExcavateEXIST ExistingEXP Exposed or ExpansionEXP JT Expansion JointEXT ExteriorEXW Explosion WeldingF DR Fire DoorF EXT Fire ExtinguisherF to F or F F Face to FaceFAB FabricateFACP Fire Alarm Control PanelFAI Fresh Air IntakeFB Fixture Branch orFurnace BrazingFBRK FirebrickFCAW Flux Cored Arc WeldingFCO Floor CleanoutFCU Fan Coil UnitFD Fire Damper, Floor Drain,or Fixture DrainFDR FeederFDT FoundationFF Finished FloorFG Fuel GasFHY Fire HydrantFIG FigureFIN FinishFIN FL Finished FloorFIP Female Iron PipeFL FlashingFL or FLR FloorFLB Flow BrazingFLG FlangeSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 183Abbreviation DescriptionFLGD FlangedFLOW Flow WeldingFLR FloorFND FoundationFOB Flat On BottomFOC Chemical Flux CuttingFOT Flat On TopFOUND or FDN FoundationFOW Forge WeldingFP Fireplace or Full PortFPM Feet Per MinuteFPRF FireproofFPS Feet Per SecondFR FontFRW Friction WeldingFS Floor SinkFT, ' Feet or FootFTG Footing or FittingFU Fixture UnitFURN FurnishFV Flush ValveFW Flash WeldingG Gas, Ground, or GroundedGA GaugeGAL GallonGALV GalvanizedGAR GarageGFCI Ground Fault CircuitInterrupterGFI Ground Fault InterrupterGI Galvanized IronGL GlassGL BL Glass BlockGMAC Gas Metal Arc CuttingGMAW Gas Metal Arc WeldingGMAW-P Gas Metal Arc WeldingPulsed ArcGMAW-S Gas Metal Arc WeldingShort Circuiting ArcGND GroundGP Gauge PressureGPF Gallons Per FlushGPH Gallons Per HourGPM Gallons Per MinuteGPS Gallons Per SecondGR or GRDGradeGT Grease TrapGTAC Gas Tungsten Arc CuttingGTAW Gas Tungsten Arc WeldingGTAW-P Gas Tungsten ArcWeldingPulsed ArcGTV or GV Gate ValveAbbreviation DescriptionGYP BD Gypsum BoardHB Height (see HGT), HoseBib (Bibb), or HorizontalBranchHC Hollow Core DoorHCW Hollow Core WoodHD Heavy Duty or Hub DrainHDR HeaderHG MercuryHGT Height (see HB)HHW Heating Hot WaterHHWR Heating Hot Water ReturnHHWS Heating Hot Water SupplyHM Hollow MetalHOR or HORIZ HorizontalHP High Point, HighPressure, or Horse Power(Horsepower)HPW Hot Pressure WeldingHT or HGT HeightHTG Heater or HeatingHVAC Heating Ventilation andAir ConditioningHW Hot WaterHWH Hot Water HeaterHWM High Water MarkHWR Hot Water ReturnI I Beam or Insulation (see INS)IB Induction BrazingID Inside DiameterIE Invert ElevationIN, " Inch or InchesINC IncreaserINFO InformationINS Insulate, InsulationINSUL InsulationINT InteriorINV InvertIPC International PlumbingCodeIPS Iron Pipe SizeIRB Infrared BrazingIW Indirect Waste orInduction WeldingJ Junction BoxJCL Janitors ClosetJS Janitor SinkJSTS JoistsJT JointK Kelvin, Kitchen, orKilopound (See KIP)SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 184Abbreviation DescriptionKIP KilopoundKG KilogramKM KilometerKO Knock OutKS Kitchen SinkKVA Kilovoltage AmperesKW KilowattKWHR Kilowatt HourL Angle, Left, or Length(see LGTH)L or LGTH LengthLAD LadderLAU LaundryLAV LavatoryLB PoundLB, # PoundLB/CU/FT Pounds Per Cubic FootLBC Laser Beam CuttingLBC-A Laser Beam CuttingAirLBC-EV Laser Beam CuttingEvaporativeLBC-IG Laser Beam CuttingInert GasLBC-O Laser Beam CuttingOxygenLBW Laser Beam WeldingLDG LandingLEV LevelLH Left-HandedLIB LibraryLIN Linen ClosetLIN FT Linear FeetLIQ LiquidLKR R Locker RoomLOC Oxygen Lance CuttingLP Low PressureLPG Liquid Petroleum GasLPS Liters Per SecondLR Living RoomLT LightLV Loop Vent, Low Voltage,or LouverLW Light WeightLWC Light Weight ConcreteM Meter, Motor, orThousandMAC Metal Arc CuttingMAINT MaintenanceMALL MalleableMANUF ManufacturerMAS MasonryMATL MaterialAbbreviation DescriptionMAX MaximumMECH MechanicalMED MediumMEZZ MezzanineMFG ManufacturingMFR ManufacturerMH ManholeMI Malleable Iron and MileMIN, ' Minimum or MinuteMISC MiscellaneousMLDG MouldingMM MillimeterMN MainMO Masonry OpeningMOD ModularMR Marble, Mop ReceptorMRR Mens Rest RoomMS Mop SinkMSS ManufacturersStandardization SocietyMT Empty, Mens TolietMTG MountingMTL MetalMV MillivoltN NorthN/F Now or FormerlyN2NitrogenNAT NaturalNC Normally ClosedNEC National Electric CodeNFPA National Fire ProtectionAssociationNFWH Non Freeze Wall HydrantNG Natural GasNH No HubNIC Not In ContractNIP NippleNL Night LightNO Normally Open or NumberNOM NominalNPS National Pipe SizeNT or NTS Not To ScaleO OffsetO.H. Door Overhead Dooro/ Overhead or OverO2OxygenOAW Oxyacetylene WeldingOC On Center or OxygenCuttingOD Outside DiameterOFC Oxyfuel Gas CuttingOFC-A Oxyacetylene CuttingSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 185Abbreviation DescriptionOFC-H Oxyhydrogen CuttingOFC-N Oxynatural Gas CuttingOFC-P Oxypropane CuttingOFF OfficeOFW Oxyfuel Gas WeldingOHW Oxyhydrogen WeldingOPG OpeningOS&Y Outside Screw and YokeOSB Oriented Strand BoardOVLD OverloadOZ OunceP&T Pressure and TemperaturePAC Plasma Arc CuttingPAN, PAL PanelPAW Plasma Arc WeldingPB LeadPC Plumbing Contractor,Pre-cast Concrete, or PullChainPCF Pounds Per Cubic FootPE Plain End or PolyethylenePERF PerforatedPEW Percussion WeldingPEX Cross Linked PolyethylenePG Pressure GaugePGW Pressure Gas WeldingPH Phase or Power HousePI Pressure IndicatorPL PlatePLAS PlasterPLG, PLMG, or PLUMB PlumbingPL GL Plate GlassPLYWD PlywoodPOC Point of ConnectionPORT PortablePRCST PrecastPREFAB PrefabricatedPRES PressurePROP ProposalPRV Pressure Reducing ValvePS Pipe ShaftPSF Pound Per Square FootPSI Pounds Per Square InchPSIA Pounds Per Square InchAbsolutePSIG Pounds Per Square InchGaugePT Pint or Pressure-TreatedLumberPTD PaintedPTN PartitionPVC Polyvinyl ChlorideAbbreviation DescriptionPW Projection WeldingPWR PowerQTY QuantityR Radius, Range, Recessed,or RisersR & L Right and LeftRA Return AirRAD RadiatorRAG Return Air GrilleRB Resistance BrazingRCP Reinforced Concrete PipeRD Road or Roof DrainRECIR, RECIRC RecirculateRED Reducing or ReducerREF RefrigeratorREG RegisterREINF Reinforcement orReinforcedREM RemoveREP RepairREQ RequirementRET ReturnREV RevisionRF Roof or Roof FlashingRGH RoughRGH OPNG Rough OpeningRH Right-HandRI Rough-inRL Roof LeaderRM RoomROB Run of Bank (gravel)ROW Right of Way or RollWeldingRPM Revolutions Per MinuteRPS Revolutions Per SecondRPZ Reduced Pressure ZoneValveRSEW Resistance Seam WeldingRSEW-HF Resistance SeamWeldingHigh FrequencyRSEW-I Resistance SeamWeldingInductionRSW Resistance Spot WeldingRT Rain Tight or RightRTU Roof Top UnitRV Relief Vent or Relief ValveRW Resistance WeldingRWL Rain Water LeaderS Sink, Sewer, South, orSwitchS&P Shelf and PoleSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 186Abbreviation DescriptionSA Shock Absorber or SupplyAirSAG Supply Air GrilleSAN SanitarySAW Submerged Arc WeldingSAW-S Series Submerged ArcWeldingSCD ScrewedSCH or SCHEDScheduleSCM Square CentimeterSCRND ScreenedSD Split Damper or StormDrainSEC SecondSEW SewerSF Square Foot or SquareFeetSH Shower or Single HubSHT SheetSHTG SheathingSHR or SHWR ShowerSIM SimilarSIN Square InchSK Sketch or SinkSL Slate or SlidingSLD SolderSM Square MeterSMAC Shielded Metal ArcCuttingSMACNA Sheet Metal and AirConditioning ContractorsNational AssociationSMAW Shielded Metal ArcWeldingSO Side OutletSOV Shut-Off ValveSP Soil Pipe or StaticPressureSPEC SpecificationsSPKR, SPR SprinklerSQ orSquareSQ FT Square FootSQ IN Square InchSQ YD Square YardSS Stainless Steel (See SST),Sanitary Sewer, Soil Stack,or Service SinkSST Stainless SteelSSW Solid-State WeldingSTD StandardSTL SteelSTY StoryAbbreviation DescriptionSUP SupplySUPT SuperintendentSV Stack Vent, Safety Valve, or Service WeightPipeSW Stud Arc Welding orSwitchSWBD SwitchboardSY Square YardSYS SystemT Toilet or TravelT&G Tongue and GrooveT&P Temperature and PressureTB Torch BrazingTBM Temporary Bench MarkTC Thermal CuttingTCAB Twin Carbon Arc BrazingTD Trench DrainTEMP TemperatureTG Temperature GaugeTH Thermostat (see TSTAT)THD ThreadedTHERM ThermometerTHK ThickTHOLD ThresholdTI Temperature IndicatorTLT ToiletTOC Top of ConcreteTOD Top Of DuctTP Trap Primer or Tie-inPointTSTAT Thermostat (see TH)TW Thermit WeldingTYP TypicalUG UndergroundUH Unit HeaterUL Underwriters LaboratoriesUNFIN UnfinishedUNO Unless Noted OtherwiseUR UrinalUSS United States StandardUSSG U.S. Standard GaugeUSW Ultrasonic WeldingUW Upset WeldingUW-HF Upset WeldingHighFrequencyUW-I Upset WeldingInductionV Volt, Vent, or ValveVA Voltage AmperesVAC VacuumVAV Variable Air Volume

SECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 187Abbreviation DescriptionVB Vacuum Breaker, Valve Box, or VaporBarrierVCP Vitrified Clay PipeVCT Vinyl Composite TileVD Volume DamperVEL VelocityVERT VerticalVEST VestibuleVIF Verify In FieldVOL Volume, VoltVS Vent ShaftVT Vapor TightVTR Vent Through RoofW West, Watt, Wire, Width, or WashingMachineW & D Washer and DryerWARD WardrobeWB Washer BoxWC Water ClosetWCO Wall CleanoutWD WoodWDW WindowWH Water Heater, WallHydrant, Weatherhead, or WeepholeAbbreviation DescriptionWI Wrought IronWM Washing Machine orWater MeterWP Water Pump, Waterproof,Weatherproof, orWeatherproofingWRR Womens Rest RoomWS Waste StackW/ WithWSFU Water Supply Fixture UnitWT Water Tight, Weight,Womens TolietWV Wall VentWWP Water Working PressureX SECT Cross SectionXFER TransferXFRMR TransformerXH or XHVY Extra HeavyXS Extra StrongX-SECT Cross SectionXXH Double Extra HeavyXXS Double Extra StrongYD YardYDI Yard Drain InletYH Yard HydrantYLW YellowYR YearSECTION 2/ SpecificsSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 188