Swaziland Tree Atlas - SANBI | Biodiversity for Life Many people helped us with compiling the Swaziland Tree Atlas and we could not have done without their assistance. Jean Dobson

Swaziland Tree Atlas

Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 38 • 2005 •

Swaziland Tree Atlas

Linda and Paul Loffler

including selected shrubs and climbers

Recommended citation formatLOFFLER, L. & LOFFLER, P. 2005. Swaziland Tree Atlas—including selected shrubs and climbers.Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 38. SABONET, Pretoria.

Produced and published bySouthern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET)c/o South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001, Pretoria.

Printed in 2005 in the Republic of South Africa by Capture Press, Pretoria, (27) 12 349-1802

ISBN 1-919976-19-1

© 2005 SABONET. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder.

Editor-in-chief: Marthina MössmerSubeditor: Lidia GibsonScientific editor: Otto LeistnerText design and layout: Suzanne Olivier, Antworks Layout and Design, and Marthina MössmerCover design: Suzanne Olivier, Antworks Layout and DesignFront cover: Top: Euphorbia kethii; bottom left to right: Gymnosporia graniticola, Oliniaemarginata and Combretum woodiiBack cover: Syzyzium legatiiTitle page: Protea caffra

SABONET website: www.sabonet.org

This report is a joint product of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) and wasmade possible through support provided by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)/United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) and the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)/World Conservation Union-Regional Office for southern Africa (IUCN ROSA) (Plot no. 14818Lebatlane Road, Gaborone West, Extension 6 Gaborone, Botswana), under the terms of Grant No.690-0283-A-00-5950. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarilyreflect the views of USAID, the SABONET Steering Committee or SABONET National Working Groups.

Contents

Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... viIntroduction ..................................................................................................... 1

Soils ........................................................................................................................ 1Climate ................................................................................................................... 1Hydrology ............................................................................................................... 1Physiographic zones .............................................................................................. 1Centres of Plant Endemism ................................................................................... 5Relevant legislation ................................................................................................ 5Population, land use, and land tenure ................................................................... 5Major threats to the indigenous flora of Swaziland ................................................ 7

The Swaziland Tree Atlas Project.................................................................. 9Methodology ........................................................................................................... 9Results.................................................................................................................. 11

Species accounts.......................................................................................... 16Arrangement and sources .................................................................................... 16Exotic species ...................................................................................................... 16Voucher specimens .............................................................................................. 16Distribution and endemism................................................................................... 16Abundance ........................................................................................................... 16Habitat .................................................................................................................. 16Land tenure .......................................................................................................... 16Conservation status.............................................................................................. 16

Glossary ......................................................................................................... xxBibliography .................................................................................................. xxIndex ............................................................................................................... xx

Acknowledgements

Many people helped us with compiling the Swaziland Tree Atlas and we could not have done withouttheir assistance.

Jean Dobson rescued us when she saw the prolific amounts of data that had to be entered into thedatabase. Without her endless hours of tedious data input there would be no Atlas! We are very grate-ful to her for all her help and support and are amazed at how carefully and conscientiously she wentabout it.

The Mpumalanga Plant Specialist Group were all incredibly generous with their time and knowl-edge and helped us with so many of our queries, even if it meant taking the same sample to them ontwo or more occasions. Of particular help and encouragement were John Burrows, Mervyn Lotter,Ernest Schmidt, and Warren McCleland.

Ara Monadjem has been extremely helpful and supportive over the years, even though he will neveradmit how invaluable his input has been or that he helped convince us to do the Tree Atlas in the firstplace. His encouragement and involvement with the Atlas has been very gratefully received.

Kate Braun and Anthony Emery both helped with the design and development of the database andendless queries thereafter, for which we are extremely grateful.

Our sincere gratitude goes to Titus Dlamini from the Swaziland National Herbarium for his helpwith organising the publication of the Atlas and his valuable input. We are very grateful to MarthinaMössmer for her help with producing the text from the database, Lidia Gibson for editing the text, andDr Otto Leistner for the scientific editing. We would also like to thank the SABONET Project and itssteering committee for including the Atlas in the SABONET Report Series and for providing the nec-essary financial support.

Thank you to Hannelie Snyman at the South African National Biodiversity Institute for providingand updating all the GENSPEC numbers.

Many thanks to Tony de Castro, James Culverwell, David Styles, Johan Hurter, Morne Ferreira,Phil White, Peta Masson, Stella Zwane, Alistair Gray, and Kim Roques for their various contributions.

A big thank you to all the land owners and reserve managers who allowed us to access their land andhelped with accommodation, and lastly to the Swaziland National Defence Force for not shooting useven though they tried on a number of occasions.

vi SABONET Report No. 38

Oxyanthus pyriformis.

Swaziland is a landlocked country covering a to-tal area of approximately 17,360 km2. It is sur-rounded by South Africa to the north, west andsouth, and Mozambique to the east. It lies betweenlatitudes 25º 43’ and 27º19’ South, and longitudes30º 47.5’ and 32º 06’ East. Altitude ranges fromover 1,860 m in the northwest down to 120 m inthe east.

Although small, Swaziland supports a large va-riety of landscapes, geology, climate, and corre-sponding habitat and biodiversity. With its diver-gent geology, climate, and subsequent landforms,the physiographic regions within the country’sboundaries are very distinct.

SoilsThe deeply weathered soils of the Highveld andUpper Middleveld are characterised by relativelyacidic soils and high clay content, whereas theLower Middleveld and Lowveld are generally onlymoderately weathered, shallow, and show a widerange of soil characteristics with neutral or basicsoils. Soils on the Lebombo Plateau show moreintensive weathering characterised by high claycontents (Remmelzwaal, 1993).

ClimateSwaziland has a typically subtropical climate withsummer rains (October–March) and distinct sea-sons. The physiographic zones described aboveshow clear climatic links with sub-humid and tem-perate conditions with a typical annual rainfallranging from 1,450 mm in the Highveld to semi-arid and warm conditions with an average annualrainfall of 550 mm in the Lowveld.

Highest January mean maximum temperaturesare recorded in the Eastern Lowveld (34oC at 200

Introduction

Table 1. Overview of the country’s climatic conditions based on long-term averages (from Van Waveren & Nhlengetfwa,1992a & b).

m asl), and lowest in the Highveld (22oC at 1,450m asl). The lowest July minimum temperaturesrange from 5oC–10oC. Frost is recorded most fre-quently in the Highveld.

HydrologyThe four main perennial river systems, whichdrain the country from the west to the east, arethe Komati, Mbuluzi, Lusutfu, and Ngwavuma.Gorges and incised river valleys are predominantfeatures of these watercourses, each of which sup-ports a variety of habitats and flora. Much of theriparian vegetation in the country has been al-tered by various flooding events—large trees havebeen swept off riverbanks and channels remoul-ded. Exotic invaders have since established them-selves along the banks and are working their wayinto the surrounding vegetation having a signifi-cant impact on the country’s biodiversity.

Physiographic zonesInfluenced by soil and erosion processes, Swazi-land has been classified into six physiographiczones (Murdoch, 1970; Remmelzwaal, 1993).

Maps 1 and 2 illustrate vegetation and eleva-tion boundaries, which coincide significantly withthe physiographic boundaries.

The HighveldThe Highveld physiographic zone lying in the westof the country is dominated by short grassland onrocky outcrops dissected by narrow gorges andriver valleys. Small pockets of species-rich afro-montane forest can be found along the mountainranges, many of which lie above the mist belt line(examples include Mgqwayisa forest in northernMalolotja Nature Reserve, and Devil’s Bridge near

SABONET Report No. 38 1

Physiographic Zone Mean Temperature (oC) Rainfall (mm)

Annual Jan July Mean Annual Dependable –80%

Highveld 17 20 12 850–1,400 700–1,200

Upper Middleveld 20 24 15 800–1,000 650–850

Lower Middleveld 21 25 16 650–800 500–700

Western Lowveld 22 26 18 625–725 425–550

Eastern Lowveld 22 27 17 550–625 400–500

Lebombo Ridge 21 26 17 700–825 500–750

2 Introduction SABONET Report No. 38

Map 1. Map showing Swaziland vegetation (Dobson & Lotter, 2004) with natural forests (Mucina et al., 2005), eighthdegree grid squares, sample sites, and total number of tree species per vegetation type.

SABONET Report No. 38 Introduction 3

Bulembu). These forests vary in condition with avisible increase in disturbance noted over the lastsix years. Increased exploitation, greater grazingpressure, pathways, livestock trampling, veld fires,honey gathering, and slash-and-burn bushclearingthreaten the natural vegetation. Expansive standsof exotic Acacia sp. (Wattle) smother many of theriver and stream banks, and infestations of theweeds Solanum mauritianum and Lantanacamara are common in disturbed areas, includ-ing industrial timber plantations.

The MiddleveldThe upper and lower Middleveld regions gener-ally support tall grassland with forest and thicketstructures often associated with rocky outcrops.The areas around Ezulwini Valley going down toMafutseni are good examples. This region of Swa-ziland is the most heavily settled and the increasein population is having a negative impact on thenatural vegetation. Land is continually beingcleared for agricultural, rural, and urban devel-opments. The indigenous climber Acacia ataxa-cantha and exotic Caesalpinia decapetala havebecome problem plants and tend to form impen-etrable thickets along riverine fringes and inwooded areas. The invasive Psidium guajava con-tinues to increase, especially around the hills ofManzini and Malkerns, and the indigenous Di-chrostachys cinerea has transformed the inherentsavanna around Mafutseni into thickets and densebush, owing, in part, to historic mismanagementof the land.

The LowveldAs one travels down the gradient towards thewestern Lowveld, Combretum—Terminalia broadleaf savanna typifies the landscape before itmerges towards the eastern lowveld with the flat-ter plains of Acacia nigrescens woodlands. En-croaching thicket structures dominated by thenative species Acacia nilotica and Dichrostachyscinerea are common in the Lowveld. The majorityof commercial ranches, cotton farms, and sugar-cane plantations occur in this region. There areseveral natural areas earmarked for bushclearingto make way for future agricultural projects. Asubstantial proportion of fuelwood continues to beindiscriminately harvested, judging by the pilesof firewood that are sold along the roadsides.

Riverine forests associated with the major riv-ers, generally occurring below 800 m, support aclosed woodland structure often infringed bythicket. Flooding has transformed many of thesestructures, leaving them as patchy open shrub-lands, often associated with reedbeds. Alien inva-sive plants can be prolific along the low-lying river-banks, especially the more aggressive weeds, suchas Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, andMelia azedarach.

Drier Acacia woodlands dominate the south-eastern portion of the country where rainfall isinfrequent. These woodlands include Acacia torti-lis, A. borleae, A. senegal, and A. burkei. Openrocky outcrops covered with extensive stands ofnaturally occurring Aloe marlothii become increas-ingly common in this area.

Table 2. Physiographic zones of Swaziland with altitude, major landforms, and vegetation (Remmelzwaal, 1993; Sweet &Khumalo, 1994).

Physiographic Zone Altitude(m) Landform/Topography Geology Vegetation Type

Highveld 900–1,800 Hills on steeply dissected Granite Short grassland withescarpment with transitions to plateau forest patches

Upper Middleveld 600–900 Hills with plateau remnants and Granodiorite Tall grassland with basins Granite scattered trees and

shrubs

Lower Middleveld 400–600 Rolling plain with basins and isolated Gneiss Broad-leaved savannahills

Western Lowveld 250–400 Undulating plain Sandstone/ Mixed savannaClaystone

Eastern Lowveld 200–300 Gently undulating plain Basalt Acacia savanna

Lebombo Range 250–600 Undulating plateau with steeply Ignimbrite Hillside bush and

dissected escarpment (Rhyolite) plateau savanna


Map 2. Elevation map of Swaziland showing the main cities and towns. Physiographic regions correlate as follows:Highveld between 900–1800 m, Upper Middleveld 600–900 m, Lower Middleveld 400–600 m, Western Lowveld 250–400m, Eastern Lowveld 200–300 m, and the Lebombo range 250–600 m.


The Lebombo RangeThe steep escarpment of the Lebombo Range risesfrom the flat lowveld, dissected with steep gorgessupporting patches of drier scarp forest and Andro-stachys forest. These are largely transitional be-tween the typical ‘afromontane’ and ‘coastal’ for-est types (Mucina et al., 2005). The escarpmentsupports a Combretum-rich bushveld that thinsout to a tall grassy plateau, which is surroundedby rocky outcrops and cliff faces. Bushclumpsaround rocky outcrops are frequent on the plateau,with the occasional seasonal pan forming in thenatural depressions.

A small number of plant species has been notedas only being found in association with Androsta-chys thickets, thus comprising a possible uniqueplant community. Lebombo forest patches haveproved to be very high in relative species richness(Monadjem et al., 2003a), and are becoming in-creasingly vulnerable from over-exploitation, live-stock trampling, path widening, alien weed infes-tation, and reduced canopy cover. Species aredying back and fires are able to penetrate deeperinto the forests. Infestation by alien invasive spe-cies is becoming one of the more serious threatsin the region, especially that of Chromolaena odo-rata, Lantana camara and Melia azedarach.

The Lebombo Range, north-western, and south-western Swaziland are vitally important to theconservation of threatened tree species in Swazi-land (Monadjem et al., 2003a). Some plant spe-cies have been found to be restricted to specificgeology formations, including the serpentines ofthe Barberton Mountains, rhyolites of the Lebom-bo Range, and quartzites in the south-west.

Centres of Plant EndemismFloristically, Swaziland is important because itfalls within the boundaries of two regional phyto-choria, recognized by the World Wide Fund forNature (WWF) and World Conservation Union(IUCN) as Centres of Plant Diversity and Ende-mism of global significance (Van Wyk & Smith,2001). These include the Drakensberg Afromon-tane Regional System and the Maputaland–Pon-doland Region, both of which support high concen-trations of endemic taxa.

On a local scale, Swaziland contains a very im-portant subcentre of the Maputaland Centre ofEndemism, consisting mainly of the LebomboRange. The Maputaland Centre of Endemismforms part of the Maputaland–Pondoland Regionand, by implication, it is also recognised as a siteof global conservation significance as far as floris-tic diversity is concerned.

The other important area in Swaziland is thenorth-western region bordering the BarbertonMountains. This region is part of the BarbertonCentre of Endemism, a subcentre of the Drakens-berg Afromontane Regional System. Hence, a por-

tion of Swaziland is included in floristic regionsalready recognised as being of global botanical sig-nificance.

Relevant legislationThe Swaziland Flora Protection Act of 2000 pro-vides legal protection for over 200 plant speciesin the country and allows for the creation of florareserves and protection of special habitats. In thepast, the schedules have not been based on plantred data lists for Swaziland, something that iscurrently in the process of being amended.

This Act protects all flora within proclaimed re-serves, but affords little protection outside these.Even though Swazi Nation Land (SNL) harboursmany threatened plants, bona fide Swazi ruraldwellers are permitted to collect and use (but notsell) these species. This is concerning, as the Actdoes not regulate sustainable harvesting on SNL.The Plant Control Act of 1981 sets out to controland regulate the movement and cultivation ofplants, as well as the establishment and opera-tion of plant nurseries. It also deals with the con-trol of plant diseases, plant insect pests, as wellas noxious weeds that are moved in and out of thecountry. The definition of a noxious weed is notclearly stated and the schedule of noxious weedsneeds urgent revision.

Another concern is that customs and border of-ficials and inspectors may not be able to identifythe species listed in the schedules.

The Forest Preservation Act of 1910 aims at pro-tecting trees and forests on government land andSNL. This is a very outdated Act, allowing destruc-tion of forests and trees under certain conditionswithout considering the ecological impacts of suchdestruction. However, a new Forest Bill is in pre-paration, which will repeal this Act.

Population, land use, and land tenureThe total population of Swaziland in 1996 wasestimated at 937,747 with an annual populationgrowth rate of 3.2%. The density distributionacross the country (SNPDP 1996–2006) indicatesthat:• 70% of people live on SNL• 23% live in urban areas• 7% live on individual tenure farms

The majority of people live on SNL, an area typi-fied by subsistence farming and scattered home-steads, making it vulnerable to plant resourceutilisation.

Grazing occupies nearly 70% of Swaziland, madeup of 50% extensive communal grazing on SwaziNation Land (SNL) and 20% ranching both on TitleDeed Land (TDL) and SNL. Small-scale subsis-tence agriculture dominated by maize cultivationis a high priority on SNL.

Forestry is another major land use in Swaziland,


Map 3. Land cover map of Swaziland (CSIR, 2000) with waterbodies, major rivers, and proclaimed reserves.


with the total land cover of indigenous and man-made forest estimated at 624,000 ha, 36% of thetotal Swaziland land area (Hesse et al., 1990). Ofthis area, 74% is estimated to be indigenous for-ests, woodlands, and savannas, and 26% indus-trial timber plantations.

Swaziland has a small proportion of land dedi-cated to parks and wildlife management, with thepresent system of protected areas covering lessthan 4% of the country (Map 3).

There are essentially four main categories ofland tenure in Swaziland, arrangements of whichplay a vital role in land management and envi-ronment:• 52% is Rural Swazi Nation Land (SNL), which

is vested in the Ngwenyama (King) in trust forthe Swazi Nation.

• 23% is Rural Buyback Land or land that hasbeen returned to SNL status since the country’sindependence in 1968.

• 23% is Rural Title Deed Land (TDL) under in-dividual tenure.

• 2% includes built-up areas and major watersurfaces.

Major threats to the indigenous flora ofSwazilandThe most apparent threats to biodiversity thatSwaziland is experiencing include land transfor-mation, alien weed infestation, over-exploitationof natural resources, bush encroachment, unman-aged fire, and outdated and fragmented legislation.In addition, Swaziland does not have a nationalbotanical garden. Plans are in progress to developone, but to date there has been no formal institu-tion that acts as a refugium for the important plantspecies. Species that are threatened because of ex-pansion programmes and developments have notbeen efficiently rescued and propagated and veryfew species have been monitored effectively.

Land transformationOne of the major causes of habitat destruction isthe large-scale conversion of natural landscapesinto agricultural monocultures, for example, sugarcane. This has led to widespread fragmentationof habitat available to indigenous flora and is ex-acerbated by increasing population pressure anddemand for infrastructural and agricultural de-

Groupings of main land uses Hectares %(thousands)

Small-scale subsistence crop agriculture 214 12.3

Large-scale commercial crop agriculture 104 6

Extensive communal grazing 867 50

Ranching 332 19.1

Plantation Forestry 140 8

Parks, Wildlife Management 67 3.9

Residential, Industry, Recreation 8 0.5

Water Reservoirs 4 0.2

Total 1,736 100

Table 3. Main land uses in Swaziland (modified from Remmelzwaal & Dlamini, 1994).

Table 4. Land Tenure in Swaziland 2000 (from Murdoch, in prep.).

Land Tenure Type Hectares %

(thousands)

Rural Swazi Nation Land (incl. Crown Land) 900 52

Rural Buyback Land Ownership 395 23

Rural Title Deed Farms Ownership 399 23

Built-up Areas and Major Water Surfaces 41 2

Total 1,736 100

velopment in the country. The internal road net-work is fast developing, as are dams under con-struction. Sizeable developments, such as theMaguga Dam along the Komati River and Drie-koppies Dam along the Lomati River, have trans-formed natural areas irreversibly and caused sig-nificant resettlement of people to previouslyundeveloped areas. Consequently, livestock graz-ing ranges are decreasing, pushing animals intomarginal landscapes in search of adequate food.

More large-scale agricultural schemes are in thepipeline, including the Lower Usuthu IrrigationProject and the Komati Downstream DevelopmentProject.

Alien weed invasionThe biodiversity of Swaziland—and the wholesouthern Africa sub-region—is under serious threatby the emergence of alien invasive species. Prob-lem plants identified as causing the most damagein Swaziland are Chromolaena odorata, Lantanacamara, Solanum mauritianum, Acacia mearnsiiand Parthenium hysterophorus.

This invasion is threatening the biodiversity ofthe country, impacting upon conservation efforts,decreasing livestock grazing capacity, affecting ag-ricultural production, reducing water availability,worsening problems associated with fire and flood-ing, decreasing land values and ultimately nega-tively impacting upon the welfare of people, par-ticularly rural communities.

Alien weed distribution data for Swaziland hasbeen very limited in the past, making it difficultto adequately assess their status. Information onthe distribution of Swaziland’s Alien Plants hasonly recently been collated and is currently acces-sible online (Braun et al., 2004). The Governmentof Swaziland is now faced with a considerable taskof formulating and implementing an appropriateaction and management plan to effectively con-trol the problem species in collaboration withneighbouring countries.

Exploitation of plant resourcesRural communities depend heavily on plant re-sources for firewood, medicine, timber, and tradi-tional ceremonies. Coupled with a lack of appro-priate and enforceable legislation, this often resultsin over-harvesting, which leads to local extinctionsand eventually environmental degradation.

A lot of indiscriminate harvesting is taking placein the country with very limited control of themedicinal plant trade. The quantity and type ofindigenous plant products that are sold to mar-kets locally and outside Swaziland for medicine

are largely undocumented. Extinctions of speciescould occur in the immediate future if this tradeis not formalised and regulated.

Fire and alteration of forest dynamicsVeld fires are a tradition and are carried out an-nually in the highveld and parts of the middleveld,normally between the months of July and Sep-tember. These fires sometimes penetrate forests,decreasing canopy cover and denuding the under-growth.

Forest fires are also initiated by people forag-ing for honey or by farmers clearing patches us-ing slash-and-burn techniques. This is especiallyevident in the northern part of the country wherepatches of natural forest are being frequentlycleared for illegal Cannabis cultivation. Changesin sunlight and reduction of shade play a largerole in the plant dynamics of a forest and speciesthat thrive in the shade often perish.

Bush encroachmentThe composition of the vegetation of rangelandsin Swaziland is changing in response to grazingby domestic livestock (Sweet & Khumalo, 1994).Factors that exacerbate the problem of bush en-croachment are exclusion of fire, lack of timeousand sufficiently hot fires, coupled with a shortageof browsing animals. The predominant encroach-ing indigenous woody plants in these areas areDichrostachys cinerea, Acacia nilotica, A. tortilis,Gymnosporia spp., and Euclea spp.

Most of the bush encroachment has occurred inthe Lowveld and Lower Middleveld where themajority of commercial and government-ownedranches are. It is predominant in these ranchesas there is not much clearing of land for cultiva-tion, and relatively little extraction of firewood andbuilding materials as compared to SNL, where alarge proportion of trees and shrubs have beenremoved (Sweet & Khumalo, 1994).

Outdated and fragmented legislationSwaziland faces several challenges to effectivelymanage its flora. Some of the problems lie withoutdated and fragmented legislation, uncoordi-nated efforts and lack of expertise, funds, andmanpower in the responsible institutions (Mona-djem et al., 2003b). Several major gaps and over-laps exist, including the lack of protection of bio-diversity on SNL, which comprises over 70% ofthe country and must therefore harbour a signifi-cant proportion of the flora. The result of this isthat current legislation does not support sustain-able utilisation of biological resources on SNL.


The Swaziland Tree Atlas project was initiated inearly 1999 and has continued for almost six years,with the last official field trip made in August2004. Field visits, data collection, and data pro-cessing were conducted voluntarily and financedindependently by Linda and Paul Loffler.

The main objective of the Swaziland Tree AtlasProject was to produce a compilation of distribu-tion maps for individual tree species, detailingtheir distribution, abundance, habitat, relation-ship with land tenure, conservation status, anduse relative to the country.

It is envisaged that the Atlas will be useful interms of conservation planning and management,development of expertise in the field of taxonomyand database management, public awareness,scientific value, baseline data to stimulate futurework, human resource development, and Environ-mental Impact Assessments in Swaziland.

Most distribution data for the country’s florawere unpublished and stored personally, in oraltradition or could only be found in a few localand regional databases, and scattered publica-tions.

The first publication to include the floweringplants of Swaziland was completed by Dr J. BurttDavy in 1912 (Burtt Davy & Pott-Leendertz, 1912).An intensive botanical survey of Swaziland fol-lowed, over an eleven-year period from 1955–1966,carried out by Prof. R.H. Compton assisted by MissM.C. Karsten and Mr Ben Dlamini. In 1976, Comp-ton published The Flora of Swaziland (Compton,1976), which has remained the standard work forthe flora of the country.

In 1983, Mrs E.S. Kemp published a flora check-list (Kemp, 1983) that has recently been revisedby Braun et al., (2004). This list documents 3,678taxa for Swaziland, 3,478 of which are indigenous.

MethodologyThe main objective of the Atlas was to producedistribution maps for individual tree species in-cluding a selection of shrubs, climbers and suf-frutices recorded within Swaziland. Shrubs thatwere above 1.5m in height, robust woody climbers,lianes, scrambling shrubs and some of the morevigorous climbers were included in the Atlas. Itshould be noted that the list of these species islimited and by no means exhaustive and shouldnot be interpreted as such.

Data CollectionConsidering the small size of the country, sam-pling was done at a fine scale of eighth degree

The Swaziland Tree Atlas Project

squares (approximately 11 km x 11 km gridsquares). A total of 109 (out of 115) grid squareswere sampled during the project (Maps 1 and 4).This scale of mapping has been beneficial, both inthat it produces fine scale data and it concurs wellwith the already published Swaziland Bird Atlas(Parker, 1994) and Mammals of Swaziland (Mona-djem, 1998). The database is currently housed pri-vately by the author and electronic copies of it havesince been distributed to the National BiodiversityDatabase Unit (NBDU) based at the Universityof Swaziland and the Southern African BotanicalNetwork (SABONET) office at the South AfricanNational Biodiversity Institute in Pretoria.

Field work was conducted sporadically through-out the six years so as to cover as many flowering,fruiting and growing seasons as possible. Samplesites were revisited if it was thought that the ini-tial visit was inadequate and that more speciescould be found in the area. Places that were dam-aged during flood or bushclearing events or proneto alien weed infestation were revisited to checkif important or interesting species were still pre-sent. Some localities were repeatedly visited atdifferent times of the year to obtain fruiting andflowering specimens.

Sample plots for the Atlas were conducted us-ing broad 2 km transects. A hand-held Global Po-sitioning System (GPS) was used to obtain coor-dinates for each plot and all relevant plant speciesroughly within a 2 km radius of each point werenoted. A new sample plot was initiated if a differ-ent vegetation type was encountered within thetransect. A total of 585 sites were sampled through-out Swaziland, each represented by a dot, as illus-trated on Map 1.

Voucher specimens were routinely collected onfield trips and are currently stored privately inthe Dobson-Loffler herbarium. Each correspond-ing voucher number(s) has been recorded in thedatabase for ease of reference. Duplicate and origi-nal specimens were sent to various plant special-ists for identification during the course of theproject. This was largely assisted by the authorsand scientific editor of the recent publication“Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and KrugerNational Park” (Schmidt et al., 2002) as well asother members of the Mpumalanga Plant Special-ist Group based in Nelspruit. Other plant expertswere also contacted from various botanical andprivate institutions based in Pretoria, Johannes-burg, and Kwazulu-Natal.

The following herbaria were used for the Swazi-land Tree Atlas Project:


Map 4. Distribution of species richness of trees in Swaziland. Blank grids represent areas that were not sampled duringthe survey.

10 The Swaziland Tree Atlas Project SABONET Report No. 38

• Buffelskloof Herbarium: Buffelskloof PrivateNature Reserve, P.O. Box 710, Lydenburg 1120,South Africa.

• Malolotja Herbarium: Malolotja Nature Re-serve, Swaziland National Trust Commission.

• Natal Herbarium: South African NationalBiodiversity Institute, Botanic Gardens Road,Durban, 4001, South Africa.

• National Herbarium: South African NationalBiodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101,Pretoria 0001, South Africa.

• Schmidt. E. (Private herbarium): P.O. Box28, Kiepersol, 1241, South Africa.

• Swaziland National Herbarium: MalkernsResearch Station, P.O. Box 4, Malkerns,Swaziland.

A rough estimate of the relative abundance of eachspecies within each plot was made. Three catego-ries were assigned, denoted by different sizedcircles; the smallest being rare (1–5 individuals),medium being common (6–100 individuals) andthe largest being abundant (more than 100 indi-viduals).

Notes on the predominant vegetation type andhabitat were made for each plot and any generalcomments about the condition of the area orthreats noted. Vegetation descriptions were basedon a combination of broad vegetation and foresttypes for Swaziland according to Sweet &Khumalo (1994), Dobson & Lotter (2004), andMucina et al. (2005).

ResultsResults of the Swaziland Tree Atlas Project indi-cate that the country sustains a wealth of treespecies largely attributable to its variety of land-scapes, geology, climate, and corresponding habi-

tat and biodiversity. The results are discussedbelow in terms of species richness, endemism andthreatened species. In addition new tree recordsfor the country and species that might have beenoverlooked during the survey are highlighted.

Species richnessOn a regional scale, Swaziland supports a rela-tively diverse flora. In comparison withMpumalanga and Kruger National Park, whichtogether have over 950 species of trees and shrubsdocumented (Schmidt et al., 2002), Swaziland,which is barely the size of the Kruger Park, boastsmore than 630 species. A total of 633 tree specieswere recorded during the Swaziland Tree Atlasproject—with 35 exotic and 598 indigenous spe-cies—representing just over 17% of Swaziland’sindigenous flora.

An illustration of species richness of trees pereighth degree grid is presented in Map 4. The high-est numbers of species are found in the LebomboMountains in the east, near Lufafa Peak in thenorthwest and Sinceni Mountain in centralSwaziland.

Some coastal species generally restricted to theLebombo Mountains in the east appear on SinceniMountain in central Swaziland, for example,Strychnos gerrardii and Deinbollia oblongifolia.This indicates a similarity between coastal, dune,Lebombo forest, and inland forest around SinceniMountain. Other interesting trees in Swazilandthat are also generally restricted to coastal habi-tat in southern Africa (Coates Palgrave, 2002),include Pavetta gerstneri, Ficus burtt-davyi andDovyalis longispina.

Species richness per vegetation type is presented(in brackets) in the legend in Map 1. Bushveldtypes support the highest number of species with

Number of indigenous species ................................................................. 598

Number of exotic species ........................................................................... 35

Total number of species in project area .................................................. 633

Percentage of Swaziland’s indigenous flora (%) ...................................... 17

Number of new records for Swaziland ....................................................... 33

Number of endemic species ......................................................................... 2

Number of species with restricted distributions (near endemic B2) ...... 17

Number of species with restricted distributions (near endemic B3) ...... 24

Number of Swaziland Plant Red Data species ......................................... 47

Number of candidate Swaziland Plant Red Data species ......................... 9

Number of threatened species not recorded in Protected Areas ........... 19

Table 5. Summary details of the Swaziland Tree Atlas Project. “B2” indicates that the species is range-restricted andfound only in Swaziland and one other country; “B3” indicates that it is found only in Swaziland and two other coun-tries or provinces.

SABONET Report No. 38 The Swaziland Tree Atlas Project 11

a total of 864 trees, lowveld 677, grassland 659,Lebombo bushveld 466, and sourveld 365 species.Again, a general pattern of higher cumulativenumbers per area of vegetation type is evident inthe medium to high altitudes with lower numbersoccurring in the lowveld.

The total numbers of the different growth formsof species that were surveyed are presented inTable 6. The majority of the species (69%) weretrees, with 22% being shrubs, 7% climbers and 2%suffrutices.

Endemic speciesTwo endemic (Aloe keithii and Euphorbia keithii)species were recorded for Swaziland, both of whichare restricted to the Lubombo mountain range.

Table 6. Growth forms of taxa in the Atlas. Red Data speciesWe identified 56 threatened trees of which 47 arelisted in the Swaziland Plant Red Data List and 9are proposed “candidate” species. Of these species,8 are listed as Critically Endangered, 6 as Endan-gered, 3 Vulnerable, 1 Near-Threatened, 19 DataDeficient, and 10 Least Concern (Table 7). Of the56 threatened trees, 19 are not recorded in pro-tected areas (Table 8) and will need monitoring inthe future to ensure that they do not decline dras-tically in numbers and that they are recuperatingsufficiently.

New recordsDuring this project, 33 new records were discov-ered for Swaziland (Table 9), the majority of whichare confined to the Maputaland and BarbertonCentres of Endemism, and the quartzite outcropsin the south-west. Of these new findings, two pos-sible relic species were identified, Trilepisiummadagascariense (Burrows & Burrows, 2002) andExcoecaria madagascariensis (Burrows et al.,2003). They are both located within Centres ofPlant Endemism.

T. madagascariense was found in north-west-ern Swaziland in an area which lies within theBarberton Centre of Endemism. This finding rep-resents a more southerly distribution for this spe-

Table 7. Trees listed in the Swaziland Plant Red Data List, including proposed “candidate” species.


Growth Forms Number of species

Trees 438

Shrubs 139

Suffrutex 12

Climber/scrambler 44

TOTAL 633

Taxon Red Data Status

Allocassine laurifolia Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Aloe rupestris Least Concern

Canthium suberosum Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Cassipourea mossambicensis Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Cassipourea swaziensis Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Celtis gomphophylla Endangered

Celtis mildbraedii Critically Endangered

Croton steenkampianus Presently categorised as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Cussonia arenicola Should be considered for Data Deficient status.

Cussonia nicholsonii Presently categorized as Least Concern. Should be considered for Data Deficient status.

Cussonia zuluensis Data Deficient

Diospyros galpinii Least Concern

Drypetes mossambicensis Presently categorized as Least Concern. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Elaeodendron zeyheri Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Encephalartos aplanatus Endangered

Encephalartos heenanii Critically Endangered

Encephalartos laevifolius Critically Endangered

Encephalartos paucidentatus Vulnerable

(Table continued next page)


Taxon Red Data Status

Encephalartos senticosus Vulnerable

Encephalartos umbeluziensis Critically Endangered

Euclea undulata var. myrtina Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Euphorbia keithii Critically Endangered

Excoecaria madagascariensis Should be considered for Critically Endangered status.

Faurea macnaughtonii Presently categorized as Least Concern. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Ficus burtt-davyi Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Ficus polita subsp. polita Vulnerable

Ficus sansibarica subsp. Critically Endangered

sansibarica

Gardenia thunbergia Critically Endangered

Gonioma kamassi Near-Threatened

Heteropyxis canescens Least Concern

Homalium dentatum Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Lagynias monteiroi Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Lannea antiscorbutica Endangered

Manilkara concolor Least Concern

Manilkara discolor Least Concern

Ochna arborea var. oconnorii Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Ochna gamostigmata Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Ocotea kenyensis Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Critically Endangered status.

Olea woodiana Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Olinia emarginata Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Olinia radiata Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Oxyanthus pyriformis subsp. Endangered

pyriformis

Pavetta barbertonensis Least Concern

Protea comptonii Endangered

Prunus africana Endangered

Sterculia murex Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Strychnos pungens Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Suregada procera Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Teclea gerrardii Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Teclea natalensis Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

Teclea pilosa Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Tinnea barbata Least Concern

Trichocladus ellipticus subsp. Should be considered for Near-Threatened status.

ellipticus

Turraea floribunda Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Vitex rehmannii Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern status.

Warburgia salutaris Critically Endangered

(Table continued from previous page)

Table 8. Red Data trees that are not foundwithin Protected Areas.

cies, some 340 km south of the Soutpansberg,which was thought to be its southernmost record.E. madagascariensis was found on the LebomboMountains, which lie within the Maputaland Cen-tre of Endemism. The nearest locality to this find-ing is Chirinda Forest in Zimbabwe, some 700 kmaway. This represents a considerable disjunctionfor the species. Both of these interesting recordsare presumed to represent relic populations thatprobably existed when their preferred forest typeoccurred over a broader region.

Omitted recordsAs this Atlas does not provide an exhaustive listof trees and shrubs for Swaziland, it is likely thatfor various reasons certain species might havebeen overlooked. A provisional list of such speciesis presented in Table 10, all of which require fur-ther investigation and confirmation.

An Aloe resembling Aloe vryheidensis was notedduring the survey along the upper reaches of theKomati River near the old Komati Bridge in north-western Swaziland. The presence of this specieswas not confirmed before the Atlas went for pub-lication and would represent an additional newrecord for Swaziland. Berchemia discolor was re-

Table 9. New tree and shrub records for Swaziland.

cently collected east of Siteki on the Lubombomountain range. This species was previously re-corded for Swaziland (Braun, 2004) but the iden-tity of the herbarium sample is questionable.

ere introduced are provided in the “General”section.


Anastrabe integerrima

Capparis brassii

Cassipourea mossambicensis

Combretum edwardsii

Combretum moggii

Dovyalis longispina

Drypetes reticulata

Drypetes mossambicensis

Elaeodendron zeyheri

Ficus burtt-davyi

Gymnosporia graniticola

Gymnosporia grandifolia

Gymnosporia rubra

Lagynias monteiroi

Manilkara discolor

Maytenus sp. A

Memecylon natalense

Ocotea kenyensis

Olinia emarginata

Olinia radiata

Pavetta gerstneri

Pleurostylia sp. nov.

Protea caffra subsp. falcata

Rhus lucida forma lucida

Rhus Taxon C

Strychnos pungens

Suregada procera

Syzygium legatii

Tabernaemontana ventricosa

Tarenna supra-axillaris subsp. supra-axillaris

Trichocladus ellipticus subsp. ellipticus

Trilepisium madagascariense

Trimeria trinervis

Canthium suberosum

Cassipourea mossambicensis

Cassipourea swaziensis

Cussonia arenicola

Cussonia zuluensis

Encephalartos senticosus

Excoecaria madagascariensis

Ficus burtt-davyi

Gardenia thunbergia

Lagynias monteiroi

Ochna arborea var. oconnorii

Olea woodiana

Olinia emarginata

Olinia radiata

Oxyanthus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis

Strychnos pungens

Suregada procera

Teclea natalensis

Trilepisium madagascariense

Table 10. Tree and shrub species that may have been overlooked during the survey.


ANACARDIACEAE Lannea schweinfurthii var. stuhlmannii Tree

ASTERACEAE Vernonia crataegifolia Shrub

ERICACEAE Erica leucopelta var. luxurians Shrub

EUPHORBIACEAE Croton madandensis Tree

FABACEAE Acacia robusta subsp. robusta Tree

Acacia senegal var. leiorhachis Tree

Crotalaria monteiroi var. monteiroi Shrub

ROSACEAE Rubus apetalus var. apetalus Shrub

Rubus fruticosus Shrub

Rubus immixtus Shrub

Rubus x proteus Shrub

SOLANACEAE Solanum macrocarpon Shrub

Solanum terminale subsp. terminale Shrub

Solanum tomentosum var. coccineum Shrub

Left: Aloe rupestris; top right: Rhoicissus napeus; below right: Pavetta galpinii


This section, which forms the bulk of the Atlas,contains detailed accounts and distribution mapsfor 633 taxa.

Arrangement and sourcesSpecies accounts are presented alphabetically ac-cording to family, genus, and species. Scientificnames, synonyms, and English standard commonnames are in accordance with recent publicationsincluding Germishuizen & Meyer (2003),Schmidtet al. (2002) and Coates Palgrave (2002). Siswatinames are derived from various publications, in-cluding Deall (1998), Dlamini (1981), Dobson(2000; 2002), Schmidt et al. (2002), and personalcommunication with staff at the Swaziland Na-tional Herbarium.

Exotic speciesAn asterisk (*) next to the genus and species nameis used to denote an exotic species. These specieswere mapped in areas where they had naturalisedand not where they had been planted. For example,a Pinus sp. inside the boundary of a timber planta-tion was not mapped, but one found along a water-course or within a natural forest was recorded.Likewise, a species within a garden was not map-ped, but one that had escaped in the wild was.

Voucher specimensVoucher specimen numbers refer to collector’s num-bers of the authors, and should be cited as such, forexample Dobson & Loffler 1018. All specimens arehoused in the Dobson-Loffler Herbarium. Accountswithout voucher specimens are sight records.

Distribution and endemismA summary of distributions is provided under thedescription of “Distribution”. Species distributionmaps indicate all known sites where a species hasbeen recorded during surveys by the authors. Forconservation reasons, we have not included distri-bution maps for members of the Zamiaceae.

A species that is found only in Swaziland is re-ferred to as “Endemic” (i.e. 100% of its distribu-tion lies within Swaziland).

AbundanceThe notes for “Abundance” give an indication ofthe overall frequency of the species within Swazi-land. For example, if the species is generally abun-dant in most grid squares then the rating is “abun-dant”; if only one or two specimens were recordedthroughout the country the rating is “rare”.

Species accounts

HabitatBrief habitat descriptions are summarised in or-der of decreasing frequency in the “Habitat” sec-tion. A base map of vegetation types according toDobson & Lotter (2004) is provided with each dis-tribution map for additional information.

Land tenureInformation about land ownership is largely basedon the Land Tenure Map of Swaziland (Remmel-zwaal & Vilakati, 1994). If a species was restrictedto one or two tenure types then the different typesare noted individually under the “Land tenure”section. However if a species was recorded on morethan two tenure types it is described as “Wideranging”. The categories that have been used in-clude Swazi Nation Land (SNL), Title Deed Land(TDL), Urban (U), and Protected Area (PA). Theterm “Protected Area” is used loosely to includeprivately owned land that is not necessarily le-gally proclaimed as a reserve but which is man-aged for conservation and is offered a certainamount of protection.

Conservation statusThe conservation status of each species in Swazi-land, with the exception of the exotic plants, isassigned under “Conservation Status”. Speciesthat are currently listed in the Swaziland PlantRed Data List (Dlamini & Dlamini, 2002) are high-lighted and their status described. The remain-ing species that are not threatened are given“Least Concern” status.

Some of the new records for Swaziland, whichare not on the Red Data List but which are thoughtto be threatened, are highlighted as candidatespecies and assigned a tentative status by theauthors. This has also been done for some plantspreviously categorised as “Data Deficient” or “LeastConcern”. For example, Ocotea kenyensis is pres-ently categorized as Data Deficient in the Swazi-land Red Data List. It has since been found thatthe tree is facing an extremely high risk of extinc-tion in Swaziland because of indiscriminate har-vesting and slow recuperation and it is thereforerecommended that it should be considered for Criti-cally Endangered status. A list of current red dataand proposed candidate species is given in Table 8.

Exotic species are assigned a “Legal status” asper the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act(Act 43 of Republic of South Africa 1983) andamended in 2001, as detailed in Henderson (2001).Brief notes about how they spread or were intro-duced are provided in the “General” section.


CYATHEACEAE

PTERIDOPHYTESCYATHEACEAE

Cyathea capensis (L.f.) Sm.Alsophila capensisCommon name: Forest Tree FernSiswati name: inKhomankhoma, imPimpilizaDistribution: Isolated patches in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Usually in deep shade along streams and seepage areas in

afromontane forest and forested ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Cyathea dregei KunzeAlsophila dregeiCommon name: Grassland Tree FernSiswati name: inKhomankhoma, imPimpilizaDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along mountain streams and seepage areas in grassland, on the

margins of evergreen forest, and in forested ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Collected frequently from the wild as garden subjects.

GYMNOSPERMSPINACEAE

*Pinus sp.Common name: Pine TreeDistribution: Widespread in the west and scattered in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Grassland, verges of industrial timber plantations, forest clearings,

along watercourses, in urban areas, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.General: Mainly propagated for timber and ffirewood. Seeds germinate easily

in cool, moist soil, subsequently invading natural areas.

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.Common name: Small-leaved Yellowwood, Outeniqua YellowwoodSiswati name: umSontsiVoucher specimen(s): 1018Distribution: Scattered in the Lebombo Range, with patches in central-

western Swaziland and at Devils Bridge in the northwest.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest and forested ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

18 SABONET Report No. 38

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.Common name: Broad-leaved Yellowwood, Real YellowwoodSiswati name: umSontsiVoucher specimen(s): 285Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland and in

Manzimnyame Gorge on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest and among rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

ZAMIACEAE

Encephalartos aplanatus VorsterVoucher specimen(s): 1001, 1014, 1019Distribution: Widespread in the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Endangered.General: A near endemic (B2) and a representative endemic/near-endemic to

the Barberton Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). Threat-ened by illegal collectors. This taxon could intergrade and be conspecificwith E. villosus. More research is required to substantiate this.

Encephalartos heenanii R.A.DyerCommon name: Woolly CycadSiswati name: siJekwane, liGibeleweni, Mayiphuku, LisitsaDistribution: Isolated patches in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Rocky ridges on steep mountain slopes and in montane grassland.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: A near endemic (B2). Threatened by illegal collectors. A representa-

tive endemic/near-endemic to the Barberton Centre of Plant Diversity (VanWyk & Smith, 2001). Species numbers in the wild have dropped dramati-cally from 100 plants in 1985 to 20 in 1999. No recruitment appears to betaking place in these areas. A few years ago, this species was also found ina protected area in Swaziland but in very small numbers (Dlamini &Dlamini, 2002). Present records are now known mainly from species incultivation.

Encephalartos laevifolius Stapf & Burtt DavyCommon name: Kaapsehoop CycadSiswati name: siJekwane, liGebeleweni, Mayiphuku, LisitsaDistribution: Isolated patches in Malolotja Nature Reserve in northwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Montane grassland.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: A near endemic (B2). Threatened by illegal collectors. A representa-

tive endemic/near-endemic to the Barberton Centre of Plant Diversity (VanWyk & Smith, 2001). In Swaziland, the effects of a pathogen are evident(Dlamini & Dlamini, 2002).


ZAMIACEAE

Encephalartos lebomboensis I.Verd.Common name: Lebombo CycadSiswati name: siJekwane, liGibeleweniDistribution: Isolated patches near Mananga in northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Cliff faces and rocky outcrops in Lebombo bushveld.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Endangered.General: Threatened by illegal collectors, suffering a 25% decline in popula-

tion numbers over the last twenty years (Dlamini & Dlamini, 2002). Thisspecies is variable with two distinct forms. The Mananga form, whichoccurs in the northeast, has wider leaflets than that of its Piet-Retiefrelative, and is very similar to E. senticosus if seen without the cones.

Encephalartos paucidentatus Stapf & Burtt DavyCommon name: Barberton CycadSiswati name: siJekwane, liGebeleweni, Mayiphuku, LisitsaDistribution: Isolated patches in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: In evergreen forest and on steep grassy mountainsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Vulnerable.General: A near endemic (B2) and a representative endemic/near-endemic to

the Barberton Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). Threat-ened by illegal collectors.

Encephalartos senticosus VorsterCommon name: Lebombo CycadSiswati name: Gibeleweni, siJekwaneDistribution: Isolated patches south of Siteki on the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Cliff faces and rocky outcrops in Lebombo bushveld.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Vulnerable.General: Threatened by illegal collectors. It is a representative endemic/

near-endemic to the Maputaland Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk &Smith, 2001).

Encephalartos umbeluziensis R.A.DyerE. straitusSiswati name: Siphezane, GebelweniDistribution: Restricted to the Umbeluzi Gorge in northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Shady places in or on the edges of Androstachys forest.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: A near endemic (B2) and a representative endemic/near-endemic to

the Barberton Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). Threat-ened by illegal collectors. A massive decline of more than 80% has beennoted in wild populations over the last 10 years (Dlamini & Dlamini,2002). The trunk is used for various medicinal drugs.

Encephalartos villosus Lem.Common name: Poor Man’s Cycad, Ground Cycad.Siswati name: siJekwane, Mayiphuku, Lisitsa, GibeleweniDistribution: Isolated patches in the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Threatened by illegal collectors.This taxon could intergrade and be conspecific with E. aplanatus. More

research is required to substantiate this.


ACANTHACEAE

DICOTYLEDONSACANTHACEAE

Justicia campylostemon (Nees) T.AndersonCommon name: Honey JusticiaVoucher specimen(s): 153Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest, usually near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Mackaya bella Harv.Common name: Forest Bell bush, River BellsSiswati name: umZwatsiDistribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland, with an isolated patch in

Hlatikulu Forest in the south.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and along mountain stream banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Metarungia longistrobus (C.B.Clarke) BadenMacrorungia longistrobusCommon name: Metarungia, Orange-lipsDistribution: Scattered in northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Low-lying riverine thicket, bushveld, and woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ruttya ovata Harv.Common name: RuttyaVoucher specimen(s): 703Distribution: Scattered in northern and central-western Swaziland, with a

patch at Shewula on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine thicket, and along forest margins at medium

altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ACANTHACEAE

Sclerochiton harveyanus NeesCommon name: Blue-lipsSiswati name: MazabukaDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey and along the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

ANACARDIACEAE

Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh.Common name: Wild PlumSiswati name: umGwenya, umGweny’obovu, UmgonyogonyoDistribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range and scattered in central and

northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, riverine vegetation, wooded ravines, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used for treating menstrual problems. The

wood is used for fuel and the fruit is eaten locally.

Lannea antiscorbutica (Hiern) Engl.Common name: Pink-haired Lannea, Sand False-marulaSiswati name: Bulibati umGabunkomoVoucher specimen(s): 658, 794Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Dry Lebombo forest and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Endangered.General: The roots are used to protect homesteads from witchcraft.

Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl.Common name: Live-longSiswati name: siGanganyane, umnTfokolovoDistribution: Widespread in central and northern Swaziland and scattered in

the east.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld and woodland. Often on rocky ridges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and roots are used to treat bladder and bowel ailments,

for vomiting, and treating female sterility. The fruit is eaten locally.


ANACARDIACEAE

Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. var. edulisOdina edulisCommon name: Wild GrapeSiswati name: umGabunkhomo, TintfokolovuDistribution: Fairly widespread in western and central Swaziland, with

patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, rocky mountainsides, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating female sterility and as a diuretic in

livestock.

Ozoroa engleri R. & A.Fern.Common name: White Resin Tree, Drooping Resin-treeSiswati name: imFuce lemhlopheDistribution: Widespread throughout eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry thicket, woodland, and bushveld, often on rocky soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for steaming and inhaling.

Ozoroa sphaerocarpa R. & A.Fern.Common name: Currant Resin TreeSiswati name: imFuce lemnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 861

Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl.Rhus longifoliaCommon name: Red BeechSiswati name: imFuce, NdiyazaDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of forest and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is used as a lightning conductor.

Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and rocky slopes in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used to treat high blood pressure.


ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus Taxon CVoucher specimen(s): 207, 670, 988, 1013Distribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and along the fringes of dry forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is still being debated whether or not this is a distinct species.

Moffet (1993) reasons that it could be a natural hybrid between R. pentheriand R. leptodictya.

Rhus chirindensis Baker f.R. legatiiCommon name: Red CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushane lenkhuluDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of forest, open bushveld, riverine vegeta-

tion, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a base ingredient for medicine.

Rhus dentata Thunb.Common name: Nana-berrySiswati name: inHlangushaneDistribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland, along stream banks, and on

forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhus discolor E.Mey. ex Sond.Common name: Grassveld CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 881Distribution: Isolated patches at Ngwenya North and Usuthu Forest in

western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus gerrardii (Harv. ex Engl.) DielsR. montanaCommon name: River CurrantVoucher specimen(s): 304Distribution: Sparsely scattered in central-western and southwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Along perennial stream and river banks at medium altitude.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhus grandidens Harv. ex Engl.R. galpiniiCommon name: Sharp-toothed CurrantVoucher specimen(s): 250, 328, 765, 1022Distribution: Scattered in central, northwestern, and southwestern

Swaziland, with an isolated patch near Siteki in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld, forest margins, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhus gueinzii Sond.R. simii, R. spinescensCommon name: Thorny KareeSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 480, 490, 738Distribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland, with patches in

the northwest.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and riverine vegetation. Often on termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Rhus harveyi MoffettCommon name: Harvey’s CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 630, 754Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland, with an isolated

patch near Mnyame Gorge in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops on grassy hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus leptodictya DielsR. amerina, R. rhombocarpa, R. gueinziiCommon name: Mountain KareeSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 512Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky slopes and hillsides in Lebombo bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhus lucida L. forma lucidaCommon name: Glossy Currant, Waxy CurrantVoucher specimen(s): 463Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and on wooded

hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhus pentheri Zahlbr.R. cuneataCommon name: Common Crow-berrySiswati name: inHlangushane, SitsatsatsaVoucher specimen(s): 258, 519Distribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, riverine vegetation, on rocky hillsides,

and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for firewood.

Rhus pondoensis SchönlandCommon name: Many-veined CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 198, 491Distribution: Isolated patches in Malolotja Nature Reserve in northwest

Swaziland and near Mhlababomvu Ridge in the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: On rocky slopes in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


Rhus pyroides Burch. var. gracilis (Engl.) Burtt DavyR. pyroides var. integrifolia, R. fraseri, R. intermedia, R. microcarpaCommon name: Mountain CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 797, 1023

Rhus pyroides Burch. var. pyroidesR. bauriiCommon name: Common Wild CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 806Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest margins, riverine vegetation, wooded grassland, and

woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Rhus rehmanniana Engl. var. rehmannianaCommon name: Blunt-leaved CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 809Distribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, wooded grassland, forest margins, and riverine

vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is variable, with differing leaf shape and growth habit.

Two varieties are known to occur in Swaziland, R. rehmanniana var.glabrata and R. rehmanniana var. rehmanniana.

Rhus rigida Mill. var. margaretae Burtt Davy ex MoffettCommon name: Margaret’s Rock CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 882, 927Distribution: Isolated patches in western Swaziland near the Sandlane

Border Post and near Usuthu Forest.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

ANACARDIACEAE

Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, wooded grassland, forest margins, riverine vegetation,

and rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.


Rhus rogersii SchönlandR. dentata var. truncataCommon name: Rogers CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneDistribution: Isolated patch at Muti-muti Nature Reserve on the Lebombo

Mountains.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland on the Lebombo Plateau.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is probably more widespread on the Lebombo Mountains and

needs further investigation.

Rhus transvaalensis Engl.Common name: Transvaal CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 299, 365, 384Distribution: Scattered in central and northwestern Swaziland, with patches

in the southwest.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open bushveld, wooded grassland, grassland, forest margins, and

along streams and rivers at medium altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B3). The fruit is eaten locally.

Rhus tumulicola S.Moore var. meeuseana (R.& A.Fern.) Moffett formameeuseanaCommon name: Velvet Dwarf CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 742Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B2).

Rhus tumulicola S.Moore var. tumulicolaR. duraCommon name: Hard-leaved CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 551Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in southern-central

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland and on forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B2).

ANACARDIACEAE


Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) KokwaroS. caffraCommon name: MarulaSiswati name: umGanuDistribution: Widespread in eastern, central, and northern Swaziland, with

patches in the west.

ANNONACEAE

Annona senegalensis Pers. subsp. senegalensisA. chrysophyllaCommon name: Wild Custard-appleSiswati name: umTelemba, PofugwaneDistribution: Widespread in northern and central Swaziland, with patches on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, riverine vegetation, and woodland.

Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally; the bark is used for sealing wounds.

Monanthotaxis caffra (Sond.) Verdc.Popowia caffraCommon name: Dwaba-berrySiswati name: siTitane, maSweleti, maSwetiVoucher specimen(s): 987Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and along the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forest understorey, bushveld, riverine thicket, and wooded ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat psychosis and for deworming.

Uvaria caffra E.Mey. ex Sond.Common name: Small-fruit Cluster-pearSiswati name: maSweti, UmtitaneVoucher specimen(s): 59Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: In and along the margins of Lebombo forest and Androstachys

thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat chest pains.

ANACARDIACEAE

Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A very productive tree. The fruit is used locally and commercially

for making jelly and beer. The bark is used for medicinal purposes. Maturetrees are frequently left in fields for shade and food.


Uvaria lucida Benth. subsp. virens (N.E.Br.) Verdc.U. virensCommon name: Large-fruit Cluster-pearSiswati name: maSwetiVoucher specimen(s): 46, 660Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: In Lebombo forest and Androstachys thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

APIACEAE

Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl. var.abyssinica (A.Rich.) H.WolffH. trifoliata, H. abyssinicaCommon name: Peeling-bark Parsley TreeSiswati name: umBangandlala, imVusankunzi, Umjumbula

Heteromorpha involucrata ConrathVoucher specimen(s): 822, 865, 880Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northwestern and central Swaziland and

at Mahuku on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, wooded grassland, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is very variable with several different forms. Specimens

from the upper Komati River Catchment are entirely smooth and hairless.

Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. var. araliaceaCommon name: Carrot-treeDistribution: Restricted to northeastern Swaziland on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Rocky ridges in Lebombo bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and roots are used to help win law cases.

ANNONACEAE

Distribution: Scattered in north-western, central, and south-westernSwaziland and on the Lebombo Range.

Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded grassland, rocky outcrops, along forest fringes, and in

bushveld. Often near streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to help with weight gain in children.


APOCYNACEAE

Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) CoddA. venenataCommon name: Bushman’s PoisonSiswati name: Mutsimulisa, luZekwa, Inhlanguyane, Umhlakahliso,

inHlungunyembeVoucher specimen(s): 55, 945Distribution: Scattered in central, eastern and western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, riverine bush, and among rocky outcrops in

wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used during dog hunts and all parts of the plant are

used for treating earache.

Acokanthera rotundata (Codd) KupichaA. schimperi var. rotundataCommon name: Round-leaved Poison-bushSiswati name: inHlungunyembeVoucher specimen(s): 706, 928, 1059Distribution: Isolated patches at Hluti and Ngudzeni in southern Swaziland

and near Sandlane Border Post in the west.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in wooded grassland and in moist bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. bispinosaC. bispinosa, C. cordataCommon name: Common Num-numSiswati name: umVusankunzi, umBethankunziVoucher specimen(s): 936Distribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and riverine bush. Often in hot and dry areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for medicinal purposes.

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis KupichaC. bispinsosa var. acuminataCommon name: Forest Num-numSiswati name: umVusankunzi, umBethankunziVoucher specimen(s): 1024Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and southern

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and on the margins of evergreen forest and riverine vegetation.

Usually in moist, shady areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

APOCYNACEAE


Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) StapfCommon name: Sand Num-numSiswati name: Lucondvo, umVusankunziVoucher specimen(s): 358Distribution: Scattered in the north, with isolated patches at Mkhaya Game

Reserve in central-eastern Swaziland and near Mambane on the LebomboRange.

Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, and riverine thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Gonioma kamassi E.Mey.Common name: KamassiVoucher specimen(s): 641Distribution: Isolated patches in central-western Swaziland, in Malolotja

Nature Reserve in the northwest, and near Gege in the southwest.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops and koppies in grassland, wooded areas along

mountain streams, and in afromontane forest.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Near Threatened.General: A near endemic (B3).

Landolphia kirkii DyerCommon name: Sand Apricot, Rubber VineDistribution: Isolated patches in Mlawula Nature Reserve and Mnyame

Gorge on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in Lebombo forest.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Oncinotis tenuiloba StapfO. chirindica, O. inandensis, O. natalensisCommon name: Magic RopeDistribution: Isolated patches in the northwest, on the Mdzimba Mountains

in central-western Swaziland, and Jilobi forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, often near water.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

APOCYNACEAE


Pachypodium saundersii N.E.Br.Common name: Kudu LilySiswati name: Sisila-semphala, Nunankulu wemanyeva, liGubagubaDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with a patch near Bovane in

central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky ridges in dry bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bulb is used to treat toothache.

Rauvolfia caffra Sond.Common name: Quinine TreeSiswati name: Umkhamamasi, umFomamasiDistribution: Scattered in northwestern, central-western, and southwestern

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Forest, riparian forest, wooded areas along rivers, and in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used to treat cholera and for deworming.

Secamone alpini Schult.Common name: Russet SecamoneDistribution: Isolated patch in Malolotja Nature Reserve in northwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded ravine.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is probably more widespread and needs further

surveying.

Secamone filiformis (L.f.) J.H.RossCommon name: Narrow-leaved SecamoneDistribution: Sparsely scattered in the east, with a patch on Nyogane Koppie

in northern-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along dry forest margins and in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

APOCYNACEAE


Secamone gerrardii Harv. ex Benth.Common name: Gerrard’s SecamoneSiswati name: inSakansakaDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, evergreen forest, and wooded ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat stomach cramps.

Secamone parvifolia (Oliv.) BullockSiswati name: Milimili, MakhukhumetaneDistribution: Scattered in northern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for umklwebo.

Tabernaemontana elegans StapfCommon name: Toad treeSiswati name: Mkhahlu, Umkhamamasi, Umfoma-masiDistribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern, northern, and central-western

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, riparian vegetation, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is used to treat STDs, and the bark and fruit for vomiting

and incisions.

Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A.DC.Common name: Forest toad treeDistribution: Sparsely scattered in the north, with an isolated patch on

Mdzimba Mountains in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey in riparian and evergreen forest. Usually in dense

shade.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

APOCYNACEAE


APOCYNACEAE

Wrightia natalensis StapfCommon name: Saddle PodSiswati name: umBengendeDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and on rocky outcrops in dry bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk.Common name: Cape HollySiswati name: liBota, inChitsamutiVoucher specimen(s): 159Distribution: Fairly widespread in the west, with patches in south-central

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, usually along river banks and streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for medicinal purposes.

ARALIACEAE

Cussonia arenicola StreyC. zuluensis var. arenicolaCommon name: Sand Cabbage-treeVoucher specimen(s): 659Distribution: Isolated patches in Mtibhlati Gorge and near Shewula on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Shady undergrowth in Lebombo ravine forest.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Conservation Status: Data Deficient.General: It is a representative endemic/near-endemic to the Maputaland

Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). Further verification ofthis finding is needed because it is possible that more taxa than presentlydescribed are lumped within the Cussonia zuluensis–nicholsonii–arenicolacomplex.

Cussonia natalensis Sond.Common name: Rock Cabbage-treeSiswati name: umSenge umbudzi, Imphikayiboni, UmsengeDistribution: Sparsely scattered in central, northern, and eastern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and wooded grassland. Often on rocky slopes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark, roots, and fruits are used during inyanga initiation and

sangoma washing ceremonies. The bark is also used for bringing luck inlaw cases and during times of war.


ARALIACEAE

Cussonia nicholsonii StreyCommon name: South Coast Cabbage Tree, Wedge-fruited Cabbage TreeVoucher specimen(s): 990, 993, 999Distribution: Sparsely scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient.General: A near endemic (B3). Further verification of this finding is needed,

as it is possible that more taxa than presently described are lumped withinthe Cussonia zuluensis–nicholsonii–arenicola complex.

Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. sinuata (Reyneke & Kok) De WinterCommon name: Mountain Cabbage Tree, Highveld Cabbage TreeSiswati name: umSengeDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in high-altitude grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Cussonia sphaerocephala StreyC. chartaceae, C. spicata var. sphaerocephalaCommon name: Forest Cabbage TreeSiswati name: umSengeDistribution: Scattered in the northwest, with a patch near Gebeni in

central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread and needs further surveying.

Cussonia spicata Thunb.C. kraussiiCommon name: Cabbage TreeSiswati name: umSengeVoucher specimen(s): 1017Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, forest margins, mountain slopes,

bushveld, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The root and bark are used as an emetic. The roots and fruit are

used for vomiting and inhaling.


ARALIACEAE

Cussonia zuluensis StreyCommon name: Zulu Cabbage TreeSiswati name: umSengeVoucher specimen(s): 957Distribution: Isolated patches in central and southern Swaziland and at

Jilobi Forest in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld and forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: A near endemic (B3). Further verification of this finding is needed

because it is possible that more taxa than presently described is lumpedwithin the Cussonia zuluensis–nicholsonii–arenicola complex.

Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill.Cussonia umbellifera, C. chartaceaCommon name: False Cabbage TreeDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along the margins of and in evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

ASTERACEAE

Baccharoides adoensis (Sch.Bip. ex Walp.) H.Rob. var. kotschyana(Sch.Bip. ex Walp.) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord.Vernonia adoensis var. kotschyana, V. woodiiSiswati name: liNyatsela lincani, liNyatselo, MphephoDistribution: Sparsely scattered in central, northern, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and wooded grassland. Often near rivers and streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a purgative.

Brachylaena discolor DC.Common name: Coastal Silver OakSiswati name: umPhahla, UmphahloVoucher specimen(s): 488Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of Lebombo forest, often on rocky ridges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ASTERACEAE

Brachylaena huillensis O.Hoffm.B. hutchinsiiCommon name: Lowveld Silver OakSiswati name: umPhahlaVoucher specimen(s): 58, 489, 974, 1015Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with an isolated patch near

Kaphunga in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of Lebombo forest, ravine forest, and

bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The trunk is used for construction.

Brachylaena transvaalensis E.Phillips & Schweick.B. discolor subsp. transvaalensis, B. discolor var. transvaalensisCommon name: Forest Silver OakSiswati name: umPhahlaVoucher specimen(s): 458Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest, wooded grassland,

bushveld, and along watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for kraal construction.

*Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.Eupatorium odoratumCommon name: Triffid Weed, Paraffin WeedSiswati name: Wandile, SandanezweDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland, with the exception

of frosty areas.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Along watercourses, bushveld, woodland, on roadsides, in and on the

margins of forests, clear-felled areas, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: In the past few years this aggressive weed has spread at an alarm-

ing rate into new areas, especially along river courses and roads. It hasbecome a significant threat to both the natural biodiversity and agriculturewithin Swaziland. It is a difficult and costly weed to control as it producesmillions of viable wind-dispersed seeds and is capable of vigorous regrowthfrom stem coppice and root suckers.

Lopholaena coriifolia (Sond.) E.Phillips & C.A.Sm.Common name: Small-leaved Fluff-bushVoucher specimen(s): 311, 540Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ASTERACEAE

Lopholaena platyphylla Benth.Common name: Large-leaved Fluff-bushSiswati name: LivengeVoucher specimen(s): 1054Distribution: Restricted to southern-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Grassy hillsides at medium altitude, wooded grassland, and along

roadsides.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.Common name: VimbaSiswati name: NukaniVoucher specimen(s): 57Distribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in northern and central-

western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along rivers and streams at medium and low altitudes. Usually in

sand.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Senecio barbertonicus KlattCommon name: Succulent Bush SenecioDistribution: Scattered in eastern, central, and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In bushveld, woodland, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Stoebe sp. ACommon name: Zigzag BushVoucher specimen(s): 408Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Often on the margins or understorey of industrial timber planta-

tions, along the margins of high-altitude forest, and on old mine dumps inmontane grassland.

Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ASTERACEAE

Stoebe vulgaris LevynsCommon name: Bankrupt BushVoucher specimen(s): 1063Distribution: Isolated patches in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in mountain grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more common in western Swaziland and

needs further surveying.

Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.Common name: Camphor-bush, SagewoodSiswati name: liGcebe lelimhlopheVoucher specimen(s): 44Distribution: Sparsely scattered throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, grassy hillsides, and along forest fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used to treat headaches, respiratory complaints, and to relieve

toothache. The wood is termite resistant and used for construction.

Tarchonanthus trilobus DC. var. galpinii (Hutch. & E.Phillips) PaivaCommon name: Broad-leaved Camphor-bushSiswati name: umnCweba, Sinukane, Phahla, liGcebe lematje, umBebaseVoucher specimen(s): 793Distribution: Scattered in northern, central and central-western Swaziland,

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, grassy hillsides, and along forest

margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used to improve libido and for vomiting. The

trunk is used for construction, including the building of the King’s kraal.

Vernonia amygdalina DelileCommon name: Bitter-tea VernoniaSiswati name: liNyatseloVoucher specimen(s): 932, 1025Distribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: In dry bushveld and thicket, often along drainage lines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ASTERACEAE

Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake subsp. colorataV. senegalensisCommon name: Lowveld Vernonia, Starry Bitter-teaSiswati name: liNyatselo, LuhlunguhlunguVoucher specimen(s): 661Distribution: Widespread in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In bushveld, thicket, woodland, grassland, and along riverine

fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used as a stomach purger and the roots and

leaves to treat flu.

Vernonia mespilifolia Less.Cacalia mespilifoliaDistribution: Disjunct patches in Jilobi Forest in the Lebombo Range and

Hlatikulu Forest in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread and needs to be surveyed

further.

Vernonia myriantha Hook.f.V. stipulacea, V. amplaCommon name: Eared Vernonia, Eared Bitter-tea, Blue Bitter-teaSiswati name: liNyatseloVoucher specimen(s): 721Distribution: Fairly widespread in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along the margins of evergreen forest, in riverine vegetation, grass-

land and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Vernonia tigna KlattV. corymbosa, V. neocorymbosaCommon name: Mountain VernoniaSiswati name: LihlunguhlunguVoucher specimen(s): 647, 673Distribution: Scattered in western and central-southern Swaziland and on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, rocky hillsides, and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and leaves are used to help with male erections.


ASTERACEAE

Vernonia wollastonii S.MooreV. transvaalensis, V. umbraticaCommon name: Forest VernoniaVoucher specimen(s): 568, 1026Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey in and along the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

BALANITACEAE

Balanites maughamii SpragueCommon name: Greenthorn, TorchwoodSiswati name: umNunu, umNono, Liphambo, UmnuluDistribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in central and northern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, dry forest, and along river banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit, bark and roots are used medicinally and the tree is

thought to have magical properties. It is used for divining and bilharziaeradication. The bark and roots are also used during inyanga and sangomainitiation ceremonies and the wood for crafts and firewood.

Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schltr. subsp. pedicellarisCommon name: Small Green ThornSiswati name: umNunu, umNono, maNonoVoucher specimen(s): 933Distribution: Sparsely scattered in the eastern lowveld.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Dry bushveld and thicket. Often on floodplains.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are chewed and spat out onto bones when divining.

BIGNONIACEAE

*Jacaranda mimosifolia D.DonCommon name: JacarandaDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded grassland, bushveld, urban areas, and along roads and

watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Exotic garden escapee introduced originally as an ornamental.


BIGNONIACEAE

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.K. pinnataCommon name: Sausage TreeSiswati name: umVongotsiDistribution: Scattered in eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, low-lying riverine vegetation, and open woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber and firewood, and the fruit (occasion-

ally the whole plant) for lightning prevention.

Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl.Tecomaria capensisCommon name: Cape honeysuckleSiswati name: Malangula, BopuVoucher specimen(s): 1050Distribution: Scattered in eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, along forest margins, thicket, riverine vegetation, and on

wooded hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

*Tecoma stans (L.) KunthCommon name: Yellow bellsDistribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Grassland, urban areas, wooded grassland, and along roadsides.Land tenure: Urban and SNL.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: Exotic garden escapee originally introduced as an ornamental. It

spreads by releasing hundreds of papery-winged seeds when the fruit ripensand splits open.

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia caffra Sond.Common name: Septee Saucer-berrySiswati name: umLovuVoucher specimen(s): 705Distribution: Scattered in the east, with a patch at Ngudzeni in southern-

central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest margins, and riverine fringes at low altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


BORAGINACEAE

Cordia monoica Roxb.C. ovalisCommon name: Sandpaper Saucer-berry, Snot BerrySiswati name: liLovu lelimyanaVoucher specimen(s): 941Distribution: Patchy in northeastern and southeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Dry thicket and bushveld. Often on alluvial soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ehretia amoena KlotzschE. coeruleaCommon name: Sandpaper-bushSiswati name: liBhungela, umKleleVoucher specimen(s): 135Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, thicket, and low-lying riverine vegetation.

Often on termite mounds.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for vomiting and the wood for fencing.

Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex DC.E. fischeriCommon name: Hairy Puzzle-bushSiswati name: Umklele, Bungela, UmbungeliDistribution: Sparsely scattered throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, dry thicket, and low-lying riverine vegetation.

Often in bush clumps and on termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. nervifolia Retief & A.E.van WykCommon name: Puzzle-bushSiswati name: Bhungele, UmkleleVoucher specimen(s): 737, 786, 966Distribution: Widespread over eastern and central Swaziland, with patches

in the southwest, and near the barytes mine in the west.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, thicket, and wooded grassland. Often on

termite mounds.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat toothache.


BUDDLEJACEAE

BUDDLEJACEAE

Buddleja auriculata Benth.Common name: Weeping SagewoodVoucher specimen(s): 1052Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky slopes in grassland, near mountain streams, and along

margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Buddleja dysophylla (Benth.) Radlk.Common name: White Climbing SagewoodVoucher specimen(s): 967Distribution: Isolated patch in Hlatikulu Forest in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Moist evergreen forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Buddleja pulchella N.E.Br.Common name: Red Climbing SagewoodVoucher specimen(s): 642, 968Distribution: Isolated patches in Hlatikulu Forest and near Gege in south-

western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On the margins of moist evergreen forest and along mountain

streams.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.Common name: SagewoodSiswati name: umBatancwepeDistribution: Fairly widespread in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky slopes and bush clumps in grassland, margins of moist

evergreen forest and along mountain streams. Often a pioneer species indisturbed areas.



BUDDLEJACEAE

Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen.N. emarginata, N. pubescens, N. tomentosaCommon name: Brittlewood, Common Wild ElderSiswati name: Umcumatsi, siPhofaneVoucher specimen(s): 378, 397, 872Distribution: Sparsely scattered throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland, evergreen forest, forest margins,

and in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Nuxia floribunda Benth.Common name: Forest Nuxia, Forest ElderSiswati name: siTsambo, inKunziVoucher specimen(s): 984Distribution: Isolated patches in northwestern and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and in wooded ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and leaves are used medicinally.

Nuxia oppositifolia (Hochst.) Benth.N. dentata, N. schlechteriCommon name: Water Nuxia, Water ElderSiswati name: siKhwezaDistribution: Scattered in northern and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium to low altitude riverine thicket and among rocks and reeds

in riverbeds.Land tenure: SNL and Urban.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

BURSERACEAE

Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl. var. africanaC. pilosa, C. sambesiacaCommon name: Hairy Corkwood, Poison-grub CorkwoodSiswati name: liMinyelaVoucher specimen(s): 760Distribution: Scattered in the east, with a patch at Dinedor Farm in central

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for obtaining moisture during drought periods

and the poles for fencing.


BURSERACEAE

Commiphora glandulosa SchinzC. pyracanthoides subsp. glandulosaCommon name: Tall Firethorn CorkwoodSiswati name: liMinyelaDistribution: Disjunct localities near Tubha in the north and Cecil Mac’s

Pass on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Dry bushveld and woodland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern. Should be considered for Near Threat-

ened status.

Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl.Common name: Copper-stem CorkwoodSiswati name: umNumbi, umBangandlalaVoucher specimen(s): 562Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, and woodland. Often on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as a diuretic.

Commiphora neglecta I.Verd.Common name: Green-stem Corkwood, Sweet-root CorkwoodSiswati name: liMinyelaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in northern and central Swaziland, with a

patch near Mtiblati River on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, forest, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for obtaining moisture during drought periods

and the poles for fencing.

Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl.C. pyracanthoides subsp. pyracanthoidesCommon name: Firethorn CorkwoodSiswati name: liMinyelaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Dry woodland and bushveld. Often on termitaria.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


BURSERACEAE

Commiphora schimperi (O.Berg) Engl.C. betschuanicaCommon name: Glossy-leaved CorkwoodDistribution: Sparsely scattered in the east, with a patch near Mafutseni in

central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and thicket. Often on sandy soil.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Commiphora woodii Engl.C. caryaefoliaCommon name: Forest CorkwoodSiswati name: umuBu, umNumbiVoucher specimen(s): 632, 992Distribution: Isolated patches in central Swaziland, Mahamba Gorge in the

southwest, and Mambane on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Medium-altitude forest and bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

BUXACEAE

Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch.Notobuxus natalensisCommon name: Natal Box, Large-leaved BoxVoucher specimen(s): 955Distribution: Isolated patch in Muti-muti Nature Reserve in the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

CACTACEAE

*Cereus jamacaru DC.C. peruvianusCommon name: Queen of the night, Peruvian apple cactusDistribution: Scattered in central, western, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, thicket, and wooded grassland. Often found

near homesteads and old farm houses.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: Originally cultivated as an ornament and for hedging. Seeds are

spread by birds and animals that eat the fruit. Pieces of branches thatbreak off can propagate easily.


CACTACEAE

*Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.O. megacanthaCommon name: Sweet Prickly PearSiswati name: Lidolofiya, DamtiligiDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, grassland, erosion channels, and around home-

steads.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: Propagated for hedges, fodder, fruit, and donga stabilisation.

Reproduces easily from the leaf-pads or cladodes. A broken-off piece lyingon the ground can produce roots and grow.

*Opuntia monacantha Haw.O. vulgaris misappliedCommon name: Cochineal or Drooping Prickly PearDistribution: Isolated patches on the Lebombo Range and near Millers’ Falls

in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On river banks and along roadsides in bushveld and grassland.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: Originally propagated for hedges, fodder, and fruit. Reproduces

easily from the leaf-pads or cladodes. A broken-off piece lying on the groundcan produce roots and grow. Probably more widespread in Swaziland andneeds further surveying.

CANELLACEAE

Warburgia salutaris (Bertol.f.) Chiov.W. breyeri, W. ugandensisCommon name: Pepper-bark TreeSiswati name: siBhahaVoucher specimen(s): 664Distribution: Isolated patches on the Lebombo Range and at Ngudzeni in

southern-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riverine vegetation at medium altitude, lubombo forest, and

bushveld.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: The species is widely utilised for medicinal purposes both locally

and in neighbouring countries. The bark, stem, and roots are highly sought-after for treating coughs and colds. The tree is now nearly extinct in the wildowing to the demand for medicine. The locality near Shewula is known onlyin cultivation. Another possible locality for the species in the wild is inMalalotja Nature Reserve, which needs confirmation.

CAPPARACEAE

Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.B. transvaalensisCommon name: Shepherd’s TreeSiswati name: siPhiso, Umphisi, Ingwavuma-lensikatiVoucher specimen(s): 938Distribution: Widespread in the east, with patches in central and northern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry, open woodland, bushveld, and thicket.

Often associated with termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for treating vomiting.


CAPPARACEAE

Cadaba natalensis Sond.Common name: Greenleaved Wormbush, Natal Worm BushSiswati name: IndondamnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 361, 736Distribution: Widespread in the east, with patches in central-eastern and

northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry woodland, bushveld, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Capparis brassii DC.C. gueinzii, C. thonningiiVoucher specimen(s): 492, 801, 808, 956Distribution: Fragmented in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry, open woodland and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Capparis fascicularis DC. var. fascicularisCommon name: Zigzag Caper-bushSiswati name: liPhambo, MabusaneVoucher specimen(s): 54, 548, 712, 1049Distribution: Sparsely scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, forest, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is variable and it is possible that two subspecies occur

in Swaziland. Further investigation is required to determine this.

Capparis tomentosa Lam.Common name: Woolly Caper BushSiswati name: inKunzibovu, imPhololwane, inKhokhoia, Ingongola, Indoda

ebovu, LiphamboVoucher specimen(s): 935Distribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry, open woodland, thicket, and bushveld.

Often associated with termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating pains and warding off evil spirits. It

is also used for magical purposes.


Cladostemon kirkii (Oliv.) Pax & GilgCommon name: Tonga-kierie, Butterfly TreeSiswati name: umJono, umBita, MandzekwaneDistribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest, forested ravines, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat cancer.

Maerua angolensis DC.Common name: Bushveld Bead-beanSiswati name: umMenwayo, UmvitsiDistribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry woodland, bushveld, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Maerua cafra (DC.) PaxCommon name: Bush-cherry, White WoodVoucher specimen(s): 37, 324, 427, 432, 783Distribution: Fairly widespread in the west, with patches in central and

southern Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, bushveld, open woodland, and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Maerua juncea Pax subsp. crustata (Wild) WildCommon name: Rough-skinned Bush-cherryVoucher specimen(s): 49Distribution: Scattered in the northeast, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry woodland, bushveld and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

CAPPARACEAE


Maerua parvifolia PaxCommon name: Dwarf Bush-cherrySiswati name: MnogonogoVoucher specimen(s): 48, 357Distribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Low-altitude dry woodland, bushveld, and thicket. Often on

termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Maerua racemulosa (A.DC.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.Common name: Forest Bush-cherryVoucher specimen(s): 950, 1005Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for medicinal purposes.

Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.Common name: Needle-leaved Bush-cherrySiswati name: Mankhweni, umZaweVoucher specimen(s): 41Distribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in southern-central and

northern-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude dry woodland, bushveld, and thicket. Often

near stream banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for medicinal purposes and as a good luck charm.

Thilachium africanum Lour.Common name: Cucumber BushSiswati name: VumaDistribution: Restricted to north-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Low-altitude dry bushveld and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used medicinally.

CAPPARACEAE


CELASTRACEAE

CELASTRACEAE

Allocassine laurifolia (Harv.) N.RobsonCassine laurifoliaCommon name: Laurel SaffronVoucher specimen(s): 53, 150, 502, 663Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with an isolated patch

on Sinceni Mountain in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide ranging.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least

Concern status.

Cassine peragua L. subsp. peraguaC. capensis, C. kraussianaCommon name: Forest Spoonwood, Cape SaffronSiswati name: umKhukhuze, umBoyiVoucher specimen(s): 1020Distribution: Isolated patch in the former Mbabane Nature Reserve in

northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: On koppies in high-altitude grassland and along afromontane forest

fringes.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.

Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.Common name: Bushman’s Tea, KhatSiswati name: umLomo-mnadziVoucher specimen(s): 549Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium-altitude riparian vegetation, bushveld, and woodland. Often

on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for fertility enhancement and the plant is known

to be used as a “truth drug”.

Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.Cassine papillosa, E. capenseCommon name: Forest SaffronSiswati name: inGulutaneVoucher specimen(s): 454, 483, 983Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland with an isolated

patch on the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: In and on the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: The bark is used as an emetic.


CELASTRACEAE

Elaeodendron transvaalense (Burtt Davy) R.H.ArcherCassine transvaalensis, Crocoxylon transvaalense, Pseudocassine transvaalensisCommon name: Bushveld SaffronSiswati name: nGcotfo, inGwavuma, UmcabangoVoucher specimen(s): 50, 869Distribution: Widespread over eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and thicket, often near streams and termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and roots are used as an emetic.

Elaeodendron zeyheri Spreng. ex Turcz.Cassine croceaCommon name: Small-leaved SaffronVoucher specimen(s): 370, 859Distribution: Sparsely scattered in central-eastern Swaziland, with an

isolated patch at Mangweni in the north.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Bushveld, often on rocks.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.

Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl.Common name: Common Spike-thornSiswati name: siHlangu lesimnyama, Sibhubhu, SihlanguVoucher specimen(s): 725Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in grassland, wooded grassland, bushveld, and

along rivers. Often in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for making tool handles and the roots to treat

stomach cramps.

Gymnosporia glaucophylla M.JordaanMaytenus heterophylla subsp. glaucaCommon name: Blue SpikethornSiswati name: Umboyi, Sihlangwe simnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 500Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, thicket, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are given to pregnant women.


CELASTRACEAE

Gymnosporia grandifolia (Davison) M.JordaanG. angularis var. grandifoliaCommon name: Large-leaved Forest SpikethornVoucher specimen(s): 698, 724, 812, 863, 979, 1009Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey and along margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Gymnosporia graniticola M.Jordaan ined.Gymnosporia sp. DCommon name: Lebombo SpikethornDistribution: Restricted to the Mambane area in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky ridges in dry bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Probably more common in the Lebombo area and needs further

investigation.

Gymnosporia harveyana Loes.Maytenus mossambicensisCommon name: Black forest spike-thornSiswati name: siHlangu, umTabhaneVoucher specimen(s): 403, 720, 948, 985, 1016Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest, along forest margins, bushveld,

and in riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat stomach cramps.

Gymnosporia heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes.G. angularisCommon name: Angular-stemmed SpikethornSiswati name: siHlangu lesimnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 711Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded grassland, on forest margins, and in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


CELASTRACEAE

Gymnosporia maranguensis (Loes.) Loes.G. senegalensis var. maranguensisCommon name: Tropical SpikethornVoucher specimen(s): 196, 931, 942, 1061Distribution: Widespread in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry thicket and bushveld. Often on alluvial soils and termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for making tool handles.

Gymnosporia nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl.Maytenus nemorosaCommon name: White-spotted Forest Spike-thornSiswati name: siHlangu, MzubanacansiVoucher specimen(s): 126, 472, 944, 998Distribution: Scattered in western, central, and northern Swaziland, with a

patch in Jilobi Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, forest, forest margins, and on wooded hill-

sides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The spines are used medicinally.

Gymnosporia rubra (Harv.) Loes.Common name: Red-flowered SpikethornVoucher specimen(s): 420, 682Distribution: Disjunct patches in northwestern Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of forests and on riverine fringes.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.Maytenus senegalensisCommon name: Red Spike-thornSiswati name: siHlangu lesimhlophe, SibhubhuVoucher specimen(s): 740Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, wooded grassland, and along rivers and drainage

lines. Often a pioneer in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used as a medicine for goats and the roots for

vomiting.


CELASTRACEAE

Lauridia tetragona (L.f.) R.H.ArcherCassine tetragona, Allocassine tetragona, Cassine scandensCommon name: Climbing SaffronVoucher specimen(s): 124, 459Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland,

with a patch near Sand River Dam in the northeast.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Afromontane forest, often along the forest margins and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes.Common name: Silky BarkSiswati name: umNamaVoucher specimen(s): 387, 1027Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in montane grassland and in evergreen forest.

Often near streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Maytenus peduncularis (Sond.) Loes.Gymnosporia peduncularisCommon name: Cape BlackwoodSiswati name: umBoyiVoucher specimen(s): 136, 487, 546, 860, 868Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central and southern

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: CommonHabitat: Evergreen forest, wooded grassland, thicket, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for Princes’ sticks during traditional

ceremonies.

Maytenus sp. ACommon name: Small Forest Koko TreeVoucher specimen(s): 1006Distribution: Isolated patch near Dingindlovu ?River on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Understorey of Lebombo ravine forest.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Likely to be more abundant in the Lebombo forests and possibly

also in high altitude forests. This species needs further investigation.


CELASTRACEAE

Maytenus undata (Thunb.) BlakelockGymnosporia fasciculataCommon name: Koko Tree, South African HollySiswati name: umBatancwephe, SibiyabandlaVoucher specimen(s): 383, 1011Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, forest, forest margins, and grassland. Often on

rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is very variable with several different forms, some of

which could perhaps be considered for separate classification. Plants fromthe Lebombo Range are generally more leathery in appearance and havemore prominent venation. The wood is used for carvings and the branchesduring traditional ceremonies.

Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. subsp. schlechteri(Loes.) R.H.ArcherCassine aethiopica, C. schlechteriCommon name: Bushveld Kubu-berrySiswati name: umGhungulutana, Umboyi, SehlulamanyaVoucher specimen(s): 171, 451, 1060Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland, with patches in

the north.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, dry woodland, riverine fringes, thicket, forest, and along

forest margins. Often on rocky outcrops and termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for fighting sticks and during the Incwala

ceremony.

Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.) Loes.Cathastrum capenseCommon name: Coffee PearSiswati name: umTfunyelelwaVoucher specimen(s): 145, 191, 481Distribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pleurostylia sp. nov.Voucher specimen(s): 565, 977Distribution: Isolated patches in central Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld. Often in bush clumps.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species could be a form of Pleurostylia capensis and needs

further investigation.


CELASTRACEAE

Pterocelastrus echinatus N.E.Br.P. rehmanniiCommon name: White CandlewoodSiswati name: seHlulamanya, inCocodzi, liShashaVoucher specimen(s): 325, 467Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, forest margins, moist rocky mountain slopes, and

grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used as an analgesic.

CHOOSE PHOTO OTHERWISE LEAVE SPACEEMPTY


CELASTRACEAE

Pterocelastrus rostratus (Thunb.) Walp.P. galpiniiCommon name: Red CandlewoodSiswati name: seHlulamanyaDistribution: Patches in the northwest and on Mdzimba Mountains in

central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: In and along the margins of afromontane forest, often near water.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Lam.) Walp.Common name: CandlewoodSiswati name: seHlulamanyaDistribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland and along evergreen forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Putterlickia verrucosa (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Szyszyl.Gymnosporia integrifoliaCommon name: Forest False Spike-thornSiswati name: MhlatjwaDistribution: Scattered in northeastern and central Swaziland, with a patch

in Cecil Mac’s Pass on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and low-lying riverine bush. Often on sandy soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The whole plant is used for medicinal purposes.

Robsonodendron eucleiforme (Eckl. & Zeyh.) R.H.ArcherCassine eucleiformisCommon name: White Silky BarkSiswati name: uSasatjaVoucher specimen(s): 446Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Along evergreen forest margins and among rocky outcrops in

grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


CELASTRACEAE

Salacia leptoclada Tul.S. baumannii, S. wardiiCommon name: Sand Lemon RopeVoucher specimen(s): 199, 770, 1007Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey of Lebombo forest.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

CELTIDACEAE

Celtis africana Burm.f.C. kraussianaCommon name: White StinkwoodSiswati name: umVumvu, luHlolo lolukhulu, MbelangomaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, riverine vegetation, and wooded grassland.

Occasionally on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used medicinally as an aphrodisiac.

Celtis gomphophylla BakerC. dioica, C. durandiiCommon name: Mock White Stinkwood, Rough-leaved White StinkwoodSiswati name: umVumvuVoucher specimen(s): 144, 772, 953Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Endangered.

Celtis mildbraedii Engl.C. franksiaeCommon name: Red-fruit White StinkwoodSiswati name: uZinhlu, siCalabaVoucher specimen(s): 139Distribution: Restricted to Jilobi Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: In the past this species has been identified in small forest patches

in Mlawula and at Forbes Reef. However, its existence in these areas atpresent needs verification and further surveying is required. Its locationin Jilobi Forest is threatened by indiscriminate harvesting activities andalien weed invasion, especially Chromolaena odorata.


CELTIDACEAE

Chaetacme aristata E.Mey. ex Planch.C. nitida, C. serrataCommon name: Thorny ElmSiswati name: umBambangweVoucher specimen(s): 780Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, scattered in central-

southern Swaziland, with an isolated patch near Ngwenya North in thewest.

Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, riparian thicket, bushveld and in forested ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Trema orientalis (L.) BlumeCommon name: PigeonwoodSiswati name: umBalakancane, Umphahlo, NsakasakaDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Near watercourses, along the margins of and in forests, wooded

grassland, disturbed areas, and bushveld. Often a pioneer species.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

CHRYSOBALANACEAE

Parinari capensis Harv. subsp. capensisCommon name: Sand AppleSiswati name: umKhunaDistribution: Fairly widespread in the west, with patches in northern,

central, and southern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Grows in colonies in high and medium-altitude grassland, wooded

grassland, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.P. mobolaCommon name: Mobola PlumSiswati name: maBulwa, umKhunaVoucher specimen(s): 309Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland, with a disjunct patch at

Mahamba in the southwest.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Moist bushveld and grassland at medium and high altitudes.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.


CLUSIACEAE

CLUSIACEAE

Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex SimG. natalensis, G. transvaalensisCommon name: Forest MangosteenSiswati name: siKhelamfeneDistribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Deep shade in evergreen forest. Often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Garcinia livingstonei T.AndersonCommon name: African Mangosteen, Lowveld MangosteenSiswati name: siNyulaDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in Lebombo bushveld and on forest fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

COMBRETACEAE

Combretum apiculatum Sond. subsp. apiculatumCommon name: Red BushwillowSiswati name: imBondvo lemnyama, Imbondvo-lemhlopheDistribution: Scattered in eastern, central, and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, dry thicket, grassland, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Termite resistant wood utilised for fuel and fence posts. The roots

and bark are used for treating open wounds.

Combretum collinum Fresen. subsp. suluense (Engl. & Diels) OkaforCommon name: Weeping BushwillowSiswati name: imBondvo lemhlopheVoucher specimen(s): 169Distribution: Widespread in northern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Open woodland and bushveld at medium altitudes. Often associated

with granite.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for constructing the King’s kraal.


COMBRETACEAE

Combretum edwardsii ExellCommon name: Forest Climbing Bushwillow, Natal BushwillowVoucher specimen(s): 570Distribution: Disjunct patches at Bulembu in the northwest and Ngudzeni

in southern-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Canopy of afromontane forest or on rocky hillsides in bushveld.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.Common name: River BushwillowSiswati name: umDvubu, imBondvo-lemhlopheVoucher specimen(s): 161, 313Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Near watercourses and on river banks at medium altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for assisting with foetal abortion.

Combretum hereroense SchinzC. transvaalense, C. rhodesicumCommon name: Russet BushwillowSiswati name: siHlalavane, Umphulumbu, Livimbela, umDvubuDistribution: Widespread in central and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket near drainage lines, and woodland. Often on

termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for furniture and branches as a thatch support.

Combretum imberbe WawraCommon name: LeadwoodSiswati name: umMono, iMpondozendhlovu, Umphulumbu, liPhodva

lendlovuDistribution: Fairly widespread in northeastern and central-eastern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Acacia nigrescens woodland and bushveld at low altitudes. Often

near watercourses on alluvial soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Very hard wood used in the past for railway sleepers. It is currently

used for fence poles and fuel. The roots are used for fever reduction. Thisspecies has been known to live for hundreds of years and a dated specimen,although now dead, at Hlane National Park was estimated at being some1,050 years old (Roques pers. comm.).


COMBRETACEAE

Combretum kraussii Hochst.Common name: Forest BushwillowSiswati name: imBondvo lemhlopheDistribution: Widespread in western and south-central Swaziland, with an

isolated patch at Muti-muti Nature Reserve on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Canopy species in or near evergreen forest, among rocky outcrops

in grassland, and moist bushveld. Often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Combretum microphyllum KlotzschC. paniculatum subsp. microphyllumCommon name: Flame Climbing BushwillowSiswati name: umHlalanyosiVoucher specimen(s): 133Distribution: Sparsely scattered in south-central, eastern, and northern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, dry woodland, and along river and stream banks at

lower altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Combretum moggii ExellCommon name: Rock Bush WillowVoucher specimen(s): 639Distribution: Isolated patch near Gege in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Among rocks on quartzite ridges in high-altitude grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Currently listed as an endemic to South Africa.

Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.DonC. velutinum, C. gueinziiCommon name: Velvet BushwillowSiswati name: imBondvo lemhlophe, Umhlalavane, imBondvo lemnyama,

inKukutwaneDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Occurs over a wide range of altitudes in bushveld, woodland,

grassland, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Termite resistant wood utilised for various implements and fence

posts. The branches are used for firewood and constructing the King’s kraal.


COMBRETACEAE

Combretum woodii DummerCommon name: Large-leaved Forest BushwillowSiswati name: umBhondvo sehlatsi, imBondvo lemhlopheVoucher specimen(s): 42, 300, 662, 675, 677, 678, 789, 980Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with patches in central

Swaziland and along the Ugutugulo River in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, forested ravines, riverine vegetation and bushveld. Often on

rocky slopes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The trunk is used for building cattle yokes.

Combretum zeyheri Sond.Common name: Large-fruit BushwillowSiswati name: imMbondvo-lemhlopheVoucher specimen(s): 176Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, dry thicket, grassland, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The termite resistant wood is utilised for timber and the branches

for constructing the King’s kraal.

Terminalia phanerophlebia Engl. & DielsCommon name: Lebombo Cluster-leafSiswati name: maMbonjwane, umaNgwe, umHonono, siHhomuhhomuVoucher specimen(s): 1028Distribution: Scattered in central, northern, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and on rocky hillsides. Often near rivers and

streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for firewood and timber and the roots for medici-

nal purposes.

Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.Common name: Silver Cluster-leafSiswati name: umHonono, eMangwe, Mangwe lamhlophe, si HhomuhhomuDistribution: Widespread in northern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Woodland and bushveld, normally associated with sandy soils.

Often a pioneer forming dense stands.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as a poison antidote and the trunk for construction.


CONNARACEAE

CONNARACEAE

Cnestis polyphylla Lam.C. natalensisCommon name: Itch-PodSiswati name: liHloziDistribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and on wooded hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

CORNACEAE

Curtisia dentata (Burm. f.) C.A.Sm.C. fagineaCommon name: AssegaaiSiswati name: liNcayi, umSenge, umBoyiVoucher specimen(s): 531Distribution: Scattered in western and northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Afromontane forest, often along the margins, and on grassy

mountain slopes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: The wood is used for carpentry and the bark to treat stomach

complaints and for blood purification. This species is in high demand bythe traditional medicine markets and it is becoming more difficult to findlarge mature specimens in the wild.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros dichrophylla (Gand.) De WinterRoyena dichrophyllaCommon name: Poison Star-appleSiswati name: umChafutane lomnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 474, 508, 785Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with patches in central

and southern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, along forest margins, and in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Diospyros galpinii (Hiern) De WinterCommon name: Dwarf Star-apple, Dwarf Hairy JackalberrySiswati name: Siphiphabantwana, iNdodemnyamaDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland, with patches on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: On grassy mountain slopes and in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The root is used medicinally.


EBENACEAE

Diospyros lycioides Desf. subsp. guerkei (Kuntze) De WinterRoyena guerkeiCommon name: Quilted BluebushSiswati name: umChafutane lomhlophe, LomnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 718Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and eastern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Grassland, riverine vegetation, rocky outcrops, bushveld, and

thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Diospyros lycioides Desf. subsp. nitens (Harv. ex Hiern) De WinterRoyena nitensCommon name: Silvery BluebushSiswati name: umChafutane, LomnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 579Distribution: Isolated patches in the Manzini area in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Grassy hillsides and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Urban and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Diospyros lycioides Desf. subsp. sericea (Bernh.) De WinterRoyena sericeaCommon name: Eastern BluebushSiswati name: umChafutane, LomnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 379, 511, 576Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, along forest margins, and in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC.Common name: Jackal-berry, African EbonySiswati name: umTomaDistribution: Restricted to northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Low-lying riverine vegetation, bushveld, and woodland. Occasion-

ally on termitaria.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: Several large specimens identified near the recently-flooded

Driekoppies Dam have since been destroyed.


EBENACEAE

Diospyros nummularia BrenanDiospyros natalensis subsp. nummulariaCommon name: Granite Jackal-berrySiswati name: umNama mhlope, uMasinda, SantinyanaDistribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with an isolated patch

near Maguga Dam.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Lebombo forest margins, bushveld, and riverine thicket. Occasion-

ally on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to make a potion for ensuring marital fidelity.

Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) F.WhiteRoyena whyteana, R. lucidaCommon name: BladdernutSiswati name: Santinyana, si Levu sembutiDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland

and in Muti-muti Nature Reserve on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, forest, wooded grassland, bushveld,

and riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating open wounds.

Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke Form BCommon name: Escarpment GuarriVoucher specimen(s): 764, 799, 871Distribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, rocky outcrops in grassland, bush clumps, evergreen

forest, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to prevent miscarriages and the branches for

craftwork.

Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke Form CCommon name: Commondale GuarriVoucher specimen(s): 477Distribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern, central and western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, rocky outcrops in grassland and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


EBENACEAE

Euclea divinorum HiernCommon name: Magic GuarriSiswati name: iNdlelanyamatane-lebovu, Sijelele, umDlelanyamataneVoucher specimen(s): 386, 476Distribution: Fairly widespread throughout eastern, central, and northern

Swaziland.

Euclea natalensis A.DC. subsp. angustifolia F.WhiteCommon name: Natal Guarri, Natal Ebony, Bushveld Hairy GuarriSiswati name: umDlelanyamatane lomkhuluVoucher specimen(s): 513, 723Distribution: Scattered in eastern, central, and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, riverine vegetation, bush clumps, forest, and

along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Euclea natalensis A.DC. subsp. natalensis F.WhiteE. multifloraCommon name: Hairy GuarriSiswati name: iNdlelayenyamatane-lemnyama, umChitamuzi,

umDlelanyamataneVoucher specimen(s): 798, 870, 951Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine thicket, forest, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Euclea daphnoides Hiern - hierdie teks moet nie print nieCommon name: White-stem Guarri

Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, and low-lying riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to prevent miscarriages and for baby cleansing,

and the branches for craftwork.

Euclea daphnoides HiernCommon name: White-stem GuarriSiswati name: inChitsamuti, umDlelanyamatane, inDvodzemnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 858, 963Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, riverine vegetation, and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


EBENACEAE

Euclea schimperi (A.DC.) Dandy var. schimperiE. racemosa subsp. schimperiCommon name: Glossy GuarriSiswati name: inChitsamuti, umDlelanyamatane, inDvodzemnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 479Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland, with patches in

the southwest.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine vegetation, thicket, wooded grassland, and

along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) HiernCommon name: Common Guarri, Small-leaved GuarriSiswati name: saNtinyanaDistribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, often in Acacia nigrescens woodland, thicket, and low-

lying riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least

Concern status.

ERICACEAE

Erica drakensbergensis Guthrie & BolusCommon name: Drakensberg Tree EricaDistribution: Widespread in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: High-altitude grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Vaccinium exul BolusCommon name: African BlueberryVoucher specimen(s): 443, 468Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Steep rocky hillsides in high-altitude grassland and fringes of

afromontane forest.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ERYTHROXYLACEAE

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum delagoense SchinzE. brownianum, E. pulchellumCommon name: Small-leaved Coca TreeSiswati name: umNeyana, luPhehlwane, LikhukhuVoucher specimen(s): 36Distribution: Scattered in northern, southwestern and central Swaziland,

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and along forest margins. Often on rocky

hillsides in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used during sangoma washing ceremonies, as an

emetic and herb booster.

Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn.Common name: African Coca TreeSiswati name: umNeyanaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey in evergreen forest, along forest margins, and in

bushveld. Often on rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

ESCALLONIACEAE

Choristylis rhamnoides Harv.Common name: False Shiny-leaf, False DogwoodSiswati name: inDlenyatsi, liKloloDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and in bush clumps in

montane grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves and fruit are eaten locally.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha glabrata Thunb. var. glabrataCommon name: Forest False-nettleSiswati name: umSongoVoucher specimen(s): 129, 803Distribution: Scattered in eastern, central, northern, and southwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Often forms dense stands in forest, riverine thicket, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha sonderiana Müll.Arg.Common name: Thorny False-nettleVoucher specimen(s): 679Distribution: Isolated patch on Makhwekhweti Hills in central-southern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.

Andrachne ovalis (Sond.) Müll.Arg.Common name: False Lightning BushSiswati name: umBesaVoucher specimen(s): 160Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland near Bulembu and

along the Mkhomazane river.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Along the margins of and in evergreen forest.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Androstachys johnsonii PrainCommon name: Lebombo IronwoodSiswati name: umSibitsi, buKhunkhuDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forms almost pure stands on rocky hillsides in the Lebombos.Land tenure: PA and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is hard and termite-resistant and utilised for timber and

charcoal. There is a problem with illegal harvesting in the LebomboMountains, especially by neighbouring Mozambicans. A small number ofplant species have been noted as only being found in association withAndrostachys thickets, thus comprising a possible unique plant community.

Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul.Common name: Tassel BerrySiswati name: umHlala-mahuhulu, Bhekindonda, Umshongi, umHlalanyoniDistribution: Widespread in central and northern Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine vegetation, wooded grassland, and along forest

margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally and the branches are used for firewood

and to treat barrenness.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Bridelia cathartica Bertol. f. subsp. melanthesoides (Baill.) J.Léonard var.melanthesoides forma melanthesoidesCommon name: Blue Sweet-berrySiswati name: umNwangasiVoucher specimen(s): 143Distribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in northern and central

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Woodland, along forest margins, in bushveld and riverine thicket.

Often on rocky terrain.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.Common name: Mitzeeri, Coastal GoldenleafSiswati name: umHlala-magcwababa, imPhisi makhata, umHlala-

mahubhuluVoucher specimen(s): 347Distribution: Scattered in northwestern, central-western, and southwestern

Swaziland, with an isolated patch in Manzimnyame Gorge on the LebomboRange.

Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riverine vegetation, forest, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for kraal construction.

Clutia affinis Sond.Common name: Water Lightning-bushVoucher specimen(s): 646, 727Distribution: Isolated patches in northwestern and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along mountain streams and rivers and damp areas near forest

margins.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Clutia pulchella L. var. pulchellaC. galpiniiCommon name: Lightning-bushVoucher specimen(s): 423, 683Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Around the margins of evergreen forest, in grassland, and wooded



EUPHORBIACEAE

Croton gratissimus Burch. var. gratissimusCommon name: Lavender CrotonSiswati name: uMwulukwaVoucher specimen(s): 359, 729Distribution: Scattered in central, eastern and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine vegetation, and along forest margins. Often in

rocky places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for vomiting.

Croton menyharthii PaxCommon name: Rough-leaved CrotonSiswati name: Umhuluka, MwulukaVoucher specimen(s): 35Distribution: Scattered in central-eastern and northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine vegetation and dry thicket. Often in rocky places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used for medicinal purposes and the roots as a good

luck charm.

Croton steenkampianus GerstnerCommon name: Tonga Croton, Marsh Fever-berrySiswati name: uMwulukaDistribution: Restricted to Manzimnyame Gorge in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riverine vegetation, often in sand.Land tenure: TDL.

Croton sylvaticus Hochst.Common name: Forest CrotonSiswati name: NyakeniDistribution: Scattered in eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest and riparian vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Conservation Status: Presently categorized as Data Deficient. Should beconsidered for Near-Threatened status.

General: A representative endemic/near-endemic to the Maputaland Centreof Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). The species is threatened bythe alien invasive plants, Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara,which pose a threat to the natural vegetation in the gorge. The bark isused as a charm to bring luck in business.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Drypetes arguta (Müll.Arg.) Hutch.Common name: Water IronplumSiswati name: umKashwaneVoucher specimen(s): 504, 668Distribution: Widespread in the Lebombo Mountains, with patches on

Sinceni Mountain and Makhwekhweti Hills in south-central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Lebombo forest, forested ravines, and bushveld. Often near

drainage lines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. gerrardiiD. battiscombeiCommon name: Forest IronplumSiswati name: umHlwakeleVoucher specimen(s): 431, 813Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Mountains and in northwestern

and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey in evergreen forest and wooded ravines. Often along

streams.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Drypetes mossambicensis Hutch.Common name: Lowveld IronplumVoucher specimen(s): 45, 528Distribution: Isolated patches in the Mbuluzi Gorge on the Lebombo

Mountains.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Androstachys thicket and bushveld.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern. Should be considered for Near

Threatened status.

Drypetes reticulata PaxCommon name: False Forest IronplumVoucher specimen(s): 194, 503, 666, 758, 777Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest. Often on rocky terrain, near drainage lines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Erythrococca menyharthii (Pax) PrainCommon name: Northern Red-berryVoucher specimen(s): 248, 307, 550, 633, 1029Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland and

near Siteki on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open bushveld and wooded grassland. Often on rocky outcrops or

termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Euphorbia cooperi N.E.Br. ex A.Berger var. cooperiCommon name: Bushveld Candelabra EuphorbiaSiswati name: umHlonhloDistribution: Scattered in eastern, south-central, and northwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky hillsides and koppies in bushveld and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The sap is used as a bladder purger.

Euphorbia evansii PaxCommon name: Lowveld Euphorbia, Small-toothed EuphorbiaSiswati name: umHlonhlo, siHlonhlwanaDistribution: Scattered in central, central-western, and northwestern

Swaziland, with patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and dry forest. Usually on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The sap is used as a bladder purger.

Euphorbia grandicornis Goebel ex N.E.Br. subsp. grandicornisCommon name: Bigthorn EuphorbiaSiswati name: umHlonhloDistribution: Sparsely scattered the northeast, with an isolated patch near

Bovane in central-southern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forms robust colonies in low-altitude dry bushveld. Usually on

poorly drained soils.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A representative endemic/near-endemic to the Maputaland Centre

of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). The whole plant is used as alightning protector.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia grandidens Haw.Common name: Valley-bush EuphorbiaDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and forested ravines. Usually in rocky places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss.Common name: Common Tree Euphorbia, NaboomSiswati name: umHlonhlo, iShupaDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, thicket, and wooded grassland. Usually on

rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The sap is used to poison fish and the whole plant to protect

against lightning.

Euphorbia keithii R.A.DyerCommon name: Swazi EuphorbiaSiswati name: umHlonhloDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky ridges in the Lebombo Mountains.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: The species is an endemic to Swaziland and a representative

endemic/near-endemic to the Maputaland Centre of Plant Diversity(Van Wyk & Smith, 2001).

Euphorbia tirucalli L.Common name: Rubber-hedge EuphorbiaSiswati name: umDvute, UmnduzeDistribution: Scattered in eastern, central, and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, rocky slopes, thicket, along dry forest margins,

and in low-lying riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used as security hedging around homesteads and kraals. The fruit

is used for medicinal purposes and the roots as a cleanser.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia triangularis Desf.Common name: River EuphorbiaSiswati name: umHlonhloDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range and in central Swaziland,

with patches in the north.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: On rocky outcrops and koppies in bushveld, in river valleys, and

dry forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Excoecaria madagascariensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg.E. sylvestrisCommon name: Red-earsVoucher specimen(s): 505Distribution: Restricted to Mtibhlati Gorge on the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Very rare, only a single specimen found.Habitat: Along the valley floor in dry evergreen Lebombo forest.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Critically Endangered

status.General: The natural vegetation in the area is threatened by invasive alien

plants, namely Chromolaena odorata and Melia azedarach. Adjacent areasare being cleared for cultivation. The nearest locality to this finding isChirinda Forest in Zimbabwe, some 700 km away, representing a consider-able disjunction for the species. It is presumed to represent a relic population that existed when its pre-ferred forest type occurred over a broader region. It is imperative that some effective management andprotection of the area is implemented urgently.

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosaSecurinega virosa, Phyllanthus virosus, F. microcarpaCommon name: White-berry Bush, Wart-stemSiswati name: umHlanganisa, BhubhubhuDistribution: Scattered in eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland thicket, and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is fed to chickens to encourage breeding.

Heywoodia lucens SimCommon name: Stink EbonySiswati name: umNdebeleleDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Endangered.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster var. fagifolia (Pax) Radcl.-Sm.Common name: Forest Peacock-berryVoucher specimen(s): 769Distribution: Disjunct patches on the Lebombo Mountains and along the

Ugutugulo River in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest and medium-altitude riverine forest.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. nitida (Pax) Radcl.-Sm.Common name: Common Pheasant-berry, Bushveld Peacock-berryVoucher specimen(s): 52Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Micrococca capensis (Baill.) PrainCommon name: False Bead-stringVoucher specimen(s): 428Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Understorey of moist evergreen forest, usually at high altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var. reticulatusP. priuriuanus, P. alaternoidesCommon name: Potato BushSiswati name: inTaba-yengwe, Nhlanhla, CalekileDistribution: Widespread in eastern, central, and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine vegetation, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and leaves are crushed and inhaled.


EUPHORBIACEAE

*Ricinus communis L.Common name: Castor Oil BushSiswati name: umHlafutfoDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: River banks, wastelands, disturbed areas, and along roadsides in a

wide variety of habitats.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: The leaves are used to treat open wounds and the fruit is used for

the oil.

Sclerocroton integerrimum Hochst.Sapium integerrimum, S. reticulatumCommon name: DuikerberrySiswati name: umHlalampunziDistribution: Isolated patches in central Swaziland and near Herefords in

the north.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Riverine thicket and bushveld at medium altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) EsserSapium ellipticumCommon name: Jumping-seed TreeSiswati name: umHlephaVoucher specimen(s): 644, 716Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northern, central-western, and south-

western Swaziland, with an isolated patch near Dingindlovu River in theLebombo Mountains.

Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Riverine vegetation, forest margins, wooded ravines, and rocky

outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Spirostachys africana Sond.Common name: Tamboti, Jumping-bean TreeSiswati name: umTfombotsiDistribution: Widespread in central and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and woodland. Often forming dense stands along

drainage lines on heavy soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber, cattle kraals and furniture, and the

bark for deworming.


EUPHORBIACEAE

Suregada africana (Sond.) KuntzeCommon name: Common Canary-berrySiswati name: siTfubi, Manyokane, VulabahlekeVoucher specimen(s): 756Distribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern, northern, central, and western

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, riverine thickets, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a charm to make people laugh.

Suregada procera (Prain) CroizatGelonium procerumCommon name: Forest Canary-berryVoucher specimen(s): 692Distribution: Isolated patch on the Ugutugulo River in northwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium-altitude riverine forest.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: The area is threatened by alien weed infestation, especially

Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara.

Synadenium cupulare (Boiss.) L.C.WheelerCommon name: Dead-man’s TreeSiswati name: siDletjanaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in northern Swaziland, with an isolated

patch near Jilobi on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld and low-lying riparian vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: A near endemic (B3). Often found around abandoned homesteads

and kraals. Used medicinally as an eye treatment.

FABACEAE

Acacia ataxacantha D.C.Common name: Flame ThornSiswati name: luGaganeDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Often forms impenetrable thickets in riverine vegetation, bushveld,

wooded grassland, along forest margins, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for making crafts.


FABACEAE

Acacia borleae Burtt DavyCommon name: Sticky ThornSiswati name: luBibi, SitfwetfweVoucher specimen(s): 1008Distribution: Restricted to central-eastern Swaziland near Mpaka and

Hlane.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry bushveld and low-lying riverine fringe thicket. Often on alluvial

soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Acacia brevispica Harms subsp. dregeana (Benth.) BrenanCommon name: Prickly ThornSiswati name: luGaganeVoucher specimen(s): 730Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry bushveld, forest, and along drainage lines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Acacia burkei Benth.Common name: Black Monkey ThornSiswati name: umKhaya, Umbambampala, Sikhayane, umGambaDistribution: Scattered in central and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry bushveld, woodland, and thicket. Often on sandy soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is variable with at least two forms occurring in

Swaziland: a small-leaved variety and a large-leaved one. Further investi-gation is required to determine whether they co-exist. The branches areused for firewood.

Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd.Common name: Common Hook ThornSiswati name: umTfololwane, umGamba, luGagane, iSingaVoucher specimen(s): 802, 930, 1002Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open bushveld, wooded grassland, rocky hillsides, and thicket.

Often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for firewood.


FABACEAE

Acacia davyi N.E.Br.Common name: Corky-bark ThornSiswati name: umCamba, Mshipha, umGambaDistribution: Widespread throughout central, northern, and southwestern

Swaziland and the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Open bushveld, wooded grassland, riverine thicket, and on rocky

hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species has a tendency to form colonies and encroach into

surrounding vegetation. The branches are used for firewood.

*Acacia dealbata LinkCommon name: Silver WattleSiswati name: Umtfolo wesilungu, umGambaDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forms dense stands along mountain rivers and streams, in grass-

land, on road verges, and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Used for firewood and building purposes. It coppices easily and

produces large numbers of seeds that can remain dormant for over 50 years.Seeds can be dispersed by water and germination is stimulated by fire.

*Acacia decurrens Willd.Common name: Green WattleSiswati name: Umtfolo wesilunguDistribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forms dense stands along mountain rivers and streams, in grass-

land, along forest margins, urban areas, and along roadsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Used for fuelwood and building purposes. It coppices easily and

produces large numbers of seeds that can remain dormant for well over 50years. Seeds can be dispersed by water and germination is stimulated byfire.

Acacia gerrardii Benth. subsp. gerrardii var. gerrardiiCommon name: Red ThornSiswati name: liPhuze, MboteDistribution: Fairly widespread in central, eastern, and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, wooded grassland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FABACEAE

Acacia grandicornuta GerstnerCommon name: Horned Thorn, Hooked ThornSiswati name: siTfwetfwe, umGambaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in the east, with a patch near Thulwane in

central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry bushveld and thicket and along dry river beds.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

*Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.Common name: Sallow Wattle, Golden WattleVoucher specimen(s): 726Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Moist areas in high altitude grassland, along river banks, and on the

margins of industrial timber plantations.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: It is a competitive species forming dense colonies and can rapidly

transform landscapes.

Acacia luederitzii Engl. var. retinens (Sim) J.H.Ross & BrenanCommon name: Balloon ThornSiswati name: luKakho, SibambimphalaVoucher specimen(s): 805Distribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, dry bushveld, and thicket. Often on deep clay soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

*Acacia mearnsii De Wild.Common name: Black WattleSiswati name: Umtfolo wesilungu, UmgambaDistribution: Widespread over western Swaziland, with patches on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forms dense stands along mountain rivers and streams, in grass-

land, along forest margins, urban areas, wooded grassland, forest clearings,and along roadsides.

Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Initially cultivated in woodlots for bark, fuel, and building purposes.

It has now naturalised itself and has become a problem weed. It coppiceseasily and produces large numbers of seeds that can remain dormant forover 50 years. Seeds can be dispersed by water and germination is stimulated by fire.


FABACEAE

*Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.Common name: BlackwoodSiswati name: umTfolo, inGulukaneDistribution: Scattered in northwestern and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Naturalised in mountain grassland, along forest margins, and in

urban areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Used for timber, firewood, and furniture. Regenerates from vigorous

root suckers and stores large quantities of seed in the soil.

Acacia natalitia E.Mey.A. karroo in partCommon name: Pale-bark Sweet ThornSiswati name: Singa, uMunga, umGambaVoucher specimen(s): 961Distribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, along forest margins, and in thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is variable and has several forms which were previously

lumped under the A. karroo complex. Further investigation is needed, but itis likely that A. karroo does not occur in Swaziland. It has more robust podsthan A. natalitia and is restricted to the Karroo and areas directly surroundingthe Karroo (Johan Hurter pers. comm.). In Swaziland, A. natalitia occasionally forms dense thickets indisturbed and overgrazed areas, encroaching on other vegetation. It is considered an indicator of water inarid areas and of “sweet veld” where there are good soils and grazing. The bark is used as a diuretic and theseeds for necklaces.

Acacia nigrescens Oliv.Common name: KnobthornSiswati name: umKhaya, umHlofungaDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile subsp. kraussiana (Benth.) BrenanCommon name: Scented-pod ThornSiswati name: inShakwe, Sitfetfe, Sitwetwe, Inshagu, umNcawe, LugaganeDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland, with patches in

the west.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, wooded grassland, and low-lying riverine fringe

thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species has an encroaching habit and often forms impenetrable

thickets in disturbed and overgrazed areas. The bark and roots are used asan emetic and the trunk for firewood and construction.

Habitat: A dominant species in Acacia woodland. Also in dry bushveld,thicket and low-lying riverine fringe thicket.

Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Considered an indicator of “sweet veld” where there are usually

good soils and grazing. The trunk is used to make furniture and the bark totreat fatigue.


FABACEAE

Acacia robusta Burch. subsp. clavigera (E.Mey.) BrenanA. clavigeraCommon name: River Thorn, Brack ThornSiswati name: umGamazi, imGamba, Umngamti, SingaDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Low-altitude riparian forest, along drainage lines, and in dry

bushveld and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for medicinal purposes. The bark is used to treat

hernias and to increase stamina.

Acacia schweinfurthii Brenan & Exell var. schweinfurthiiCommon name: River Climbing ThornDistribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Often forming impenetrable thickets in low-lying riverine fringe

vegetation and along dry forest margins.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. var. rostrata BrenanCommon name: Bushy Three-hook ThornSiswati name: amBambimphala, umGambaDistribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Dry bushveld and thicket. Often on alluvial soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A taller variety of A. senegal has been noted to co-exist in

Swaziland—it is more tree-like and lacks the dense rounded canopy. It ispossible that it is A. senegal var. leiorhachis and needs confirmation.

Acacia sieberiana DC. var. woodii (Burtt Davy) Keay & BrenanCommon name: Paperbark ThornSiswati name: umKhambane, umNganduzi, siTfwetfweDistribution: Scattered in northern, central, and southwestern Swaziland,

with a patch near Siteki on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open bushveld, wooded grassland and grassland, often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as an analgesic and for vomiting.


FABACEAE

Acacia swazica Burtt DavyCommon name: Swazi ThornSiswati name: luBibi, Khalimela, Sitfwetfwe, Sasane, umGambaVoucher specimen(s): 733

Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. heteracantha (Burch.) BrenanCommon name: Umbrella ThornSiswati name: umSasane, liSasa, Sitfetfe, Sasane-lomcane, umGambaDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Dry bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is considered by farmers to be an indicator of good soils

and grasses. The branches are used for fencing and firewood.

Acacia xanthophloea Benth.Common name: Fever TreeSiswati name: umHlafutfwa, umKhanyakudze, UmhlosingaDistribution: Widespread in the east, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry thicket, bushveld, and in riverine vegetation. Nearly always

associated with water in low-lying areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber and firewood and the bark for medicinal

purposes.

Adenopodia spicata (E.Mey.) PreslEntada spicata, E. natalensisCommon name: Spiny Splinter-beanVoucher specimen(s): 418, 486Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland, with a patch near Hluti in the

south.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along moist forest margins and mountain stream banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Dry bushveld, thicket, and on wooded hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for making rope and the roots for medicinal

purposes.


FABACEAE

Afzelia quanzensis Welw.Common name: Pod MahoganySiswati name: umKholikholiDistribution: Widespread in the Lebombo Range, with patches in northeast-

ern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry Lebombo forest, bushveld, and low-altitude woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used to treat eczema and bilharzia.

Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.F.Wight var. adianthifoliaCommon name: Flat-crown AlbiziaSiswati name: liGowane, siVangataneDistribution: Patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky slopes in Lebombo bushveld and forest fringes.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for treating ulcers in people and scabies in dogs.

Albizia anthelmintica (A.Rich.) Brongn.Common name: Worm-bark False-thorn, Worm-cure AlbiziaSiswati name: umNala, Ligola, iPhulaneVoucher specimen(s): 34Distribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry bushveld and thicket, often on sandy soils and along dry river

beds.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber and firewood and the bark and roots for

medicinal purposes.

Albizia forbesii Benth.Common name: Broad-pod False-thornSiswati name: umNalaVoucher specimen(s): 356Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: In bushveld, often on sandy soils.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FABACEAE

Albizia harveyi E.Fourn.Common name: Bushveld Albizia, Common False-thornSiswati name: UmTfolowane, inKhambaneVoucher specimen(s): 947Distribution: Restricted to northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Dry bushveld and woodland.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv.Common name: Large-leaved False-thornSiswati name: siVangataneDistribution: Scattered in northern, central, southern, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.

Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br.Common name: Pride-of-De KaapSiswati name: luSololoDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, rocky hillsides, thicket, and along forest mar-

gins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for deworming.

Bolusanthus speciosus (L.Bolus) HarmsCommon name: Tree WistariaSiswati name: umHhohloDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and thicket, often on clay soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is termite resistant and much sought-after for timber and

firewood. The bark is used medicinally and roots for treating stomachcomplaints.

Habitat: Woodland and bushveld, often along watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used during sangoma washing ceremonies.


FABACEAE

*Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) AlstonCommon name: Mauritius ThornSiswati name: luGaganeDistribution: Widespread in central and western Swaziland and scattered

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant.

Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. subsp. aureaC. aurea subsp. sylvaticaCommon name: Common CalpurniaSiswati name: umPhendvuloVoucher specimen(s): 197, 452, 792Distribution: Scattered along the Lebombo Range, western, and southwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, forest clearings, forest margins, grassland, and

bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Calpurnia glabrata BrummittCommon name: Swazi CalpurniaVoucher specimen(s): 331Distribution: Isolated patches in southwestern Swaziland near Sicunusa

and Gege Border Posts.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: High-altitude grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B2).

Cordyla africana Lour.Common name: Wild Mango, Sunbird TreeSiswati name: Umbubuli, Vovovo, ThunzikhuluVoucher specimen(s): 665Distribution: Isolated patch in the Mbuluzi Gorge in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: In Androstachys forest on the Lebombo mountains.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as an emetic.


FABACEAE

Craibia zimmermannii (Harms) DunnCommon name: Peawood, Sandforest CraibiaVoucher specimen(s): 779Distribution: Restricted to the Manzimyname and Mtibhlati Gorges in the

Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Sub-canopy species in Lebombo forest.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Crotalaria capensis Jacq.Common name: Eared Rattle-podSiswati name: BhubhubhuVoucher specimen(s): 438Distribution: Patches in northern, central, southern, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest, forest clearings, and

wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Crotalaria laburnifolia L. subsp. australis (Baker f.) PolhillCommon name: Brown-and-yellow Rattle-podVoucher specimen(s): 362, 807, 817, 929Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northern and southeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, along roadsides and in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp. lanceolataCommon name: Twin-leaved Rattle bushDistribution: Isolated patch in Ezulwini Valley in central-western

Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Disturbed area in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Urban.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably a lot more widespread in western and

central Swaziland and needs further surveying.


FABACEAE

Crotalaria monteiroi Taub. ex Baker f. var. galpinii Burtt Davy ex VerdoornCommon name: Small-leaved Rattle-podVoucher specimen(s): 377, 523, 734Distribution: Scattered in central, northern, and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, along watercourses, rocky hillsides, and on forest fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Crotalaria natalitia Meisn. var. natalitiaCommon name: Pioneer Rattle-podDistribution: Isolated patch in the Mkhondvo Valley in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, along a road verge.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably a lot more widespread and needs further

investigation.

Dalbergia armata E.Mey.Common name: Thorny Rope, Monkey RopeSiswati name: UmcobheDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forest, bush clumps on rocky outcrops, riverine thicket, and in

wooded ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used for basketry and for making calf muzzles.

Dalbergia obovata E.Mey.Common name: Climbing Flat-beanVoucher specimen(s): 782, 1057Distribution: Disjunct patches at Hluti in southern Swaziland and on

Mhlababomvu Ridge in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Wooded ravines and along evergreen forest fringes.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FABACEAE

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. subsp. africana Brenan & Brummittvar. africanaCommon name: Small-leaved Sickle BushSiswati name: luSekwane, umTsetane, umSilazembeDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, wooded grassland and grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Forms impenetrable thickets in overgrazed and mismanaged areas,

encroaching upon surrounding vegetation. The wood is durable and used forfence poles, firewood, and charcoal. The stems and branches are used duringthe traditional Incwala ceremony. The roots are used as a kidney purger.

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. subsp. nyassana (Taub.) BrenanCommon name: Large-leaved Sickle BushSiswati name: umSilazembe, Umsetane, luSekwaneDistribution: Scattered in central and northwestern Swaziland and the

Lebombo Range, with patches in the south.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, wooded grassland, and grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Forms secondary bush in mismanaged and degraded areas,

encroaching upon other vegetation. The wood is hard and used for fencepoles, firewood, and charcoal. The seeds are used medicinally.

Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) SkeelsCommon name: Elephant’s Root, Dwarf Elephant-rootSiswati name: IntfolwaneDistribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.

Eriosema psoraleoides (Lam.) G.DonCommon name: Shrubby Yellow Eriosema, Yellow SeedSiswati name: inHlula madodaDistribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Moist bushveld and grassland. Usually in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a poison antidote and emetic.

Habitat: Forms dense colonies in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat diarrhoea.


FABACEAE

Erythrina humeana Spreng.E. princeps, E. humeiCommon name: Dwarf Coral TreeSiswati name: umSinsana, umDvumbulaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: At low altitudes in thicket and bushveld.Land tenure: PA and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Erythrina latissima E.Mey.E. gibbsiaeCommon name: Broad-leaved Coral TreeSiswati name: umGcwabagcwaba, siPhama, umDvumbulaDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland, woodland, wooded grassland,

and open bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The seeds are used to make necklaces.

Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.E. caffra var. mossambicensisCommon name: Sacred Coral TreeSiswati name: umSinsi, siPhama, umDvumbulaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, wooded mountainsides, and along forest fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as a stomach purger and the seeds to make neck-

laces.

Erythrina zeyheri Harv.Common name: PloughbreakerDistribution: Isolated patches in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Grassland and wooded grassland.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Probably more widespread in western Swaziland and needs further

surveying.


FABACEAE

Erythrophleum lasianthum CorbishleyE. guineense var. swazicaCommon name: Swazi Ordeal TreeSiswati name: umKhanku, umHlahleDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Canopy species in Lebombo forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used medicinally to treat dogs.

Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn.Common name: Stain-podSiswati name: inDzabula luvaloVoucher specimen(s): 327Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Along river and stream banks, in grassland, and open bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for fever reduction.

Kotschya parvifolia (Burtt Davy) Verdc.Distribution: Isolated patch in Malolotja Nature Reserve in northwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops and crevices in montane grassland.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread in northwestern

Swaziland and needs to be surveyed further.

Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A.Chev.Common name: Cork BushSiswati name: umSindzandlovanaDistribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland, with patches in

the south and west.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Stony hillsides in open bushveld, wooded grassland, grassland, and

dry thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FABACEAE

Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Torre var. hildebrandtiiPiptadenia hildebrandtiiCommon name: Lebombo Wattle, Sandveld NewtoniaSiswati name: umFomotiDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Dry ravine forest and forest fringes in the Lebombos.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl.Common name: Caterpillar Bush, Hairy-caterpillar PodSiswati name: siTsibane, Ingcongwane, umHlofunga, UmtfombeniDistribution: Widespread in central and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating stomach complaints and the bark to

increase strength and stamina.

Otholobium wilmsii (Harms) C.H.StirtO. nigricansCommon name: Grassland Hookleaf-peaVoucher specimen(s): 719, 997Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Grassland and along evergreen forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Peltophorum africanum Sond.Common name: African WattleSiswati name: umKhabamkhombe, Mphungankomo, Mashubane, MahabiyaDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, wooded grassland, and grassland.

Often on sandy soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used for treating diarrhoea and the bark by

men for attracting women.


FABACEAE

Philenoptera violacea (Klotzsch) Schrire(=Lonchocarpus capassaCommon name: Apple-leaf, Rain-treeSiswati name: umHomuhomu, Umphandvo, SihomuhomuDistribution: Widespread in the northeast, with patches in central and

northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and along riverine fringes. Often on alluvial

soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as a diuretic and the roots and leaves for medicinal

purposes and witchcraft. The bark is also used to clean sangoma bonesduring rituals.

Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn. var. hookeriCommon name: Velvet Bean, Bug-catcherVoucher specimen(s): 336, 821Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland, and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Grassland, bushveld, and along forest margins. Often in damp

places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat epilepsy.

Psoralea glabra E.MeyP. pinnata var. glabraCommon name: Narrow-leaved Fountain BushSiswati name: umHlonishwaVoucher specimen(s): 302Distribution: Scattered in the northwest, with a patch at Mahamba Gorge in

southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On grassy hillsides and along forest margins, usually near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Psoralea latifolia (Harv.) C.H.Stirt.P. pinnata var. latifoliaCommon name: Broad-leaved Fountain BushSiswati name: umHlonishwaDistribution: Isolated patches on Mdzimba Mountains in central-western

Swaziland and Siteki on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along forest margins and in mountain grassland.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is probably more widespread and needs to be surveyed

further.


FABACEAE

Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used extensively for carvings and curios, especially in the Upper

Komati Valley near Maguga Dam. The wood is also used for timber andfirewood. The roots and bark are used to treat menstruation problems.

Pterocarpus angolensis DC.Common name: Wild Teak, Bloodwood, KiaatSiswati name: umVangatiDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and wooded grassland.

Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce subsp. rotundifoliusCommon name: Round-leaved KiaatSiswati name: liDlebe-lendlovuDistribution: Widespread in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Often forms dense colonies which can encroach on surrounding

vegetation. The bark is used as an inhaler to treat upper respiratory prob-lems and for vomiting.

Rhynchosia clivorum S.Moore var. clivorumCommon name: Shaggy BushDistribution: Patches in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland and wooded grassland.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread in western Swaziland and

needs further surveying.

Rhynchosia komatiensis HarmsDistribution: Restricted to the Komati River System in northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded grassland and open bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FABACEAE

Schotia brachypetala Sond.Common name: Weeping BoerbeanSiswati name: Vovovo, Sihlazi, umGcanu, ThunzikhuluDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, low-lying riparian forest and woodland. Often on

termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for vomiting and treating chest complaints.

Schotia capitata BolleCommon name: Dwarf Boer-beanSiswati name: Vovovo lomncane, Umvovovane, ThunzikhuluDistribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for treating heart complaints.

*Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.Cassia bicapsularisCommon name: Rambling CassiaDistribution: Scattered in eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: In bushveld and along watercourses and roadsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Originally introduced as an ornamental, the species has now

become naturalised locally.

*Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin & BarnebyCassia didymobotryaCommon name: Peanut SennaSiswati name: Lintongomane (?)Distribution: Widespread across central Swaziland, with patches in the east.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, riverine vegetation, forest margins, and grassland. Usually

in disturbed areas, along roadsides and in wasteland.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: The species has become naturalised locally.


FABACEAE

*Senna occidentalis (L.) LinkCassia occidentalisCommon name: Stinking weed, wild coffeeVoucher specimen(s): 1036Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: In bushveld, along watercourses and road verges, in disturbed areas,

waste dumps, and old cultivated fields.Land tenure: Wide range.General: The species has become naturalised locally.

*Senna pendula (Willd.) Irwin & Barneby var. glabrata (Vogel)Irwin & BarnebyCassia coluteoidesDistribution: Occurs in isolated patches in eastern, central, and northern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Mainly in disturbed areas in grassland and bushveld, and along

road verges.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Originally introduced as an ornamental, the species has become

naturalised locally.

Senna petersiana (Bolle) LockCassia petersianaCommon name: Eared Senna, Monkey PodSiswati name: luJoyi, liFahlawaneVoucher specimen(s): 820Distribution: Scattered in northern and central Swaziland, with patches on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and riverine thicket. Often on sandy soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for deworming, as an inhaler, and as a good luck

charm.

*Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) Irwin & BarnebyCassia floribunda, C. laevigataCommon name: SennaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, with patches on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest margins, grassland, and bushveld. Often along river banks,

in old lands and on roadsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Proposed Declared Invader.General: The species has become naturalised locally.


FABACEAE

*Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight var. bispinosaVoucher specimen(s): 818Distribution: Scattered in central, southern, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Medium-altitude grassland, bushveld, croplands, disturbed areas,

roadsides, and along stream and river banks.Land tenure: Wide range.

*Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.Common name: Brazilian Glory PeaVoucher specimen(s): 824Distribution: Scattered in central and western Swaziland, with patches in

the east.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forms dense colonies along river and stream banks, in grassland,

bushveld, thicket, wasteland, and on roadsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: It is poisonous, especially to poultry and sheep. Slashing induces

vigorous regrowth.

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. subsp. sesban var. nubica Chiov.Common name: River BeanSiswati name: umSokosokoVoucher specimen(s): 735Distribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in central-western

Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Low-lying floodplains, along stream and river banks, in bushveld,

and thicket. Occasionally in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B2).

FLACOURTIACEAE

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.Common name: Albino-berry, Mountain PeachDistribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest, often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FLACOURTIACEAE

Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f.Common name: Kei AppleSiswati name: Ntapane, SangongongoDistribution: Scattered in eastern, central, and southern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, and wooded grassland. Often associated

with termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used by traditional doctors for hut protection.

Dovyalis longispina (Harv.) Warb.Common name: Coastal Kei-apple, Natal ApricotVoucher specimen(s): 195, 494Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest and bush clumps on rocky ridges.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Dovyalis lucida SimCommon name: Glossy Sour BerrySiswati name: umNyazuma, iNgcengane, SangongongoVoucher specimen(s): 453, 461, 485Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and in moist bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used to treat high blood pressure and diabetes.

Dovyalis rhamnoides (Burch. ex DC.) Harv.D. ziziphoidesCommon name: Common Sour BerrySiswati name: umaBambambaneVoucher specimen(s): 566Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland and

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest, riverine fringe thicket, and



FLACOURTIACEAE

Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) Warb.D. tristis, D. revolutaCommon name: Wild Apricot, Apricot SourberrySiswati name: umNyazuma, umaBambaneVoucher specimen(s): 471Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western and central Swaziland, with

patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky ridges in grassland, evergreen forest margins, bushveld, and

open woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.F. hirtiusculaCommon name: Governor’s PlumSiswati name: umBadlanga, umTabhalaVoucher specimen(s): 77, 363, 577, 873, 960Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and riverine fringe thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat chest complaints and the fruit is eaten

locally.

Gerrardina foliosa Oliv.Common name: Krantz BerrySiswati name: MalulekaVoucher specimen(s): 699Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops and bush clumps in montane grassland and along

afromontane forest margins.Land tenure: PA and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb.H. subsuperumCommon name: Brown IronwoodSiswati name: umHolompunzi, LakalakaVoucher specimen(s): 501, 877Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with isolated patches in

central and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, along forest margins, riverine thicket, and scrub on

rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: The trunk is used for construction.


FLACOURTIACEAE

Kiggelaria africana L.Common name: Wild PeachSiswati name: siKlaluVoucher specimen(s): 382, 943Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, wooded ravines and among rocky outcrops in


Oncoba spinosa Forssk.Common name: Snuff-box Tree, African Dog-roseSiswati name: umTfongwaneDistribution: Scattered in northeastern and south-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld and low-lying riverine fringe thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The dried fruit shells are used as snuff boxes and penis covers

under traditional attire during ceremonies.

Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond.Common name: Forest PeachSiswati name: iNanga, SehlulamanyeVoucher specimen(s): 774Distribution: Scattered along the Lebombo Range, with patches in north-

western and central-southern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as a good luck charm.

Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.Common name: Red PearSiswati name: liTabhaneVoucher specimen(s): 946Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland and along the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and on grassy

mountainsides, often on rocks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


FLACOURTIACEAE

Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.S. gerrardii, S. ecklonii, S. thorncroftiiCommon name: Thorn PearSiswati name: liTabhane, UmbablangaVoucher specimen(s): 142, 526, 1003Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest margins, open woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat chest pains and as a natural painkiller.

They are also considered to be a male aphrodisiac.

Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. subsp. grandifoliaT. alnifolia, T. rotundifoliaCommon name: Wild MulberrySiswati name: siCandzamatje, luDlebe lendlovuVoucher specimen(s): 412Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and scattered on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest, forest margins, bush clumps, and in

forested ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Trimeria trinervis Harv.Common name: Small-leaved Wild MulberryDistribution: Isolated patches in western and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Afromontane forest and among rocky outcrops in grassland and


GENTIANACEAE

Anthocleista grandiflora GilgA. zambesiacaCommon name: Forest Big-leaf, Forest Fever TreeSiswati name: umHhobohhobo, luVunguDistribution: Widespread in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riparian vegetation and evergreen forest at medium altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This is possibly the southernmost distribution for this species. The

bark and roots are used to treat stomach cramps.


GREYIACEAE

GREYIACEAE

Greyia radlkoferi Szyszyl.Common name: Transvaal Bottlebrush, Woolly BottlebrushSiswati name: inHlazane, liDlebe-lembilaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in western and south-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland, fringes of afromontane forest,

forested mountain ravines, stream banks, and on cliff edges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B3). The wood is used for carving.

Greyia sutherlandii Hook. & Harv.Common name: Natal Bottlebrush, Glossy BottlebrushSiswati name: inHlazane, UmwatsawatsaDistribution: Scattered in the northwest and west, with an isolated patch at

Nsongweni Gorge in southern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland and fringes of afromontane forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for carving.

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. ellipticusCommon name: White Witch-hazel, Natal HazelVoucher specimen(s): 421, 574Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and medium-altitude riparian

forest.Land tenure: TDL and PA.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: In Swaziland this species is restricted to the Barberton Centre of

Plant Diversity.

Trichocladus grandiflorus Oliv.Common name: Splendid Witch-hazel, Green HazelSiswati name: uGabavuDistribution: Scattered in the northwest and west, with a patch on Sinceni

Mountain in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Fringes of evergreen forest, usually in mist-belt areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


HETEROPYXIDACEAE

HETEROPYXIDACEAE

Heteropyxis canescens Oliv.H. transvaalensisCommon name: Forest Lavender TreeSiswati name: inKunzanaDistribution: Scattered in north-western and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, medium-altitude riverine bush, along mountain

streams, and in forested ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B2).

Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.Common name: Weeping Lavender TreeSiswati name: uHuzu, iNkunzi, iNcuze, Umvanga, InkunzanaDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, grassland, and in riverine fringe vegetation. Often

in rocky places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber and firewood and the bark as a mixer

for medicines and for treating wounds.

ICACINACEAE

Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. dimidiataCommon name: White PearSiswati name: umDzakaneVoucher specimen(s): 380Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, forest margins, rocky outcrops in grassland, bushveld, and

riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used to construct cattle yokes.

Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) KuntzeCommon name: Lemon ThornSiswati name: siHlokoVoucher specimen(s): 460Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forest, forest margins, and along mountain streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used to construct the King’s hut.


ICACINACEAE

Cassinopsis tinifolia Harv.Common name: False Lemon ThornSiswati name: iNyandezuluVoucher specimen(s): 441, 465Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: In and along the margins of afromontane forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

LAMIACEAE

Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. var. glabrumC. rehmanniiCommon name: Tinderwood, White Cat’s whiskersSiswati name: umPhehlacwatsiVoucher specimen(s): 295, 301, 731Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, among rocks in grassland, riverine vegetation, rocky

hillsides, along forest margins, and in thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A variable species with different leaf shapes and sizes. The bark is

used for deworming and the stems for firewood.

Karomia speciosa (Hutch. & Corbishley) R.Fern. forma speciosaHolmskioldia speciosa, H. tettensis forma flavaCommon name: Southern Chinese hats, Wild Parasol FlowerDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo bushveld, on rocky slopes, and in riverine thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Premna mooiensis (H.Pearson) W.Piep.Common name: Skunk-bushSiswati name: siDadada, ChachambaneVoucher specimen(s): 130, 791Distribution: Scattered in eastern, central, and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded slopes, rocky hillsides, and riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for construction and firewood.


LAMIACEAE

Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.Clerodendrum myricoides, Cyclonema myricoides, Clerodendrum suffruticosum sensu Retief & HermanCommon name: Cat’s Whiskers, Blue-flowered TinderwoodSiswati name: umBozwaVoucher specimen(s): 572, 714Distribution: Sparsely scattered in the west, with patches in central

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, riverine thicket, and along forest margins.

Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) CoddIboza ripariaCommon name: Ginger-bush, Misty Plume BushSiswati name: Gilinyathi, liBotha, liPhungulaDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, grassland, rocky hillsides, and along stream banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a blood purifier.

Tinnea barbata VollesenCommon name: Blue TinneaDistribution: Disjunct patches in northwestern Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey and along margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B2). Listed as a representative endemic/near-

endemic to the Barberton Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith,2001). The recording of this species in the Lebombo Mountains extends itsdistribution to the Maputaland Centre of Endemism.

Vitex ferruginea Schumach. & Thonn.V. ferruginea subsp. amboniensis var. amboniensis, V. swynnertonii, V. amboniensisCommon name: Plum FingerleafDistribution: Isolated patches near Sidvokodvo in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Probably more widespread in Swaziland and needs further

investigation.


LAMIACEAE

Vitex harveyana H.PearsonV. geminata, V. schlechteriCommon name: Scrambling Fingerleaf, Three Finger-leafSiswati name: Mbindvongo, umKhosikatiVoucher specimen(s): 131, 773Distribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in southwestern and central

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, among rocks in streams and rivers.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Vitex obovata E.Mey. subsp. wilmsii (Gürke) C.L.Bredenkamp & D.J.BothaV. reflexa, V. wilmsii var. reflexaCommon name: Hairy FingerleafSiswati name: Amakhosikate, Umkosikathi, BufufuVoucher specimen(s): 381, 1046Distribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded slopes, rocky hillsides, riparian bush, and forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The trunk is used for firewood and construction.

Vitex rehmannii GürkeCommon name: Pipe-stem FingerleafSiswati name: umKhosikati, Mbhindvongo, Bufufu,Voucher specimen(s): 517Distribution: Sparsely scattered in central-western Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky slopes and koppies in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: The trunk is used for firewood and construction.

LAURACEAE

Cryptocarya transvaalensis Burtt DavyC. liebertianaCommon name: Mountain Wild-QuinceSiswati name: umNcabe, MkhonwanaVoucher specimen(s): 208, 426Distribution: Scattered in the northwest, with a patch near Tierkop in the

west.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Afromontane forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


LAURACEAE

Cryptocarya woodii Engl.C. acuminataCommon name: River Wild-Quince, Cape QuinceSiswati name: umNcabe, Mthongwane, umCatsaneVoucher specimen(s): 561Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in southern Swaziland and

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, riverine vegetation, wooded ravines, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as a base ingredient for traditional medicine.

Ocotea kenyensis (Chiov.) Robyns & R.WilczekO. viridisCommon name: Northern StinkwoodVoucher specimen(s): 693Distribution: Disjunct patches along the Ugutugulo River in the northwest

and Kaphunga in central Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Evergreen forest. Often near water.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Critically

Endangered status.General: Highly sought-after wood. Trees are being harvested indiscrimi-

nately and do not appear to be recuperating sufficiently.

LYTHRACEAE

Galpinia transvaalica N.E.Br.G. parvifloraCommon name: Transvaal Privet, Wild Pride-of-IndiaSiswati name: umDvubuDistribution: Widespread along the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

MAESACEAE

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.Common name: False AssegaaiSiswati name: umBhongozi, umBhungubhungu, maGucu, PhophophoDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and southern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, in and along the margins of evergreen

forest, on stream and river banks, in the understorey of industrial timberplantations, and in moist bushveld. Often a pioneer species.

Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used during post-mourning washing ceremonies.


MALPIGHIACEAE

MALPIGHIACEAE

Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius LaunertCommon name: Moth-fruitDistribution: Isolated patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. natalitiusCommon name: Moth-fruitSiswati name: MabopheVoucher specimen(s): 510, 876Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with patches in northwest

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, forest margins, riverine vegetation, and among rocks on

wooded hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for preventing law cases.

MALVACEAE

Gossypium herbaceum L. subsp. africanum (Watt) VollesenCommon name: Wild CottonSiswati name: Kotini wesigangaDistribution: Scattered in the east, with a patch near Sicunusa in southwest-

ern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Dry bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treatment of toothache.

MELASTOMATACEAE

Memecylon natalense Markgr.Common name: Small-leaved Rose-appleVoucher specimen(s): 436Distribution: Restricted to the Makhonjwa Mountains in northwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey of afromontane forest within the mist-belt.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


MELIACEAE

MELIACEAE

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.E. roupelliae, E. meyeri, E. buchananiiCommon name: Cape Ash, Dog PlumSiswati name: umNyamatsi, siNdiya ndiyaVoucher specimen(s): 728Distribution: Scattered in northwestern, central, and southwestern

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Bushveld, evergreen forest, and along riverine fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and roots are used for medicinal purposes. The bark and

trunk are used as a charm to protect homesteads.

Ekebergia pterophylla (C.DC.) HofmeyrCommon name: Rock AshSiswati name: maGwedlaDistribution: Fairly widespread in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops and koppies in grassland, forest margins, and on

mountain slopes in high rainfall areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A near endemic (B3),

Entandrophragma caudatum (Sprague) SpragueCommon name: Mountain Mahogany, Wooden Banana, Elephant TreeDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and wooded gorges. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

*Melia azedarach L.Common name: Syringa, Persian LilacSiswati name: umSilinga, LiputjutjuDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, along watercourses, roadsides, in and on the margins of

forests, disturbed sites, and urban areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Introduced originally as an ornamental, it has become naturalised

and established itself throughout the country becoming a threat to thenatural biodiversity within Swaziland. It is a difficult and costly weed tocontrol as it produces large numbers of berries which are spread by birds andanimals and is capable of vigorous regrowth from stem coppice and root suckers.


MELIACEAE

Trichilia dregeana Sond.Common name: Forest Natal MahoganySiswati name: umKhuhluVoucher specimen(s): 553Distribution: Isolated patches on the Makhonjwa Range in the northwest

and near Bhunya in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Near water in evergreen forest.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.

Trichilia emetica Vahl subsp. emeticaT. roka, T. natalensisCommon name: Natal MahoganySiswati name: umKhuhluDistribution: Widespread in eastern, central, and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riparian forest, bushveld, evergreen forest, and woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used for spinal “cleansing” and the wood for

firewood and timber. The trunk is used for vomiting and the fruit is eaten

Turraea floribunda Hochst.T. heterophylla in sense of Sond.Common name: Wild Honeysuckle Tree, Splendid Honeysuckle-treeSiswati name: umDlozana, InkunzaneDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with isolated patches at

Hluti in the south and the Ugutugulo Valley in northwest Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of forest, wooded ravines, riverine fringes,

and bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: The roots and bark are used to treat heart conditions and rheuma-

tism.

Turraea obtusifolia Hochst.T. oblancifoliaCommon name: Small Honeysuckle TreeDistribution: Sparsely scattered in central, northern-central, and north-

eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and leaves are used to treat back pain.


MELIANTHACEAE

MELIANTHACEAE

Bersama lucens (Hochst.) Szyszyl.B. abyssinica, Rhaganus lucidusCommon name: Glossy White Ash, Glossy BersamaSiswati name: Ndiyasa, siNdiyandiyaDistribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland and

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and on rocky places in

bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used to treat impotency, barrenness, and menstrual pains.

Bersama tysoniana Oliv.B. transvaalensisCommon name: Common White Ash, Forest BersamaSiswati name: NdiyasaVoucher specimen(s): 298, 437, 745Distribution: Widespread in the northwest, with patches in central

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and in riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used to treat impotency, barrenness, and menstrual pains.

MENISPERMACEAE

Tiliacora funifera (Miers) Oliv.Common name: Elbow LeafVoucher specimen(s): 210, 425Distribution: Isolated patches on the Makhonjwa Range in the northwest

and on the Mdzimba Mountains in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Canopy climber in evergreen forest, usually near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

MONIMIACEAE

Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill.Common name: LemonwoodSiswati name: umPhisi-makhataDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Moist evergreen forest, usually at high altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


MORACEAE

MORACEAE

Ficus abutilifolia (Miq.) Miq.F. soldanellaCommon name: Large-leaved Rock FigSiswati name: inKhokhokhoDistribution: Scattered over eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Rocky hillsides and outcrops in bushveld at low and medium

altitudes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ficus bubu Warb.Common name: Swazi Fig, Bubu FigSiswati name: ubTfombiDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and Androstachys thicket.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ficus burkei (Miq.) Miq.F. thonningii in partCommon name: Common Wild FigSiswati name: inKhokhokho, inTfombiVoucher specimen(s): 303, 393, 755Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, grassland, wooded grassland, rocky hillsides, and woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a post-natal supplement.

Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch.Common name: Scrambling Fig, Veld FigVoucher specimen(s): 244, 1058Distribution: Isolated patches at Hlezane and Hluti in southwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: On koppies and in rock crevices in wooded grassland and moist

bushveld.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near Threat-

ened status.


MORACEAE

Ficus capreifolia DelileCommon name: River Sand-paper fig, Rough-leaved Fig, Wild Willow FigSiswati name: umKhiwaneDistribution: Scattered in eastern and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Low-altitude riparian vegetation and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ficus craterostoma Warb. ex Mildbr. & BurretCommon name: Forest Fig, Blunt-leaved FigVoucher specimen(s): 209, 681, 814Distribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.

Ficus glumosa DelileF. sonderiCommon name: Hairy Rock Fig, Mountain FigSiswati name: inKhokhokhoVoucher specimen(s): 456Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in bushveld, woodland, forest, and grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for treating diarrhoea.

Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.F. ingens var. tomentosaCommon name: Red-leaved Rock FigSiswati name: umKhiwane, inKhokhokhoVoucher specimen(s): 366Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, wooded grassland, woodland, forest,

and bushveld. Often along riverine fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for treating diarrhoea and the fruit is eaten locally.


MORACEAE

Ficus lutea VahlF. vogelii, F. quibeba, F. nekbuduCommon name: Giant-leaved FigSiswati name: inKhokhokhoDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Androstachys forest and forested ravines. Often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ficus petersii Warb.F. thonningii in partCommon name: Peters’ FigSiswati name: inKhokhokho, inTfombi, umBombeDistribution: Scattered in northern, south-western, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, riverine vegetation, and wooded grassland.

Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a post-Natal supplement.

Ficus polita Vahl subsp. politaCommon name: Heart-leaved Fig, Wild Rubber FigSiswati name: umKhiwane, inTfombiDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Vulnerable.

Ficus salicifolia VahlF. pretoriae, F. cordata subsp. salicifoliaCommon name: Wonderboom FigSiswati name: inDhaleni, umKhiwaneVoucher specimen(s): 245, 958Distribution: Sparsely scattered in central and southwestern Swaziland and

on the Lebombo Range, with an isolated patch at Ngwenya North in thenorthwest.

Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and wooded grassland. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


MORACEAE

Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. sansibaricaCommon name: Knobbly FigSiswati name: inKhokhokho, inTfombeDistribution: Restricted to central-northern Swaziland near Sihoye.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Low-lying woodland on sandy soils.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: Most specimens were located within proposed sugar cane expansion

areas and are therefore at high risk of removal.

Ficus stuhlmannii Warb.Common name: Lowveld FigSiswati name: inKhokhokhoDistribution: Scattered throughout eastern, central, and northern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Low-altitude woodland and bushveld, often near water courses.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ficus sur Forssk.F. capensis, F. mallotocarpaCommon name: Broom Cluster Fig, Cape FigSiswati name: UmkhiwaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, forest, wooded grassland, and along riverine fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for treating conditions of blood in stool.

Ficus sycomorus L. subsp. sycomorusCommon name: Common Cluster Fig, Sycamore FigSiswati name: umKhiwubovana, umKhiwane, UmkhiweDistribution: Widespread in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riparian vegetation, woodland, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Many large individuals were swept away from the river banks

during Cyclone Demoina and more recent flood events. The bark is used fortreating diarrhoea and the fruit is eaten locally.


MORACEAE

Trilepisium madagascariense DC.Bosqueia phoberosCommon name: False Fig, Urn-figVoucher specimen(s): 419Distribution: Restricted to a disjunct patch along the Ugutugulo River in

northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Evergreen forest, often near water.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: This finding represents a more southerly distribution for this

species, some 340 km below the Soutpansberg, which was thought to be itssouthernmost record. It is presumed to represent a relic population thatexisted when its preferred forest type occurred over a broader region. TheUgutugulo Valley is invaded by several aggressive alien weeds, especiallyChromolaena odorata and Solanum mauritianium, which are threatening the natural vegetation of the area.It is imperative that some effective management and protection of the area is implemented urgently.

MYRICACEAE

Morella brevifolia (E.Mey. ex C.DC.) KillickMyrica brevifoliaCommon name: Dwarf WaxberryDistribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland, with an isolated patch

on Mahlangatsha Hills in the southwest.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: High-altitude grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Morella pilulifera (Rendle) KillickMyrica piluliferaCommon name: Broad-leaved WaxberrySiswati name: MelulekaVoucher specimen(s): 287, 308, 537Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: On grassy hillsides, along forest fringes, and stream and river banks.

Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Morella serrata (Lam.) KillickMyrica serrataCommon name: Lance-leaved WaxberrySiswati name: uLeti, MelulekaVoucher specimen(s): 864, 875Distribution: Isolated patches in northwestern and north-central Swaziland

along the Komati and Mbuluzi Rivers.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along river banks and in river valleys in medium-altitude grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used for treating headaches.


MYRSINACEAE

MYRSINACEAE

Myrsine africana L.Common name: Cape MyrtleSiswati name: SantinyanaDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) MezCommon name: Cape-beechSiswati name: maPhipha, iKhubakhula, liGcolo, Gcolokhulu, UdzilidzileDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and southern

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, in wooded grassland, and evergreen

forest. Often near streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used as an emetic and the branches for building huts.

MYRTACEAE

*Eucalyptus spp.Common name: Gum Tree, BluegumSiswati name: IndlulamitsiDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: On the verges of industrial timber plantations, forest clearings,

along watercourses, urban areas, wooded grassland, and on roadsides.Land tenure: Wide range.General: Mainly propagated for timber and firewood. Grown in woodlots and

used for donga rehabilitation around Swaziland. It coppices easily andinvades into natural areas, utilising large amounts of ground water.

Eugenia natalitia Sond.E. capensis subsp. natalitiaCommon name: Forest MyrtleSiswati name: inChitsamuti, iJobeVoucher specimen(s): 713Voucher specimen(s): 776, 1030Distribution: Scattered in western and south-central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, rocky outcrops in grassland, riverine vegetation,

wooded grassland, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


MYRTACEAE

Eugenia woodii DummerCommon name: Hairy Forest MyrtleSiswati name: umaBelenjongosiVoucher specimen(s): 123, 146, 433, 469, 529Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland, with isolated

patches at Sand River in the east and Jilobi Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest, rocky outcrops in montane grassland, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

*Psidium guajava L.Common name: GuavaSiswati name: EmagwavaDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Grassland, bushveld, along watercourses, forest margins, urban

areas, wooded grassland, and roadsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Originally introduced as an agricultural crop, it has now established

itself within natural areas and has become a problematic weed. It coppiceseasily and produces vigorous root suckers. Fruit is enjoyed by humans,monkeys, and birds, which helps to disseminate the seed and assists in thespread of the weed.

Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C.KraussCommon name: Water berrySiswati name: umNcoziDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along mountain streams and rivers, riparian vegetation, wooded

grassland, forest, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruits are eaten locally and the bark used for treating bleeding.

*Syzygium cumini (L.) SkeelsCommon name: Jambolan-plumDistribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Tall and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Exotic garden escapee that has become naturalised.


MYRTACEAE

Syzygium gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt DavyS. guineense subsp. gerrardiiCommon name: Forest WaterberrySiswati name: umNcoziVoucher specimen(s): 204, 448, 563Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. subsp. guineenseCommon name: Bushveld WaterberrySiswati name: umNcoziDistribution: Isolated patch in Mkhondvo Valley in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium-altitude riverine vegetation.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread and needs further surveying.

Syzygium legatii Burtt Davy & GreenwayCommon name: Mountain WaterberryVoucher specimen(s): 306, 635Distribution: Isolated patches in Ndlotane and Mahamba Gorges in south-

western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky quartzite ridges in grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: This species is possibly a different form to that found on the

Soutpansberg in Limpopo Province. It is distinguished by smaller, narrowerleaves and paler branches.

OCHNACEAE

Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. var. arboreaCommon name: Cape Plane, Transvaal Plane, Forest PlaneSiswati name: siFubasenkhala, maHlanganisaVoucher specimen(s): 390, 400, 541Distribution: Scattered in western and southwestern Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, forest, forest margins, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used to make splints for bone fractures.


OCHNACEAE

Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. var. oconnorii (E.Phillips) Du ToitCommon name: Forest PlaneSiswati name: siFubasenkhalaVoucher specimen(s): 994Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: The wood is used to make splints for bone fractures.

Ochna gamostigmata Du ToitO. atropurpurea var. angustifoliaCommon name: Small Forest PlaneSiswati name: maHlanganisaVoucher specimen(s): 445, 866Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Understorey of afromontane forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.

Ochna holstii Engl.O. acutifolia, O. chirindica, O. prunifoliaCommon name: Red IronwoodVoucher specimen(s): 1031Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and in forested ravines. Occasionally

among rocks in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp.O. atropurpurea var. natalitiaCommon name: Natal Plane, Mickey Mouse BushSiswati name: siFunbasenkhala, umHlabelo, Umvuma, Lincedza,

maHlanganisaDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, forest, and thicket. Often among rocks and

along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat bone fractures and as a mixer for medicines.


OCHNACEAE

Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp.Common name: Small-leaved PlaneSiswati name: siFubasenkhala, maHlanganisa, umVumaDistribution: Sparsely scattered in central-western and western Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Wooded grassland, forest margins, and moist bushveld. Occasionally

on rocky outcrops and near watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used to make splints for bone fractures.

OLACACEAE

Olax dissitiflora Oliv.Common name: Small-fruit Olax, Small SourplumSiswati name: umShamphunzana, MampuzaneDistribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ximenia americana L. var. microphylla Welw. ex Oliv.Common name: Blue SourplumSiswati name: umTfundvuluka, umKhorotjanaDistribution: Widespread in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, and dry thicket. Often in rocky places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat snake bites.

Ximenia caffra Sond. var. caffraCommon name: SourplumSiswati name: umTfundvuluka, EmathundulukaVoucher specimen(s): 575Distribution: Sparsely scattered in central Swaziland, with an isolated

patch near Shewula on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Wooded grassland and bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


OLACACEAE

Ximenia caffra Sond. var. natalensis Sond.Common name: Natal Sourplum, SourplumSiswati name: umTfundvulukaVoucher specimen(s): 862Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, thicket, wooded grassland, and grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat asthma and flu and the fruit is eaten

locally.

OLEACEAE

Chionanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Stearn subsp. foveolatusLinociera foveolata subsp. foveolataCommon name: Common Pock IronwoodSiswati name: isAndletsheDistribution: Scattered in south-central Swaziland and widespread on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest, bushveld, thicket, and

woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Chionanthus peglerae (C.H.Wright) StearnLinociera pegleraeCommon name: Giant Pock IronwoodVoucher specimen(s): 954, 982, 1032Distribution: Isolated patches in central-western and northwestern

Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Jasminum breviflorum Harv. ex C.H.WrightCommon name: Wild JasmineDistribution: Scattered in northeastern and central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, dry thicket, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


OLEACEAE

Jasminum fluminense Vell.J. mauritianumVoucher specimen(s): 823Distribution: Scattered in central and eastern Swaziland, with isolated

patches in the north and west.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry thicket, bushveld, and low-altitude riparian vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Jasminum multipartitum Hochst.Common name: Common Wild JasmineDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, thicket, and on wooded slopes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Jasminum stenolobum RolfeCommon name: Hairy JasmineDistribution: Sparsely scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld and dry thicket, often on rocky ridges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Olea capensis L. subsp. enervis (Harv. ex C.H.Wright) I.Verd.O. enervisCommon name: Rock IronwoodSiswati name: siNhletje, umNcumaVoucher specimen(s): 392, 398, 470, 975Distribution: Scattered in western, central, and southwestern Swaziland,

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded grassland and bushveld. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least concern.General: The bark is used to treat indigestion.


OLEACEAE

Olea capensis L. subsp. macrocarpa (C.H.Wright) I.Verd.O. macrocarpaCommon name: IronwoodSiswati name: siTimaneVoucher specimen(s): 439, 787, 969Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland, and

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It has a very hard wood which was used for railway sleepers. The

branches are used for making tools.

Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S.GreenO. africana, O. chrysophyllaCommon name: African OliveSiswati name: umNcumaDistribution: Widespread in central and eastern Swaziland, with patches in

the west.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, forest margins, and riverine thicket. Often on

rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is hard and used for timber, firewood, cattle kraals, and

crafts. The bark and leaves are used for medicinal purposes.

Olea woodiana Knobl.Common name: Forest OliveSiswati name: maNyatsiVoucher specimen(s): 148, 158Distribution: Isolated patches near the hydro dam on the Mkhomazane

River in the northwest, and at Mehlwabovu in the Mkhondvo Valley insouthwestern Swaziland. Sparsely scattered on the Lebombo Range.

Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Evergreen forest and shady bush clumps in bushveld.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near Threat-

ened status.General: It has a hard and durable wood, which is used for staffs.

Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw.S. argyrotrichaCommon name: Wing-leaved Wooden-pearSiswati name: sEhlulamanyaVoucher specimen(s): 722Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, western, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, evergreen forest, forest margins, woodland, and on rocky

hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Two possible forms of this species have been identified in Swaziland.

The more common being S. alata, usually found in higher altitude forest, andS. argyrotricha that occurs at lower altitudes, more frequently in bushveld.


OLINIACEAE

OLINIACEAE

Olinia emarginata Burtt DavyCommon name: Mountain Hard PearVoucher specimen(s): 520Distribution: Disjunct patches in northwestern Swaziland and in Jilobi

Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rock outcrops in mountain grassland and in Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near Threat-

ened status.General: It is presently threatened by indiscriminate harvesting and burning.

In the highveld it is seriously threatened by the invasive Acacia mearnsii andincreasing urban sprawl.

Olinia radiata Hofmeyr & E.PhillipsCommon name: Forest Hard-pearVoucher specimen(s): 442Distribution: Isolated patch at Bulembu in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Afromontane forest, within the mist-belt.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.

ONAGRACEAE

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.RavenJussiaea angustifoliaCommon name: Shrubby LudwigiaVoucher specimen(s): 509Distribution: Scattered in central, north-central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along rivers and streams, in marshy areas, and on pans.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

PASSIFLORACEAE

Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummiferaModecca gummiferaCommon name: Snake ClimberSiswati name: iMphinda, Phindumshaye, ImfuloDistribution: Scattered in northern and central Swaziland, and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest, occasionally near water, forested ravines, and

bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and stems are used to treat cattle and the trunk, roots,

and bark for vomiting.


PHYTOLACCACEAE

PHYTOLACCACEAE

*Phytolacca octandra L.Common name: Forest InkberryDistribution: Scattered in western and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Invasive in grassland, clear-felled areas, along roadsides, and waste

places.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Proposed Invader.General: A problem weed in most industrial timber plantations. The seeds

are efficiently dispersed by birds.

PIPERACEAE

Piper capense L.f.Common name: Wild PepperDistribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Deep shade in evergreen forest, often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least concern.

PITTOSPORACEAE

Pittosporum viridiflorum SimsCommon name: CheesewoodSiswati name: umVusamvu, Mkhwakhwa, Sibhaha-senkhangalaVoucher specimen(s): 455Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, with an isolated

patch in Manzimnyame Gorge on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest, on rocky outcrops in

grassland and bushveld, riverine thicket, and bush clumps.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least concern.General: The roots and bark are used to treat psychosis.

POLYGALACEAE

Polygala virgata Thunb. var. decora (Sond.) Harv.Common name: Purple BroomVoucher specimen(s): 394Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Along forest fringes, in grassland and wooded grassland. Often in

disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


PORTULACACEAE

PORTULACACEAE

Portulacaria afra Jacq.Common name: Porkbush, Elephant’s FootSiswati name: siDondwaneDistribution: Isolated patches in Mtibhlati Gorge, and at Cecil Mac’s Pass on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Dry rocky ridges in the Lebombo bushveld.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Occasionally planted as a hedge around homesteads and used to

reduce soil erosion.

PROTEACEAE

Faurea galpinii E.PhillipsCommon name: Escarpment Beechwood, Forest BeechSiswati name: siSefo, siCalabaVoucher specimen(s): 466Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On the margins of afromontane forest within the mist-belt.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Faurea macnaughtonii E.PhillipsF. natalensisCommon name: Terblanz Beech, Macnaughton’s BeechSiswati name: siSefoVoucher specimen(s): 440, 447, 1033Distribution: Isolated patch near Bulembu in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In deep shade in afromontane forest within the mist-belt.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near Threatened

status.

Faurea rochetiana (A.Rich.) Chiov. ex Pic.Serm.F. speciosaCommon name: Broad-leaved BeechwoodSiswati name: siSefo, siCalabaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Grassy hillsides, wooded grassland, along forest margins, and open

bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for deworming.


PROTEACEAE

Faurea saligna Harv.Common name: Willow Beechwood, Transvaal BeechSiswati name: siSefo, siCalabaVoucher specimen(s): 172Distribution: Scattered in central and northern Swaziland, with patches on

the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky slopes, along river banks, and in open bushveld. Often on

well-drained soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a dewormer.

*Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br.Common name: Australian Silky OakDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, moist bushveld, forest margins, urban areas, and along

stream and river banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Exotic garden escapee that has become naturalised in areas.

Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. caffraP. bolusii, P. multibracteata, P. rhodantha subsp. rhodanthaCommon name: Common Protea, Natal Sugarbush, Common SugarbushSiswati name: siDlungu, siCalabaneDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland and

on Mhlababomvu Ridge in the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: On rocky ridges and mountain slopes in grassland and wooded

grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and flowers are used for deworming and to treat psychosis.

Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. falcata (Beard) M.C.LotterP. rhodantha var. falcata, P. caffra subsp. caffra in partCommon name: Sickle-leaved ProteaSiswati name: siDlungu, siCalabaneVoucher specimen(s): 996Distribution: Isolated patch at Ngwenya North in Malolotja Nature Reserve.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Steep rocky mountainsides in montane grassland.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


PROTEACEAE

Protea comptonii BeardCommon name: Barberton ProteaSiswati name: siDlungu, siCalabaneDistribution: Isolated patches at Mgqwayisa in Malolotja Nature Reserve,

and near Bulembu in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Steep rocky northeast-facing mountainsides in montane grassland.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Endangered.

Protea gaguedi J.F.Gmel.P. abyssinicaCommon name: African Protea, African White SugarbushSiswati name: siDlungu, siCalabaneVoucher specimen(s): 535, 717Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky ridges and mountain slopes in grassland and wooded


Protea roupelliae Meisn. subsp. roupelliaeP. incanaCommon name: Silver ProteaSiswati name: siDlungu, siCalabaneDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky mountainsides in high-altitude grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

RANUNCULACEAE

Clematis brachiata Thunb.Common name: Traveller’s JoySiswati name: Litinyo-lemambaDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Woodland, rocky hillsides, forest margins, thicket, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating flu.

General: A representative endemic/near-endemic to the Barberton Centre ofPlant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). The locality at Mgqwayisa innorthern Malolotja Nature Reserve is threatened by the opening of aproposed green-chert mine. The operation of the mine poses a threat to thehabitat of P. comptonii.


RHAMNACEAE

RHAMNACEAE

Berchemia zeyheri (Sond.) GrubovB. transvaalensis, Phyllogeiton zeyheriCommon name: Red IvorySiswati name: umNeyi, siNeyiDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland, with patches in

the west.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, dry thicket, and riverine vegetation. Often on

rocky outcrops or termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for furniture, firewood, and curios. The bark for

treating diarrhoea and as a diuretic. The fruit is eaten locally.

Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) KuntzeH. ovatus, H. scandensCommon name: Soap CreeperVoucher specimen(s): 1037Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western and central Swaziland and on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, and riverine vegetation. Often in river

valleys.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to wash away bad luck.

Phylica paniculata Willd.Common name: Common Hard-leaf, Northern Hard-leafSiswati name: umDidiVoucher specimen(s): 533Distribution: Isolated patches in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in mountain grassland and along afromontane forest

margins.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread in western Swaziland and


Rhamnus prinoides L’Hér.R. celtifolius, R. pauciflorusCommon name: Dogwood, Shiny-leafSiswati name: iNyenyeVoucher specimen(s): 462Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Along mountain streams, evergreen forest margins, and bush

clumps in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


RHAMNACEAE

Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) KurzS. indica, S. commersonii, S. capensis, S. natalensis, S. buxifolia, S. hutchinsoniiCommon name: Cat-thornSiswati name: siPhingoVoucher specimen(s): 1034Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western and south-central Swaziland

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and on the fringes of

mountain streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronataCommon name: Buffalo-thornSiswati name: umLahlabantfu, UmphafaDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, wooded grassland, riverine thicket, and

along forest margins. Often on alluvial soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is said to indicate the presence of underground water. The bark is

used for medicinal purposes and the roots to treat syphilis. The branchesare used during traditional burial ceremonies.

Ziziphus rivularis CoddCommon name: River Jujube, False Buffalo-thornDistribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along drainage lines and on rocky outcrops in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Cassipourea malosana (Baker) AlstonC. gerrardii, C. congoensis, C. elliotii, Weihea gerrardiiCommon name: Common OnionwoodSiswati name: umChafutane, uMmemezi-lobovuVoucher specimen(s): 402Distribution: Scattered in the west and on the Lebombo Range, with a patch

on Sinceni Mountain in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


RHIZOPHORACEAE

Cassipourea mossambicensis (Brehmer) AlstonCommon name: Sand OnionwoodSiswati name: umMemezaVoucher specimen(s): 493, 986Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: A species that is restricted to Maputaland. The bark is used to

make a balm to lighten skin colour.

Cassipourea swaziensis ComptonCommon name: Swazi OnionwoodVoucher specimen(s): 389, 536, 637, 1035Distribution: Scattered in southwestern, central, and western Swaziland,

with an isolated patch in Manzimnyame Gorge on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bush clumps and rocky outcrops in grassland. Often on exposed

quartzite outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.

ROSACEAE

Cliffortia linearifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.Common name: River Rice-bushDistribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along mountain streams and rivers.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Probably more widespread in western Swaziland and needs further

surveying.

Cliffortia nitidula (Engl.) R.E.Fr. & T.C.E.Fr. subsp. pilosa Weim.Common name: Starry Rice-bushVoucher specimen(s): 532, 538Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In high-altitude mountainous grassland, along stream banks, and

forest margins.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ROSACEAE

Cliffortia repens Schltr.Common name: Escarpment Rice-bushVoucher specimen(s): 399Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: High-altitude grassland, on rocky hillsides, and along mountain

streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Cliffortia serpyllifolia Cham. & Schltdl.Common name: Pompon Rice bushDistribution: Isolated patch along the upper reaches of the Mbuluzi River in

central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along river banks.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Probably more widespread in western and central Swaziland and


Cliffortia strobilifera L.Common name: Cone Rice-bushVoucher specimen(s): 539Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along mountain streams and rivers.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.Common name: OldwoodSiswati name: umChitsiDistribution: Isolated patches near Hawane and Ngwenya North in north-

western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along streams in mountain grassland and along valley bottoms.

Often a pioneer species forming dense stands.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Probably more widespread in western Swaziland and needs further

surveying.


ROSACEAE

Prunus africana (Hook.f.) KalkmanCommon name: African Almond, Red StinkwoodSiswati name: umDumezuluVoucher specimen(s): 552Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western and central Swaziland, with

patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Endangered.General: Bark is used extensively for medicinal purposes and is in demand

both by local and international medicine markets.

*Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.Common name: Yellow Fire ThornDistribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: High-altitude grassland and urban areas.Land tenure: TDL and Urban.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Exotic garden escapee that has become naturalised in certain areas.

The berries are enjoyed by birds, encouraging efficient seed dispersal.

*Rubus cuneifolius PurshCommon name: American bramble, Sand brambleDistribution: Scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forms impenetrable clumps in grassland, on roadsides, forest edges,

and along watercourses.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: The berries are eaten by birds, animals, and people, assisting with

effective seed dispersal. It also spreads by establishing resistant rootsuckers.

*Rubus niveus Thunb.R. lasiocarpusCommon name: Java bramble, Hill Raspberry, Mysore RaspberrySiswati name: liGungumenceDistribution: Widespread in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, industrial timber plantations, on forest edges, and along

watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.General: The berries are eaten by birds, animals, and people, assisting with

effective seed dispersal.


ROSACEAE

Rubus pinnatus Willd.Common name: Cape Bramble, South African RaspberrySiswati name: liGungumenceVoucher specimen(s): 715Distribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in grassland, forest margins, along streams, and in

wooded ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Rubus rigidus Sm.Common name: African brambleVoucher specimen(s): 542Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, forest fringes, rocky outcrops in grassland, and in riverine

vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation status: Least Concern.

RUBIACEAE

Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.WoodB. microcephala, Adina microcephala var. galpiniiCommon name: Matumi, Transvaal Teak, African TeakSiswati name: umHlume, ThlumeDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium and low-altitude riparian vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Much sought-after wood for timber, often used during traditional

ceremonies. The roots are used to treat vertigo.

Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) SimsB. capensisCommon name: Burchellia, Wild PomegranateSiswati name: maHlosana, inTfumba dlotiVoucher specimen(s): 385Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and southern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forest, forest margins, and among rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used cosmetically for bathing.


RUBIACEAE

Canthium ciliatum (Klotzsch) KuntzePlectronia ciliataCommon name: Hairy Turkey Berry, Fringed Turkey BerrySiswati name: uMevane, umVutfwaminiVoucher specimen(s): 345Distribution: Sparsely scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of forest, rocky outcrops in grassland, wooded grassland,

and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Canthium inerme (L.f.) KuntzeC. ventosum, Plectronia ventosa, C. swynnertoniiCommon name: Turkey Berry, Criss-cross Turkey Berry, Cape DateSiswati name: umVutfwamini, MvutwamiraDistribution: Widespread in western, central, and southwestern Swaziland,

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, rocky outcrops in grassland, wooded grassland, and bushveld.

Often near rivers.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Both forest and sun forms occur in Swaziland. The fruit is eaten locally.

Canthium mundianum Cham. & Schltdl.C. gilfillaniiCommon name: Rock AlderSiswati name: umPhatsankhosi, SivilwaneVoucher specimen(s): 290, 326, 478, 580Distribution: Scattered over southwestern and central Swaziland, and on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky hillsides in woodland, grassland, and bushveld, and along

forest margins. Often near rivers.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Termite resistant and good for fence posts. The fruit is eaten locally.

Canthium setiflorum Hiern subsp. setiflorumCommon name: Rough-leaved Turkey-berry, Rough-leaved Rock AlderVoucher specimen(s): 47, 495, 790Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and bushveld, often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


RUBIACEAE

Canthium suberosum CoddCommon name: Corky Turkey Berry, Cork-bark Turkey BerryVoucher specimen(s): 246, 1053Distribution: Restricted to southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium to high-altitude grassland on rocky, wooded hillsides.

Often on quartzite ridges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.

Catunaregam obovata (Hochst.) Gonç.Randia kraussii, Xeromphis obovata, C. spinosa subsp. spinosaCommon name: Thorny Bone-appleSiswati name: siKhwakhwane, siTholeVoucher specimen(s): 170, 959Distribution: Scattered in the north, with isolated patches in Mkhondvo

Valley in central Swaziland and in Manzimyname Gorge in the LebomboRange.

Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Mixed woodland, bushveld, and dry thicket.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is possible that there are two species of Catunaregam in

Swaziland, including C. taylorii (confined to the north) and C. obovata (morewidely distributed in the south of the country) as stated by Bridson (2003).This needs further investigation.

Cephalanthus natalensis Oliv.Common name: Strawberry Bush, Tree StrawberrySiswati name: umFomfoDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and southern-

central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky outcrops in grassland and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.

Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Verdc.Randia rudis, Xeromphis rudisCommon name: Small Bone-appleSiswati name: siKhwakhwane, Mahlanganisa, Silulwane, UmhlabeloDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, dry woodland, thicket, grassland, and along forest margins.

Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves and roots are used for treating bone fractures and as a

poultice.


RUBIACEAE

Coptosperma supra-axillare (Hemsl.) DegreefT. barbertonensis, Tarenna supra-axillaris subsp. barbertonensis, Tarenna supra-axillaris subsp. supra-axillarisCommon name: Narrow-leaved Butterspoon, Narrow-leaved False Bride’s BushSiswati name: Litsambo-LenjaVoucher specimen(s): 499, 674, 768Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, forest, and riverine bush. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Gardenia cornuta Hemsl.Common name: Tonga Gardenia, Natal GardeniaSiswati name: umValasangweniVoucher specimen(s): 989Distribution: Scattered in northeastern and central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Mixed woodland and bushveld. Often along alluvial plains.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The plant is used by traditional doctors for hut protection.

Gardenia thunbergia L.f.G. speciosa, G. verticillataCommon name: White Gardenia, Forest GardeniaSiswati name: umValasangweniVoucher specimen(s): 151, 949Distribution: Restricted to Jilobi forest in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Critically Endangered.General: The species is found along a footpath which is being widened and

used more frequently by people and cattle. Invading alien weeds pose a largethreat to the area.

Gardenia volkensii K.Schum. subsp. volkensii var. saundersiae(N.E.Br.) Verdc.G. saundersiaeCommon name: Bushveld GardeniaSiswati name: umValasangweni, siValasangweni, eMangwe lamhlopheDistribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open woodland, bushveld, thicket, forest, and riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is planted near homesteads as a protection against lightning and to

ward off evil spirits. The roots are used as an analgesic and during sangomainitiation rituals.


RUBIACEAE

Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) BridsonGardenia amoena, G. neuberia, G. gerrardianaCommon name: Spiny Gardenia, Thorny GardeniaSiswati name: luPhembetu, Bembethu, Ingwavuma, IndzabulaluvaloDistribution: Scattered throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, forest, forest margins, riverine fringes, bushveld, and

thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for construction and the roots for cleansing

and to give courage.

Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) BridsonCanthium gueinzii, K. transvaalensisCommon name: Climbing Turkey BerrySiswati name: uGcupe, SinwatiDistribution: Widespread in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Evergreen and riverine forest, forest margins, and bush clumps in


Kraussia floribunda Harv.Tricalysia floribunda, Coffea kraussianaCommon name: Rhino-coffeeSiswati name: liTsambo-lenja, LisolenkosiVoucher specimen(s): 771Distribution: Widespread in central, northern, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude woodland, bushveld, along forest margins,

and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating pregnant women.

Lagynias monteiroi (Oliv.) BridsonAncylanthos monteiroiCommon name: Dune Pendent-medlarVoucher specimen(s): 247Distribution: Isolated patch at Hlezane in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky wooded slopes at medium altitude.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: Listed as endemic to the Maputaland Centre in Van Wyk & Van

Wyk (1997). This represents a disjunct locality for the species, outside of theMaputaland Centre of Endemism.


RUBIACEAE

Oxyanthus pyriformis (Hochst.) Skeels subsp. pyriformisO. natalensisCommon name: Hat-pins Loquat, Natal LoquatSiswati name: umGungununuVoucher specimen(s): 152Distribution: Isolated patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Understorey of Lebombo forest, often near water.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Endangered.

Oxyanthus speciosus DC. subsp. gerrardii (Sond.) BridsonO. gerrardii, O. stenocarpusCommon name: Whipstick Loquat, Wild LoquatSiswati name: umGungununu, umPhalaVoucher specimen(s): 444Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest and in riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pachystigma bowkeri RobynsCommon name: Forest Crowned MedlarVoucher specimen(s): 638, 645Distribution: Sparsely scattered in the southwest and on the Lebombo Range,

with an isolated patch on Mdzimba Mountains.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest at medium altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pachystigma macrocalyx (Sond.) RobynsVangueria macrocalyxCommon name: Crowned MedlarSiswati name: siPhutse, UmphatsankhosiVoucher specimen(s): 134, 297, 396, 634Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and south-

western Swaziland and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, forest margins, wooded slopes, and



RUBIACEAE

Pavetta barbertonensis Bremek.Common name: Barberton Pavetta, Barberton Bride’s BushSiswati name: LuphehlwaneVoucher specimen(s): 128, 434, 567Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland, with an isolated patch

near the foot of the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In dense shade in evergreen forest, and along the margins of dry

Lebombo forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Generally confined to serpentine in the Barberton area but has a

disjunct distribution at the foot of the Lebombo Range where it is found onrhyolite. Used in rituals where it is scattered around homesteads to callupon ancestral spirits.

Pavetta cooperi Harv. & Sond.Common name: Christmas Bush, Pompon Bride’s BushSiswati name: LuphehlwaneVoucher specimen(s): 1038, 1039Distribution: Scattered in the west, with isolated patches at Hlatikulu Forest

in the southwest and Jilobi Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to Common.Habitat: Bush clumps and rocky outcrops in medium to high-altitude grass-

land and evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used ritually where it is scattered around homesteads for calling

upon ancestral spirits.

Pavetta edentula Sond.Common name: Gland-leaf Bride’s BushSiswati name: Sawoti, siMunyane, Umkwevane, umGcobagcobaneDistribution: Widespread throughout central and central-western Swaziland

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open bushveld, woodland, rocky hillsides, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are stewed and used as a drink for flu prevention.

Pavetta eylesii S.MooreCommon name: Flaky-bark Bride’s Bush, Large-leaved Bride’s BushSiswati name: siMunyaneVoucher specimen(s): 981Distribution: Isolated patch at Hlatikulu Forest in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Afromontane forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: The species is probably more widespread in Swaziland and needs to

be surveyed further. Hlatikulu forest is not under any form of legal protectionand is threatened largely by expanding cultivation by surrounding homesteads,harvesting, increasing cattle tracks and paths, and livestock grazing.


Pavetta galpinii Bremek.Common name: Large-leaved Forest Bride’s BushVoucher specimen(s): 424Distribution: Restricted to northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest, usually in deep shade.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich. var. gardeniifoliaP. assimilis var. assimilisCommon name: Stink-leaf Bride’s Bush, Common Pavetta, Common Bride’s BushDistribution: Scattered in western and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium and high-altitude grassland and moist bushveld, often on

rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich. var. subtomentosa K.Schum.P. assimilis var. pubescensCommon name: Hairy Stink-leaf Bride’s Bush, Hairy Bride’s BushVoucher specimen(s): 1021Distribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland, with an isolated patch

at Jilobi on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld and medium-altitude grassland. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pavetta gerstneri Bremek.Common name: Zulu Bride’s BushVoucher specimen(s): 1055Distribution: Isolated patch on Mhlosheni Hills in southern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky wooded hillsides in grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is possibly more common in Swaziland and needs to be surveyed

further.

RUBIACEAE


Pavetta gracilifolia Bremek.P. delagoensis, P. breyeri, P. woodiiCommon name: Narrow-leaved Bride’s Bush, Small Bride’s BushSiswati name: LuphehlwaneVoucher specimen(s): 173, 391, 507, 995Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Woodland, forest margins, bushveld, and thicket. Often on rocky

outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pavetta inandensis Bremek.P. rattrayiCommon name: Forest Bride’s BushSiswati name: umDleziVoucher specimen(s): 211, 435, 450, 484, 973, 1040Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland, with a patch at Hlatikulu

Forest in the southwest.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Sub-canopy of afromontane forest, usually in deep shade.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pavetta lanceolata Eckl.P. tristis, P. alexandraeCommon name: Weeping Bride’s BushVoucher specimen(s): 732, 804Distribution: Scattered in eastern, central and northern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Low-lying riparian bush, forest margins, bushveld, and thicket.

Often in bush clumps and on rocky hillsides.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Pavetta schumanniana F.Hoffm. ex K.Schum.Common name: Poison Bride’s BushSiswati name: SawotiDistribution: Scattered in northern and central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Mixed woodland, bushveld, and thicket. Often on sandy soils.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

RUBIACEAE


Plectroniella armata (K.Schum.) RobynsPlectronia ovata, Vangueria armataCommon name: False Turkey BerrySiswati name: saNgongongo, Umvutfwamini wemahlatsiVoucher specimen(s): 962Distribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and dry woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally and the branches are used for construction.

Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke subsp. capensis var. capensisP. zambesiana, Grumilea capensis, P. ripariaCommon name: Black Bird-berry, Yellow-flower Bird-berry, Yellow-flower

Psychotria, Lemon BushSiswati name: Dzilidzili, umHlopheDistribution: Widespread in western, central, and southern Swaziland and

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in grassland, understorey in forest, along forest

margins, and riverine fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least concern.General: Both the forest and sun forms occur in Swaziland.

Psydrax locuples (K.Schum.) BridsonCanthium locuplesCommon name: Krantz Quar, Sand Quar, Whipstick CanthiumDistribution: Restricted to northern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude woodland and bushveld, often on sandy soils

and dry, rocky outcrops.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Psydrax obovata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Bridson subsp. elliptica BridsonCanthium obovatum in partCommon name: Mountain Quar, Inland Quar, Transvaal QuarSiswati name: umVutfwaminiVoucher specimen(s): 38, 132, 388, 524, 643, 970, 976Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and south-

western Swaziland and at the base of the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Medium to high-altitude grassland, in and along the margins of

forest, and in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

RUBIACEAE


Pyrostria hystrix (Bremek.) Bridson.Dinocanthium hystrixCommon name: Porcupine-bushDistribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Medium and low-altitude woodland, bushveld, and dry thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rothmannia capensis Thunb.Gardenia rothmanniaCommon name: Common RothmanniaSiswati name: siKhokhoVoucher specimen(s): 395Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in south-central Swaziland

and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky hillsides in grassland, wooded grassland, and evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Used medicinally to treat open wounds and burns.

Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) KeayCommon name: September Bells, September Bells Rothmannia, Bell

GardeniaSiswati name: siKobaVoucher specimen(s): 127Voucher specimen(s): 1042Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland,

with an isolated patch in Jilobi Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Evergreen forest and along mountain streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Tricalysia capensis (Meisn. ex Hochst.) Schinz var. galpinii (Schinz) Robbr.T. galpiniiCommon name: Rock Jackal-coffeeSiswati name: inDulwaneVoucher specimen(s): 404Distribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along forest margins and on rocky outcrops in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

RUBIACEAE


RUBIACEAE

Tricalysia capensis (Meisn. ex Hochst.) Sim var. transvaalensis Robbr.Bunburya capensisCommon name: Northern Forest Jackal-coffeeSiswati name: inDulwaneVoucher specimen(s): 700, 972Distribution: Scattered in the northwest, with patches in central-western

and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Understorey in evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt DavyCommon name: Jackal-coffeeSiswati name: inDulwane, umPhehla cwatsiVoucher specimen(s): 289, 330Distribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, with patches on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forest margins, bushveld, and woodland. Often along stream banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as an emetic.

Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infaustaV. tomentosa, V. rupicolaCommon name: Velvet Wild-medlarSiswati name: Umntulu, ImanduluDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, woodland, rocky outcrops in grassland,

riverine vegetation, and forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally and the juice is extracted to make a

refreshing drink.

Vangueria madagascariensis J.F.Gmel.V. floribunda, V. cyanescens in sense of Pooley 1993Common name: Smooth Wild-medlarSiswati name: UmntuluDistribution: Widespread over northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Woodland, bushveld, wooded grassland, forest, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.


RUTACEAE

RUTACEAE

Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.Common name: Cape ChestnutSiswati name: umBhabaVoucher specimen(s): 578Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with isolated patches at

Nkaba Forest in northwestern Swaziland and near Ngudzeni in the south.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, riverine thicket, and forested ravines.Land tenure: SNL and TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.C. inaequalisCommon name: HorsewoodSiswati name: umNukelambiba, Umnukalampimba, umBangadlotiVoucher specimen(s): 788Distribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Under-canopy of forest, forest fringes, riverine vegetation, bushveld,

woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used for foetal nutrition and to treat pubic itch, the

roots for treating stomach ache and coughing. It is also used by the King togive him strength.

Oricia bachmannii (Engl.) I.Verd.O. swynnertonii, O. transvaalensisCommon name: Twin-berry TreeSiswati name: umBotaneVoucher specimen(s): 429, 1010Distribution: Scattered in central-western Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk.P. utileCommon name: SneezewoodSiswati name: umTsatseVoucher specimen(s): 518Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, woodland, and thicket. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The trunk is used for timber and crafts.


RUTACEAE

Teclea gerrardii I.Verd.Common name: Zulu Cherry-orange, Flaky Cherry-orangeSiswati name: umBotaneVoucher specimen(s): 138, 193, 667, 1012Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and forested ravines, often near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.General: The roots are used to treat stomach aches.

Teclea natalensis (Sond.) Engl.Toddalia natalensisCommon name: Slender Cherry-orange, Bastard White IronwoodSiswati name: umBotaneVoucher specimen(s): 547Distribution: Isolated patches in central-western Swaziland and in Jilobi

Forest on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen and ravine forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near Threatened

status.

Teclea pilosa (Engl.) I.Verd.Vepris carringtonianaCommon name: Winged Cherry OrangeSiswati name: UginaDistribution: Scattered in eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Low-altitude bushveld, along river banks, and in thicket. Often on

sandy soils.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Least Concern

status.

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.T. aculeataCommon name: Climbing OrangeVoucher specimen(s): 516Distribution: Isolated patches in northern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Along the margins of and in evergreen forest and in riverine bush.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


RUTACEAE

Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.DonToddalia lanceolata, V. undulataCommon name: White IronwoodVoucher specimen(s): 874, 964Distribution: Scattered in central-western and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, riverine bush, and forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Vepris reflexa I.Verd.Common name: Rock White IronwoodSiswati name: umBotane, MotaneDistribution: Scattered in central and northern Swaziland and widespread

along the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Dry forest and bushveld, often on rocky slopes and in riverine thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber and crafts.

Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv.Z. thorncroftii, Fagara capensis, F. magalismontanaCommon name: Small KnobwoodSiswati name: umNungwane, umHlabanyoni, UmtsentzseDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, wooded grassland, bush clumps, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat bilharzia and toothache, and the

branches for firewood and construction.

Zanthoxylum davyi (I.Verd.) P.G.WatermanFagara davyiCommon name: Knobwood, Forest KnobwoodSiswati name: umNungwaneDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland, with a patch at

Shewula on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Canopy species found in and along the margins of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for firewood and construction.


SALICACEAE

SALICACEAE

*Populus spp.Common name: PoplarDistribution: Scattered in western and south-western Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Forms dense stands in river valleys and is usually near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: Initially propagated in woodlots for matchwood purposes. It coppices

easily and regenerates from root suckers, spreading into natural areas.

Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seeman) ImmelmanS. subserrata, S. woodii, S. mucronata subsp. wilmsiiCommon name: Flute WillowSiswati name: umNyetaneDistribution: Scattered in northern, northeastern, and central-western

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along rivers and streams.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a bladder purger.

SALVADORACEAE

Azima tetracantha Lam.Common name: Needle-bushSiswati name: Ligumkela, siKhumekele, umVusankunziVoucher specimen(s): 739Distribution: Scattered in eastern and north-central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, dry thicket, and dense riverine vegetation. Occasionally

on termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and leaves are used to treat snakebite and toothache.

Salvadora australis Schweick.S. angustifolia var. australisCommon name: Narrow-leaved Mustard-treeVoucher specimen(s): 937Distribution: Restricted to southeastern Swaziland near Jozini Dam.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: On floodplains and in hot and dry thicket.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


SANTALACEAE

SANTALACEAE

Osyridicarpos schimperianus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) A.DC.O. natalensisDistribution: Sparsely scattered in central and northern Swaziland, with a

patch at Mahuku in the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, and riverine thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.Common name: Rock Tannin-bush, Transvaal SumachSiswati name: umBulunyatiVoucher specimen(s): 640Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland and along forest margins.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

SAPINDACEAE

Allophylus africanus P.Beauv.Schmidelia leucocarpa, S. melanocarpa, A. melanocarpus, A. transvaalensisCommon name: Black False Currant, African False CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 294, 971Distribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, bushveld, riverine thicket, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Allophylus decipiens (Sond.) Radlk.A. spicatus, Schmidelia decipiensCommon name: False Currant, Small-leaved False CurrantSiswati name: inHlangushaneVoucher specimen(s): 753Distribution: Sparsely scattered in western, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Wooded grassland, bushveld, and along low-lying drainage lines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


SAPINDACEAE

Atalaya alata (Sim) H.M.L.ForbesCommon name: Lebombo Krantz AshSiswati name: umNondoDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with isolated patches on

Dwaleni Hills and near Kabuta in central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky places in Lebombo forest and Androstachys thicket and in

bushveld. Often along rocky watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Deinbollia oblongifolia (E.Mey. ex Arn.) Radlk.Hippobromus oblongifoliusCommon name: Dune Soap-berryVoucher specimen(s): 249, 521Distribution: Isolated patches in central Swaziland and in the Mbuluzi Gorge

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld and low-lying riverine thicket.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia (L.f.) Benth.D. angustifoliaCommon name: Sand OliveSiswati name: liHejiDistribution: Scattered in central, northern, and southwestern Swaziland,

with a patch near Siteki on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, riverine thicket and on forest margins.

Often along road verges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk.H. alatusCommon name: False HorsewoodSiswati name: luTwile, Siphahluka, luPhephetseVoucher specimen(s): 965Distribution: Scattered in central, southern, and eastern Swaziland, with

patches in the northwest.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, forest fringes, riverine vegetation and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


SAPINDACEAE

Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.P. radlkoferi, P. schumannianaCommon name: Jacket-plum, Bushveld CherrySiswati name: liLetsaDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, open woodland, dry thicket, wooded grassland, and

riverine vegetation. Often on rocky outcrops and termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves and bark are used to treat baldness, ringworm, eye

infections, and venereal diseases. The roots are used to increase the numberof customers for sangomas and as a good luck charm.

SAPOTACEAE

Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn.Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Pouteria magalismontanaCommon name: Transvaal Milk PlumSiswati name: umNumbelaDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, with a patch in

Manzimnyame Gorge in the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in grassland, forest, forest margins, and

wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least concern.General: The fruits are eaten locally.

Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn.Bequaertiodendron natalense, Pouteria natalensisCommon name: Natal milkplum, Silver-leaved MilkplumSiswati name: umNumbela, umTjonganeVoucher specimen(s): 202, 741Distribution: Scattered in western Swaziland, with patches on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In the understorey of evergreen forest and forested ravines. Occasion-

ally along watercourses.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Manilkara concolor (Harv. ex C.H.Wright) GerstnerMimusops concolorCommon name: Zulu milkberrySiswati name: Mncwambi, Siformamasi, umNcwambo, ManematfoleVoucher specimen(s): 784Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and low-lying riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for medicinal purposes and the wood for construction

and crafts. The fruit is eaten locally.


SAPOTACEAE

Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.Muriea discolorCommon name: Forest MilkberrySiswati name: MasematfoleVoucher specimen(s): 200Distribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Lebombo forest and forested ravines.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Manilkara mochisia (Baker) DubardMimusops mochisia, Manilkara macaulayaeCommon name: Lowveld MilkberrySiswati name: Nwambu, umCambelo, umNcwamboDistribution: Scattered in northeastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, and dry woodland. Often on termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used to treat depression.

Mimusops obovata Sond.M. obtusifolia in sense of von Breitenbach 1995Common name: Bush Red MilkwoodSiswati name: umPhushaneVoucher specimen(s): 140, 544, 778, 978Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombos, with patches in central-western

Swaziland and at Mgqwayisa forest in Malolotja Nature Reserve in thenorthwest.

Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: In evergreen forest and on forested koppies. Occasionally near water.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Mimusops zeyheri Sond.M. monroiCommon name: Red MilkwoodSiswati name: umPhushaneVoucher specimen(s): 192Distribution: Scattered in eastern, northern, and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, forest, riverine bush, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is eaten locally.


SAPOTACEAE

Sideroxylon inerme L. subsp. inermeS. diospyroidesCommon name: White MilkwoodSiswati name: emaSelitfole, umNwebaVoucher specimen(s): 701, 704Distribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland, with a patch in the

Malolotja Valley in the northwest.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry woodland, bushveld, thicket, riverine bush, and forest. Frequently

on termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and roots are used to treat broken bones and fevers.

Vitellariopsis marginata (N.E.Br.) Aubrev.Mimusops marginata, Austromimusops marginataCommon name: Forest Bush MilkwoodSiswati name: UmcandzaVoucher specimen(s): 201, 757, 781, 940Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Lebombo forest, forested ravines, and in riverine bush.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The trunk is used for construction.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Anastrabe integerrima E.Mey. ex Benth.Common name: Pambati TreeVoucher specimen(s): 991Distribution: Isolated patches at Tikhuba and Mambane on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along the upper margins of dry Lebombo forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is hard and termite resistant.

Bowkeria cymosa MacOwanCommon name: Escarpment Shell-flowerSiswati name: luChwimiVoucher specimen(s): 406, 1062Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant to common.Habitat: Along the margins of afromontane forest, on moist hill slopes in

high-altitude grassland, and along stream banks.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


SCROPHULARIACEAE

Halleria lucida L.Common name: Tree FuchsiaSiswati name: umBinta, LondomelaVoucher specimen(s): 1051Distribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central and southern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest, grassland, rocky slopes, stream banks, and forested

ravines.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The stems are used for making hoe handles and the fruit is eaten locally.

SOLANACEAE

Lycium acutifolium E.Mey. ex DunalCommon name: Thicket Honey-thornDistribution: Isolated patch in northeastern Swaziland on the border of

Hlane National Park.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Lowveld thicket.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.General: The specimen identified was located in a proposed sugarcane

expansion area and it is possible that it has since been disturbed or removed.

Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.L. albiflorumCommon name: White Honey-thornVoucher specimen(s): 364, 934Distribution: Disjunct patches at Nhlanguyavuka in the northeast and near

Jozini Dam in southern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Dry bushveld and thicket.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is possibly more widespread, especially in the Mananga

area, and needs further surveying.

Solanum aculeastrum DunalCommon name: Goat Bitter-appleSiswati name: inTfuma, MtumaDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: A wide range of altitudes in grassland, bushveld, woodland, and

thicket. Often forms dense colonies in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruits are used to treat bladder complaints.


SOLANACEAE

Solanum anguivi Lam.Common name: Forest BitterberrySiswati name: inTfumaVoucher specimen(s): 811Distribution: Sparsely scattered in northwestern and central-western

Swaziland, with patches on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Disturbed areas of evergreen and ravine forest.Land tenure: SNL and PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Solanum giganteum Jacq.Common name: Healing-leaf Tree, Red Bitter-appleSiswati name: IntfumaDistribution: Scattered in western and southern Swaziland, with patches in

the east.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops in mountain grassland, in forest clearings, woodland,

and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves and fruit are used as a healing ointment.

Solanum lichtensteinii Willd.S. incanum in sense of many authorsCommon name: Grey Bitter AppleSiswati name: inTfumaVoucher specimen(s): 751Distribution: Sparsely scattered in southwestern and southeastern

Swaziland, with an isolated patch in Mlawula Nature Reserve on theLebombo Range.

Abundance: Common.Habitat: Disturbed areas in grassland and bushveld. Often associated with

heavy grazing.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used to treat toothache.

*Solanum mauritianum Scop.Common name: Bug WeedSiswati name: isiBongabonga, inTfuma, Gwayane, umSoboDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, with patches in

the east.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: A problematic invader along watercourses, in clearings and under-

growth in industrial plantations, wasteland, cultivated fields, urban areas,and disturbed forest patches.

Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Weed.General: Berries eaten by birds, including the Rameron Pigeon, transporting

and dispersing the seeds effectively. Often large numbers of seedlingsemerge under trees that have been killed by chemical means, making itdifficult to control without effective follow-up treatment.


STERCULIACEAE

STERCULIACEAE

Cola greenwayi Brenan var. greenwayiC. microcarpaCommon name: Hairy Cola, Zulu CoshwoodSiswati name: Umbidzane

Dombeya burgessiae Gerrard ex Harv.D. rosea, D. elegans, D. parvifolia, D. mastersiiCommon name: Pink DombeyaSiswati name: liBundzaDistribution: Fairly widespread over western and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest margins, rocky koppies, along streams, and in woodland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for basket weaving and crafts and the bark

as thatching twine.

Dombeya cymosa Harv.Common name: Smooth Dombeya, Hairless DombeyaSiswati name: umWuwane, LiciboVoucher specimen(s): 525Distribution: Patchy in northern, central, and southern Swaziland, and

widespread on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Dry forest margins, rocky hillsides, and bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches and trunk are used for construction.

Dombeya pulchra N.E.Br.Common name: Silver DombeyaSiswati name: liBundzaDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.

Distribution: Scattered in north-western Swaziland and on the LebomboRange.

Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used as herding sticks.

Habitat: Bush clumps in grassland, woodland, stream banks, and alongforest margins.



STERCULIACEAE

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. var. rotundifoliaD. densiflora, D. multifloraCommon name: Common Wild PearSiswati name: Nhliziyo, uMuwane, NhliziyonkuluDistribution: Widespread throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, wooded grassland, and woodland over a wide range of

altitudes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The wood is used for timber and making small implements, the

roots as a general purgative, often to cleanse the body of evil spirits. Thebark is used for treating vomiting and fainting.

Sterculia murex Hemsl.Common name: Lowveld ChestnutSiswati name: Gebeleweni, umBhabaVoucher specimen(s): 573Distribution: Disjunct patches in northwestern Swaziland and at Shewula on

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: On rocky ridges in bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Data Deficient. Should be considered for Near Threatened

status.General: The bark is used to protect homesteads from witchcraft.

Sterculia rogersii N.E.Br.Common name: Common Star-chestnutSiswati name: Lumbu, siBhosa, SibhansiDistribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Medium to low-altitude woodland and bushveld, usually on rocky

outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is planted to guard against lightning.

STRYCHNACEAE

Strychnos gerrardii N.E.Br.S. innocua subsp. gerrardiiCommon name: Coastal Monkey OrangeVoucher specimen(s): 43, 1047Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with isolated patches on

Sinceni Mountain in central Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forest, wooded ravines, and bushveld. Often on rocky outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


STRYCHNACEAE

Strychnos henningsii GilgCommon name: Red BitterberrySiswati name: siLume mhlophe, Manono, umNononoVoucher specimen(s): 56, 368, 369, 430, 702, 810Distribution: Scattered in eastern, western, northern, and southwestern

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, bushveld, and thicket. Usually in drier areas near rivers.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark and leaves are used as a charm to prevent snake bite and

the roots for sangoma initiation rituals. The stem and branches are usedduring the Incwala ceremony.

Strychnos madagascariensis Poir.S. innocua subsp. dysophyllaCommon name: Black Monkey OrangeSiswati name: umKhwakhwa, Lihlala, umHlalaDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, woodland, dry rocky areas, and low-lying riverine

vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for medicinal purposes and the fruit eaten by

animals and people. The roots are used for sangoma initiation ceremonies.

Strychnos mitis S.MooreCommon name: Yellow BitterberrySiswati name: muNono, umPhatsankhosiVoucher specimen(s): 775, 815Distribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with an isolated patch on

Mabuza Hills in central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Strychnos pungens Soler.S. occidentalisCommon name: Spine-leaved Monkey OrangeVoucher specimen(s): 312, 636Distribution: Isolated patch at Mahamba Gorge in southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare.Habitat: Quartzite ridges in wooded grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Should be considered for Near Threatened status.


STRYCHNACEAE

Strychnos spinosa Lam.Common name: Spiny Monkey Orange, Green Monkey OrangeSiswati name: Mhlola, umHlala, umKwakwaVoucher specimen(s): 496Distribution: Scattered in northern, central, and eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, forest, and along riverine fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The fruit is used as a snake bite antidote.

Strychnos usambarensis GilgCommon name: Blue BitterberrySiswati name: umPhatsankhosi lomnyamaVoucher specimen(s): 545Distribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range, with isolated patches in

north-western, central-western, and southern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Evergreen forest, wooded ravines, and moist bushveld. Often along

streams and in rocky places.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating snake bite.

THYMELAEACEAE

Dais cotinifolia L.Common name: Pompon TreeSiswati name: inTfocwaneVoucher specimen(s): 543, 1048Distribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky hillsides, in riverine vegetation, and along forest margins.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for making string.

Englerodaphne pilosa Burtt DavyCommon name: Silky Fibre-bushSiswati name: inTfocwaneDistribution: Isolated patch in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Understorey of afromontane forest.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least concern.


THYMELAEACEAE

Passerina filiformis L. subsp. filiformisCommon name: Brown GonnaVoucher specimen(s): 293Distribution: Scattered in the west, with a patch on the Makhwekhweti Hills

in southern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Along mountain streams and in grassland. Often among rocky

outcrops.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Passerina montana ThodayCommon name: Mountain GonnaVoucher specimen(s): 534Distribution: Patchy in northwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Along mountain streams and on rocky outcrops in mountain

grassland.Land tenure: SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The species is probably more widespread in northwestern and

western Swaziland and needs further surveying.

Peddiea africana Harv.P. fischeriCommon name: Poison Olive, Fibre-bark, Green FlowerSiswati name: inTfocwaneVoucher specimen(s): 319, 530Distribution: Widespread in western and southwestern Swaziland, with a

patch at Muti-muti Nature Reserve on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey of evergreen forest, along forest margins, rocky outcrops

in grassland, and in wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

TILIACEAE

Grewia bicolor Juss.G. grisea, G. kwebensis, G. mossambicensisCommon name: White-leaved RaisinSiswati name: umSiphaneDistribution: Scattered in northeastern and central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Open woodland, bushveld, thicket, and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A very variable species, which hybridises freely with G. monticola.

The roots are used as an emetic.


TILIACEAE

Grewia flavescens Juss.G. flavescens var. flavescensCommon name: Sandpaper RaisinSiswati name: liKloko, Labhojane, Ligusha-lemahlatsiVoucher specimen(s): 360, 498Distribution: Widespread in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, and riverine vegetation. Often in shady

places on rocky outcrops and termitaria.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are eaten locally.

Grewia hexamita BurretG. messinicaCommon name: Giant RaisinSiswati name: umSiphane, LomkhuluDistribution: Scattered in eastern and central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, thicket, woodland, and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as an emetic, for vomiting, and as a male

aphrodisiac.

Grewia monticola Sond.Common name: Silver Raisin, Grey RaisinSiswati name: umSiphaneVoucher specimen(s): 816Distribution: Scattered in the east, with patches in central and northern-

central Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, open woodland, thicket, and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A very variable species, which hybridises freely with G. bicolor.

The roots are used as an emetic.

Grewia occidentalis L. var. occidentalisCommon name: Cross-berrySiswati name: liKlokoDistribution: Fairly widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest, forest margins, wooded grassland, bushveld, thicket, and

along riverine fringes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are eaten locally.


TILIACEAE

Grewia villosa Willd.Common name: Mallow RaisinSiswati name: umSiphane, LabhojaneDistribution: Scattered in northeastern and central-eastern Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Dry thicket and bushveld at low altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as an emetic.

URTICACEAE

Obetia tenax (N.E.Br.) FriisUrera tenaxCommon name: Rock Tree Nettle, Mountain NettleSiswati name: luTiya, luSotfoDistribution: Scattered in northwestern, central and southwestern

Swaziland, and on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, on dry rocky hillsides, scree slopes, and in dry forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The bark is used for thatching.

Pouzolzia mixta SolmsP. hypoleucaCommon name: Soap NettleDistribution: Scattered in southwestern and northern Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, rocky hillsides, wooded ravines, and riverine thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

VERBENACEAE

*Duranta erecta L.D. repensCommon name: Forget-me-not TreeVoucher specimen(s): 355Distribution: Scattered in northern and western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, bushveld, in urban areas, and along streams at medium

altitude.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Proposed Declared Invader.General: Exotic garden escapee that has become naturalised. The berries are

eaten by birds, which help disseminate the seed and assist in the spread ofthe weed.


VERBENACEAE

*Lantana camara L.Common name: Christmas Berry, LantanaSiswati name: Bukhwebeletane, MehlwakatiDistribution: Widespread throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: Forms dense impenetrable thickets in bushveld, along river banks,

forest margins, in the understorey of industrial timber plantations, urbanareas, degraded land, and roadsides.

Land tenure: Wide range.

Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.Common name: Fever Tea, Lemon bushSiswati name: uMsutane, Mutswane, umSwaziDistribution: Widespread throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, riverine vegetation, wooded grassland, along

forest margins, and in thicket. Often in disturbed areas.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The crushed leaves, roots, and branches are inhaled to relieve

headaches. Also used to drug bees.

VIOLACEAE

Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill.R. natalensisCommon name: White Violet Bush, Narrow-leaved Violet-bushSiswati name: liTfwakelaVoucher specimen(s): 743, 767Distribution: Scattered in northwestern Swaziland and on the Lebombo

Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Understorey in evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

VITACEAE

Cissus quadrangularis L. var. quadrangularisVitis quadrangularisCommon name: Cactus Vine, Succulent-stemmed Wild GrapeSiswati name: Umhlalafutfu, LidzambisoDistribution: Widespread in the eastern Lowveld of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, dry woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used for treating sprains.


VITACEAE

Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) VahlCommon name: Bushveld GrapeSiswati name: Lidlebendlovu, Umtsebulo, NyokaneDistribution: Widespread in the east, with an isolated patch near Hlezane in

southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, dry woodland, riverine vegetation, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots are used as a cleanser and leaves for medicinal purposes.

Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & M.BrandtCommon name: Baboon GrapeSiswati name: siNwatiDistribution: Widespread in the Lebombo Range, with patches in central

Swaziland and near Motshane in the west.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Forest margins, bushveld, and bush clumps in grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhoicissus napaeus C.A.Sm. (in sense of Compton 1976)Siswati name: siNwatiVoucher specimen(s): 286, 514Distribution: Scattered in central and southwestern Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Moist bushveld, grassland, and wooded grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A shrubby plant described by Compton (1976), differing from

R. tridentata subsp. cuneifolia in that it has simple, alternate leaves and aroughly circular blade.

Rhoicissus revoilii Planch.R. schlechteriCommon name: Bitter Forest Grape, Bushveld GrapeSiswati name: umBovu, siNwatiDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range, with patches in western

Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In bushveld and along forest margins. Often on rocky ridges.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


VITACEAE

Rhoicissus rhomboidea (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Planch.Common name: Glossy Forest GrapeSiswati name: umBovuDistribution: Scattered in western and southwestern Swaziland, with patches

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest and in forest clearings.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

Rhoicissus tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm.R. capensisCommon name: Common Forest GrapeSiswati name: umBovuDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In and along the margins of evergreen forest, in forest clearings,

bushveld, wooded ravines, and riverine vegetation.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The vine is used for making baskets.

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. cuneifolia(Eckl. & Zeyh.) UrtonCommon name: Northern Bushman’s GrapeSiswati name: siNwati, Mboziso, umGucoVoucher specimen(s): 284, 796Distribution: Widespread throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, rocky outcrops in grassland, riverine bush, woodland,

along forest margins, and in thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: A very variable species with several possible forms. A small narrow-

leaved shrub is found on the grassy slopes of the Lebombo Mountains resemblingR. tridentata subsp. tridentata. Further investigation is required to determinewhether it is a separate species or subspecies. The roots are used to treat syphilis and for foetal nutritionand the whole plant for chest complaints.


AGAVACEAE

MONOCOTYLEDONSAGAVACEAE

*Agave sisalana PerrineA. rigida var. sisalanaCommon name: SisalSiswati name: HalibhomaDistribution: Scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Bushveld, grassland, in erosion channels, watercourses, and dry

thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Legal status: Declared Invader.General: The species forms impenetrable barriers, which are inaccessible to

humans and stock. It is used for security hedging, fodder, a source of fibre,and donga stabilisation.

ARECACEAE

Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn.H. natalensisCommon name: Lala PalmSiswati name: liLalaDistribution: Isolated patches in Mbuluzi Game Reserve and at IYSIS Ranch

in northeastern Swaziland.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Bushveld.Land tenure: PA.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is uncertain whether the population recorded at IYSIS Ranch has

survived after bush clearing for a minor road. Further investigation isrequired.

Phoenix reclinata Jacq.Common name: Wild Date PalmSiswati name: liSundvuDistribution: Scattered in central and eastern Swaziland, with patches in

the south.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Riparian vegetation, bushveld, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used for basket weaving, the bulb for making food

and beer, and for treating barrenness.

ASPHODELACEAE

Aloe arborescens Mill.Common name: Krantz AloeSiswati name: imBovane, inCenaDistribution: Widely scattered throughout most of Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Rocky outcrops, cliff faces, mountainous grassland, forest, and

bushveld.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Leaves are used to treat high blood pressure and diabetes.


ASPHODELACEAE

Aloe barberae T.-DyerA. bainesiiCommon name: Eastern Tree AloeSiswati name: InhlabaDistribution: An isolated patch at Mnyame Gorge in the Lebombo Mountains.Abundance: Common.Habitat: On rocky ridges in Lebombo forest.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: It is a representative endemic/near-endemic of the Maputaland

Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001). Planted around home-steads for hut protection. This species is possibly more widespread in theLebombos and needs further surveying.

Aloe keithii ReynoldsSiswati name: inHlabaDistribution: Restricted to the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Rare to common.Habitat: Rocky ridges and rock outcrops in Lebombo bushveld.Land tenure: TDL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: Endemic to Swaziland. Representative endemic/near-endemic to

the Maputaland Centre of Plant Diversity (Van Wyk & Smith, 2001).

Aloe marlothii A.Berger subsp. marlothiiCommon name: Mountain AloeSiswati name: inHlaba, MallottiDistribution: Widespread throughout Swaziland.Abundance: Abundant.Habitat: A variety of habitats, including rocky slopes, wooded grassland,

bushveld, woodland, and thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The leaves are used to treat stomach cramps and as an antibiotic.

Aloe rupestris BakerCommon name: Bottlebrush AloeSiswati name: inHlabaDistribution: Scattered on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to rare.Habitat: Rocky ridges in Lebombo bushveld and forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.


ASPHODELACEAE

Aloe spicata L.f.A. sessilifloraCommon name: Lebombo AloeSiswati name: inHlabaDistribution: Widespread on the Lebombo Range and sparsely scattered in

western Swaziland, with a patch at Hluti in the south.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Rocky ridges and cliff faces in bushveld and grassland.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

BEHNIACEAE

Behnia reticulata (Thunb.) Didr.Common name: Forest SmilaxDistribution: Scattered in the west, with patches in central Swaziland and at

Muti-muti Nature Reserve on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

DRACAENACEAE

Dracaena aletriformis (Haw.) BosD. hookerianaCommon name: Large-leaved Dragon TreeSiswati name: siKhonkhwaneDistribution: Scattered in western and central Swaziland and on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Shady undergrowth of evergreen forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

SMILACACEAE

Smilax anceps Willd.S. kraussianaCommon name: Thorny Rope, Leg-ripperSiswati name: InchachabulaneDistribution: Widespread in western and central Swaziland, with patches in

the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Forest, rocky outcrops in grassland, wooded grassland, bushveld, and

riverine thicket.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The climber has a tendency to encroach upon surrounding vegetation

and is problematic in areas. The roots are used as an infant purgative andto treat indigestion.


STRELITZIACEAE

STRELITZIACEAE

Strelitzia caudata R.A.DyerCommon name: Mountain StrelitziaSiswati name: inKhamangoDistribution: Scattered in northwestern and central-western Swaziland.Abundance: Common.Habitat: In bush clumps and rocky outcrops in grassland and in afromontane

forest.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The roots and bark are used for treating syphilis and heart flutter.

Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Körn.Common name: Coastal StrelitziaSiswati name: inKhamangoDistribution: Isolated patches in Mtibhlati and Manzimyame Gorges on the

Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common to abundant.Habitat: Lebombo forest and wooded ravines.Land tenure: TDL and SNL.Conservation Status: Least Concern.

VELLOZIACEAE

Xerophyta retinervis BakerCommon name: Monkey’s TailSiswati name: Intatzwa, SifuntiDistribution: Widespread in the west, with patches in central Swaziland and

on the Lebombo Range.Abundance: Common.Habitat: Grassland, wooded grassland, and bushveld on exposed rocky slopes.Land tenure: Wide range.Conservation Status: Least Concern.General: The branches are used for making brushes, spoons, and sangoma

instruments.

Glossary

afromontane forest: high altitude forests above900 m, usually in rainfall areas of over 750 mmper annum, with a multi-layer understorey andalmost no ground layer. The term ‘Afromontane’seems to be now considered inappropriate andthe terms ‘Afrotemperate forest’ and ‘Mistbeltforest’ seem to be replacing it (Mucina et al.,2005).

bushveld: known also as ‘savanna’. It is domi-nated by woody vegetation with a conspicuousgrassy understorey. Densities vary from openwoodland to dense thicket-like bushveld.

evergreen forest: usually occurring in the higherrainfall areas where the majority of species re-tain green leaves throughout the year, even dur-ing winter.

grassland: usually above 1,000 m in altitudewhere the predominant vegetation cover ismade up of grass species.

lebombo forest: resembles Afromontane forestyet is drier. Includes scarp forest (Mucina et al.,2005), and Androstachys forest and thicket.

riverine forest: usually occurring below 800 m,restricted to the major rivers and the lowveld

with a multi-layer understorey and almost noground layer.

shrub: a perennial woody plant with, usually, twoor more stems arising from or near the ground:Differs from a tree in that it is smaller and doesnot possess a trunk or bole (Van Wyk & VanWyk, 1997).

suffrutex (pl. suffrutices): A plant woody at thebase but herbaceous above; a subshrub, someof which have evolved with this growth habitto escape veld fires (Schmidt et al., 2002). Ex-amples include Parinari capensis subsp.capensis and Elephantorrhiza elephantina,which form dense colonies in grassland and pro-duce fruit and/or flowers at ground level.

thicket: where the dominant vegetation layer ismade up of shrubs (often impenetrable), lack-ing a conspicuous grassy understorey.

tree: a perennial woody plant with a single (usu-ally) main stem and a distinct upper crown (VanWyk & Van Wyk, 1997).

woodland: usually where scattered trees are tall(at least 8 m in height) with a canopy cover ofover 40% and an open grassy understorey.


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VON BREITENBACH, F. 2000. Standard Namesof Trees in Southern Africa. Part VIII: Siswatitree names. Journal of Dendrology. Dendron 34:49–56. Dendrological Society of Southern Africa.

178 Bibliography SABONET Report No. 38

INDEX

This index lists all family and species names, as well as synonyms and English and Siswati common names. Family names arelisted in roman CAPITALS, accepted taxon names in bold type, synonyms in italics, and common names in roman type. Exoticspecies are marked with a bullet (®). Alphabetical order is letter-by-letter, i.e. “blue tinnea” is listed before “blue-floweredtinderwood”. Family names have been placed before the generic names on which they are based, i.e. “ANNONACEAE” appearsbefore “Annona chrysophylla”. The page number that follows a family name is the first page on which the family occurs.

Index compiled by Marthina Mössmer


AAcacia ataxacantha 81Acacia borleae 82Acacia brevispica subsp. dregeana 82Acacia burkei 82Acacia caffra 82Acacia clavigera 86Acacia davyi 83®®®®®Acacia dealbata 83®®®®®Acacia decurrens 83Acacia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii var. gerrardii 83Acacia grandicornuta 84Acacia karroo 85®®®®®Acacia longifolia 84Acacia luederitzii var. retinens 84®®®®®Acacia mearnsii 84®®®®®Acacia melanoxylon 85Acacia natalitia 85Acacia nigrescens 85Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana 85Acacia robusta subsp. clavigera 86Acacia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii 86Acacia senegal var. rostrata 86Acacia sieberiana var. woodii 86Acacia swazica 87Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha 87Acacia xanthophloea 87Acalypha glabrata var. glabrata 71Acalypha sonderiana 72ACANTHACEAE 20Acokanthera oppositifolia 30Acokanthera rotundata 30Acokanthera schimperi var. rotundata 30Acokanthera venenata 30Acridocarpus natalitius var. linearifolius 112Acridocarpus natalitius var. natalitius 112Adenia gummifera var. gummifera 129Adenopodia spicata 87Adina microcephala var. galpinii 139African almond 138African blueberry 70African bramble 139African coca tree 71African dog-rose 104African ebony 67African false currant 155African mangosteen 62African olive 128African protea 133African teak 139African wattle 96African white sugarbush 133Afrocarpus falcatus 17Afzelia quanzensis 88AGAVACEAE 172Agave rigida var. sisalana 172®®®®®Agave sisalana 172albino-berry 101Albizia adianthifolia var. adianthifolia 88Albizia anthelmintica 88

Albizia forbesii 88Albizia harveyi 89Albizia versicolor 89Allocassine laurifolia 52Allocassine tetragona 56Allophylus africanus 155Allophylus decipiens 155Allophylus melanocarpus 155Allophylus spicatus 155Allophylus transvaalensis 155Aloe arborescens 172Aloe bainesii 173Aloe barberae 173Aloe keithii 173Aloe marlothii subsp. marlothii 173Aloe rupestris 173Aloe sessiliflora 174Aloe spicata 174Alsophila capensis 17Alsophila dregei 17Amakhosikate 110amBambimphala 86American bramble 138ANACARDIACEAE 21Anastrabe integerrima 159Ancylanthos monteiroi 143Andrachne ovalis 72Androstachys johnsonii 72angular-stemmed spikethorn 54Annona chrysophylla 28ANNONACEAE 28Annona senegalensis subsp. senegalensis 28Anthocleista grandiflora 105Anthocleista zambesiaca 105Antidesma venosum 72Aphloia theiformis 101APIACEAE 29APOCYNACEAE 30Apodytes dimidiata subsp. dimidiata 107apple-leaf 97apricot sourberry 103AQUIFOLIACEAE 34ARALIACEAE 34ARECACEAE 172ASPHODELACEAE 172assegaai 66ASTERACEAE 36Atalaya alata 156Australian silky oak 132Austromimusops marginata 159Azima tetracantha 154

Bbaboon grape 170Baccharoides adoensis var. kotschyana 36BALANITACEAE 41Balanites maughamii 41Balanites pedicellaris subsp. pedicellaris 41balloon thorn 84bankrupt bush 39

180 Index SABONET Report No. 35

Barberton bride’s bush 145Barberton cycad 19Barberton pavetta 145Barberton protea 133bastard white ironwood 152Bauhinia galpinii 89BEHNIACEAE 174Behnia reticulata 174bell gardenia 149Bembethu 143Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum 157Bequaertiodendron natalense 157Berchemia transvaalensis 48, 134Berchemia zeyheri 134Bersama abyssinica 115Bersama lucens 115Bersama transvaalensis 115Bersama tysoniana 115Bhekindonda 72Bhubhubhu 78, 91Bhungele 43BIGNONIACEAE 41bigthorn euphorbia 76bitter forest grape 170bitter-tea vernonia 39black bird-berry 148black false currant 155black forest spike-thorn 54black monkey orange 164black monkey thorn 82black wattle 84blackwood 85bladdernut 68bloodwood 98blue bitter-tea 40blue bitterberry 165blue sourplum 125blue spikethorn 53blue sweet-berry 73blue tinnea 109blue-flowered tinderwood 109blue-lips 21bluegum 121blunt-leaved currant 26blunt-leaved fig 117Bolusanthus speciosus 89Bopu 42BORAGINACEAE 42Boscia albitrunca 48Boscia transvaalensis 48, 134Bosqueia phoberos 120bottlebrush aloe 173Bowkeria cymosa 159Brachylaena discolor 36Brachylaena discolor subsp. transvaalensis 37Brachylaena discolor var. transvaalensis 37Brachylaena huillensis 37Brachylaena hutchinsii 37Brachylaena transvaalensis 37brack thorn 86Brazilian glory pea 101Breonadia microcephala 139Breonadia salicina 139Bridelia cathartica subsp. melanthesoides 73Bridelia micrantha 73brittlewood 45broad-leaved beechwood 131broad-leaved camphor-bush 39broad-leaved coral tree 94broad-leaved fountain bush 97broad-leaved waxberry 120broad-leaved yellowwood 18broad-pod false-thorn 88broom cluster fig 119

brown gonna 166brown ironwood 103brown-and-yellow rattle-pod 91bubu fig 116BUDDLEJACEAE 44Buddleja auriculata 44Buddleja dysophylla 44Buddleja pulchella 44Buddleja salviifolia 44buffalo-thorn 135Bufufu 110bug weed 161bug-catcher 97buKhunkhu 72Bukhwebeletane 169Bulibati 21Bunburya capensis 150Bungela 43burchellia 139Burchellia bubalina 139Burchellia capensis 139BURSERACEAE 45bush red milkwood 158bush-cherry 50Bushman’s poison 30Bushman’s tea 52bushveld albizia 89bushveld bead-bean 50bushveld candelabra euphorbia 76bushveld cherry 157bushveld gardenia 142bushveld grape 170bushveld hairy guarri 69bushveld kubu-berry 57bushveld peacock-berry 79bushveld saffron 53bushveld waterberry 123bushy three-hook thorn 86butterfly tree 50BUXACEAE 47Buxus natalensis 47

Ccabbage tree 35Cacalia mespilifolia 40CACTACEAE 47cactus vine 169Cadaba natalensis 49®®®®®Caesalpinia decapetala 90Calekile 79Calodendrum capense 151Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea 90Calpurnia aurea subsp. sylvatica 90Calpurnia glabrata 90camphor-bush 39candlewood 59CANELLACEAE 48Canthium ciliatum 140Canthium gilfillanii 140Canthium gueinzii 143Canthium inerme 140Canthium locuples 148Canthium mundianum 140Canthium obovatum 148Canthium setiflorum subsp. setiflorum 140Canthium suberosum 141Canthium swynnertonii 140Canthium ventosum 140Cape ash 113Cape Beech 121Cape blackwood 56Cape bramble 139Cape chestnut 151Cape date 140

SABONET Report No. 35 Index 181

Cape fig 119Cape holly 34Cape honeysuckle 42Cape myrtle 121Cape plane 123Cape quince 111Cape saffron 52CAPPARACEAE 48Capparis brassii 49Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis 49Capparis gueinzii 49Capparis thonningii 49Capparis tomentosa 49Carissa bispinosa 30Carissa bispinosa subsp. bispinosa 30Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis 30Carissa bispinosa var. acuminata 30Carissa cordata 30Carissa tetramera 31carrot-tree 29Cassia bicapsularis 99Cassia coluteoides 100Cassia didymobotrya 99Cassia floribunda 100Cassia laevigata 100Cassia occidentalis 100Cassia petersiana 100Cassine aethiopica 57Cassine capensis 52Cassine crocea 53Cassine eucleiformis 59Cassine kraussiana 52, 60Cassine laurifolia 52Cassine papillosa 52Cassine peragua subsp. peragua 52Cassine scandens 56Cassine schlechteri 57Cassine tetragona 56Cassine transvaalensis 53Cassinopsis ilicifolia 107Cassinopsis tinifolia 108Cassipourea congoensis 135Cassipourea elliotii 135Cassipourea gerrardii 135Cassipourea malosana 135Cassipourea mossambicensis 136Cassipourea swaziensis 136castor oil bush 80cat-thorn 135caterpillar bush 96Catha edulis 52Cathastrum capense 57cat’s whiskers 109Catunaregam obovata 141Catunaregam spinosa subsp. spinosa 141CELASTRACEAE 52CELTIDACEAE 60Celtis africana 60Celtis dioica 60Celtis durandii 60Celtis franksiae 60Celtis gomphophylla 60Celtis kraussiana 52, 60Celtis mildbraedii 60Cephalanthus natalensis 141®®®®®Cereus jamacaru 47Cereus peruvianus 47Chachambane 108Chaetacme aristata 61Chaetacme nitida 61Chaetacme serrata 61cheesewood 130Chionanthus foveolatus subsp. foveolatus 126Chionanthus peglerae 126

Choristylis rhamnoides 71Christmas berry 169Christmas bush 145®®®®®Chromolaena odorata 37CHRYSOBALANACEAE 61Cissus quadrangularis var. quadrangularis 169Cissus rotundifolia 170Cladostemon kirkii 50Clausena anisata 151Clausena inaequalis 151Clematis brachiata 133Clerodendrum glabrum var. glabrum 108Clerodendrum myricoides 109Clerodendrum rehmannii 108Clerodendrum suffruticosum 109Cliffortia linearifolia 136Cliffortia nitidula subsp. pilosa 136Cliffortia repens 137Cliffortia serpyllifolia 137Cliffortia strobilifera 137climbing flat-bean 92climbing orange 152climbing saffron 56climbing turkey berry 143CLUSIACEAE 62Clutia affinis 73Clutia galpinii 73Clutia pulchella var. pulchella 73Cnestis natalensis 66Cnestis polyphylla 66coastal goldenleaf 73coastal kei-apple 102coastal monkey orange 163coastal silver oak 36coastal strelitzia 175cochineal 48Coddia rudis 141Coffea kraussiana 143coffee pear 57Cola greenwayi var. greenwayi 162Cola microcarpa 162COMBRETACEAE 62Combretum apiculatum subsp. apiculatum 62Combretum collinum subsp. suluense 62Combretum edwardsii 63Combretum erythrophyllum 63Combretum gueinzii 64Combretum hereroense 63Combretum imberbe 63Combretum kraussii 64Combretum microphyllum 64Combretum moggii 64Combretum molle 64Combretum paniculatum subsp. microphyllum 64Combretum rhodesicum 63Combretum transvaalense 63Combretum velutinum 64Combretum woodii 65Combretum zeyheri 65Commiphora africana var. africana 45Commiphora betschuanica 47Commiphora caryaefolia 47Commiphora glandulosa 46Commiphora harveyi 46Commiphora neglecta 46Commiphora pilosa 45Commiphora pyracanthoides 46Commiphora pyracanthoides subsp. glandulosa 46Commiphora pyracanthoides subsp. pyracanthoides 46Commiphora sambesiaca 45Commiphora schimperi 47Commiphora woodii 47common bride’s bush 146common calpurnia 90


common canary-berry 81common cluster fig 119common crow-berry 25common false-thorn 89common forest grape 171common guarri 70common hard-leaf 134common hook thorn 82common num-num 30common onionwood 135common pavetta 146common pheasant-berry 79common pock ironwood 126common protea 132common rothmannia 149common sour berry 102common spike-thorn 53common star-chestnut 163common sugarbush 132common tree euphorbia 77common white ash 115common wild currant 26common wild elder 45common wild fig 116common wild jasmine 127common wild pear 163Commondale guarri 68cone rice-bush 137CONNARACEAE 66copper-stem corkwood 46Coptosperma supra-axillare 142Cordia caffra 42Cordia monoica 43Cordia ovalis 43Cordyla africana 90cork bush 95cork-bark turkey berry 141corky turkey berry 141corky-bark thorn 83CORNACEAE 66Craibia zimmermannii 91criss-cross turkey berry 140Crocoxylon transvaalense 53cross-berry 167Crotalaria capensis 91Crotalaria laburnifolia subsp. australis 91Crotalaria lanceolata subsp. lanceolata 91Crotalaria monteiroi var. galpinii 92Crotalaria natalitia var. natalitia 92Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus 74Croton menyharthii 74Croton steenkampianus 74Croton sylvaticus 74crowned medlar 144Cryptocarya acuminata 111Cryptocarya liebertiana 110Cryptocarya transvaalensis 110Cryptocarya woodii 111cucumber bush 51currant resin tree 22Curtisia dentata 66Curtisia faginea 66Cussonia arenicola 34Cussonia chartacea 35, 36Cussonia kraussii 35Cussonia natalensis 34Cussonia nicholsonii 35Cussonia paniculata subsp. sinuata 35Cussonia sphaerocephala 35Cussonia spicata 35Cussonia spicata var. sphaerocephala 35Cussonia umbellifera 36Cussonia zuluensis 36Cussonia zuluensis var. arenicola 34

CYATHEACEAE 17Cyathea capensis 17Cyathea dregei 17Cyclonema myricoides 109

DDais cotinifolia 165Dalbergia armata 92Dalbergia obovata 92Damtiligi 48dead-man’s tree 81Deinbollia oblongifolia 156Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana var. africana 93Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana 93Dinocanthium hystrix 149Diospyros dichrophylla 66Diospyros galpinii 66Diospyros lycioides subsp. guerkei 67Diospyros lycioides subsp. nitens 67Diospyros lycioides subsp. sericea 67Diospyros mespiliformis 67Diospyros natalensis subsp. nummularia 68Diospyros nummularia 68Diospyros whyteana 68Dodonaea angustifolia 156Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia 156dog plum 113dogwood 134Dombeya burgessiae 162Dombeya cymosa 162Dombeya densiflora 163Dombeya elegans 162Dombeya mastersii 162Dombeya multiflora 163Dombeya parvifolia 162Dombeya pulchra 162Dombeya rosea 162Dombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia 163Dovyalis caffra 102Dovyalis longispina 102Dovyalis lucida 102Dovyalis revoluta 103Dovyalis rhamnoides 102Dovyalis tristis 103Dovyalis zeyheri 103Dovyalis ziziphoides 102DRACAENACEAE 174Dracaena aletriformis 174Dracaena hookeriana 174Drakensberg tree erica 70drooping prickly pear 48drooping resin-tree 22Drypetes arguta 75Drypetes battiscombei 75Drypetes gerrardii var. gerrardii 75Drypetes mossambicensis 75Drypetes reticulata 75duikerberry 80dune pendent-medlar 143dune soap-berry 156®®®®®Duranta erecta 168Duranta repens 168dwaba-berry 28dwarf boer-bean 99dwarf bush-cherry 51dwarf coral tree 94dwarf elephant-root 93dwarf hairy jackalberry 66dwarf star-apple 66dwarf waxberry 120Dzilidzili 148

Eeared bitter-tea 40


eared rattle-pod 91eared senna 100eared vernonia 40Eastern bluebush 67Eastern tree aloe 173EBENACEAE 66Ehretia amoena 43Ehretia coerulea 43Ehretia fischeri 43Ehretia obtusifolia 43Ehretia rigida subsp. nervifolia 43Ekebergia buchananii 113Ekebergia capensis 113Ekebergia meyeri 113Ekebergia pterophylla 113Ekebergia roupelliae 113Elaeodendron capense 52Elaeodendron croceum 52Elaeodendron transvaalense 53Elaeodendron zeyheri 53elbow leaf 115elephant tree 113Elephantorrhiza elephantina 93elephant’s foot 131elephant’s root 93Emagwava 122eMangwe 65, 142eMangwe lamhlophe 142emaSelitfole 159Emathunduluka 125Encephalartos aplanatus 18Encephalartos heenanii 18Encephalartos laevifolius 18Encephalartos lebomboensis 19Encephalartos paucidentatus 19Encephalartos senticosus 19Encephalartos striatus 19Encephalartos umbeluziensis 19Encephalartos villosus 19Englerodaphne pilosa 165Englerophytum magalismontanum 157Englerophytum natalense 157Entada natalensis 87Entada spicata 87Entandrophragma caudatum 113ERICACEAE 70Erica drakensbergensis 70Eriosema psoraleoides 93Erythrina caffra var. mossambicensis 94Erythrina gibbsiae 94Erythrina humeana 94Erythrina humei 94Erythrina latissima 94Erythrina lysistemon 94Erythrina princeps 94Erythrina zeyheri 94Erythrococca menyharthii 76Erythrophleum guineense var. swazica 95Erythrophleum lasianthum 95ERYTHROXYLACEAE 71Erythroxylum brownianum 71Erythroxylum delagoense 71Erythroxylum emarginatum 71Erythroxylum pulchellum 71ESCALLONIACEAE 71Escarpment beechwood 131Escarpment guarri 68Escarpment rice-bush 137Escarpment shell-flower 159®®®®®Eucalyptus spp. 121Euclea crispa 68Euclea daphnoides 69Euclea divinorum 69Euclea multiflora 69

Euclea natalensis subsp. angustifolia 69Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis 69Euclea racemosa subsp. schimperi 70Euclea schimperi var. schimperi 70Euclea undulata var. myrtina 70Eugenia capensis subsp. natalitia 121Eugenia natalitia 121Eugenia woodii 122Eupatorium odoratum 37EUPHORBIACEAE 71Euphorbia cooperi var. cooperi 76Euphorbia evansii 76Euphorbia grandicornis subsp. grandicornis 76Euphorbia grandidens 77Euphorbia ingens 77Euphorbia keithii 77Euphorbia tirucalli 77Euphorbia triangularis 78Excoecaria madagascariensis 78Excoecaria sylvestris 78

FFABACEAE 81Fagara capensis 153Fagara davyi 153Fagara magalismontana 153false assegaai 111false bead-string 79false buffalo-thorn 135false cabbage tree 36false currant 155false dogwood 71false fig 120false forest ironplum 75false horsewood 156false lemon thorn 108false lightning bush 72false shiny-leaf 71false turkey berry 148Faurea galpinii 131Faurea macnaughtonii 131Faurea natalensis 131Faurea rochetiana 131Faurea saligna 132Faurea speciosa 131fever tea 169fever tree 87fibre-bark 166Ficus abutilifolia 116Ficus bubu 116Ficus burkei 116Ficus burtt-davyi 116Ficus capensis 119Ficus capreifolia 117Ficus cordata subsp. salicifolia 118Ficus craterostoma 117Ficus glumosa 117Ficus ingens 117Ficus ingens var. tomentosa 117Ficus lutea 118Ficus mallotocarpa 119Ficus nekbudu 118Ficus petersii 118Ficus polita subsp. polita 118Ficus pretoriae 118Ficus quibeba 118Ficus salicifolia 118Ficus sansibarica subsp. sansibarica 119Ficus soldanella 116Ficus sonderi 117Ficus stuhlmannii 119Ficus sur 119Ficus sycomorus subsp. sycomorus 119Ficus thonningii 116, 118


Ficus vogelii 118firethorn corkwood 46FLACOURTIACEAE 101Flacourtia hirtiuscula 103Flacourtia indica 103flaky cherry-orange 152flaky-bark bride’s bush 145flame climbing bushwillow 64flame thorn 81flat-crown albizia 88Flemingia grahamiana 95Flueggea microcarpa 78Flueggea virosa subsp. virosa 78flute willow 154forest beech 131forest bell bush 20forest big-leaf 105forest bitterberry 161forest bride’s bush 147forest bush milkwood 159forest bush-cherry 51forest bushwillow 64forest cabbage tree 35forest canary-berry 81forest climbing bushwillow 63forest corkwood 47forest croton 74forest crowned medlar 144forest elder 45forest false spike-thorn 59forest false-nettle 71forest fever tree 105forest fig 117forest gardenia 142forest hard-pear 129forest inkberry 130forest ironplum 75forest knobwood 153forest lavender tree 107forest mangosteen 62forest milkberry 158forest myrtle 121forest Natal mahogany 114forest num-num 30forest nuxia 45forest olive 128forest peach 104forest peacock-berry 79forest plane 123, 124forest saffron 52forest silver oak 37forest smilax 174forest spoonwood 52forest toad tree 33forest tree fern 17forest vernonia 41forest waterberry 123forget-me-not tree 168fringed turkey berry 140

GGalpinia parviflora 111Galpinia transvaalica 111Garcinia gerrardii 62Garcinia livingstonei 62Garcinia natalensis 62Garcinia transvaalensis 62Gardenia amoena 143Gardenia cornuta 142Gardenia gerrardiana 143Gardenia neuberia 143Gardenia rothmannia 149Gardenia saundersiae 142Gardenia speciosa 142

Gardenia thunbergia 142Gardenia verticillata 142Gardenia volkensii subsp. volkensii var. saundersiae 142Gcolokhulu 121Gebeleweni 163Gebelweni 19Gelonium procerum 81GENTIANACEAE 105Gerrardina foliosa 103Gerrard’s secamone 33giant pock ironwood 126giant raisin 167giant-leaved fig 118Gibeleweni 19Gilinyathi 109ginger-bush 109gland-leaf bride’s bush 145glossy bersama 115glossy bottlebrush 106glossy currant 25glossy forest grape 171glossy guarri 70glossy sour berry 102glossy white ash 115glossy-leaved corkwood 47goat bitter-apple 160golden wattle 84Gonioma kamassi 31Gossypium herbaceum subsp. africanum 112governor’s plum 103granite jackal-berry 68grassland hookleaf-pea 96grassland tree fern 17grassveld currant 23green flower 166green hazel 106green monkey orange 165green wattle 83green-stem corkwood 46greenleaved wormbush 49greenthorn 41®®®®®Grevillea robusta 132Grewia bicolor 166Grewia flavescens 167Grewia flavescens var. flavescens 167Grewia grisea 166Grewia hexamita 167Grewia kwebensis 166Grewia messinica 167Grewia monticola 167Grewia mossambicensis 166Grewia occidentalis var. occidentalis 167Grewia villosa 168grey bitter apple 161grey raisin 167GREYIACEAE 106Greyia radlkoferi 106Greyia sutherlandii 106ground cycad 19Grumilea capensis 148guava 122gum tree 121Gwayane 161Gymnosporia angularis 54Gymnosporia angularis var. grandifolia 54Gymnosporia buxifolia 53Gymnosporia fasciculata 57Gymnosporia glaucophylla 53Gymnosporia grandifolia 54Gymnosporia graniticola 54Gymnosporia harveyana 54Gymnosporia heterophylla 54Gymnosporia integrifolia 59Gymnosporia maranguensis 55


Gymnosporia nemorosa 55Gymnosporia peduncularis 56Gymnosporia rubra 55Gymnosporia senegalensis 55Gymnosporia senegalensis var. maranguensis 55Gymnosporia sp. D 54

Hhairless dombeya 162hairy bride’s bush 146hairy cola 162hairy corkwood 45hairy fingerleaf 110hairy forest myrtle 122hairy guarri 69hairy jasmine 127hairy puzzle-bush 43hairy rock fig 117hairy stink-leaf bride’s bush 146hairy turkey berry 140hairy-caterpillar pod 96Halibhoma 172Halleria lucida 160HAMAMELIDACEAE 106hard-leaved currant 27Harpephyllum caffrum 21Harvey’s currant 24hat-pins loquat 144healing-leaf tree 161heart-leaved fig 118Helinus integrifolius 134Helinus ovatus 134Helinus scandens 134Heteromorpha abyssinica 29Heteromorpha arborescens var. abyssinica 29Heteromorpha involucrata 29Heteromorpha trifoliata 29HETEROPYXIDACEAE 107Heteropyxis canescens 107Heteropyxis natalensis 107Heteropyxis transvaalensis 107Heywoodia lucens 78Highveld cabbage tree 35hill raspberry 138Hippobromus alatus 156Hippobromus oblongifolius 156Hippobromus pauciflorus 156Holmskioldia speciosa 108Holmskioldia tettensis forma flava 108Homalium dentatum 103Homalium subsuperum 103honey justicia 20hooked thorn 84horned thorn 84horsewood 151Hyperacanthus amoenus 143Hyphaene coriacea 172Hyphaene natalensis 172

IIboza riparia 109ICACINACEAE 107iJobe 121iKhubakhula 121Ilex mitis 34Imandulu 150imBondvo lemhlophe 62, 64, 65imBondvo lemnyama 62, 64Imbondvo-lemhlophe 62imBondvo-lemhlophe 63imBovane 172imFuce 22imFuce lemhlophe 22imFuce lemnyama 22

Imfulo 129imGamba 86imMbondvo-lemhlophe 65Imphikayiboni 34iMphinda 129imPhisi makhata 73imPhololwane 49imPimpiliza 17iMpondozendhlovu 63imVusankunzi 29iNanga 104inCena 172Inchachabulane 174inChitsamuti 34, 69, 70, 121inCocodzi 58iNcuze 107inDhaleni 118iNdlelanyamatane-lebovu 69iNdlelayenyamatane-lemnyama 69inDlenyatsi 71Indlulamitsi 121Indoda ebovu 49iNdodemnyama 66Indondamnyama 49inDulwane 149, 150inDvodzemnyama 69, 70inDzabula luvalo 95Indzabulaluvalo 143iNgcengane 102Ingcongwane 96Ingongola 49inGulukane 85inGulutane 52Ingwavuma 48, 143inGwavuma 53Ingwavuma-lensikati 48Inhlaba 173inHlaba 173, 174inHlangushane 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 155inHlangushane lenkhulu 23Inhlanguyane 30inHlazane 106inHlula madoda 93inHlungunyembe 30inKhamango 175inKhambane 89inKhokhoia 49inKhokhokho 116, 117, 118, 119inKhomankhoma 17inKukutwane 64, 142Inkunzana 107Inkunzane 114iNkunzi 107inKunzi 45inKunzibovu 49inland quar 148inSakansaka 33Inshagu 85inShakwe 85inTaba-yengwe 79Intatzwa 175inTfocwane 165, 166Intfolwane 93inTfombe 119inTfombi 116, 118Intfuma 161inTfuma 160, 161inTfumba dloti 139iNyandezulu 108iNyenye 134iPhulane 88ironwood 128isAndletshe 126iShupa 77


isiBongabonga 161iSinga 82itch-pod 66

Jjacaranda 41®®®®®Jacaranda mimosifolia 41jackal-berry 67jackal-coffee 150jacket-plum 157jambolan-plum 122Jasminum breviflorum 126Jasminum fluminense 127Jasminum mauritianum 127Jasminum multipartitum 127Jasminum stenolobum 127Java bramble 138jumping-bean tree 80jumping-seed tree 80Jussiaea angustifolia 129Justicia campylostemon 20

KKaapsehoop cycad 18kamassi 31Karomia speciosa forma speciosa 108Keetia gueinzii 143Keetia transvaalensis 143kei apple 102Khalimela 87khat 52kiaat 98Kigelia africana 42Kigelia pinnata 42Kiggelaria africana 104knobbly fig 119knobthorn 85knobwood 153koko tree 57Kotini wesiganga 112Kotschya parvifolia 95krantz aloe 172krantz berry 103krantz quar 148Kraussia floribunda 143kudu lily 32

LLabhojane 167, 168Lagynias monteiroi 143Lakalaka 103lala palm 172LAMIACEAE 108lance-leaved waxberry 120Landolphia kirkii 31Lannea antiscorbutica 21Lannea discolor 21Lannea edulis var. edulis 22lantana 169®®®®®Lantana camara 169large-fruit bushwillow 65large-fruit cluster-pear 29large-leaved box 47large-leaved bride’s bush 145large-leaved dragon tree 174large-leaved false-thorn 89large-leaved fluff-bush 38large-leaved forest bride’s bush 146large-leaved forest bushwillow 65large-leaved forest spikethorn 54large-leaved rock fig 116large-leaved sickle bush 93LAURACEAE 110laurel saffron 52

Lauridia tetragona 56lavender croton 74leadwood 63Lebombo aloe 174Lebombo cluster-leaf 65Lebombo cycad 19Lebombo ironwood 72Lebombo krantz ash 156Lebombo spikethorn 54Lebombo wattle 96leg-ripper 174lemon bush 148, 169lemon thorn 107lemonwood 115Leucosidea sericea 137liBhungela 43liBota 34liBotha 109liBundza 162Licibo 162liDlebe-lembila 106liDlebe-lendlovu 98Lidlebendlovu 170Lidolofiya 48Lidzambiso 169liFahlawane 100liGcebe lelimhlophe 39liGcebe lematje 39liGcolo 121liGebeleweni 18, 19lightning-bush 73liGibeleweni 18, 19Ligola 88liGowane 88liGubaguba 32Ligumkela 154liGungumence 138, 139Ligusha-lemahlatsi 167liHeji 156Lihlala 164liHlozi 66Lihlunguhlungu 40Likhukhu 71liKloko 167liKlolo 71liLala 172liLetsa 157liLovu lelimyana 43liMinyela 45, 46liNcayi 66Lincedza 124Linociera foveolata subsp. foveolata 126Linociera peglerae 126Lintongomane 99liNyatsela lincani 36liNyatselo 36, 39, 40Liphambo 41, 49liPhambo 49liPhodva lendlovu 63liPhungula 109liPhuze 83Lippia javanica 169Liputjutju 113liSasa 87liShasha 58Lisitsa 18, 19Lisolenkosi 143liSundvu 172liTabhane 104, 105liTfwakela 169Litinyo-lemamba 133Litsambo-Lenja 142liTsambo-lenja 143live-long 21


Livenge 38Livimbela 63Lomkhulu 167Lomnyama 67Lonchocarpus capassa 97Londomela 160Lopholaena coriifolia 37Lopholaena platyphylla 38Lowveld chestnut 163Lowveld euphorbia 76Lowveld fig 119Lowveld ironplum 75Lowveld mangosteen 62Lowveld milkberry 158Lowveld silver oak 37Lowveld vernonia 40luBibi 82, 87luChwimi 159Lucondvo 31luDlebe lendlovu 105Ludwigia octovalvis 129Lugagane 85luGagane 81, 82, 90luHlolo lolukhulu 60Luhlunguhlungu 40luJoyi 100luKakho 84Lumbu 163Luphehlwane 145, 147luPhehlwane 71luPhembetu 143luPhephetse 156luSekwane 93luSololo 89luSotfo 168luTiya 168luTwile 156luVungu 105luZekwa 30Lycium acutifolium 160Lycium albiflorum 160Lycium shawii 160LYTHRACEAE 111

MMabophe 112maBulwa 61Mabusane 49Mackaya bella 20Macnaughton’s beech 131Macrorungia longistrobus 20Maerua angolensis 50Maerua cafra 50Maerua juncea subsp. crustata 50Maerua parvifolia 51Maerua racemulosa 51Maerua rosmarinoides 51MAESACEAE 111Maesa lanceolata 111magic guarri 69magic rope 31maGucu 111maGwedla 113Mahabiya 96Mahlanganisa 141maHlanganisa 123, 124, 125maHlosana 139Makhukhumetane 33Malangula 42Mallotti 173mallow raisin 168MALPIGHIACEAE 112Maluleka 103MALVACEAE 112

maMbonjwane 65Mampuzane 125Mandzekwane 50Manematfole 157Mangwe lamhlophe 65Manilkara concolor 157Manilkara discolor 158Manilkara macaulayae 158Manilkara mochisia 158Mankhweni 51Manono 164maNono 41many-veined currant 25maNyatsi 128Manyokane 81maPhipha 121Margaret’s rock currant 26Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia 79Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida 79marsh fever-berry 74marula 28Masematfole 158Mashubane 96maSweleti 28maSweti 28, 29matumi 139Mauritius thorn 90Mayiphuku 18, 19Maytenus acuminata 56Maytenus heterophylla subsp. glauca 53Maytenus mossambicensis 54Maytenus nemorosa 55Maytenus peduncularis 56Maytenus senegalensis 55Maytenus sp. A 56Maytenus undata 57Mazabuka 21Mbelangoma 60Mbhindvongo 110Mbindvongo 110Mbote 83Mboziso 171Mehlwakati 169MELASTOMATACEAE 112MELIACEAE 113®®®®®Melia azedarach 113MELIANTHACEAE 115Meluleka 120Memecylon natalense 112MENISPERMACEAE 115metarungia 20Metarungia longistrobus 20Mhlatjwa 59Mhlola 165mickey mouse bush 124Micrococca capensis 79Milimili 33Mimusops concolor 157Mimusops marginata 159Mimusops mochisia 158Mimusops monroi 158Mimusops obovata 158Mimusops obtusifolia 158Mimusops zeyheri 158misty plume bush 109mitzeeri 73Mkhahlu 33Mkhonwana 110Mkhwakhwa 130Mncwambi 157Mnogonogo 51mobola plum 61mock white stinkwood 60Modecca gummifera 129


Monanthotaxis caffra 28MONIMIACEAE 115monkey pod 100monkey rope 92monkey's tail 175MORACEAE 116Morella brevifolia 120Morella pilulifera 120Morella serrata 120Motane 153moth-fruit 112mountain aloe 173mountain cabbage tree 35mountain currant 26mountain fig 117mountain gonna 166mountain hard pear 129mountain karee 25mountain mahogany 113mountain nettle 168mountain peach 101mountain quar 148mountain strelitzia 175mountain vernonia 40mountain waterberry 123mountain wild-quince 110Mphepho 36Mphungankomo 96Mshipha 83Mthongwane 111Mtuma 160Mundulea sericea 95muNono 164Muriea discolor 158Mutsimulisa 30Mutswane 169Mvutwamira 140Mwuluka 74MYRICACEAE 120Myrica brevifolia 120Myrica pilulifera 120Myrica serrata 120MYRSINACEAE 121Myrsine africana 121MYRTACEAE 121Mysore raspberry 138Mystroxylon aethiopicum subsp. schlechteri 57Mzubanacansi 55

Nnaboom 77nana-berry 23narrow-leaved bride’s bush 147narrow-leaved butterspoon 142narrow-leaved false bride’s bush 142narrow-leaved fountain bush 97narrow-leaved mustard-tree 154narrow-leaved secamone 32narrow-leaved violet-bush 169Natal apricot 102Natal bottlebrush 106Natal box 47Natal bushwillow 63Natal ebony 69Natal gardenia 142Natal guarri 69Natal hazel 106Natal loquat 144Natal mahogany 114Natal milkplum 157Natal plane 124Natal sourplum 126Natal sugarbush 132Natal worm bush 49

Ndiyasa 115Ndiyaza 22needle-bush 154needle-leaved bush-cherry 51Newtonia hildebrandtii var. hildebrandtii 96nGcotfo 53Nhlanhla 79Nhliziyo 163Nhliziyonkulu 163Northern Bushman’s grape 171Northern forest jackal-coffee 150Northern hard-leaf 134Northern red-berry 76Northern stinkwood 111Notobuxus natalensis 47Nsakasaka 61Ntapane 102Nukani 38Nunankulu wemanyeva 32Nuxia congesta 45Nuxia dentata 45Nuxia emarginata 45Nuxia floribunda 45Nuxia oppositifolia 45Nuxia pubescens 45Nuxia schlechteri 45Nuxia tomentosa 45Nwambu 158Nyakeni 74Nyokane 170

OObetia tenax 168OCHNACEAE 123Ochna acutifolia 124Ochna arborea var. arborea 123Ochna arborea var. oconnorii 124Ochna atropurpurea 124Ochna atropurpurea var. angustifolia 124Ochna atropurpurea var. natalitia 124Ochna chirindica 31, 124Ochna gamostigmata 124Ochna holstii 124Ochna natalitia 124Ochna prunifolia 124Ochna serrulata 125Ocotea kenyensis 111Ocotea viridis 111Odina edulis 22OLACACEAE 125Olax dissitiflora 125oldwood 137OLEACEAE 126Olea africana 128Olea capensis subsp. enervis 127Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa 128Olea chrysophylla 128Olea enervis 127Olea europaea subsp. africana 128Olea macrocarpa 128Olea woodiana 128OLINIACEAE 129Olinia emarginata 129Olinia radiata 129ONAGRACEAE 129Oncinotis chirindica 31, 124Oncinotis inandensis 31Oncinotis natalensis 31, 144, 155Oncinotis tenuiloba 31Oncoba spinosa 104®®®®®Opuntia ficus-indica 48Opuntia megacantha 48®®®®®Opuntia monacantha 48Opuntia vulgaris 48


orange-lips 20Oricia bachmannii 151Oricia swynnertonii 151Oricia transvaalensis 151Ormocarpum trichocarpum 96Osyridicarpos natalensis 31, 144, 155Osyridicarpos schimperianus 155Osyris lanceolata 155Otholobium nigricans 96Otholobium wilmsii 96Outeniqua yellowwood 17Oxyanthus gerrardii 144Oxyanthus natalensis 31, 144, 155Oxyanthus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis 144Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. gerrardii 144Oxyanthus stenocarpus 144Ozoroa engleri 22Ozoroa sphaerocarpa 22

PPachypodium saundersii 32Pachystigma bowkeri 144Pachystigma macrocalyx 144pale-bark sweet thorn 85pambati tree 159paperbark thorn 86Pappea capensis 157Pappea radlkoferi 157Pappea schumanniana 157paraffin weed 37Parinari capensis subsp. capensis 61Parinari curatellifolia 61Parinari mobola 61Passerina filiformis subsp. filiformis 166Passerina montana 166PASSIFLORACEAE 129Pavetta alexandrae 147Pavetta assimilis var. assimilis 146Pavetta assimilis var. pubescens 146Pavetta barbertonensis 145Pavetta breyeri 147Pavetta cooperi 145Pavetta delagoensis 147Pavetta edentula 145Pavetta eylesii 145Pavetta galpinii 146Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia 146Pavetta gardeniifolia var. subtomentosa 146Pavetta gerstneri 146Pavetta gracilifolia 147Pavetta inandensis 147Pavetta lanceolata 147Pavetta rattrayi 147Pavetta schumanniana 147Pavetta tristis 147Pavetta woodii 147peanut senna 99peawood 91Peddiea africana 166Peddiea fischeri 166peeling-bark parsley tree 29Peltophorum africanum 96pepper-bark tree 48Persian lilac 113Peruvian apple cactus 47Peters' fig 118Phahla 39Philenoptera violacea 97Phindumshaye 129Phoenix reclinata 172Phophopho 111Phylica paniculata 134Phyllanthus alaternoides 79Phyllanthus priurianus 79

Phyllanthus reticulatus var. reticulatus 79Phyllanthus virosus 78Phyllogeiton zeyheri 134PHYTOLACCACEAE 130®®®®®Phytolacca octandra 130pigeonwood 61PINACEAE 17pine tree 17pink dombeya 162pink-haired lannea 21®®®®®Pinus spp. 17pioneer rattle-pod 92pipe-stem fingerleaf 110PIPERACEAE 130Piper capense 130Piptadenia hildebrandtii 96PITTOSPORACEAE 130Pittosporum viridiflorum 130Plectronia ciliata 140Plectronia ovata 148Plectronia ventosa 140Plectroniella armata 148Pleurostylia capensis 57Pleurostylia sp. nov. 57ploughbreaker 94Pluchea dioscoridis 38plum fingerleaf 109pod mahogany 88PODOCARPACEAE 17Podocarpus falcatus 17Podocarpus latifolius 18Pofugwane 28poison bride’s bush 147poison olive 166poison star-apple 66poison-grub corkwood 45POLYGALACEAE 130Polygala virgata var. decora 130pompon bride’s bush 145pompon rice bush 137pompon tree 165poor man’s cycad 19poplar 154Popowia caffra 28®®®®®Populus spp. 154porcupine-bush 149porkbush 131PORTULACACEAE 131Portulacaria afra 131potato bush 79Pouteria magalismontana 157Pouteria natalensis 157Pouzolzia hypoleuca 168Pouzolzia mixta 168Premna mooiensis 108prickly thorn 82pride-of-De Kaap 89PROTEACEAE 131Protea abyssinica 133Protea bolusii 132Protea caffra subsp. caffra 132Protea caffra subsp. falcata 132Protea comptonii 133Protea gaguedi 133Protea incana 133Protea multibracteata 132Protea rhodantha subsp. rhodantha 132Protea rhodantha var. falcata 132Protea roupelliae subsp. roupelliae 133Protorhus longifolia 22Prunus africana 138Pseudarthria hookeri var. hookeri 97Pseudocassine transvaalensis 53®®®®®Psidium guajava 122


Psoralea glabra 97Psoralea latifolia 97Psoralea pinnata var. glabra 97Psoralea pinnata var. latifolia 97Psychotria capensis subsp. capensis var. capensis 148Psychotria riparia 148Psychotria zambesiana 148Psydrax locuples 148Psydrax obovata subsp. elliptica 148Ptaeroxylon obliquum 151Ptaeroxylon utile 151Pterocarpus angolensis 98Pterocarpus rotundifolius subsp. rotundifolius 98Pterocelastrus echinatus 58Pterocelastrus galpinii 59Pterocelastrus rehmannii 58Pterocelastrus rostratus 59Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus 59purple broom 130Putterlickia verrucosa 59puzzle-bush 43®®®®®Pyracantha angustifolia 138Pyrostria hystrix 149

Qqueen of the night 47quilted bluebush 67quinine tree 32

Rrain-tree 97rambling cassia 99Randia kraussii 141Randia rudis 141RANUNCULACEAE 133Rapanea melanophloeos 121Rauvolfia caffra 32Rawsonia lucida 104real yellowwood 18red beech 22red bitter-apple 161red bitterberry 164red bushwillow 62red candlewood 59red climbing sagewood 44red currant 23red ironwood 124red ivory 134red milkwood 158red pear 104red spike-thorn 55red stinkwood 138red thorn 83red-ears 78red-flowered spikethorn 55red-fruit white stinkwood 60red-leaved rock fig 117Rhaganus lucidus 115RHAMNACEAE 134Rhamnus celtifolius 134Rhamnus pauciflorus 134Rhamnus prinoides 134rhino-coffee 143RHIZOPHORACEAE 135Rhoicissus capensis 171Rhoicissus digitata 170Rhoicissus napaeus 170Rhoicissus revoilii 170Rhoicissus rhomboidea 171Rhoicissus schlechteri 170Rhoicissus tomentosa 171Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia 171Rhus amerina 25Rhus baurii 26

Rhus chirindensis 23Rhus cuneata 25Rhus dentata 23Rhus dentata var. truncata 27Rhus discolor 23Rhus dura 27Rhus fraseri 26Rhus galpinii 24Rhus gerrardii 24Rhus grandidens 24Rhus gueinzii 24Rhus gueinzii 25Rhus harveyi 24Rhus intermedia 26Rhus legatii 23Rhus leptodictya 25Rhus longifolia 22Rhus lucida forma lucida 25Rhus microcarpa 26Rhus montana 24Rhus pentheri 25Rhus pondoensis 25Rhus pyroides var. gracilis 26Rhus pyroides var. integrifolia 26Rhus pyroides var. pyroides 26Rhus rehmanniana var. rehmanniana 26Rhus rhombocarpa 25Rhus rigida var. margaretae 26Rhus rogersii 27Rhus simii 24Rhus spinescens 24Rhus Taxon C 23Rhus transvaalensis 27Rhus tumulicola var. meeuseana forma meeuseana 27Rhus tumulicola var. tumulicola 27Rhynchosia clivorum var. clivorum 98Rhynchosia komatiensis 98®®®®®Ricinus communis 80Rinorea angustifolia 169Rinorea natalensis 169river bean 101river bells 20river bushwillow 63river climbing thorn 86river currant 24river euphorbia 78river jujube 135river rice-bush 136river sand-paper fig 117river thorn 86river wild-quince 111Robsonodendron eucleiforme 59rock alder 140rock ash 113rock bush willow 64rock cabbage-tree 34rock ironwood 127rock jackal-coffee 149rock tannin-bush 155rock tree nettle 168rock white ironwood 153Rogers' currant 27ROSACEAE 136Rotheca myricoides 109Rothmannia capensis 149Rothmannia globosa 149rough-leaved croton 74rough-leaved fig 117rough-leaved rock alder 140rough-leaved turkey-berry 140rough-leaved white stinkwood 60rough-skinned bush-cherry 50round-leaved kiaat 98round-leaved poison-bush 30


Royena dichrophylla 66Royena guerkei 67Royena lucida 68Royena nitens 67Royena sericea 67Royena whyteana 68rubber vine 31rubber-hedge euphorbia 77RUBIACEAE 139®®®®®Rubus cuneifolius 138Rubus lasiocarpus 138®®®®®Rubus niveus 138Rubus pinnatus 139Rubus rigidus 139russet bushwillow 63russet secamone 32RUTACEAE 151ruttya 20Ruttya ovata 20

Ssacred coral tree 94saddle pod 34sagewood 39, 44Salacia baumannii 60Salacia leptoclada 60Salacia wardii 60SALICACEAE 154Salix mucronata subsp. wilmsii 154Salix mucronata subsp. woodii 154Salix subserrata 154Salix woodii 154sallow wattle 84SALVADORACEAE 154Salvadora angustifolia var. australis 154Salvadora australis 154sand apple 61sand apricot 31sand bramble 138sand cabbage-tree 34sand false-marula 21sand lemon rope 60sand num-num 31sand olive 156sand onionwood 136sand quar 148Sandanezwe 37sandforest craibia 91sandpaper raisin 167sandpaper saucer-berry 43sandpaper-bush 43Sandveld newtonia 96Sangongongo 102saNgongongo 148SANTALACEAE 155Santinyana 68, 121saNtinyana 70SAPINDACEAE 155Sapium ellipticum 80Sapium integerrimum 80Sapium reticulatum 80SAPOTACEAE 157Sasane 87Sasane-lomcane 87sausage tree 42Sawoti 145, 147scented-pod thorn 85Schefflera umbellifera 36Schmidelia decipiens 155Schmidelia leucocarpa 155Schmidelia melanocarpa 155Schotia brachypetala 99Schotia capitata 99Schrebera alata 128

Schrebera argyrotricha 128Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra 28Sclerocarya caffra 28Sclerochiton harveyanus 21Sclerocroton integerrimum 80Scolopia ecklonii 105Scolopia gerrardii 105Scolopia mundii 104Scolopia thorncroftii 105Scolopia zeyheri 105scrambling fig 116scrambling fingerleaf 110SCROPHULARIACEAE 159Scutia buxifolia 135Scutia capensis 135Scutia commersonii 135Scutia hutchinsonii 135Scutia indica 135Scutia myrtina 135Scutia natalensis 135Secamone alpini 32Secamone filiformis 32Secamone gerrardii 33Secamone parvifolia 33Securinega virosa 78Sehlulamanya 57sEhlulamanya 128seHlulamanya 58, 59Sehlulamanye 104Senecio barbertonicus 38senna 100®®®®®Senna bicapsularis 99®®®®®Senna didymobotrya 99®®®®®Senna occidentalis 100®®®®®Senna pendula var. glabra 100Senna petersiana 100®®®®®Senna septemtrionalis 100septee saucer-berry 42September bells 149September bells rothmannia 149®®®®®Sesbania bispinosa var. bispinosa 101®®®®®Sesbania punicea 101Sesbania sesban subsp. sesban var. nubica 101shaggy bush 98sharp-toothed currant 24shepherd’s tree 48shiny-leaf 134Shirakiopsis elliptica 80shrubby ludwigia 129shrubby yellow eriosema 93si Hhomuhhomu 65si Levu sembuti 68Sibambimphala 84siBhaha 48Sibhaha-senkhangala 130Sibhansi 163siBhosa 163Sibhubhu 53, 55Sibiyabandla 57siCalaba 60, 131, 132siCalabane 132, 133siCandzamatje 105sickle-leaved protea 132siDadada 108Sideroxylon diospyroides 159Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme 159siDletjana 81siDlungu 132, 133siDondwane 131Siformamasi 157siFubasenkhala 123, 124, 125siFunbasenkhala 124Sifunti 175siGanganyane 21


siHhomuhhomu 65siHlalavane 63Sihlangu 53siHlangu 53, 54, 55siHlangu lesimhlophe 55siHlangu lesimnyama 53, 54Sihlangwe simnyama 53Sihlazi 99siHloko 107siHlonhlwana 76Sihomuhomu 97siJekwane 18, 19Sijelele 69Sikhayane 82siKhelamfene 62siKhokho 149siKhonkhwane 174siKhumekele 154siKhwakhwane 141siKhweza 45siKlalu 104siKoba 149silky bark 56silky fibre-bush 165Silulwane 141siLume mhlophe 164silver cluster-leaf 65silver dombeya 162silver protea 133silver raisin 167silver wattle 83silver-leaved milkplum 157silvery bluebush 67siMunyane 145siNdiya ndiya 113siNdiyandiya 115siNeyi 134Singa 85, 86siNhletje 127Sinukane 39Sinwati 143siNwati 170, 171siNyula 62Siphahluka 156siPhama 94Siphezane 19siPhingo 135Siphiphabantwana 66siPhiso 48siPhofane 45siPhutse 144sisal 172siSefo 131, 132Sisila-semphala 32Sitfetfe 85, 87siTfubi 81Sitfwetfwe 82, 87siTfwetfwe 84, 86siThole 141siTimane 128siTitane 28siTsambo 45Sitsatsatsa 25siTsibane 96Sitwetwe 85siValasangweni 142siVangatane 88, 89Sivilwane 140skunk-bush 108slender cherry-orange 152small bone-apple 141small bride’s bush 147small forest koko tree 56small forest plane 124

small green thorn 41small honeysuckle tree 114small knobwood 153small sourplum 125small-fruit cluster-pear 28small-fruit olax 125small-leaved coca tree 71small-leaved false currant 155small-leaved fluff-bush 37small-leaved guarri 70small-leaved plane 125small-leaved rattle-pod 92small-leaved rose-apple 112small-leaved saffron 53small-leaved sickle bush 93small-leaved wild mulberry 105small-leaved yellowwood 17small-toothed euphorbia 76SMILACACEAE 174Smilax anceps 174Smilax kraussiana 174smooth dombeya 162snake climber 129snot berry 43snuff-box tree 104soap creeper 134soap nettle 168SOLANACEAE 160Solanum aculeastrum 160Solanum anguivi 161Solanum giganteum 161Solanum incanum 161Solanum lichtensteinii 161®®®®®Solanum mauritianum 161Solanum sanctum 161sourplum 125, 126South African holly 57smooth wild-medlar 150sneezewood 151South Coast cabbage tree 35Southern Chinese hats 108spine-leaved monkey orange 164spiny gardenia 143spiny monkey orange 165spiny splinter-bean 87Spirostachys africana 80splendid honeysuckle-tree 114splendid witch-hazel 106stain-pod 95starry bitter-tea 40starry rice-bush 136Steganotaenia araliacea var. araliacea 29STERCULIACEAE 162Sterculia murex 163Sterculia rogersii 163sticky thorn 82stink ebony 78stink-leaf bride’s bush 146stinking weed 100Stoebe sp. A 38Stoebe vulgaris 39strawberry bush 141STRELITZIACEAE 175Strelitzia caudata 175Strelitzia nicolai 175STRYCHNACEAE 163Strychnos gerrardii 163Strychnos henningsii 164Strychnos innocua subsp. dysophylla 164Strychnos innocua subsp. gerrardii 163Strychnos madagascariensis 164Strychnos mitis 164Strychnos occidentalis 164Strychnos pungens 164


Strychnos spinosa 165Strychnos usambarensis 165succulent bush senecio 38succulent-stemmed wild grape 169sunbird tree 90Suregada africana 81Suregada procera 81Swazi calpurnia 90Swazi euphorbia 77Swazi fig 116Swazi onionwood 136Swazi ordeal tree 95Swazi thorn 87sweet prickly pear 48sweet-root corkwood 46sycamore fig 119Synadenium cupulare 81syringa 113Syzygium cordatum 122®®®®®Syzygium cumini 122Syzygium gerrardii 123Syzygium guineense subsp. gerrardii 123Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense 123Syzygium legatii 123

TTabernaemontana elegans 33Tabernaemontana ventricosa 33tall firethorn corkwood 46tamboti 80Tarchonanthus camphoratus 39Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii 39Tarenna barbertonensis 142tassel berry 72Teclea gerrardii 152Teclea natalensis 152Teclea pilosa 152Tecoma capensis 42®®®®®Tecoma stans 42Tecomaria capensis 42Terblanz beech 131Terminalia phanerophlebia 65Terminalia sericea 65Tetradenia riparia 109thicket honey-thorn 160Thilachium africanum 51Thlume 139thorn pear 105thorny bone-apple 141thorny elm 61thorny false-nettle 72thorny gardenia 143thorny karee 24thorny rope 92, 174three finger-leaf 110Thunzikhulu 90, 99THYMELAEACEAE 165TILIACEAE 166Tiliacora funifera 115tinderwood 108Tinnea barbata 109Tintfokolovu 22toad tree 33Toddalia aculeata 152Toddalia asiatica 152Toddalia lanceolata 153Toddalia natalensis 152Tonga croton 74Tonga gardenia 142Tonga-kierie 50torchwood 41Transvaal beech 132Transvaal bottlebrush 106Transvaal currant 27

Transvaal milk plum 157Transvaal plane 123Transvaal privet 111Transvaal quar 148Transvaal sumach 155Transvaal teak 139traveller's joy 133tree fuchsia 160tree strawberry 141tree wistaria 89Trema orientalis 61Tricalysia capensis var. galpinii 149Tricalysia capensis var. transvaalensis 150Tricalysia floribunda 143Tricalysia galpinii 149Tricalysia lanceolata 150Trichilia dregeana 114Trichilia emetica subsp. emetica 114Trichilia natalensis 114Trichilia roka 114Trichocladus ellipticus subsp. ellipticus 106Trichocladus grandiflorus 106triffid weed 37Trilepisium madagascariense 120Trimeria alnifolia 105Trimeria grandifolia subsp. grandifolia 105Trimeria rotundifolia 105Trimeria trinervis 105tropical spikethorn 55turkey berry 140Turraea floribunda 114Turraea heterophylla 114Turraea oblancifolia 114Turraea obtusifolia 114twin-berry tree 151twin-leaved rattle bush 91

UubTfombi 116Udzilidzile 121uGabavu 106uGcupe 143Ugina 152uHuzu 107uLeti 120umaBambambane 102umaBambane 103umaBelenjongosi 122umaNgwe 65uMasinda 68Umbablanga 105umBadlanga 103umBalakancane 61Umbambampala 82umBambangwe 61umBangadloti 151umBangandlala 29, 46umBatancwepe 44umBatancwephe 57umBebase 39umBengende 34umBesa 72umBethankunzi 30umBhaba 151, 163umBhondvo sehlatsi 65umBhongozi 111umBhungubhungu 111Umbidzane 162umBinta 160umBita 50umBombe 118umBotane 151, 152, 153umBovu 170, 171Umboyi 53, 57


umBoyi 52, 56, 66umBozwa 109umbrella thorn 87Umbubuli 90umBulunyati 155Umbungeli 43Umcabango 53umCamba 83umCambelo 158Umcandza 159umCatsane 111umChafutane 66, 67, 135umChafutane lomhlophe 67umChafutane lomnyama 66umChitamuzi 69umChitsi 137Umcobhe 92Umcumatsi 45umDidi 134umDlelanyamatane 69, 70umDlelanyamatane lomkhulu 69umDlezi 147umDlozana 114umDumezulu 138umDvubu 63, 111umDvumbula 94umDvute 77umDzakane 107uMevane 140Umfoma-masi 33umFomamasi 32umFomfo 141umFomoti 96umGabunkhomo 21, 22umGamazi 86Umgamba 84umGamba 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87umGanu 28umGcanu 99umGcobagcobane 145umGcwabagcwaba 94umGhungulutana 57Umgonyogonyo 21umGuco 171umGungununu 144umGwenya 21umGweny’obovu 21umHhobohhobo 105umHhohlo 89umHlabanyoni 153Umhlabelo 141umHlabelo 124umHlafutfo 80umHlafutfwa 87umHlahle 95Umhlakahliso 30umHlala 72, 73, 164, 165umHlala-magcwababa 73umHlala-mahubhulu 73umHlala-mahuhulu 72Umhlalafutfu 169umHlalampunzi 80umHlalanyoni 72umHlalanyosi 64Umhlalavane 64umHlanganisa 78umHlepha 80umHlofunga 85, 96umHlonhlo 76, 77, 78umHlonishwa 97umHlophe 148Umhlosinga 87umHlume 139umHlwakele 75

umHolompunzi 103umHomuhomu 97umHonono 65Umhuluka 74umJono 50Umjumbula 29umKashwane 75umKhabamkhombe 96Umkhamamasi 32, 33umKhambane 86umKhanku 95umKhanyakudze 87umKhaya 82, 85Umkhiwa 119umKhiwane 117, 118, 119Umkhiwe 119umKhiwubovana 119umKholikholi 88umKhorotjana 125umKhosikati 110umKhuhlu 114umKhukhuze 52umKhuna 61umKhwakhwa 164Umklele 43umKlele 43Umkosikathi 110umKwakwa 165Umkwevane 145umLahlabantfu 135umLomo-mnadzi 52umLovu 42uMmemezi-lobovu 135umMenwayo 50umMono 63umNala 88umNama 56, 68umNama mhlope 68umNcabe 110, 111umNcawe 85umNcozi 122, 123umNcuma 127, 128umNcwambo 157, 158umnCweba 39umNdebelele 78Umnduze 77umNeyana 71umNeyi 134Umngamti 86umNganduzi 86umNondo 156umNono 41umNonono 164umnTfokolovo 21Umntulu 150Umnukalampimba 151umNukelambiba 151Umnulu 41umNumbela 157umNumbi 46, 47umNungwane 153umNunu 41umNwangasi 73umNweba 159umNyamatsi 113umNyazuma 102, 103umNyetane 154Umphafa 135umPhahla 36, 37Umphahlo 36, 61umPhala 144Umphandvo 97Umphatsankhosi 144umPhatsankhosi 140, 164, 165


umPhatsankhosi lomnyama 165umPhehla cwatsi 150umPhehlacwatsi 108umPhendvulo 90Umphisi 48umPhisi-makhata 115Umphulumbu 63umPhushane 158umSasane 87Umsenge 34umSenge 34, 35, 36, 66umSenge umbudzi 34Umsetane 93umShamphunzana 125Umshongi 72umSibitsi 72umSilazembe 93umSilinga 113umSindzandlovana 95umSinsana 94umSinsi 94umSiphane 166, 167, 168umSobo 161umSokosoko 101umSongo 71umSontsi 17, 18uMsutane 169umSwazi 169umTabhala 103umTabhane 54umTelemba 28umTfolo 85Umtfolo wesilungu 83, 84umTfololwane 82UmTfolowane 89Umtfombeni 96umTfombotsi 80umTfongwane 104umTfundvuluka 125, 126umTfunyelelwa 57Umtitane 28umTjongane 157umToma 67umTsatse 151Umtsebulo 170Umtsentzse 153umTsetane 93umuBu 47uMunga 85uMuwane 163umValasangweni 142Umvanga 107umVangati 98Umvitsi 50umVongotsi 42Umvovovane 99Umvuma 124umVuma 125umVumvu 60umVusamvu 130umVusankunzi 30, 31, 154umVutfwamini 140, 148Umvutfwamini wemahlatsi 148Umwatsawatsa 106uMwuluka 74uMwulukwa 74umWuwane 162umZawe 51umZwatsi 20Urera tenax 168urn-fig 120URTICACEAE 168uSasatja 59Uvaria caffra 28

Uvaria lucida subsp. virens 29Uvaria virens 29uZinhlu 60

VVaccinium exul 70valley-bush euphorbia 77Vangueria armata 148Vangueria cyanescens 150Vangueria floribunda 150Vangueria infausta subsp. infausta 150Vangueria macrocalyx 144Vangueria madagascariensis 150Vangueria rupicola 150Vangueria tomentosa 150veld fig 116VELLOZIACEAE 175velvet bean 97velvet bushwillow 64velvet dwarf currant 27velvet wild-medlar 150Vepris carringtoniana 152Vepris lanceolata 153Vepris reflexa 153Vepris undulata 153VERBENACEAE 168Vernonia adoensis var. kotschyana 36Vernonia ampla 40Vernonia amygdalina 39Vernonia colorata subsp. colorata 40Vernonia corymbosa 40Vernonia mespilifolia 40Vernonia myriantha 40Vernonia neocorymbosa 40Vernonia senegalensis 40Vernonia stipulacea 40Vernonia tigna 40Vernonia transvaalensis 41Vernonia umbratica 41Vernonia wollastonii 41Vernonia woodii 36vimba 38VIOLACEAE 169VITACEAE 169Vitellariopsis marginata 159Vitex amboniensis 109Vitex ferruginea 109Vitex ferruginea subsp. amboniensis var. amboniensis 109Vitex geminata 110Vitex harveyana 110Vitex obovata subsp. wilmsii 110Vitex reflexa 110Vitex rehmannii 110Vitex schlechteri 110Vitex swynnertonii 109Vitex wilmsii var. reflexa 110Vitis quadrangularis 169Vovovo 90, 99Vovovo lomncane 99Vulabahleke 81Vuma 51

WWandile 37Warburgia breyeri 48Warburgia salutaris 48Warburgia ugandensis 48wart-stem 78water berry 122water elder 45water ironplum 75water lightning-bush 73water nuxia 45waxy currant 25


wedge-fruited cabbage tree 35weeping boerbean 99weeping bride’s bush 147weeping bushwillow 62weeping lavender tree 107weeping sagewood 44Weihea gerrardii 135whipstick canthium 148whipstick loquat 144white candlewood 58white cat’s whiskers 108white climbing sagewood 44white gardenia 142white honey-thorn 160white ironwood 153white milkwood 159white pear 107white resin tree 22white silky bark 59white stinkwood 60white violet bush 169white witch-hazel 106white wood 50white-berry bush 78white-leaved raisin 166white-spotted forest spike-thorn 55white-stem guarri 69wild apricot 103wild coffee 100wild cotton 112wild custard-apple 28wild date palm 172wild grape 22wild honeysuckle tree 114wild jasmine 126wild loquat 144wild mango 90wild mulberry 105wild parasol flower 108wild peach 104wild pepper 130wild plum 21wild pomegranate 139wild pride-of-India 111wild rubber fig 118

wild teak 98wild willow fig 117willow beechwood 132wing-leaved wooden-pear 128winged cherry orange 152Wonderboom fig 118wooden banana 113woolly bottlebrush 106woolly caper bush 49woolly cycad 18worm-bark false-thorn 88worm-cure albizia 88Wrightia natalensis 34

XXeromphis obovata 141Xeromphis rudis 141Xerophyta retinervis 175Ximenia americana var. microphylla 125Ximenia caffra var. caffra 125Ximenia caffra var. natalensis 126Xymalos monospora 115

Yyellow bells 42yellow bitterberry 164yellow fire thorn 138yellow seed 93yellow-flower bird-berry 148yellow-flower psychotria 148

ZZAMIACEAE 18Zanthoxylum capense 153Zanthoxylum davyi 153Zanthoxylum thorncroftii 153zigzag bush 38zigzag caper-bush 49Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata 135Ziziphus rivularis 135Zulu bride’s bush 146Zulu cabbage tree 36Zulu cherry-orange 152Zulu coshwood 162Zulu milkberry 157

Documents

Swaziland Tree Atlas - SANBI | Biodiversity for Life Many people helped us with compiling the Swaziland Tree Atlas and we could not have done without their assistance. Jean Dobson