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XVI. Ethnic Issues and National Integration

1947Islamic state or collection of ethnic groupsCentralized attitude 1971: loss of biggest ethnic group result of ethnic dividePost 1971

People hoping decentralization and new constitutions

Bhutto negotiated with all political parties future constitution of Pakistan

0n 21 April,1972 Bhutto promulgated interim constitution

Finally 1973 -- 14th August 1973

Constitution Federal

But Bhutto not---

Bhutto --Strong center

Before 1971 Muhajirs and Punjabi elite

In Bhutto era Sindhis and Punjabi elite dominated in the governmentWe will learn in detail about all ethnic groups one by one

Sindhi from SindhSindh was the first province in undivided India which supported Pakistan

Sindhi is an ethnic group of SindhWhat is Sindhi NationalismNationalism based on three pillarsLanguageSense of victimization Socio-economic deprivationAfter 1947

Nationalism ^ reinforced by Muhajirs

Lost their most important city Karachi in 1948

could not accept the dominance of immigrants

Against Muhajir & Capital

1950s One Unit SchemeOne Unit No statusNo resourcesSocio-economic deprivation

G.M.Syed moved more close to Pashtun and Bengali nationalists

Who was G.M.SyedUnderrepresentation Marginalization in Army and Civil bureaucracy1947 2.2% in Army1959 not a single Sindhi in top 47 army officer1959 in the Civil Service of PakistanSindhis represented 2.5% Punjabi 48.9%Muhajir 30.3%Underrepresentedeverywhere Why?

Language and MuhajirAyub policies 1960sSindhi Language -----

Ayub replaced Sindhi with Urdu after 6th grade

Sindhi movement key in removing Ayub

Bhutto was behind the Sindhi movement in 1960s . . But not to get independence

1960s2 leaders 2 different approaches

G.M.Syed --- separation on ethnic lines

Bhutto talked about social reforms, poor people ---

Sha Abdul Latif a Pakistani National poet not Sindi. (Bhutto)

Bhutto 1970sArrested GM Syed in 1973

Implemented pro Sindhi policies in Sindh

to promote Sindhi ---made an act related to Sindhi languageTeaching Promotion and use of Sindhi Language Act in 1972Compulsory Sindhi 4 to 12 grades

Bhutto wanted Sindhi to become language of courts, administration etc

Muhajirs protested in Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana --- whole Sindh

Language conflict ----- violence, riots and even killings

Bhutto changed his plans to make Sindhi language of courts etc.

Act will be enforced after 12 years

Muhajir could learn

Quota system in Civil Service recruitmentSince 1948 Quota system Introduced regulation recruitments

In 1948, 2 % Quota for Muhajirs in civil services even they were 1.5 % of population

In 1973 Muhajirs 30.1 % and and Sindhis 3.1 % in the general administration in the central government

Bhutto changed the Quota system to give more representation to Sindhis

10 % merit seats50 % Punjab11.5% NWFP11.4% Rural Sindh ---- (sindhi)7.6 % Urban Sindh----- (Muhajirs)3.5% Baluchistan

In 1983 Number of Sindis increased in the administration and Muhjairs decreased as compared to 1973

Muhajirs and Sindhis were is 17.4% and 5.4% respectively

Sindhi representation increasedAnd Muhajir decreased.. As compared to Past

Table importantNationalization of industries and businesses

Specially penalized the Muhajir business community of Karachi

In short Bhutto pro sindi policies defuse the Sindhi nationalismZia 1977-1988Sindhi nationalism rekindled Muhajir General arrested Sindhi PMPunjabi courts ---------- death..Punjabi judges ----------rejected appealAll this made him Sinhdi Shaeed (Sindhi martyr)Zia terminated Sindhis from gov. jobs (by 1978, 1746 sindhis terminated from provincial setup )Strong control over the provincial administration of SindhPrefer Punjabis over SindhisMRD was launched against Zia.. PPP was key party300 killed during MRD

1988 PPP againAfter Zia deathDaughter of Bhutto BenazirSindhi PM againThis renewed Sindhi allegiance to PakistanBut in 1991 Sindh Tarraqi Pasand Party was created . Conclusion Presence of weak institution produce ethnic divideBhutto policies were counterproductive for PakistanSindhi language preference over National languageincreased the gap between the two major ethnic groups in Sindh

On the other side his pro Sindhi policies denounced Sindh separatism movementsHe could not maintain the balance between the ethnic groups within Sindh and whole PakistanMainly due to weaknesses and deficiencies in the Government InstitutionBaluch in Baluchistan

3% population42% landThis contrast mainly cause problems for them

Baloch Nationalism

Baloch Ethnic identityBefore 19471666 Kalat Capital Khan of Kalat was rulerBritish defeated Khan of Kalat in 1939The region enjoyed autonomyFirst Baloch uprising in 1948After 1947Nationalism crystalizedKhan of Kalat , refused to join PakistanLater signed Instrument Of Succession in 1948Agreement all subjects with Baluchistan except 3But agreement never implementedThis led to the first uprising in BalochistanPrince Abdul Karim ------ separartiontried to convince Baloch sardarsBut government convinced many of themcontinued to be the standard- bearer of Baloch nationalismGovernment policy of divide and rule controlled the first insurgency in BaluchistanBaloch2 main types, Balochi and Barhui 18 tribesTraditionally 3 tribes: Marri, Bughti and Mengal .. Nationalistic & resist gov PoliciesBaloch nationalist movement developed in rxn to government policies

Second Baloch Uprising in 1950s1950s: reasons Underrepresentation in government and armyOne unit scheme Exploitation of their natural resourcesBaloch People Liberation Front (BPLF) developed Marries main players initiated other 2 supportedBaloch nationalist movement sparked after the coercive measures of AyubArrested insurgents, hanged themUsed force to suppress themCentre policies--- instead of defusing ethnic tensions, radicalized itSecond insurgency was also crushed by the policies of divide and rule and coercive measures

But this resulted into detribalization

Middle class and youth (students) became active

Third Baloch uprsing in 1960sUnder the aegis of Muhammad MarriAlso against policies of centerAlso crushed by the armyBaloch Student Organization formed in 1967

Fourth uprising in 1970sAlso called war of Balochistan4 years 1973 to 19771972 provincial electionBaloch leader elevated to provincial assemby with the help of NAP of Wali KhanAttaullah Mengal becam CMAnnounced to take two stepsreplace civil administration with the Sons of the Soilformulate industrial policy and developmental plans for their province themselvesBhutto dismissed his government in 1973Reason CM was involved in separatist activitiesBhutto step.. Sparked a violent insurrection against the governmentA guerrilla movement started But again tribal division and Baloch Sardars opportunism weakened the movement from the startAkbar Bhugti sided with BhuttoBecame Governor of BaloschistanTribal culture and history .. To weak your opponent , develop good relations with governmentMilitant groupsBRA- Baloch Republican Army--- BhugtisBLA- Baloch Liberation Army ---- MarrisIn 1970s Balochi militants(10,000) from BPLF, BSO and BLA resisted army operationGovernment sent 80,000 troops to crush the insurgency5300 Balochi killed and 3300 killed in armyThe insurrection finally quashed in 1977

In 1950s and 1960s insurrections were for more provincial autonomy now it was for IndependenceAll because of centralist policies of the governmentGeneral Zia 1977-1988Adopted carrot and stick policy to deal with Balochistan and Baloch nationalistsIntractable and rigid with hardlinersTook steps for economic developmentTo appease tribal leaders released prisonersGranted amnesty to exiled

Baloch exileAttaullah Khan Mengal went London.. Formed Sindh Baloch Pashtun Front with the help of Mumtaz Bhutto. Armed struggle to get goalAnother exile was Khair Bux Marri went to Afghanistan with his army BLA his goal was to make Greater Balochistan including Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistani Balochi area

Those remained in Pakistan had moderate approch demanded autonomy not independenceLike Ghous Buksh Bazenjo (former Governor) founded a party called Pakistan National Party (PNP)--- its demand was autonomy and better administration as per 1973 constitution of PakistanPNP changed to BNP (Baloch National Party) after the death of Bazenjo in 1989

Overall Baloch nationalist movement slowed down in 1980sreasons:Leaders outsideNo support of middle class and studentsCultural homogeneity continued to declineIn 1981 Baloch 57% and Pashtuns 28%Baloch moved other regions and abroad esp GulfPopulation drain defuse national movementHowever diaspora maintained strong ties with their homeland and proved to be a useful resource in the nationalists revival in 2000s Musharraf regime After death of Zia in 1988Democracy would change the fate Baloch National Alliance -- composed of JWP (Jamhoori Watan Party) of Bughti and BNM (Baloch National Movement)After election Bugti became CM Baloch polities remain prisoner of faction fightsBNA was short livedas its alliance BNM divided into two factionsOne led by Dr Hayee BalochOther led by Akhtar MengalBNM of Akhtar Mengal (son of Attaullah Mengal) merged with party of Gous Buksh Bazenjo PNP ------ formed Baloch National Party (BNP)

1990sBaloch politicians --- through different alliances with other parties formed governments in the alternate regimes of Benazir and NawazZulfikar Ali Khan CM in 1996Akhtar Mengal (BNP) CM in 1997Akhtar Mengal resigned in protest that center did not inform him about the nuclear tests in his provinceAnother reason was issue of royalty The policies and attitude of center towards Balochistan in 1990s gave rise to what we call Fifth Baloch war/insurgency

Exploitation of natural resources The deposits of District Dera Bughti ( Sui & Pir koh) discovered in 1953.In 1964- gas was supplied to Punjabs cities --could not supply to Dera Bughti until 1995In 2004, royalty issueCenter owed billions of rupees to Balochistan in term of gas revenue arrearsGawadar A place to which Baloch people are emotionally attachedTheir historical hero Hammal Jeayand fought a key battle at Gawadar against the Portugese occupationGawadar port developed with the help of ChinaChina string of pearls strategy in the Indian oceanStrategic locationTrade valueGawadar port development did not give any benefit to local BalochisOut of 600 employees hired in the Gawadar port development , only 30 were localsCity population would increase and people from other provinces would go to Gawadar

Musharraf regimeTwo steps generated insurrection againIn 2002 election, MMA incorporated into Provincial assembly Introduced a decentralized plan local government directly linked to IslamabadMusharraf policies alienated Balochis but political policies were not the only reason for insurrectionIn 2003 Baloch Ittehad formed composed of all national parties Baloch middle class mobilized, through BSO and BNM led by Dr Abdul Hayee, to protest the underrepresentation of Balochis in the governmentIn 2005 Not a single Baloch AmbassadorOnly 502 Baloch recruited into army

BLA attacked and destroyed Gas Pipe lines many times in 2000sIn 2005 Musharraf warned in his statement:Dont push us. This is not the seventies. They (Baloch) will not even know what has hit them (when army strikes).BLA of Marris consisted of 3000 fighters, The insurgency of Bhugti tribe aggravated after the rape of female doctor of Bughti tribe by an army Captain in 2005In the past Bughtis compromised with government after getting incentives but this time they were not willing to negotiate .Musharraf announced that India is behind the insurgency in Balochistan In 2006 Akbar Bhugti was killed by an air strikemysteryBaloch blamed army and army denied allegationThis incident changed the entire landscape of Baloch resistance against the center.

On Bughti funeral on 29th August 2006, young Baloch tore down portraits of JinnahLater in June 2013, residency of Jinnah at Ziarat was torchedOn 21st Sep 2006, a Baloch National Jirga was convened in Quetta to reconsider Balochistan accession to Pakistan.Khan of Kalat, 35th , Mir Suleman, self exiled in London, called the grand jirga It was decided that he should take the case of Kalats restoration as an independent entity to the International Court of Justice in the Hague. He also made public the Instrument of AccessionBRA again activated on the instigation of Baramdagh BughtiIn 2007 son of Khair Bux Marri (Balach Marri) killed in Afghanistan and Akhtar Mengal was arrested(released soon and he went to London)Between 20022007, 54 opponents disappeared (Human Rights Commission of Pakistan)

1102 Baloch were forcibly disappeared during Musharraf rule (another NGO report: Human Rights Watch)In this context, Akhtar Mengal a moderate leader return from exile and boycotted 2008 elections

Post 2008PPP won 2008 electionsPromised to change tack.April 2008 formed a Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Reconciliatory Committee on Balochistan to form Balochistan Package.Committee gave recommendations to government to adopt 39 concrete steps in BalochistanBalochistan Package included measures like:Return of political exilesRelease of prisonersMoratorium on building new garrisonsJob creationMore autonomyGive Balochis control over their assetsAll new development projects would require approval from Balochistan provincial government etc

Nationalists rejected Balochistan PackageDemanded greater autonomyHalt to military operationsAkhtar Mengal propose six points but government ignored himBalochistan Package was not implemented.In 2010: 18th Amendment and 7th NFC awards gave Balochistan provincial government and Federal government equal control on Oil and Gas reserves.The armys modus operandi has not changed since Musharraf According to Human Rights Commission of Pakistan out of 143 missing persons recorded in 2011, 89 of them were disappeared between 2008 and 2010. Between July 2010 and May 2011, 140 mutilated bodies of insurgents were recovered in Balochistan In 2014 situation had not improved as an article in the express tribune: 164 bullet ridden bodies were found in Balochistan in the last 12 months.This kill and dump process was probably not to punish but also to intimidate the Baloch nationalists.In response, Baloch nationalists, since 2005Killed foreigners , PunjabisDoctors, engineers, teachersOn 14th August, 2010, insurgents hijacked a bus going to Lahore from Quettakilled 10 Punjabis in the Bus.Around 100 thousand Punjabis left their homes in Balochistan and moved to other placesTarget killing became a routine matterIn 2013 terrorist attacks in Quetta increased by 39% as compared to 2012According to a report of Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies (PIPS), out of total 487 terrorist attacks in Balochistan, 427 were executed by Baloch nationalist insurgents.2013 elections PML (N)2013 elections did not defuse the ethnic tensionsMengal BNP contested but lostIn 2014 gas pipelines were destroyed 84 timesIn Feburary,2014, militants destroyed 3 gas pipelines at the same time near Rahim Yar Khan (BRA of Baramdagh Bughti claimed the responsibility)Why BNP of Akhtar Mengal lost in the elections 2013Demographic factorHazaras-- ethnic group migrated from Afghanistan to Balochistan--200,000 to 300,000 Out of 30 districts 12 are dominated by PashtunsPashtuns are 40 % of population , controlling the economyPk MAP main party of Pashtuns (Pakhtunkhawa Mili Awami Part)In 2013 election Pk MAP won 14 seatsNational Party (nationalist party)10 seatsPML (N) 20 seatsAbdul Malik Baloch leader of National Party formed in 2004 formed the coalition government in Balochistan (PkMAP, PML(N) and National Party)

Baloch movement has shaped into international movement by the uprising of Baloch people for independence in Iran.In 2009 the Jundullah movement fighting for the independence of Iranian Balochistan killed 42 Iranian state officials in a suicide attack , including 15 revolutionary guards.Iran blamed Pakistan for that incident.ConclusionConclusion Even if the Baloch movement for self determination has not achieved its goal and it is crushed once again, it could reemerge after sometimeEvery government has refused to respect the constitution of Pakistan that was of federalist nature.. But governments were of centralist style18th Amendment and & 7th NFC award corrected the defect in constitutionNo control over oil and gasOnly mineral and coalNow provinces have controlBut this happened only in 2010

The 18th Amendment and NFC award have met the demand of Baloch nationalist half way, killing of Baloch youth has not stopped.For which moderate leaders blame intelligence agenciesBaloch people respect their Sardars, killing of Akbar Bughti in 2006 aggravated the insurgency in BalochistanInter-tribal and intra-tribal disputesWhen it comes to armed struggle, there are four major militant groups in BaluchistanOnly BLA composed of militants or fighters from different tribesBRA only Bughti tribe fighters4 major militant groups are fighting for independence(BLA, BRA, United Baloch Army UBA, Baloch Liberation Front BLF)

Only 2 political parties amongst the nationalist parties are prominentNational PartyBNP Mengal

Following things are a matter of routine in BalochistanKilling of Punjabis and foreigners by Baloch militantsKilling of Baloch nationalists by intelligence agenciesKilling of security forcesMissing persons

Balochi grievancesProvincial autonomyControl over natural resourceesUnderrepresentationUnderdevelopmentGawadarNow Reko Diq in Western BalochistanKilling of Baloch Saradar- Akbar BhughtiRole of intelligence agenciesArmy operations etcGovernment standMet the issues of natural resources in 18th Amendment and 7th NFC awardGovernment is serious about employment, job creation, development and education in BalochistanHuge land and small population is the main problemForeign hand India and othersCompare and contrast the resistance movement of East Pakistan with the present movement of Baluchistan. Suggest remedies. CSS 2010