Swachandabhiravras rs006 gdg

“Pharmaceutico-Analytical study on Swacchandda

Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)”

BY

DDRR.. AANNAANNDD.. HH..

Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences,

Karnataka, Bangalore.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AAYYUURRVVEEDDAA VVAACCHHAASSPPAATTII ((DDOOCCTTOORR OOFF MMEEDDIICCIINNEE))

IN RASASHASTRA

Under the guidance of

DR.DILIP KUMAR.B. M.D. (RASASHSATRA) P.G.Dept. of Rasashastra

and Co-guidance of

DR. GIRISH. N. DANAPPAGOUDAR, M.D. (RASASHASTRA),

P.G.Dept. of Rasashastra

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA D.G MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTER

GADAG – 582103 2006

Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Pharmaceutico

analytical study on Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)” is a bonafide

and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.Dilipkumar P,

M.D.(Ayu), (Rasashastra), Assistant-Professor, Post graduate department of Rasashastra

and under the Co-guidance of Dr. Girish. N. Danappagoudar,M.D. (Rasashastra).

Lecturer, Post graduate department of Rasashastra.

Date: Place: Gadag. Dr.Anand. H

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Pharmaceutico -

Analytical Study on Swaccanddha Bhirava Rasa(Dwitiya) .” is a bonafide

research work done by Dr. Anand. H. in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Date: Place: Gadag. Dr. Dilipkumar. B. M.D. (Ayu)

Astt Professor Department of Rasashastra,

D.G.M.A.M.C, Gadag.

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

CERTIFICATE BY THE Co - GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Pharmaceutico

analytical study on Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)” is a bonafide

research work done by Dr. ANAND.H. in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Date:

Place: Gadag. Dr. Girish. N. Danappagoudar, M.D. (Rasashastra).

Lecturer,

Postgraduate department of Rasashastra.

ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D AND PRINCIPAL OF

THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Pharmaceutico analytical

study on Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)” is a bonafide research

work done by Dr. ANAND.H. under the guidance of DR. Dilipkumar. B M.D.

(Rasashastra), Asst. Professor, Postgraduate department of Rasashastra and co-

guidance of Dr. Girish. N. Danappagoudar, M.D. (Rasashastra), lecturer, Postgraduate

department of Rasashastra.

DR. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Rasashastra) Dr. G. B. Patil.

Professor & H.O.D, Principal.

Post graduate department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.

D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG. Date: Place: Gadag

COPYRIGHT

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this

dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research

purpose.

Date: Signature of Scholar

Place: Gadag

Dr.Anand.H

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

ABSTRACT

Background.

Rasaoushadhis with different formulations are classified according to mode of

preparation under khalvi rasayana, kupipakva rasayana, pottali rasayana and parpati rasayana.

Rasaoushadhis with various elements along with kajjali is proved more effective than herbal

formulations in lesser dosage

Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) is a khalvi rasayana, with a unique herbomineral

combination of drugs to treat Navajwara. Before its clinical application it is the need of hour to

critically undergo pharmaceutical and analytical evaluation as a part of safety measures. Hence

study is under taken.

Objectives :

• Preparation of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).

• Physico-chemical analysis of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).

Methods:

Pharmaceutical study.

1.Hingula shodhana- Rasatarangini, 9th chapter, Sloka – 16 – 17.

2.Hingulotha parada- Rasatarangini, 9th chapter, Sloka – 13 – 17.

3.Parada shodhana- Rasatarangini, 5th chapter, Sloka – 40 – 42.

4.Gandhaka shodhana- Rasatarangini, 8th chapter, Sloka – 7 – 11.

5.Kajjali preparation- Rasatarangini, 6th chapter, Sloka – 110 – 111.

6.Vatsanabha shodhana- Rasatarangini, 24th chapter, Sloka – 19 – 25.

7.preparation of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)- Bhaisajyarathnavali, 5th chapter, Sloka –

492- 493.

ABSTRACT - IV

Analytical study:

Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) is subjected to phyisico-chemical analysis like

organoleptic characters,pH value, total ash value, fineness, estimation of mercury and sulphur.

Interpretation and conclusion:

1.Kajjali is a black sulphide of parada, which is a sagandha, niragni pota bandha of parada,

khalvi rasayana.

2.Trituration time and saturation of parada with gandhaka is directly propotional to the

pharmacological effect of kajjali and its further complex compounds

3. Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) is one among Sagandha Niragni Murchita paradayoga.

When purified Mercury and sulphur are intimately mixed in a definite proportion to get a black

powder called as Kajjali.

4.Siddhi laxanas of ayurveda and modern physico-chemical analysis are confirmative test to

evaluate the perfectness of the pharmaceutics.

Keywords:

Hingula, hingulotha parada, parada, gandhaka,kajjali,vatsanabha, pippali,

jatikosha,Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).

ABSTRACT - V

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I Salute almighty God, by his blessings and Grace, which

gives us success in life.

My deep sense of gratification is due for my parents, my uncle, and family

who are the architects of my career.

I am extremely happy to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my beloved

and respected Guide, Dr. Dilip kumar B. M.D. (Rasashastra)) whose sympathetic, scholarly

suggestions and Guidance at every step have inspired me not only to accomplish this

work but in all aspects.

I express my deep gratitude to my respected Sir H.O.D. and Prof. Dr. M.C.

Patil M.D. (Rasashastra) for his critical suggestions and expert guidance for the completion

of thesis.

I am extremely greatful to my Co-guide Dr. Girish. N. Danappagoudar,M.D.

(Rasashastra). Lecturer, Postgraduate department of Rasashastra, under whose

guidance and valuable suggestions, I have been able to complete this research work.

I offer my sincere thanks to Dr. R.K. Gaccchinmath, professor and HOD, UG

Dept of Rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag, for his constant support

I express my deep sense of gratification to my beloved and Respected sirs, , Dr

Jagadeesh Mitti, MD (Ayu) Lecturer, PG Dept of Rasashastra, DGMAMC, Gadag,.

Whose guidance, inspiration, supervision and valuable suggestions, I have been able

to complete this Research work.

I express my deep gratitude to beloved Principal Dr. G.B. Patil, Principal

DGMAMC, Gadag, for his encouragement and providing all necessary facilities for

this research work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT - I

I express my deep gratitude to Dr.Guru.Rau, Director SSCU,IISc.,

Dr.Shivukumar, Dept of XRD,IISc, Dr.Kannan,Dept of Emax,IISc.Bangalore.

I take this opportunity to thank Shri Chandur, Lecturer K.L.E’s College of

Pharmacy Gadag, who extended valuable support by conducting analytical

procedures.

I express my deep gratitude to Shri B.C. Hatapakki M.Pharm, Principal

K.L.E.’s College of Pharmacy Gadag, for his encouragement and providing all

necessary facilities for this research work..

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Varadacharylu M.D. (Ayu), Dr. Mulagund M.D. ,

Dr. G. Purushothamacharylu M.D. (Ayu) for their constant support.

I am grateful to Dr. K.S.R. Prasad M.D. (Ayu), Dr. Shivramudu M.D. (Ayu), Dr. S.H.

Doddamani M.D. (Ayu), Dr. R.V. Shettar M.D. (Ayu), Dr. Kuber sankh M.D. (Ayu), Dr. Santosh

Belvadi M.D. (Ayu), Dr. Sashikanth Nidagundi M.D. (Ayu), and other P.G. Staff for their

constant encouragement.

I extend my gratitude to Shri V.M. Mundinmani and Sureban for providing the

required books during the study.

With great pleasure I offer my recognition to my friends Dr. Suvarna P.

Nidagundi, Dr. Anitha H, Dr and Dr. Shambulinga Teggi for their friendly affection

and amiable attitude during my study period without which I would never be

complete.

I offer my sincere thanks to my friends Dr. M.V. Sobagin, Dr. B.Y. Ghanti,

Dr. Pradeep, Dr. Shankuntala and Dr. M.S. Hiremath for their kind co-operation and

help.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT - II

I offer my sincere thanks to my senior friends Dr. Santoji, Dr. Koteshwara, Dr,

V.S. Hiremath, Dr. Jaggal, Dr Sharanabasappa. S. Dr. R.B. Pattanshetty, for their

immense help and affection.

I am also thankful to my junior friends Dr. Rudrakshi, Dr. Suma Jamakhandi,

Dr. Jaya, Dr. Kattimani, Dr. Shivakumar, Dr. Ravindra, Dr. Anupama Bijjal, Dr.

Sarvamangala, Dr. Kavitha for their support and affection.

I am grateful to Shri Chaitrakumar (Sadguru computers) for his kind co-

operation and immense help to complete the dissertation work.

My sincere thanks to my batch mates Dr. Suresh, Dr. Manju, Dr. Ashwin, Dr.

Gavi, Dr. Survey, Dr. Krishna, Dr. Chanveer, Dr. Vijay, Dr. Jagadeesh, Dr. Umesh,

Dr. Reddy, and all my friends for their kind support.

Lastly but not least my heartly thanks to Dr.Madhav.Diggavi for his kind

suggestions.

Dr. ANAND.H.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT - III

CONTENTS

Chapter Page No.

Introduction 1 - 2

Objectives 3

Review of literature 4 - 52

Methodology 53 - 83

Discussion 84 - 91

Conclusion 92 - 93

Summary 94

Bibliographic References 95 - 110

CONTENTS - VI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

⇒ A. P. – Ayurveda Prakasha.

⇒ B.P. - Bhava prakasha.

⇒ B. P.N. – Bhava Prakasha Nighantu.

⇒ C.S. - Charaka Samhita.

⇒ D.N. - Dhanvantari Nighantu.

⇒ M.M. - Materia medica.

⇒ M.P.N. - Madanapal Nighantu.

⇒ R. N. – Raja Nighantu.

⇒ R. M. – Rasamrita.

⇒ R. S.S. – Rasendra sara sangraha.

⇒ R.R.S. - Rasaratna Samuchchaya.

⇒ R. T. – Rasatarangini.

⇒ R. J.N. – Rasa Jala Nidhi.

⇒ S.S. - Sushruta Samhita.

⇒ Y. K. – Yoga Ratanakara.

ABBREVIATIONS - VII

LIST OF TABLES Sl. No. Contents Page No.

1 Table showing the best variety and lakshanas of hingula 6

2 Table showing the synonyms of Parada 13

3 Table showing the varieties of Parada 14

4 Table showing the yougika doshas and their effects 15

5 Table showing the kanchuka doshas and their effects 16

6 Table showing the types of Gandhaka 22

7 Table showing the types of Gandhaka, qualities and uses 22

8 Table showing the synonyms of Vatsanabha 34

9 Table showing the Vatsanabha Bheda, Acc. to Yogaratnakara. 36

10 Table showing the Vatsanabha shodhana, Acc. to different authors 38

11 Table showing the synonyms of Pippali 44

12 Table showing the synonyms of Jatikosha 49

13 Table showing the Actions of Jatikosha 49

14 Table showing the indications of Jatikosha 50

15 Table showing the Results of Hingula shodhana 54

16 Table showing the quantity of Hingula, before & after shodhana 55

17 Table showing the observations during Hingulotta parada 57

18 Table showing the observations during shodhana of parada 60

19 Table showing the quantity of Gandhaka before & after shodhana 61

20 Table showing the different phases of Kajjali during preparation 63

21 Table showing the physical properties of Kajjali 63

22 Table showing the quantity of Vatsanabha, before & after shodhana 66

23 Table showing the quantity of Vatsanabha, before & after

churnikarana

67

24 Table showing the quantity of Pippali, before & after churnikarana 68

25 Table showing the quantity of Jatikosha, before & after churnikarana 69

26 Table showing the ingredients of Swacchandda bhairava rasa

(Dwitiya), with their proportions

70

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Sl. No. Contents 1. Ingredients of Swacchandda bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) 2. Ingredients of Swacchandda bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)

LIST OF TABLES - VIII

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

The concept of rasaushadhies is come in existence along with the evaluation of

different pharmaceutical processes in the field of ayurveda. These processes makes the

material into such a suitable form which acts on different non manageable diseases, in

minute dosages, quick effectiveness, having long shelf life compaired to other drugs.

Rasashastra a branch of Ayurveda deals with metals, minerals, etc. Rasaushadhies are

mainly grouped into four varieties –

1. Kharaliya rasayana

2. Pottali rasayana

3. Parpati rasayana

4. Kupipakwa rasayana

Method of preparation of Rasaushadhies are different from each other. Kharaliya

rasayana occupies major proportion in the Rasa rasayanas. In that four rasayanas

Kupipakwa and pottali rasayanas are limited. But kharaliya rasayanas are numerous.

Kharaliya rasayanas are prepared by mercurial compounds like Kajjali, Hingula, etc.

Mardana is done in Khalva yantra with dhatu, bhasmas, vishas, upavishas, sadharana

rasa. Bhavana is given with dugdha, jala, swarasa. It can be used as churna or vati. Here

no agni samskara is given and yogas which are prepared in khalva yantra are called as

kharaliya rasayana.

Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya), which comes under kharaliya rasayana a unique

herbomineral formulation to treat Navajwara.

The potency of yoga is dependent on the proper classical pharmaceutical procedure

adopted. Along with it the drugs also plays an important role. The pharmaceutical

procedures like shodhana, mardhana make the drug into such a state that it is easily

absorbed and assimilate in the body and produce its desired effects.

“Pharmaceutico-Analytical study on Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)” 1

Introduction

Analytical procedures are safety measures to confirm the drug quality.

Parada and gandhaka is considered as a supreme drugs in rasashastra, their combination

in kajjali form are base for almost all formulations.

Further kajjali with any herbal powder when stratified with khalvi rasayana method will

become a new complex chemically. The shelf life of the herbal active chemical molecules

will be maintained for longer period due to the inert kajjali effect.

Hence Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) is taken for the present study to establish its

pharmaceutical and analytical approach.


Objectives

OBJECTIVES

1.Preparation of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).

2.Physico-chemical analysis of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).


Review of Literature


The main aim of Rasa Shastra is not Lohavada, but to attain Jeevan Mukti by

means of Deha vada, for which contribution of Rasoushadhis to make the body

disease free and healthy is versatile.

Mercury is considered as semen of Lord Shiva which can perform anything

effectively with Rajas of Parvathi (Shakti) i.e. sulphur. Haragowri sristi samyoga is

needed to achieve jeevanmukti. This philosophical basis leads Rasasiddhas to perform

various experiments. As a result, various substances emerged with the combination

of Parada and Gandhaka as mainstream of medicine.

Swaccanddha bhirava rasa (dwitiya)1 is a rasagandha kajjali yoga,which

contains Parada Gandhaka Vatsanabha pippali and Jatikosha. The present review has

collectioin from classical and contemporary references. This chapter is divided under

three headings i.e., Drug Review, Pharmaceutical Review and Analytical Review.



DRUG REVIEW

HINGULA

Hingula is the main source of Parada. Parada extracted from Hingula is said to be

equivalent to Ashtasamskarita Parada.

Hingula is one of the Sadharana Rasa2.

Varga authors

Maharasa Rasahrudaya Tantra and Rasakamadhenu

Rasagarbha Anandkanda

Rasa gandhaka sambhava Rasarnava

History:

The reference of Hingula is found in Kautilya Arthashastra in testing of Gold and

spoilage of Gold.

Occurrence: Italy, France, Germany, Spain, China, Japan and Iran.

Synonyms3:

Darada, Shukatunda, Hingala, Hingula, Ingala, Mleccha, Rakta, Suranga, Chitranga,

Churna Parada, Rasodbhava, Rasasthana, Rakta Kaya, Kapishirshaka.

Vernacular Names4:

Sanskrit: Hingula ; Hindi : Hingul, Singarph ;

Assami: Janjaphar ; Gujrati : Hingula ; Marati : Hingula ;

Kannada: Hingalika ; Telugu : Ingalikam ;

English: Cinnabar

Varieties5, 6,7:

On the basis of occurrence

Khanija (Mineral) Krutrima (Artificial)



On the basis of colour and properties:

Charmara : Krishna, Rakta Varna

Shukatunda : Pita Varna

Hamsa Pada : Japa Kusuma Varna

In the above varities, Hamsapada is considered as uttama and Charmara as adhama.

Grahya Lakshana8, 9:

Table No. 1, Showing the best variety and Lakshanas of Hingula.

Japakusuma Varnabha Resembles colour of petals of red hibiscus flower.

Peshane Sumanoharaha When grinded its colour becomes beautiful

Mahojwala Reflects in sunlight

Bharapurna Heavy in weight

Shweta Rekha Having white or silvery streaks

Pravalabha Resembles like that of Pravala.

Hingula Shodhana10,11:

Hingula gets purified by subjecting it to -

Seven Bhavanas with Ardraka or Lakucha Swarasa

Seven Bhavanas with Nimbu Swarasa.

Bhavana with meshi Kshira

Gunas of Hingula 12:

Rasa : Tikta, Katu, Kashaya

Guna : Ushna

Veerya : Ushna



Shuddha Hingula is useful in the treatment of Prameha, Kushta, Jwara, Mandagni,

Hrdroga, Aruchi, Amlapitta, Hrullasa, Pliharoga, Amavata and also useful in treating

Gara Visha.

Hingula is used in the Marana of Gold, Iron etc, metals. Mercury extracted from

Hingula is considered equal in properties to the mercury in which Gandhaka Jarana

has been made.

Matra13, - ½ - 1 Ratti

Anupana - Maricha, Guda, Pippali, Guduchi

Swarasa, Madhu.

Important Yogas of Hingula

Some of the important yogas are Ananda Bhairava Rasa, Kanaka Sundara Rasa, Jwara

Murari Rasa, Vasantha malati Rasa, Ratna Garbha Pottali Rasa, Tribhuvana Kirti

Rasa, Kasturi Bhairava Rasa, Hinguleshwara Rasa.

HINGULA MODERN VIEW14

(CINNABAR)

Cinnabar is the chief ore of Mercury contains 80-85% of Mercury. This is a red

coloured ore, divides itself into pointed needle like pieces. It is very soft and when

ground it becomes deep red coloured.

It occurs both in crystalline and massive forms. When used as pigment it is called

vermilion.

Occurrence: Occurs naturally as a mineral and also prepared artificially. It occurs

naturally in Spain, Italy, France, Germany, China, Japan, Russia and Iran. Artificial

cinnabar is prepared in India in Surat and Kolkata but there is no natural source

available in India.



General Description of Cinnabar:

Chemical formula : Hgs

Colour : Cochineal red

(Red Sulphide of Mercury)

Streak : Scarlet

Hardness : 2.5

Specific gravity : 8.1

Cleavage : Prismatic perfect

Fracture : Subconchoidal to uneven

Cinnabar classification :

Dana Class - Contains sulfides including sclenides and telluride’s

Strunz class - Contains sulfides and sulpho salts

Preparation of Artificial cinnabar15:

Parada and Gandhaka are taken in 6:1 ratio, triturated well, kept in Iron vessel and

heated on tivragni. Then red coloured compound is formed on the upper part is

collected and is called cinnabar.

HINGULOTTHA PARADA16

Hingula is the main ore of Parada. The Parada, which is extracted from Hingula, is

pure and devoid of Sapta-Kanchuka doshas and has the qualities of Samaguna

Gandhaka Jirna Parada. It is equal to Asta Samskarita Parada.

Methods employed:

Various methods have been employed for the extraction of parada from hingula:

Urdhwapatana vidhi17.

Adhahpatana vidhi18

Tiryak patanavidhi



Nadayantra etc.

Yantras used for the extraction of parada are:

Patana yantra

Vidhyadhara yantra

Damaru yantra.

Adhapatana yantra

Tiryakpataha yantra

Nada yantra etc

Before extracting parada from Hingula, Hingula must be triturated with juices of

either Nimbu, paribhadra, Nimba patra at least for 3 hrs.juice of citrus fruit which

enables to reduce the Hingula to its fine state of division, by this maximum amount of

parada can be extracted.after trituration chakricas are made and dried kept in any of

the above said yantra and sealed well. Then heated by keeping cold pads over

the top of urdhvapatana yantra, by which parada coalesces over the

inner surface of the upper vessel of damaru yantra.

Cooling the other pot where parada is condensed. Mercury is extracted and squeezed

through the cloth.

Adhahpatana Vidhi:

Hingula is triturated with ardraka or Nimbu swarasa, paste is applied to the Inner

surface of the upper pot.

Lower pot filled with water is placed in the earth. And mouth of upper pot is placed

over the mouth of the lower pot.

Sandhi bandhana is done and dried

Vanopalas are placed over upper pot and fire is given.

After swanga sheeta, Parada is collected from lower pot and washed.



Tiryak Patana vidhi: By distillation apparatus

Urdhwa Patana Vidhi:

Nimbu Rasabhavita Hingula is made into chakrikas and kept inside the lower pot.

Then closed with another large sized pot over the lower pots mouth and

Sandhibanadhana is done. Lower pot is heated over stove and the upper pot is kept

cool by keeping wet cloth over it.

After complete extraction and swanga Sheeta, Parada along with soot is collected

from the upper pot and filtered to separate the parada.

As the boiling point of Parada is 3570C, for the extraction of Parada from Hingula

6500C – 7000C temperature is required, since dissociation of Hingula occurs at around

6200C

Brief description of modern methods:19

From ancient description it is very clear that the source of extraction of

mercury was only hingula (cinnabar). In Spain, Italy etc., parada is

extracted from hingula by various methods.

First i t was heated with oxygen.

Second method was heating of hingula with Loha (Fe) or Sudha (Ca). By

these two methods most part of the parada separates from sulphur and remained

parada is taken out by distillation. For this purpose various types of furnaces are

employed. There is a vast change in the methodology and equipments employed for

this purpose now a day.

The equation of heating hingula in air is as follows Hgs+O2 -->

Hg + So2 and heating with calcium and ferrum is as follows: -

4 Hgs + 4Cao ----- 4Hg + 3 Cas + Ca So4 .

Hgs + Fe + O2 ----- Hg + Fe + So2.



EXTRACTION OF MERCURY FROM CINNABAR

Consists of 2 steps

Ore concentration Roasting and distillation

Isolation of Mercury occurs as:

2HgS + 3O2 → 2Hgo + 2So2

2 Hgo → 2Hg + o2

After these methods the remnant-unseparated part of mercury is

obtained by distillation. This process of distillation is called vacuum

distillation. In purification of mercury reduced pressure and vacuum

distillation is major invention. Now a days, readymade equipments are

available for this purpose. This is the brief description of extraction of

parada from hingula.

In present study the above method was employed for the extraction of Parada from

Hingula

Expected out put:

Good quality cinnabar contains about 85% of mercury. An ideally followed

method should yield at least 75-80% of mercury.



PARADA

Parada has been recognized vastly in the field of Rasashastra. We come across

much quotations providing the importance of Parada in all texts of Rasashastra.

Parada with its various properties, it has important role to play in Rasashastra

pharmacology.

History:

Rasa has been described to be a Devine origin and claimed to be related to

Lord Shiva or Hara. Initially it was used for Alchemical purposes (loha vada) to

convert lower metals like Lead, Tin, Copper, etc. into noble metals like Gold, silver

etc. Later on its therapeutic use in curing the diseases has been recognized.

In Koutilya Arthashastra (325 cent B.C), it is mentioned that swarna can be

prepared by parada20.

In Charaka Samhita there is usage of Parada with Makshika and Gandhaka in

Kushta Roga and it is used externally21.

In Sushruta Samhita its external use has been mentioned22.

Vernacular names23:

Sanskrit - Parada, Assami - Jivaka, English - Mercury, Quick silver, Kannada

– Paraja, Hindi – Para, Marati – Paara, Bangla – Paara, Latin – Hydrargirum (Hg).

Etymological significance of Synonyms24, 25:

Rasa – As it digests all drugs, Nourishes all Dhatu’s of the body. Being

ingested by human for Rasayanartha

Rasendra - King of all medicines or Rasa’s

Suta - Since used for Deha and Loha Siddhi

Parada - Gives an end to sufferings.

Mishraka - Properties of all metals are found in it.



Table No.2, showing synonyms of Parada based on the following 26

Swarupaatma

Dharmika Devatmaka

Gatyatmaka

Dehavada tmaka

Dhatuvadatmaka

Vishista guna

Darshanika Adyatmika

Galadroupa

nibham

Mahavanhi

Mahateja

Suvarna

Trinetra

Trilochana

Deva

Dehaja

Prabhu

Rudraja

Rajasmala

Shanta

Shiva

Shiva

veerya

Skandha

Harateja

Harabeeja

Harareta

Shivabeeja

Divyarasa

Kechara

Chapala

Chala

Dhurtaka

Amrita

Dehada

Paramamrit

a

Parata

Parada

Mrityunasha

na

Rasayana

Rasayana

sreshta.

Maharasa

Rasa

Rasendra

Rasesha

Rasottama

Rasadhatu

Rasaraja

Rasaleha

Siddadhatu

Soota

Sootaka

Sootarath

Mishraka

Ananta

Kalikant

aka

Sukshm

a

Soubhag

ya.

Jeeva

Jaiva

Divya

Achintya



Varieties27:

The Varieties of Parada described in various texts based on following factors:

Depending on the colour.

Depending on the impurities and uses of Parada.

Table No. 3, showing varieties of Parada.

Variety Colour Impurities Uses

Rasa

Rakta

Which is free from all types

of impurities

Rasayana

Rasendra Peeta Free from impurities Rasayana

Suta Ishat Peeta With impurities Deharogahara

Parada Shweta With impurities Sarvarogahara

Mishraka Mayura

Chandrika

varna

With impurities Sarvasiddhidayaka.

Doshas of Mercury28:

According to different rasa classics Doshas of Parada are explained as follows:

Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).

Yougika doshas (Physical impurities)

Oupadika doshas (Chemical impurities in the form of coating).

1. Naisargika Doshas29:

Mercury, which is occurring in native compound form generally, attributes

some impurities due to its natural power of amalgamation. As these impurities occur

due to nature, these doshas are known as “Naisargika doshas”.



Naisargika dosha Effects.

Visha - Mrutyukara

Vahni - Santapakara

Mala - Murchakara

2. Yougika doshas30

The impurities mixed by the traders from the commercial point of view to

increase the weight of Parada by adding some Ariloha’s.

Ex: Naga, Vanga etc.,

Table No. 4, showing Yougikadoshas and their effects according to different

authors.

Sl. No. Textual

Reference Doshas Effects

1. RRS Naga, Vanga Jadatva Adhmana

2. AK Naga, Vanga,

Visha

Jadhya Pootigandhatva

Mrutyu.

3. A P Naga, Vanga Jadhya, Adhmana

Kushta.

Kanchuka Doshas31

Literally Kanchuka means thin layer. Kanchuka doshas are the impurities of

mercury, which are seen as thin layer covering it. This is due to tarnishing of mercury.

There is some difference of opinion amongst ancient scholars regarding their

name and source but all of them considered as seven in number.



Table No. 5 Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different

Rasa classics.

Sl.No. Text Doshas Effects

1. Parpati Mrunmaya (Prithvi) Kushta,

2. Patini Pashanaja (Girija) Jadhya, Admana

3. Bhedi Jalaja (Varija) Vali, Palita, khalitya, Vaksangatha,

Mala Bhedana.

4. Dravi Nagaja (Shyama) Mahakusta, Sweta Kusta, Udara,

Kamala, Pandu, Prameha.

5. Malakari Nagaja (Kapalika) Dadru, Gaja Karna, Doshavardhaka.

6. Dhwankshi Vangaja (Kapali) Swara Parushyakara.

7. Andhakari Vangaj (Kalika) Marmacheda, Vastishoola, Andhatva.

Grahya Lakshanas of Parada32:

Parada is liquid in form, shines as bright as mid – day sun, white glaze

exteriorly and bluish tinge interiorly mercury with these qualities is known as Grahya

variety.

Agrahya Lakshanas of Parada33:

Mercury looking smoky, grayish and slightly yellowish or having various

shades of colours is agrahya variety, incorporated with various metallic and elemental

impurities bonded physico – chemically.

Parada Shodhana

Samanya shodhana of parada:

Shodhana is intended to get rid of impurities of Parada. As the Parada is obtained

from the earths crust naturally it adsorbs some unwanted soil particles & chemical



over it. So it is essential to carry out some purifactory procedures before making use

of parada.

Different Methods Adopted for Samanya Shodhana of parada:

Some texts advised urdvapathana Samskara i.e distillation followed by sublimation of

parad.

Some authors mentioned just filtration through two to four folded fine, dust free, silk

cloth for 7-21 times.

Parada should be triturated with Nagavalli swarasa, Ardraka swarasa, ksharatraya for

3 days and washed with water. This parada will be shining like mukta and devoid of

sapta dosha.

Parada should be triturated with lasuna and saindhava lavana on a tapta khalva yantra

for 7 days.

Method employed in the present study for samanya shodhana34 -

The parada, which is extracted by urdhwa patana vidhi by hingula, is devoid

of Sapta kanchuka dosha is subjected to shodhana. Parada’s 1/16th part of Haridra

churha and Nimbu swarasa-Q.S is taken in a porcelain dish and triturated for 2 days.

After drying, it is filtered through four-folded cloth and parada is procured.

Drugs mentioned for Samanya Shodhana of Parada :

Parada shodhana has to be carried out for 3 to 7 days, in any of the following

drugs to get rid of parada doshas.

Kumari, Chitraka, Raktasarshapa, Haridra, Ishtika choorna, Triphala, Nagavalli

swarasa, Gruha Dhooma, Kanji, Ardraka swarasa etc.,

Vishesha Shodhana

This procedure was intended for strengthening and potentiation of Parada and

is achieved by Astadasha Samskaras.



Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Parada35:

Rasa : Shadrasa

Guna : Snigdha, Sara and Guru

Veerya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Yoga vahi, Rsayana, Vrishya, Balya, Vayastambhana,

Pustikarak, Deepana, Agnivardhaka, Deha sidhikara, Loha sidhikara,

Shodhana, Ropana, Krimighna.

Dosha Prabhava: Tridoshagna

Vyadhi Prabhava: Vata roga, Valipalitha, Jara roga, Sarva Akshi roga, Krimi,

Kusta, Sarva roga.

MERCURY

Mercury is a silvery white metal, liquid at room temperature with high (13.6)

density. It is divisible into spherical globules, mobile, without having any odour /

taste, cold to touch, slowly volatizing at ordinary temperature. Low melting and

boiling point is due to large atomic size.

It is a soft metal, three times heavier than water. It forms amalgamation with

silver, platinum etc. Hg slowly oxidizes.

2Hg + O2 Heat 2 HgO.

General Description36:

Atomic Number : 80

Atomic Weight : 200.61

Atomic Volume : 14.8CC

Atomic Radius : 1.57 eg



Ionic Radius (+2) : 1.10

Relative Atomic Mass : 200.50 gm/mole

Specific Gravity : 13.55

Melting point : 39.80C

Boiling point : 3570C

Occurrence and distribution:

Small quantities of mercury occur in native form but chiefly it occurs as

sulphide (cinnabar). It is found chiefly in Spain and Italy. It is also found as calomel

(Hg2cl2), Metacinnabar (HgS), Tiemannite (HgS), Montroydite (HgO) and also as

amalgums of Gold and Tellurium in small quantities.

Absorption, distribution and excretion37:

As the chemical form of the metal varies, its absorption, distribution and

Excretion of mercury also varies. In presence of O2 and Cl2 in the gastric contents, it

may dissolve to cause mild catharsis. Exertion of mercury immediately after

absorption is mainly through the kidney and colon and to a lesser extent via bile and

saliva. Small amounts are also excreted in volatile elemental form through both lungs

and skin. Most of Hg is excreted within 6 days after administration but traces may be

detected for months, even year’s urinary excretion is slow at first but accelerates later.

Fecal excretion is 8%, which is due to mucosal sloughing mainly as methyl mercury,

but bacterial flora converts about 50% to inorganic mercury.

Mode of Action38:

Most salts of mercury are absorbed slowly from the intact mucous membrane

of the elementary tract and produce their systemic effect. The sulphide ion is very

inert and it is clear that unless and until the salts are dissociated into its constituent’s

ions, mercury will not be able to exert its influence on the body tissues. Sulphides of



mercury are not used in any of the pharmacopoeias of western countries as it is

considered to be devoid of therapeutic activity. The other mercurial salts after

absorption are excreted into caecum and colon as sulphides and in this form mercury

is found in the feaces.

When taken into the system it continues with acids and fluids of the body. It is

then easily absorbed by the skin, the mucous membrane, lungs and stomach and

passes into blood as oxy albuminate in the stomach it is converted into double

chloride of sodium of mercury. It unites with the albuminous juices and is easily

absorbed.

Toleration37:

Age, sex and idiosyncrasy greatly modify the action of mercurials, children as

a rule bear mercury better than adults and males better than females.

Therapeutic uses37:

Used as antiseptics, preservatives, parasiticides, fungicides, diuretics inorganic salts.

Externally as antiseptics, mercury salts are used.

Its solution is used for disinfecting surgical and obstetric practice.

Blue ointment and calomel ointment are used to reduce itching in prurigo, pruritis,

psoriasis, lichen pityriasis of scalp and eczema.

As a stimulant and promoter of absorption liniment and various ointments such as

oleate, red precipitate, scoltts and red iodide are used for promoting the absorption of

inflammatory products as in chronic joint disease and periostitis.

Mercury is used in certain eye diseases like conjunctivitis, blepharitis and keratitis.



GANDHAKA

Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa varga by authors of different Rasa

classics.

It is next to parada and has been explained in Dhatu Karma and in the

preparation of various Rasaushadhis. It is an essential agent for the various processes

of Parada samskaras such as Murchana, Jarana, Bandhana etc. Mercurial preparations

without Gandhaka are considered to be more toxic.

History:

Before 1000 B.C. description about Gandhaka was mentioned in Charaka

Samhita for the relief of various disorders along with other drugs. With the evolution

of Rasa Shastra importance of Gandhaka was also increased.

Mythological origin39:

Mythologically Gandhaka is said to be the result of churning of Ksheerasagara and it

is originated along with Amruta.

Gandhaka is considered to be the Raja of Parvathi.

Vernacular names40:

Assami – Kiburit; Bengali – Gandhaka; English – Sulphur; Gujarati –

Gandhaka; Hindi – Gandhaka ; Marati – Gandhaka; Parsi – Gogid ; Kannada –

Gandhaka; Telugu – Gandhakamu.

Synonyms41:

Gandhapashana Pamari Kauragandha

Gandhi Bali

Rasa Gandhaka Atigandha

Sugandhika Kushtari

Gandha Daityendra



Saugandhika Gandhamadana

Putigandha Keetaghna

Types of Gandhaka42:

Rasarnava explained three types of Gandhaka and remaining others explained

four types.

Table No.6, showing the Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics.

Sl.No. Types RRS RA AP YR RPS R.Chu

1. Shukapichchanibha (Pita) + + + + + +

2. Sukla (Shweta) + + + + + +

3. Shuka Chunchanibha

Shukatunda (Rakta)

+ + + + + +

4. Krishna (Black) + - + + + +

Table No. 7 Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses42:

Sl. No. Types Quality Uses

1. Shukachunchanibham Sreshta Dhatuvada

2. Shukapichchanibham Madhyama Rasayana Karma

3. Shukla Adhama Loha Marana

4. Krishna Jara Mrutyu Nashana

Grahya Lakshanas of Gandhaka43

The colour of genuine Gandhaka should resemble that of the tail of parrot (yellow).

Smooth, Hard, Unctuous.

Such Gandhaka should be used for medicinal purpose Shresta Gandhaka

should be having the lusture of Kapikacchu beeja and Navaneeta (soft to touch).



For Rasayanartha and Loha vadartha, it should be translucent like the fruits of

Amalaki (Amlasara Gandhaka).

For the present study Amlasara Gandhaka is used.

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties44 :

Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya

Guna : Ushna, Sara Snigadha

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura (R.C.), Katu (R.R.S; A.P)

Karma : Deepana, Pachana, Vishahara, Jantughna,

Rasayana, Bala Veerya Vardhaka, Jantu, Kandu, Visarpahara.

Dosha Prabhava : Kaphavatahara, pittavardhaka.

Vyadhi Prabhava: Garavishahara, Kshudra Kushta hara, Kasa,

Shwasa, Agnivardhaka, Rasayana, Dadruhara.

Doshas of Gandhaka45,:

According to Rasa classics, Gandhaka consists two types of Doshas:

Shila Churna Visha

(Physical impurities like clay, sand etc.) (Chemical impurities like arsenical, lead etc.)

Gandhaka should be purified before administering internally other wise it will

produce the disease like Kushta, Bhrama, Klama, Paithika Roga, Balakshaya,

Shukrakshaya, Veeryahani and Kandu.

Methods of Gandhaka Shodhana46:

Gandhaka is taken in darvi with equal amount of cow’s ghee and melted on Mrudu

agni. This liquefied Gandhaka is poured into another vessel, which contains cow’s



milk through a cloth tied over the mouth of vessel. After that it is taken out and

washed with hot water.

Gandhaka is melted and poured into a vessel containing Bhringaraja Swarasa and

boiled for some time and this process is repeated for seven times.

Through urdhwa patana vidhi by using Damaru yantra Gandhaka can be purified.

In the present study, the following procedure has been adopted for Gandhaka

Shodhana46 a.

Gandhaka is taken in darvi with equal amount of cow’s ghee and melted on

Mrudu agni. This liquefied Gandhaka is poured into another vessel, which contains

cow’s milk through a cloth tied over the mouth of vessel. After that it is taken out and

washed with hot water

Effect of Shodhana on Gandhaka47:

By filtering through the cloth small pieces of stone and sand will be removed.

Some toxins may adhere to the ghee and hence will be removed.

Some of the toxins may mix with milk and thus the Gandhaka may be relieved from

impurities.

Dose of Gandhaka48

One to Eight Ratti.

Patya – Apthya49

Mamsa Bhakshana of wild animals and birds, cow’s milk, Ghee and Rice are advised.

Kshara, Amla, Atilavana, Katu, Vidahi and Stree Sevana Should be avoided.

Gandhaka Yogas

Kajjali Gandhaka Rasayana

Rasa Parpati Makaradhwaja

Rasa Sindhura Samirapannaga Rasa



GANDHAKA MODERN VIEW

SULPHUR50 : The name sulphur is derived from the sanskrit word “Sulveret”

through the latin sulphurium.

History :

The ancients probably, due to its frequent occurrence in free state know sulphur.

Aryans, Greeks, Romans and Indians used it for fumigation and as medicine. The

Bible refers to be as “Brimstone” meaning “Burvaing Stone” Antony lavoiser placed

it among the elements in 1777, which was regarded as “principle” of fire”. It is

estimated as the Ninth most abundant element in the universe.

Basic information of sulphur

Name : Sulphur

Symbol : S

Atomic Number : 16

Atomic Mass : 32.06 Am

Melting point : 112.80C

Boiling point : 444.60C

Number of protons / Electrons: 16

Number of neutrons : 16

Classification : Non Metal

Crystal structure : Orthorhombic

Colour : Yellow

British Name : Sulphur

IUPAC Name : Sulfur



Occurrence:

Sulphur is distributed in nature both in free and combined form. The sulphur is

found in volcanic regions in sicily. Approximately 0.06% of earth ‘s crust contains

sulphur. Pure sulphur contains traces of selenium, Tellurium and Arsenic some times

mixed with bitumen and clay.

Three are important minerals and compounds containing sulphur such as:

Sulphides: Zinc Blend (ZnS)

Galena (Pbs) S

Copper pyrites (CuFes2)

Cinnabar (HgS)

Iron Pyrites (FeS) S

Sulphate: Gypsum (CaSo4 2H2o)

Barites (BaSo4)

Epsom Salt (Mg So4 7H2o)

Ferrous Sulphate (FeSo4 7H2o)

Traces of sulphur occur as H2S in volcanic gases, organic substance as eggs, proteins,

garlic, mustard, onion, hair and wool. It is an essential non-metal and is a minor

constituent of fats, body fluids and skeletal muscles.

Appearance of sulphur in solid and liquid from

Solid : Rhombic and Monoclinic

Liquid : Aλ and Sμ (Amorphous Sulphur)

Therapeutic use51:

Sulphur has bitter astringent taste with a Characteristic strong smell.

It increases bile secretion, acts as laxative, alternative and diuretic.

It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.



In larger doses it acts as purgative.

Sulphur is useful in cough, Asthma, General debility, Enlargement of spleen, chronic

fevers etc.,

Biological importance of sulphur52:

Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult human

body contains around 170 gms of sulphur, of which most occurs in the amino acids,

cysteine, cystine, and methionine.

Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat digestion

and absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.

Deficiency of sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect

development of hairs and nails.

Sulphur containing foods are vegetables (Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk Products

(Cheese), seafood and meat protein.

NIMBU53.

It is important dravya of Amla varga. In Rasa classics, it is explained for Shodhana

and marana of various metals and minerals.

Latin Name: Citrus accida Family: Rutaceae

Synonyms54:

Amlajambira Jantumari Amlasara

Nimbuka Dantaghna Rochana

Jambeera Shodhana

Description:55

Leaflets elliptic, oblong, racemes, short, flower small, petals usually four.

Fruits usually small, globose or ovoid, thick or thin. Pulp pale, very acidic.



Useful parts:

Phala, twak and patra

Fruit juice of Nimbu contains citric acid 10%, phosphoric acid 47%, sugar 10.9%,

cellulose, vitamin A, vitamin C, citrine 76%, citrol 7.8% and Sulphric acid.

Distribution:

It is available throughout India.

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties:56

Rasa : Amla

Guna : Guru, Tikshna

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Deepana,Rochaka,Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna

Dosha : Kaphavata Shamaka, Pittavardhaka

Vyadhi Prabhava : AgniMandya,Trishna,Udarashoola,Chardi,Aruchi, Vibandha,

Kasa Shwasa and Krimiroga.

For the present study Nimbu Swarasa was used for the Shodhana of Hingula.

HARIDRA57

It is a auspicious drug mentioned in all the Brihatrayee as a aghroushadhi for

prameha.it is classified under haritakyadiyarga.

BOTANICAL NAME: Curcuma longa.

Family: scitaminaceae.

Synonym:58

Haridra Haridrangani Swarnavarna vishaghni nisha

Vishaghni Mangalya Laxmi shobhana kanchani

Varavarnini Bhadra Shama jayanthika peeta



Description: 59

A tall herb. Rootstoack large, ovoid, with sessile cylindric tubers orange coloured

inside.

Leaves very large, in tufts up to 1.2 meters or more long, oblong-lanceolate, tapering

to the base. Flowering in autumnal spikes, 10-15 cm long.

Useful parts: rhizome.

Distribution:

It is cultivated through the tropical and other regions in India.

Chemical constituents:

Rhizome contains a volatile oil 1%, an active principle curcumin, yellow colouring

matter and turmeric oil of specific odour and taste.

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties 60:

Rasa : Katu, Tikta,

Guna : ruksha, laghu.

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Doshakarma : kaphavatashamaka, pittarechaka-shamaka.

GODUGDHA61

Acharya charaka explained Godugdha under Gorasa varga. It is much appreciated for

the therapeutic purpose.

Synonyms:

It includes Ksheera, Gavya, Gavyadugdha, Dugdha, Payasa, Dhenudbhava



Qualities of Godugdha:

It is having the qualities of Swadu, Sheeta, Mrudu, Snigdha, Bahala,

Slakshana, Pichchila, Guru, Manda and Prasanna

Contents of freshly drawn milk:

Water : 87% Phosphorus : 0.1%

Total Solids : 13% Sodium : 0.15%

Fat : 3.68% Iron : 1-2PP.M

Total proteins : 3.39 Citric acid : 0.2%

Sugar : 4.94 Calcium : 0.72%

Indications of Godugdha:

Godugdha is indicated in Kasa, Shwasa, Raktapitta, Trishna, Pandu,

Amlapitta, Shosha etc.

In the present work, godugdha was used for gandhaka shodhana,

GHRITA62

Ghee is one among the sneha Dravya. Ghrita, taila, vasa and majja are

considered as the best among all the snehana Dravyas.

Out of these four sneha Dravyas, Ghrita is considered as far superior owing to

its special attribute “samskarasya Anuvartanat”.

Synonyms:

Ghrita, Sarpi, Havisha, Gohavi.

Pharmacological Properties:

Rasa – Madhura.

Guna – Guru.

Veerya – Sheeta.

Vipaka – Madhura.



Contents of Ghrita:

Unsaponifiable matter (Soluble in fat).

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Vit D and K

Minerals like calcium, Magnesium, Copper, iron in traces.

Qualities of Ghrita:

Promoter of memory, intelligence

Improves digestion and metabolism

Best Aphrodisiac

It is refrigerant and emollient

Clarifies voice and complexion

In present study ghrita is used for the Shodana of Gandhaka.

KHALVI RASAYANA63

Khalvi Rasayanas comes under murcchna variety intended to render the chapalatva

and durgrahatva of Parada and potentiating it. It is one such category of Kajjali, where

in phytomedicines are triturated and pharmacologically has various advantages.

The specialty of Khalvi Rasayana lies in binding different varieties of drugs

into a single molecular form and there by minimizing the dose. Khalvee rasayana

impose proper particle size to drug, proper mixing occurs and gives the proper form to

the final product.

KAJJALI

Kajjali is a Sagandha, Niragni parada yoga. The bandha involved in this

preparation is Kajjali Bandha, where purified mercury and sulphur are intimately

mixed in definite proportion, to get a black powder called Kajjali.



Among all Khalvi Rasayans Kajjali is having prime importance, as it forms

base to many mercurial preparations.

Definition:64

“ Dhatubirgandhakadyascha Nirdravaihi Mardita rasaha||

Sushlakshna Kajjalabhaso Kajjali Ityabhidheeyate||”

Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka alone or in combination, with other uparasa

and different dhatus is mixed and triturated without adding any liquid to any powder.

This is called Kajjali. It should be free from any shining particles.

Any powdered pre-product that which is filled into Kupi should be smooth i.e., which

is having Slakshantva and sukshmatva like Kajjala is considered as Kajjali.

Proportion of Dravyas in Kajjali65

Parada, Gandhaka, Kajjali is used in many of the Yogas.

It forms the base for many of Kupi Pakwa rasayana, Parpati Kalpana and pottali

Kalpana. Accordingly the proportion of Parada, Gandhaka or any other dhatu varies

from one Yoga to another.

It is mentioned that Gandhaka can be taken in the preparation of ¼ th, ½, equal,

double, triple etc., to that of Parada.

In the present study Kajjali is prepared by adding equal amount of Parada and Shudda

Gandhaka. Trituration was done till all the Kajjali tests are positive.

Different forms of adding Dhatus to Parada

In the following pattern, other dhatus are added to Parada in the preparation of Kajjali.

If Swarna, Rajata etc., this should be in the form of fine leaves.

If Naga, Vanga etc., dhatus are to be added, these dhatus should be melted and then

added for trituration.

In case of Loha, tamra etc., its bhasmas should be mixed



Tests of Kajjali66:

Krishna Varnata : Blackish colour

Slakshntva : Smooth to touch

Sukshmtva : Subtleness like anjana

Rekha purnatva : Settles in between fine lines of finger

Nischandratva : Lusterless a pinch of Kajjali is taken and rubbed with water.

This mixture when exposed to sun, should show absence of any shining particles

Uses of Kajjali67:

It is Tridosha hara and aphrodisiac.

It is used as sahapana and Anupana to eradicate many disorders.

Vatsanabha:

Botanical name – Aconitum ferox wall.

Family – ranunculanceae.

Introduction: 68,69

Vatsnabha is well known to the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia since long ago. We get

reference in Charaka samhita and Sushruta samhita Charaka samihita classified under

sthavara visha and Sushruta classified under Kandavisha and also explain its effects.

Sharangdhara and Bhavamishra mentioned Vatsnabha in their texts, along with almost

all Nighantus. Though Dhanwantari nighantu posses description of Vatsnabha,

synonyms and properties, most of the texts/Nighantus made little mentioning. The

utility of Vatsnabha has considerably increased after the development of Rasashastra.

Rasataranginikara classified it under visha.



The term aconite refers to the genus aconitum of which there are several

species. The name may be originated form the Greek aconoits (meaning without

struggle or without dust) or from the Greek city acona where naturalist in the third

century once identified plant. Other sources suggest that the name comes from the

bill of aconites.

Aconites is Greek word meaning arrows coated with the poison and used for hunting

the animals. Aconitum if of two varieties viz poisonous & non poisonous.

Among the poisonous varities both aconitum ferox and aconitum chasmanthum are

used as vatsanabha in India.

Synonyms:70

Table No. 08. Showing the synonyms of Vatsnabha

Sl Names

D.N R.N R.T. B.P

01 Vatsnabha + + + -

02 Amruta + + + -

03 Visha + + + +

04 Ugra + + - -

05 Maha oushadha + + - -

06 Garalam + + - +

07 Marana + + - -

08 Naga + + - -

09 Stokakam + + - -

10 Pranaharaka + + - -

11 Sthavaradyam + + - -

12 Kshweda - - + +



Vernacular Names: 71

01 Sanskrit - Visha, Vatsnabha

02 Hindi - Bisha,Mithazahar

03 English - Indian aconite

04 Bengali - Katbish or Mitha visha

05 Telugu - Vasanubhi

06 Kannada - Vatsanabi

07 Gujarathi - Vachanag

08 Marathi - Vacha nag

09 Assam - Visha

10 Malyalama - Vatsanabi

11 Malyalama - Vatsanabi

12 Punjabi - Mohari

13 Arab - Bish

14 Parse - Bishmag

Classical Categorization:

Charaka Samihita - Stavara Visha

Sushruta Samhita - Kanda visha

Dhanawanatari nighantu - Misraka varga

Raja nighantu - Misraka varga

Bhavaprakasha nighantu - Dhatvadi varga

Rasatargini - Visha

Modern Toxicological Categorization:

Cardiac poison.



Different verities of Vatsnabha (BHEDA)

Table No. 09. Showing the Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara 72

Sl. No. Bheda Varna Guna

01. Brhmana Pandu Rasayana

02. Kshatriya Rakta Deha pustikara

03 Vaishya Peeta Kustaghna

04. Shudra Krishna Dhatukarma

According to Rasatarangani 73

01. Krishna

02. Kapisha

03 Pandu

Kapisha is better than Krishna; Pandu is better than Kapisha Pandu is considered best

for therapeutic uses.

According to Ayurveda Prakasha 74

01. Shukla

02. Krishna

Identification 75

Rasavagbhata mentioned certain characteristics for identification

1. Vatsanabha Panduravarana

2. Roots resembles, navel of calf

3. They are Stoola snigdha, Guru, Nava,

According to Bhavaprakash:

Leaves resembles sindhuvara and roots resemble navel of calf.



Botanical description: 76

It is a perennial herb

Root – Paired, daughter, tuber ovoid oblong to ellipsoid, 2.5.4 cm long, about

1-1-5 cm thick, with fill form root fibers, dark, brown externally, yellowish on

fracture, another tuber much shrunk and wrinkled with more numerous root

fibers.

Stem – Erect, with or without a slender, hypogynous base, simple, 40-90 cm

high covered with short spreading yellow hairs in the upper part and glabrous

below.

Leaves – Scattered, distant, glabrous, petioles, slender up to 25 cm, blade or

bicedar-cordate to remiform in out line with rather wide sinus. Planately 5-

lobeal.

Inflorescence: - Peduncle straight, bearing flowers on both sides, flowers pale,

blue, brown in a dense, terminal raceme, 10-25 cm long, helmet, volatile with

short shared beak, resembling a pea flower.

Fruit – Carpels 5, tomentose, follicles oblong, 15-20mm long and 4-5 mm

broad, seeds obovoid to obpyramidal, 2,6-3 mm long, winged along with the

raphe.

Distribution – Grows solid in the alpine Himalayas, Kashmir at an attitude of

3,600 m, alpine Himalayas of Nepal.

Chemical Constituents – Roots contains toxic alkaloids, pseudo aconitine along

with bikha aconitine, chasmacontine, chahnaconitine, indacontine (Loydia

1972,35, 55) Veratroy1)pseudoacontine are diacety1 psedioacontine(manske and

Rodrgo) 1979).



Two new alkaloids 2 – (11+) quionolinome and 3,4dihydro – 6 – hydroxy – 2 –

(11+) quoinolone (Nat. prod. Lett.) 1993, 227,chem, abortr. 1994, 121, 175,

172b).

A new diterpenoid alkaloid – 14- 0 – acetyl senbasimet, vakagnavime, chasma

contine, crassican line A. flconericine, senbusine B. isoltaltizocline and aconine

are reported (phyto chem, 1994, 36, 1527).

Four lipoalkalaoids Viz veraatrophylpseudaconine, auisolyona- contine,

benzoylida aconine and veratroy bikkaconine are also report (J. Nat prod 1994,

57, 105)

Need of Vatsnabha Shodhana- 77

Ashodhita Vatsnabha causes daha,moha, hirtagata rodha, to avoid these doshas or

vikaras it should undergo shodhana process

Vatsnabha shodhana -78

Table No. 10, showing the Vatsanabha shodhana according to different authors.

Sl.

No.

Shodhana process R. T. R. A. D.G.V Y. R. R. J. N

1 Kept in cow’s urine in

strong sunlight for 3 days

+ + - - +

2 Swedana in Ajadugdha

for 1 yama

+ + - - -

3 Swedana in Surabhi

payas (cows milk) for 1

or 2 yama

+ + - + -



4 Kept in cow’s urine for 3

days then Swedana in a

cow’s milk or goat’s milk

for 3 hrs

- - + + -

5 Swedana in dolayantra

containing Triphala

kashaya and Aja ksheera

- - - - +

6 Swedana in dolayantra

containing cow’s urine.

- - - - +

Gunakarma 79 –

Rasa - Madhura

Guna - Ushna

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Madhura

Dosha Karmarma - Vata-kapha Shamaka

Dhanwantari nighantu classified under Mishrakadivarga. Madhura rasa,ushna

guna, vatakaphahara, it subsides kanthashoola, sannipatagna, pitta samshodhini80

Rajanighantu81 classified under pippalyadi varga. Atimadhura, ushna,

vatakaphahara. It subsides Kantaruja, sannipataghna, pitta santappa Karaka.

According to Rastarangin82 , vatsanabha is katu, tikta,kashaya rass,ushna guna

and yogavahi. It is rasayana, tridoshahara particularly vata-kaphahara. It increases

agni. It subsides sheeta and brumhana and bala vardhaka. It subsides agnimandya

rogas, pleeha roga,vatarakta, shwasa, kasa, grahani, gulma, pandu, jwara and amavata.



It relieves timira, naktandhyata, netrabhishyanda, netrashotha, karna shoola, gudaroga

and kati vedana. Application of bhahya lepa subsides the aku, vrushika, sarpavisha83

Diaphoretic, diuretic, antiperiodic, anodyne and antidiabetic, antiphlogistic,

antipyretic in small does. In large does it is virulent poison, narcotic and powerful

sedative. It reduces the frequently and tension of the pulse and paralysis the

respiratory center.

Part used - Dried tuberous root.

Dose84 - 1/10th ratti to 1/8th ratti

Visha prayoga Nishedha 85

Balaka, atyantavridhha, garbhavati, rugna, atikshinashareera, rajayakshma

laxanayaukta avasta, krodhi, atibhranti, durbalavastha in less quantity and short

duration with precautions

Toxic effects and antidotes;86

Sushruta clearly documented the toxic efforts of Vatsnabha viz Grivastambha

and peeeta vit, mutra, netra.

Antidotes –

Accidental poisoning or over dosage with aconite may produce the

toxicsymptoms. Different antidotes have been mentioned for the management.

Gogrutha is considered as one of the best antidotes for visha.

Tankana (Borax) is considered to be the main antidote87. It may be

administrated along with Ghee. Arjuna bark is mixed with Honey and Ghee may be

another alternative antidote88.

Aconite poisoning and its management in toxicology89.

The symptoms of poisoning occur immediately or within a few mines after

consumption or root. First burning sensation is experienced from the mouth to



stomach followed by tingling and numbness in the mouth, tongue and pharynx. This

is followed by salivation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea. Later dryness of mouth and

polydypsia is developed and the patient will be unable to swallow

Other symptoms include headache, giddiness, pallor, profuse, sweating,

subnormal temperature weakness of limbs and inability to stand or walk. Twitching

of muscles, pain, and cramps and convulsions may occur.

The pupils contract and dilate alternately but remain dilated at the later stage.

Dimness of vision and diplopia may be caused. The pulse becomes slow, feeble and

irregular. Blood pressure will be low and the patient complains of breathlessness.

The mental conduction remains normal but there may be hallucination. Death finally

occurs either due to paralysis of heart or respiratory centers or even both.

Fatal Dose - 1-2 grams of root OR 4-6 mg of acontine

Fatal period - 3 –6 hours.

Treatment – Gastric levage with warm water and weak solution of potassium

permanganate or with a solution of iodine in potassium iodide or with tannic acid or

strong coffee or strong tea to precipitate the alkaloids.

1. Powdered charcoal to diminish solubility.

2. Atropine –0.5 – 1 mg is useful.

3. Strychnine, artificial respiration, application of heat etc,may also be useful.

4. Symptomatic treatment

Vishishta yogas – 1. Ramabanarasa

2. Hinguleshwara rasa

3. Tribhuvankirti rasa

4. Kaphaketu rasa



5. Swachanddha Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)

Gomutra

Gomutra is used as a medicine since olden days. We get the reference about it

in brihatrayees –Charaka considered, it as one of the ashta mutra varga dravya.

Synonyms90 – Gomutra, Gojala, Goambu, Gomashanda, Godrava.

Vernacular names-

Sanskrit - Gomutra

Hindi - Gomutra

English - Cow’s urine

Kannada - Gomutra

Properties:91

Rasa - Katu

Guna - Teekshna, Ushna,Kshara

Dosha - Kapha –vata shamaka, pitta janaka

Karma - Agni deepaka, medhya, shoolahara, gulma, anaha, it is

used in viechanna karma and asthapana basti

Charakacharya92 quotes that Gomutra has madhura rasa, dosha nashaka and

krimi and Kanduhara. By abhyantarapana it subsides doshajanya udara roga .

Nadakarni93 in his material medica explains Gomutra contains ammonia in a

concentrated form and is much used in both internal and external purpose. Gomutra

is a laxative, duretic and used in preparation of various medicines. Eg. Poonaranava

mandura. It is also recommended by Chakradatta as a anupana for eranda taila given

as virechana.

It is used as externally in the purification and roasting of various metals and

preparation of oils, decoctions etc

In the present study gomutra is used for vatsanabha shodhana.

Pippali:

Botanical name - Piper longum linn.

Family - Piperacae



Introduction

In Atharvana veda Pippali is mentioned as rasayana. Kshipta bheshaj,

atividdha abheshaji and vati krita bheshaji. Pippali is drug which is widely used in

Ayurvedic formulations Charaka and Sushruta have extensively quoted pippali among

dashemaniya gana

Gana: 94

Charaka : Deepaniya, Kanthya, Asthapanopaga, Shirovirechanopaga,

sheetaprashamana, Shula-prashamana, Kasahara, Hikkanigrahana,

Triptighna.

Sushruta : Pippalyadi, Amalakyadi.

Astanga sangrahakara : Pippalyadi gana and Nyagrodhadi gana.

Vernacular names:95

01 Sanskrit - Pippali

02. Hindi - Pipala

03 English - Piper.

04 Telagu - Pippali

05 Tamil - Tippali

06 Bengali - Pipali

07 Marathi - Hippali

08 Malyalam - Tippali

09 Punjabi - Moghaum

10 Gujarati - Pipali

11 Kannada - Hippali

12 Parse - Pipli

13 Burma - Peikchin

14 Arb - Darfifil

15 Barma - Pekchin



Table No. 11, showing synonyms of Pippali 96

Synonyms B. P. K. N. N. A. R. N. D. N. Ma. Ni.

Magadhi + + + + + +

Shoundi + + - + + +

Vaidehi + + + + - +

Chapala + + + + + +

Kana + + + + + -

Krishna + + + + + -

Upakulya + + - + + +

Teekshna tandula + + + + +

Magadha - - - - - +

Vishwa - - - - - +

Kola + - - + + -

Kukara - - - + - -

Katu beeja - - - + - -

Korangi - - - + - -

Tikta tandula - - - + - -

Magadodbhava - - - + - -

Ushana - - - + + -

Bheda97

It is of 4 types –

Pippali

Gajapippali

Simhali

Vana pippali



Botanical Description 98

An aromatic slender, Climber

01 Stem - Cripping, jointed, attached to other plants while climbing,

02 Leaves

- 5.9 cm x 3.5 cm , subacute, entire, glabrous, cordate at the

case

03 Flower - In pendular spikes, straight

A. Male - Larger and slender

B. Female - 1.3 – 2.5 cm x 4.5 cm in diameter

04 Fruit - Yellowish orange ovoid, sunk in flesh spikes fruits in

rainy season and fruit in autumn

05 Distribution - Found in the hotter parts of India, form central Himalaya

to Assam and Mikir hills. Also found in forests of

western ghats form Konkan to Kerala.

06. Chemical

Construction

: Essential oil, mono and sesquitrpenes, Caryophylience,

piprine, piper longumine, piper longuminne, piper

nonaline, piper,undecalindine, pipercide, seasmin, B-

sitosterol, four aristolactan, five 4,5 – dioxporphions.

Properties:99

Rasa - Katu

Guna - Laghu, Snigdha, teekshna, (Ardha guru)

Veerya - Anushna sheeta veerya

Vipaka - Madhura

Karma - Vata –shleshmahara

Useful parts - Fruit, root



Dhanwantari nighantu, includes under shatapushpadi varga, pippali have the

properties of katu rasa, madhura vipaka, sheeta veerya, snigdha guna, tridoshahara. It

is rasayana and subsides jwara, trishna, udara roga, krimi, amadosha .

Raja nighantukara includes under pippalyadi varga, Pippali have the properties

of snidhaushna guna, katu tikta rasa. It is vrishya, deepana and subsides jwara, kasa,

shwasa, kaphahara.

Bhavaprakasha nighantukara includes pippali under haritakyadi varg. Pippali

have the deepana, vrishya, madhura vipaka and rasayani. Anushana sheeta veerya,

katu rasa, snigdha laghu, vata shleshmahara. It subsides shwasa, kasa, udara, jwara,

kushta, meha, gulma, arsha, pleeha shoola, amavata. Ardra pippali is kaphaprada,

snigdha sheetala, madhura and and guru.

Madanapala nighantukara has included pippali under shunthyadi varga.

Pippali has properties of deepana, vrushya, madhura paka, rasayani, atyushna, katu

rasa, snighdha laghu, kaphahara, pitta rechani. It subsides swasa, udara, jwara.

Kaiyadeva nighantukara includes pippali under oushadhi varga. Ardra pippali

have the property of sheeta, guru, madhura, snighdha, ushna, kaphaprada. Shushka

pippali is laghu madhura paka, snigdha ushna, katu rasa, kapha vatahara ruchya, sara,

vrishya, rasayani, deepani, pachani. It subsides kapha, gulma, arsha, meha, pleeha,

jwara, udara.

Infusion is stimulant, carminative and alternative tonic more powerful than

black piper, also aphrodisiac, diuretic, vermifuge and emmengogue. Externally

rubefacient.

Piper longumin or piperine shows immuno-modulatory and antitumour

activity piperine also shows cytotoxic towards DLA and EAC cells at concentration of

250 micro gm/ml. Administration of piper longum or piperine increase the total WBC



count. Bone marrow cellularity and alpha esterase positive cells were also increase by

the administration of piper longum extract piperine.

Pipper longum or piperine shows to posses bioavilability enchancing activity

with various structurally and therapeutically diverse drugs. It may be hypothesized

that, piperine bioavailability enchancing property may be attributed to increased

absorption, which may be due to alteration in membrane lipid dynamics and change in

conformation of enzymes in the intestine.

Piper longum acts as antioxidant and is predominant in catalytic activity. It

contains vitamin E and A. The antioxidant component of piper species constitutes a

very efficient system in scavenging a wide variety of reactive oxygen species.

Dosage-

Choorna- 0.5-1 gm.

Vishishta Yoga-

Pippali ghrita

Pippalyasava

Vyoshadi vati

Pippalyadi leha

Yakritapippali yoga

Vardhamana pippali

JATIKOSHA:

Jatikosha is mentioned in all the Brahatrayees for therapeutics purpose.

Family : Myristicaceae

Botanical name : Myristica fragrans Houtt.

VERNACULAR NAMES:100

Hindi : Javithri

English : Mace tree

Telugu : Jathipatri

Tamil : Adipalam

Bengali : Jaitri

Kannada : Jati patri



BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:101

Evergreen aromatic tree, 9-12 mt high

Bark : Greyish – black.

Leaves : Coriaceous, elliptic, deep green above and grayish beneath.

Redish-grey when ripe.

Flowers : Creamy – yellow, brangrant.

Fruits : Globose or broadly pyri form 6-9 cm long, pear shaped,

glabrous, often drooping , yellow; pericap fleshy, 1.25 cm thick,

splitting into two halves when mature.

Mace : It is epicarp of fruit, fleshy reddish colour & lacinate.

Seeds : Arillate, albuminous, broadly avoid, with a shell- like purplish brown

Distribution : Native of Moluccas. Grown in kerala, Karnataka, Nilgiris and

W. Bengal.

Chemical Constituents:

Mace yields volatile oil, 8-17% fixed oil, resin, fat, sugar and mucilaginous

matter. Mace also yields an yellowish aromatic oil which contains a chemical

substance macene.

Properties-102

Rasa : Tikta, katu, madhura

Guna : Laghu

Virya : Usna.

Vipaka : Katu.



SYNONYM: 103

Table No.12, Showing synonyms of Jati kosha

S.l.no Synonyms B.P.N

K.N D.N M.P.N R.N

1 Jatikosha - + + - +

2 Jatipatri + + + + +

3 Javitri + - - - -

4 Patrika - - - - +

5 Sumana - + + - +

6 Malatipatrika - + + + +

7 Jatiparna - - - + -

8 Soumanasayani - + - - -

9 Malanashini - - + - -

Table No.13, Showing actions of Jatikosha104

S.l.no Actions B.P.N

KN DN RN

1 Ruchi + + + -

2 Varnya + + + -

3 Vaktravyaishyadya

janani

- - + +

4 Jadyadoshanirkuth - - - +



Indications-105

Table No.14, Showing Indications of JatiKosha

S.l.no Indications B.P.N MPN

KN DN RN

1 Kapha + + + - +

2 Kasa + - + - -

3 Vami + - + - -

4 Swasa + - + - -

5 Trushna + - + - -

6 Krimi + + + - -

7 Visha + + + + -

8 Kaya shanty - - - + -

Review on various Pharmaceutical Process Adopted in the present study.

Definition 106:

The process, which eliminates the blemishes, is called Shodhana.

Shodhana is a process intended for the removal of impurities in a substance by

implementing prescribed method like trituration etc with prescribed drugs.

Shodhana is the process meant for the lohas, Dhatus, Rasas etc., by subjecting

them to Swedana, Mardhana, Dhalana etc., which results in the detraction of

blemishes.

Advantages of Shodhana :

Eradicates visible and invisible impurities.

Reduces toxic effects.

Removes adulterants present in drug.

Makes hard matter brittle which helps in easy incineration.



Enhances therapeutical properties

Suitable for further processing

In the present work, concept of Shodhana is adopted in following procedures:

Shodhana of Raw Hingula by means of mardana with Nimbu swarasa in Khalva

Yantra.

Shodana of Hingulota parada by triturating with haridra and Nimbu swarasa.

Shodhana of raw Gandhaka in dugdha and gritha.

Shodana of vatsanaba keeping it in Gomutra.

Yantras used in the present study

Khalva Yantra: 107

Khalva Yantra denotes mortar with pestle, made of varieties of stones of good

quality in different shapes and sizes.

Uses: It is used for Grinding, Rubbing, Triturating or mixing of drugs.

In the present study it was used for:

• To powder crude Hingula and Gandhaka

• Mardana of Hingula with Nimbu Swarasa.

• In the preparation of Kajjali.

Urdhwa Ptana Yantra: 108

• The Yantra is made with two earthen pots, where the upper pot is bigger than

the lower pot.

• The upper pot’s pristatala should be broad enough (i.e. 16 angulas) to

construct toyadhara.

• The mouth of the upper pot should be inserted into the mouth of lower pot in

such a way, that the same should reach upto the neck of the lower pot.



• The joint of the appartus should be sealed air tight with the help of

multanimitti-smeared cloth or other sealing material.

• The lower pot contains the drug, which is subjected to sublimation, and the

outer part of the upper part has toyadhara, which felicitates the sublimation.

In the present work, urdwa Patana Yantra was used to extract parada from

Hingula.


Methodology

METHODOLOGY

Methodology was studied mainly under two headings.

• Pharmaceutical study.

• Analytical study.

Pharmaceutical study:

This section deals with identification, selection and, processing of raw drugs

and preparation of Swacchanddha Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya).

The very purpose of this branch of medicine is to provide safe and effective

medicine Ayurevda believes that, “Samskara” given to the drug will change the

quality of drug and also drug acts in different manner when mixed with other drugs.

Study design: This section includes three steps:

Step –01 : Identification and collection of raw drugs

Step-02 : Purification and processing of raw drugs

Step-03 : Preparation of Swacchanddha Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya).

Step 01 - Identification and collection of raw drugs

Date of commencement: 05 – 01 - 06

Date of completion : 07 – 01 - 06

Proper identification, selection and collection of raw drugs are necessary for

Ayurvedic formulation, because without these things we cannot assure the quality of

our medicaments. So this section of the study deals with the same Swacchanddha

Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya) contains the following ingredients:

• Shoditha Hingulotha

parada

• Shoditha Ghandhak

• Shoditha Vatsanabha

• Pippali

• Jathikosha


Methodology

Special request was made to the local herbo-mineral drug shop dealer to get

the particulars quality drugs and those were screened for classical grahya lakshanas

and those were certified by the concerned departments.

Step:02: Purification and processing of raw drugs:

Ayurveda has enlisted certain drugs, which will cause adverse effects or no

theapeutic effects if used in the impure state or may lead to complication. So proper

purification is necessary to counteract the probable adverse effects. This section deals

with the purification and processing of raw drugs.

Practical No. 01:

Title: Hingula shodhana.

Date of Commencement : 10 – 01 – 06.

Date of completion : 21 – 01 – 06

Reference: Rasatarangini, 9th chapter 16-17sloka

Materials required: Khalwa yantra

Drugs used:

a) Hingula - 200 gms

b) Nimbuswarasa - Q.S.

Table No. 15, showing the Results of Hingula Shobhana.

Ingredients

In quantity

Bhavana dravya in quantity Mardana in

hours

Results Remarks

Nimbu swarasa 100ml 6hours 205 gms Gain – 5 gms.

Nimbu swarasa 100ml 6 hours 212 gms Gain – 7 gms.

Hingula

Gms

200 Nimbu swarasa 100ml 6 ½ hours 218 gms Gain – 6 gms.

218 gms Nimbu swarasa 100ml 5 ½ hours 224 gms Gain – 6 gms.

224 gms Nimbu swarasa 100ml 6 ½ hours 229 gms Gain – 5 gms.


Methodology

229 gms Nimbu swarasa 100ml 6 hours 235 gms Gain – 6 gms.

235 gms Nimbu swarasa 100ml 7 hours 242 gms Gain – 7 gms

Table No. 16, showing the quantity of Hingula before shodhana and after shodhana.

Draya Quantity of Hingula before

shodhana (in gms)

Quantity of Hingula after

shodhana (in gms)

Hingula 200 242

Method :

Hingula was taken in a Khalva yantra and powdered nicely, 100 ml of Nimbu swarsa

was added and mardana was done for 6 hours. This process repeated for seven times.

Observation:

While powdering Hingula, white shiny lines were seen.

After half an hour of mardana, shiny particles disappeared

After 25-35 minutes the colour turned to red

Precautions:

Intially mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.

When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out

continuously.


Methodology

Practical No. 2: Hingulotha parada

Hingulotha Parada Nirmana (Extraction of Parada from Hingula)

Date of Commencement - 06 – 01 – 06

Date of completion - 20 – 01 – 06

Reference : Rasatarangini, 9th chapter 13 – 17 sloka.

Drugs used - Hingula -200gms, Nimbu Swarasa 60 ml.

Apparatus – Khalva Yantra, juice extractor, knife, Spatula, Urdwa patana yantra

(two equal sized mud pots), cloth, Multani Mitti, Agni Chulika, Cold Water, cotton

pad etc.,

Procedure:

200 gms shodita Hingula was taken in Khalva Yantra, then powdered, 60 ml of

nimbu swarasa was added and triturated uniformly at a rate of 30 strokes / min for

3 hours.

Then chakrikas were made. This was then allowed to dry in shade.

Weight of dried Hingula after Bhavana was 215 gm., prepared chakrikas were

placed in Urdwa patana yantra and another large sized earthen pot was inverted

over it.

Sandhibandhana was done with a cloth smeared with multani mitti and dried.

Such seven layers were applied after drying of the earlier one.

Urdhwa patana yantra was kept over the chullika, madhyamagni was given for 6

hrs and then Tivragni was given for 2 hrs.

After Swangasheeta, the next day sandhibandhana was carefully removed. 2 pots

were separated; soot with mercury globules was collected from the inner surface

of the upper pot by scraping carefully with a plastic spoon.

Parada was filtered through double fold cloth to get clear mercury.


Methodology

Observations :

Table No. 17 Showing observations during Hingulotha Parada

Date Initial weight

of Hingula

Parada

extracted

Agni given in

hrs

Unburnt

Hingula left in

lower pot

215 gms 115 gms 8 hrs 15 gms

• The dark red colour powder of Hingula became brick red after adding the nimbu

Swarasa, and during the addition of nimbu swarasa to Hingula small bubbles and

white streaks appeared.

• The chakrikas were shade dried at room temperature 27o C with relative humidity

70%.

• The complete drying of chakrikas took nearly 48 hours.

• After drying chakrikas of Hingula appeared Sindura coloured (dark reddish) with

smooth surface and it was observed that weight of Hingula was increased after

drying of the chakrikas from 200 to 215 gms.

• The dried chakrikas were taken for the Hingulakrusta parada in urdhwapatana

yantra.

• After 2 hours of heating the bottom of the lower pot appeared red hot and at 2-½

hrs sulfurous smell was observed.

• After Swanga Sheeta when the Sandhi Bandhana was opened, the mercury

globules along with the soot were found in the central portion of upper pot and in

the lower pot about 15 gm of talasta dravya was obtained in the procedure.

• Some globules of mercury were also seen in the lower pot along with burnt

material.

• Mercury collected was Shining like a madhyana surya.


Methodology

Precautions:

• Mardana procedure was done carefully to avoid spillage of material.

• Fresh nimbu swarasa was added.

• After it attains semi-solid consistency, mardana was done firmly and continuously

• Completely dried Hingula was kept in urdhvapatana yantra.

• Sandhi bandhana was done carefully to avoid over lapping of chakrikas in urdhva

patana Yantra. After each sandhibhandana, it was properly dried.

• While heating, upper pot was kept cool by frequently changing the wet pad over

the pot.

• Uniform and calculated heating was carried out.

• Water was not allowed to fall on Sandhi bandhana.

Results:

Weight of Chakrikas - 215 gms

Weight of Parada extracted - 115 gms

Loss of weight - 100 gms


Methodology

Practical No : 3

Name of the practical : Shodhana of Hingulotha Parada

Date of Commencement : 27 – 02 – 06

Date of Completion : 28 – 02 – 06


Time taken : 2 Days

Apparatus : Khalva Yantra

Drugs used : Hingulatha Parada 115gms

Haridra Churna–7gms,

Nimbu Swarasa– 10ml

Kanji – Q.S.

Procedure : 115gms of Hingulakrusta parada was taken into a porcelain mortar and 7

gms of Harida churna was added & triturated with nimbu swarasa for 2 days and

allowed for drying. After complete drying powder was collected and filtered through

the double folded cloth for 4 times and washed with Kanji.

Observations :

• Yellow haridra churna turned to brilliant green on trituration.

• Slowly parada turned into small droplets and mixed with haridra powder

completely.

• Paste was glittering in sunlight.

• On second day trituration was done by adding required quantity of nimbu swarsa

& triturated until the parada turns into fine particles and get homogenous with the

paste.

• Little quantity of parada along with haridra choorna got adhered to the mortar and

pestle.


Methodology

• Finally the collected mercury was silvery white.

Precautions:

• Throughout the procedure spillage of the material from khalva yantra is avoided.

• Filtration should be carried out after drying of the mixture.

• Small quantity of mixture (20-30 gms) each time should be filtered through

double fold cotton cloth.

Table No. 18, Showing observations during Samanya Shodhana of Parada

Parada

Shodhana

Hingulaha

Parada

Haridra

Choorna

Nimbu

Swarasa Kanji

Shuddha

Parada

Loss

during

Shodhana

1 115gms 7gms 10 ml Q.S. 100 gms 15gms

Practical No. 4: Gandaka Shodhana

Title : Gandhaka Shodhana

Date of commencement : 09 – 03 – 06


Reference : Rasatarangini, 8th chapter shloka7-11

Drugs used : Gandhaka100gms, godugdha300ml, gogritha 300gm

Method: gandhaka was made into powder.gritha was taken in a vessel and heated,to

this gandhak powder was added when gandhaka completely melted it was poured into

a vessel containing godugdha with mouth covered with cloth. solidified gandhaka was

taken out and washed with hot water. This procedure repeated for three times.


Methodology

Observation

All mud particles and dusts, which were present in Gandhaka, were separated out

over the cloth during procedure.

Shodhita Gandhaka was of pale yellow coloured & shiny.

Shodhita Gandhaka was in pindakruthi

Precautions:

Agni should be mrudu.

After melting of grita powdered gandhaka should be added slowly.

Melted gandhaka should be poured immediately to the vessel containing milk covered

with cloth.

After each procedure gandhaka was washed with hot water.

Table No. 19, Showing the Quantity of Gandaka before & after sodhana

Draya Quantity of Gandaka

before sodhana (in gms)

Quantity of Gandaka after shodhana (in

gms)

Gandaka 100 82

Practical No.5: Kajjali Preparation:

Name of the practical : Preparation of Kajjali




Drugs used : Shodhita Hingulotha Parada –60gms

Shodhita Gandhaka –60gms

Apparatus : Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.


Methodology

Procedure:

• 60gms of Shoditha parada was put in Khalva, to this finely powdered Shodhita

Gandhaka was added and triturated.

• Trituration was done slowly with uniform speed till all the Kajjali lakshanas were

observed i.e. the whole mixture converts into a fine, black, smooth, lusterless

powder.

Observations:

• After 5 minutes of trituration bigger mercury globules were broken into smaller

globules.

• After 15 minutes of trituration mixture appeared blackish yellow coloured and

tailing of mercury was seen.

• After 25 minutes mixture appeared dull grey coloured with small shiny globules.

• After 40 minutes mixture appeared Portland cement coloured between which

yellow streaks were seen while triturating.

• No mercury globules were seen 1 hour of mardana. Shining was present, mixture

was Cairo dust colour.

• After 2 hours mixture appeared blackish Grey coloured.

• After 6 hours of trituration, mixture appeared blackish coloured. Shiny particles

were observed.

• After 18 hours mixture appeared black coloured. Tests of Kajjali i.e.,

Rekhapurnatva, varitaratva and Slakshnatva were absent.

• Mixture turned completely into soft, smooth black compound after 32 hours.

• After 42 hours Rekhapurnatva and Slakshnatva were observed in the compound.

• Varitaratwa and Unama were observed in mixture after 55 hours of Mardana


Methodology

• Little quantiity of Kajjali as put on fire and observed, it burns with fumes.

• After 65 hours, Kajjali was taken between thumb and index finger made wet then

rubbed and was exposed to sunlight, no mercury particles were observed.

• Shiny Kajjali flakes were seen adhered at the bottom of Khalwa Yantra.

• For better fineness and smoothness of Kajjali, Mardana was continued upto 72

hours.

• Average to & fro movements of peshani were 14-15 times/ minutes.

Table No. 20, Showing different phases of Kajjali during preparation.

Hours Observations

After 0 hours Parada + Gandhaka

After 15 minutes Tailing of Parada observed

After 25 minutes Grey colour with shiny globules

After 40 minutes Portland cement colour with yellow streaks

After 1 Hour Absence of Parada globules

After 2 Hours It turned to blackish Grey

After 6 Hours Blackish colour with shiny particles

After 18 Hours Test for Kajjali was absent

After 32 Hours It turned to black fine powder

After 42 Hours Attained Rakhapurnatva and Shlakshnatva

After 55 Hours Varitara and unama tests were positive

After 65 Hours Nishchandratva was observed

After 72 Hours Showed completion of Kajjali lakshanas.

Table No. 21, Showing Physical properties of Kajjali

Colour - Black Odour - Sulphurous

Form - Fine Powder Touch - Soft and Smooth

Taste - Tasteless Appearance - Anjana Sadrisha


Methodology

Precautions :

• Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.

• Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.

• Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.

• The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise /Anti

Clockwise direction.

• Kajjali was collected after the completion of Lakshanas.

Results :

Quantity of Shuddha Parada - 60gms

Quantity of Shuddha Gandhaka - 60gms

Weight of Kajjali - 110gms

Loss of weight - 10gms

Practical No.6 VATSANABHA SHODHANA



Reference : Rasa tarangini 24 / 77-78.

Equipments : Ulakalayantra, Vessel, Cloth etc.,

Ingredients and quantity:

Dravya Mana

Vatsanabha 250 gms

Gomootra Yathavashyaka


Methodology

Method of purification:

• 250 gms of roots of Vatsanabha were taken and made into small pieces

and washed well to remove the impurities (external).

• The pieces of Vatsanabha were tied in cloth and Pottali was prepared.

• This pottali was kept in a clean wide mouthed vessel. Gomutra was added,

till the Vatsanabha gets completely immersed in it. This vessel is kept

under sunlight whole day.

• Next day the previous Gomutra was removed and fresh Gomutra was

added and kept under sunlight. This process was repeated for three days.

• Then Vatsanabha pieces were washed with hot water and the outer layer

was removed.

• The pieces of Vatsanabha were dried under sunlight.

Observations:

• After soaking in Gomutra Vatsanabha became soft and colour of Gomutra

changed to dark brown.

• After drying Vatsanabha became black in colour.

• The Vatsanabha pieces become mrudu and tingling sensation was not felt after

Shodhana. After peeling of outer layer it had pandura varna inside.

Precautions:

• Daily Gomutra should be replaced and fresh Gomutra must be used.

• A clean wide mouthed vessel was used to avoid over flow of Gomutra..


Methodology

Test for Vatsanabha Shodhana :

It becomes so soft as it can be pierced by a pin. It does not produce tingling or

numbness when kept over the tongue.

Results :

Table No. 22, Showing Qty of Vatsanabha Before and After Shodhana

Dravya Before Shodhana

(in gms)

After Shodhana

(in gms) Loss Observations

Vatsanabha 250 180 70 Colour-Gray

Smell -Gomutra gandha.

Touch-Fine

Taste-Tikta

PRACTICAL NO. 7 VATSANABHA CHURNIKARANA



Materials :

Method of preparation:

Dravya Mana

Vatsanabha 250 gms

The Grahya 250 gms of Vatsanabha churnikarana was done in Ulukalayantra

and sieved through cloth and stored in clean airtight bottle.


Methodology

Observations:

Vatsanabha converts into Gray coloured fine powder.

Precautions:

Vatsanabha should be dried properly before churnikarana.

Result:

Table No. 23, Showing Quantity of Vatsanabha Before and After Churnikarana

Dravya Before Churnikarana

(in gms)

After Churnikarana

(in gms) Loss

Vatsanabha 180 160 20

PRACTICAL NO. 8 PIPPALI CHURNIKARANA



Materials :

Method of preparation:

Dravya Mana

Pippali 250 gms

The Grahya 250 gms of pippali churnikarana was done in Ulukalayantra and

sieved through cloth and stored in clean airtight bottle.


Methodology

Observations:

Pippali converts into brown coloured fine powder.

Result:

Table No. 24, Showing Quantity of Pippali Before and After Churnikarana

Dravya Before

Churnikarana

After

Churnikarana Loss Observations

Pippali 250 gms 190 gms 60

gms Colour-Dark green

Smell -Aromatic.

Touch-Fine

Taste-Pungent

Practical No. 9

Title : Preparation of Jatikosha churna



Materials required : Ulukhala yantra,Cloth etc.

Drugs used : Jatikosha-250gms

Method:

Jatikosha was taken in ulukhala Yantra and pounding it into churna and sieved

through cloth, the procedure was repeated until complete fine powder was obtained

and stored in clean air tight container:


Methodology

Observation:

Jathi Kosha converts into brown coloured fine powder:

Precautions;

Jathikosha churna should be dried completely.

Jathikosha churna should be preserved in airtight container.

Table No. 25, . Showing the quantity of Jathikosha before and after churnikarana.

Draya Before After Loss Observation

Jathikosha 250 Gms 160Gms 90Gms Colour –Browns

Smell – Teekshna

gandi

Touch – Fine

Taste – kashaya

Step NO. 03 Preparation of Swacchanddha Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya).

Practical No.10

Title : Swacchanddha Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya).



Reference : BhaishajyaRatnavali, 5th chapter sloka 492 – 493.

Materials required : Khalwa yantra.


Methodology

Table No. 26, showing the Ingredients of Swacchanddha Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya)

with their proportions and quantity.

Sl. Ingredients Quantity

01 Shodita Parada 50 gms

02 Shodita Gandhak 50 gms

03 Shodita Vatsnabha 50 gms

04 Pippali 50 gms

05 Jathikosha 50 gms

Method:

Kajjali was prepared.

The Homogenous mixture of Kajjali, Shodhita Vatsanabhachurna, Pippali churna,

Jatikhosha churna was prepared .

Required quantity of water is added and mardana was done until vati consistency

was achived.

The vati of 62.5 mg or ½ Ratti was prepared

The vati were kept for drying in shade.

Observations:

The whole mixture turned to black colour.

At final stage the mixture becomes a single bolus and non sticky.

At this stage small amount of mixture was taken in between hands and rolled in to

vatis.


Methodology

Precautions:

Purified ingredients were used.

Care was taken that mixture is not spilled out of khalva.

Mardna was done well.

Vati was prepared immediately after mardhana.

Uniformity of weight was maintained while preparing vati. and gross verified by

the test for uniformity.

Results: 240gms of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) was obtained.


Methodology

Analytical Study

Definition: 193

“Analytical chemistry may be defined as the science and art of determining the

composition of materials in terms of the elements or compounds control”.

“Analytical chemistry is a tool to gain information about the qualitative and

quantitative composition of substances and chemical species, i.e. to find out what a

substance is composed of and exactly how much”.

Analytical chemistry mainly deals with the qualitative and quantitative

assessment of chemical substance:

Qualitative Analysis: Information regarding the presence or absence of one or more

components of the sample.

Quantitative Analysis: Information, which is finally obtained by measuring same

physical property that is characteristically related to the component.

Another type of classification are194:

• Chemical methods of analysis, mainly involves gravimetric (Mass) and volumetric

(Volume) method.

• Instrumental methods, includes rest of the methods.

Ex: Diffraction of radiation: Refraction of radiation, emission and absorption of

radiation.

• The sampling, dissolution, change in oxidation state removal of excess reagent,

pH adjustment addition of complex reagents, precipitation, concentration and the

removal of interference’s are the various chemical steps which are part of an

instrumental method.


Methodology

So chemical steps are often on integral part of an instrumental method, but

both the methods have their own limitations.

Steps involved in analysis:

Following are the various important steps required to reach satisfactory results:

• Obtaining the sample in pure form.

• Preparation of the sample

• Analytical procedure

• Evaluation of the satisfactory results

Importance of analytical chemistry195:

• Analytical chemistry has its impact on pharmaceutical research, quality control

and in clinical analysis.

• Sensitive chemical and instrumental tests were employed to detect abnormal and

normal components of body fluids, chemical changes occurring in the metabolic

fluids.

• In pharmaceutical industry helps in the detection of quality of the manufactured

drug in tablet, solution and emulsion form.

• In pharmaceutical studies, it is important to establish the properties and

therapeutic value of a drug before the drug is available to public.


Methodology

Advantages of 196

Chemical Methods

• Procedure is accurate and simple.

• The equipment needed is cheap.

• Specialized training is usually not

required.

Instrumental Methods

• High sensitivity is obtained.

• The determination is very fast.

• Even complex samples can be handled

easily.

Limitations of

Chemical Methods

• Accuracy decreases with decreasing

amounts.

• Procedure is time consuming

• There is lack of specificity

Instrumental Methods

• The cost of equipment is large.

• Specialized training is needed.

• The sensitivity and accuracy depends

on the instrument.

Ayurveda is having its unique analytical approach towards drugs, but in

present era there is necessity of analysis of drug based on modern methodology. So,

it is a need to evaluate drugs by various parameters which includes –

1. Physical analysis

2. Chemical analysis


Methodology

Physical evaluation (Organoleptic characteristics) –

1. Colour - Black

2. Smell - Characteristic – cow’s urine

3. Touch - Smooth

01.Hardness test –

The finished vati has to be hard, as it may not disintegrate in the required

period of time and if the vati is too soft, it may not withstand during packing and

transporting Therefore, it is necessary to check hardness of tablets.

Method – (Monsanto Hardness test)

It is a soft portable hardness tester, which was manufactured and introduced

by Monsanto chemical company. It consists of a spring, which can be compressed by

moving the screw knob forward.

The tablet which to be tested is held between a fixed and a moving jaw and

reading of the indicator is adjusted to zero. The force is applied to the edge of the vati

and gradually increased by moving the screw knob forward until the vati breaks.

Reading is noted from the scale, which indicates the pressure required in Kg or in

pounds to break the tablet.

Hardness = 1.45 Kg/cm2

01. Uniform weight of tablets –

The average weight is determined by weighing 20 tablets. The tablets are also

weighed singly. The deviation from the average weight in each case is calculated and

expressed as a percentage. Not more than two of the tablets deviate form the average

weight by a greater percentage. No tablet deviate more than that percentage.

If 20 tablets are not available 10 may be used for the determination, not more

than one deviate from the average weight by a greater percentage.


Methodology

Weight variation = + 6.3% to 5.7%

03. Friability –

Friability test is performed to evaluate the ability of the tablet to withstand

abrasion in packing, handling and transporting. The instrument used for the same is

known as “Friability test apparatus”

Method –

It consists of a plastic chamber, which is divided into two parts and revolves at

a speed of 25 rpm. A number of tablets are weighed and placed in the tumbling

chamber, which is rotated for four minutes of 100 revolutions. During each

revolution the tablets fall from a distance of 6 inches to undergo shock. After 100

revolutions the tablets are again weighed and loss in weight indicates the friability.

The acceptable limit of weight loss should be not more than 0.8%

Friability – Nil

04. Determination of disintegration time:

Procedure:

One pill was introduced into each tube of the disintegration apparatus. Disc

was added to each tube. The assembly was suspended in a beaker containing 0.1 N

Hcl at 370C and the apparatus was operated. The time was noted down with the help

of stopwatch. The time taken for all the tablets to disintegrate completely is

disintegration time.

Disintegration time : 25 Minutes

05. Determination of pH –

The pH value of the sample was determined by a digital pH meter. One

percent solution was prepared, as the sample was dry and solid in the form of pills.


Methodology

The pills were powdered. One gram of the sample was weighed accurately and

dissolved in 100ml of water pH was noted in the digital pH meter.

PH value: 5.89 (acidic)

06. Loss on drying –

Digest pure quartz sand that passed through No.40 but 60 sieves with

hydrochloric acid wash acid free, dry and ignite preserve in a stopped bottle.

Place 25-30gms prepared sand and short glass rod in a nickel or stainless steel

dish about 55 ml diameter and 40mm deep fitted with cover. Dry thoroughly cover

dish cool in desiccators.

Pipette out of quantity of drug to yield about 1gm of dry matter mix with a few

ml of water and transfer quantitatively to the dish containing prepared sand with aid

of water. Mix the sample thoroughly with the sand.

Dry at a temperature not more than 1100C under pressure not more than 50

mm of Hg. Making trail washing at 2 hours interval. Towards end of drying period

until successive weighing do not differ by more than 2 mg. Calculate the total solid

from the loss of weight on drying.

Loss on drying: 17.08%

07. Determination of total ash.

Procedure –

Take about 2gms accurate weighed, ground drug in a previously traced silica

dish, previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground dry in a fine even layer on

the bottom of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not exceeding dull

red heat (4500C) until free from carbon. Cool and weigh Calculate the percentage of

ash with reference to the air-dried drug.

Total ash: 6.55%


Methodology

8. Identification of alkaloids

Silica get 60 F254 Merck pre-coated plates.

Mobile phase – Chloroform: Methanol (90.10)

Location reagent – Dragendroff’s reagent.

Procedure –

Weigh about 2gms of the sample into a separating flash. Add about 20ml water

Alkalize with dilute ammonia and extract with two quantities 25ml of chloroform

Filter through anhydrous sodium sulphate. Evaporate the chloroform layer to the

residue obtained. Add about 1 ml of methanol. Shake well to dissolve and spot

about 10-ul solutions on the TLC plate. Elute the plate with mobile phase to3/4” of

the plate. Dry the plate at 1050C and spray the plate with dragendroff’s regent. If

alkaloids are present brownish red sports were obtained in the sample solution.

Result : Alkaloids present.

10. Determination of Sulphur:

Eschka Mixture:

Mix two parts by weight calcined magnesia with one part of anhydrous

sodium carbonate.

Procedure:

Cover the bottom of a 50ml crucible with 0.5gm of Eschka’s mixture Weight

accurately the appropriate quantity of the sample material and mix it immediately

with 2gms of Eschka’s mixture and put evenly on the previously weighed Eschka’s

mixture Level the contents by tapping gently on a bench. Cover this uniformly with

0.5gm of Eschka mixture. Place crucible in the muffle furnace. Raise the

temperature from room temperature to 8000C +250C in about one hour and then heat

for further 90 minutes.


Methodology

Transfer the ignited mixture as completely as possible from the crucible to a

beaker containing 25 to30 ml of water. Wash out the crucible thoroughly with about

50 ml of hot distilled water and add the washings to the contents of the breaker.

Add carefully sufficient quantity of concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve

the solid matter, warming the content of the breaker to effect solution. Boil for 5

Minutes to expel carbon dioxide. Add drop wise from a pipette, warm 5% Barium

chlorine solution. Stir the solution constantly during the addition. Allow the

precipitate to settle for a minute or two.

Then test the supernatant liquid for complete precipitation by adding a few

drops of Barium chloride solution. If a precipitate is formed, add slowly a further 3

ml of the reagent allow the precipitate to settle as before and test again, repeat this

operation until an excess of Barium Chloride is present. When an excess of the

precipitating agent has been added, keep the covered solution hot, but not boiling for

an hour (steam bath) in order to allow time for complete precipitation. The

precipitation should settle and a clear supernatant liquid should be obtained. Test the

latter with a few drops of barium chloride solution for complete precipitation. If no

precipitate obtained, the Barium sulphate is ready for filtration.

Filter the solution through an ash less filter paper (Whatman No. 42) Wash the

precipitate with small portion of hot water. Dry the paper and place it in a silica or

porcelain crucible, previously ignited to redness and cooled in a desiccators and

weighed. Gradually increase the heat until the paper chars and volatile matter is

expelled. Do not allow the paper to burst into flame as mechanical loss may thus

ensure. When charring is complete, raise the temperature of the crucible to dull

redness and burn off carbon with free excess of air. When the precipitate is white

ignite the crucible at red heat for 10-15 minutes. Allow the crucible to cool in air,


Methodology

transfer it to a desiccators and when cold, weigh the crucible and contents. Repeat

until constant weight is attained.

A blank is necessary. Calculate the percentage of sulphur converting Barium

sulphate X 0.1374.

Sulphur: 9.9%

11. Determination of mercury

Procedure –

Dissolve about 0.3gms of the sample in 5ml of aquaregia and add 100ml of

water. Add 40ml of 0.05N EDTA, 5ML OF Ammonia buffer solution and 0.5ml of

solochrome black indicator. Titrate the solution with 0.05 M Zinc sulphate until the

blue colour changes to purple (do not overshoot the end point), add 3 gms of

potassium iodide, swirl to dissolve. Allow to stand for two minutes. Then, continue

the titration with zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before. Each ml Zinc

sulphate solution required after addition of potassium iodide = 0.0103 Hg.

Mercury : 80.3%

12. Solubility.

About one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in 10ml of the

solvents. When the sample did not dissolve, an excess of solvent by 10ml quantity

up to 100ml was added and noted the sample was sparingly soluble in water and

slightly soluble in chloroform and alcohol (1 gram of sample in 600 ml to 1000 ml of

chloroform and alcohol.

SOLUBILITY TESTS: RESULTS:

Water Very slightly soluble

Chloroform Sparingly soluble

Alcohol Sparingly soluble


Methodology

XRD REPORT:

x-ray diffraction method204

Definition : X-ray diffraction is a technique through which the special arrangement of

structural units of a substance in the crystalline state i.e., investigating the interior or a

crystal.

Principle :

Bragg’s law of diffraction of x-ray by crystals is applicable according to him

when an x-ray beam strikes a crystal surface at an angle portion of the beam

penetrates to the second layers of atoms and so on. The cumulative effect of this

scattering from the regularly spaced centers of the crystal is nothing but diffraction of

the beam.

The important requirement of diffraction are:

a) The Spacing between layers of atoms must be roughly the same as the wavelength

of the radiation.

b) The scattering centers must be specially distributed in a highly regular way.

Various methods of x-ray diffraction :

• Lane photographic method.

• Bragg x-ray spectrometer method.

• Ratting crystal method

• Powder method.

Sample preparation :

The samples are ground to a fine, homogenous powder and held in the beam

of thin walled glass or the specimen maybe mixed with a suitable non-crystalline

binder and moulded into a suitable shape.


Methodology

As a result large number of small crystallites are oriented in all possible

directions and when x-ray beam traverses the material a significant number of

particles are expected to be oriented in such a manner that Bragg’s a equation for

reflection from every possible inter planar spacing becomes satisfied.

When the x-ray beam is diffracted by a fine powder, made of small

crystallites, diffraction will take place for all crystallites whose planes spacing of

atom d make an angle or reflection (θ) to that incident beam, and the diffracted beam

will lie on a cone of semi apex angle 2θ. The minimum interplanar spacing giving a

diffraction is at :

d = λ / 2, θ = 900

A complete study of the sample assumes all possible angular positions in the

path of the x-rays, should give a unique result for each substance.

Applications :

• X-ray diffraction provides a convenient and, practical means for qualitative

identification of crystalline compounds where the x-ray diffraction pattern is

unique for each crystalline substance.

• Quantitative analysis of x-ray diffraction is done by comparing the intensity of a

chosen diffraction line in a standard mixture.

• X-ray diffraction is employed in investigating the interior of a crystal. (size and

shapes of individual crystal vary but interfacial angle remain constant).

• Used in detecting the structures of complex natural products such as steriods,

vitamins and antibiotics.


Methodology

Advantages:

• X-ray methods are non-destructive.

• X-ray analysis done to crystalline samples in any physical state of sub-division.

Disadvantages:

• The accuracy of the analysis depends on the surface preparation, reliability of

standards, stability of x-ray tube output and the number of x-ray photos counted.

• Instrumental and sample variable affect the analysis.


Discussion

Discussion

In the present work swacchandha Bhairava Rasa (Dwitiya) 1 is taken for

pharmaceutical and analytical study, for its Jwaraghna property as it is indicated in

navajwara. The ingredients of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) are Shodhita

hingulota parada, Shodhita gandhaka, Shodhita vatsanabha, pippali and jatikosha.

Jwara is a common entity found in day-to-day practice, as a disease and also as a lakshna

in other diseases, where agnimandhya is a root cause, which forms ama, by virtue of it

srotoavarodha and swedavarodha, leading to the raise in body temperature.

As Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) acts as jwaraghna by their properties i.e.

Deepana pachana properties causes Agnivardhana and their by Amapachana.

Swedapravartaka properties relieving sweedavarodha there by reducing body

temperature.

Due to rasayana property, its rasayana karma helps in normalizing Dhatvagnipaka.

Yogavahi guna enhances the properties of other ingredients there by cumulating the

jwaraghna effect.

Hence it is a need of hour to critically analyze the Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)

by attempting through proper pharmaceutical and necessary analytical approach.

We shall discuss each of these ingredients individually & their shodana, specialized

combinations, final combination, pharmaceutical studies & analytical reports in a

stepwise fashion.

Hingula:

• In samhita kala there were no reference of Hingula, but we get the reference of

parada.

• It is chief ore of Mercury and combination of mercury and Sulphur.

• In olden days it was assumed to be imported from other countries.


Discussion

Hingula shodhana:

Shodhana was done with nimbuswarasa, due to bhavana, hingula was reduced to

finer particles, which helps to extract maximum amount of mercury. The increase of

weight after shodhana is by addition of solid contents of nimbuswarasa.

Hingulottha parada:

• As the name indicates the parada is extracted from Hingula

• Hingula taken was of kritrima variety.

• Method used for Hingulakarshana was urdhwa paatana vidhi as per Rasatarangini

• Urdhwa patana yantra was used for the Hingulaakarshana

• Yield of parada by this process was 52%

• Loss is due to insufficient heating pattern, unburnt chakrikas and some portion by

dhoomagati, malagati and jalagati in process.

Parada Shodhana

• Parada Shodhana was done as per rasatarangini, with haridrachoorna and

nimbuswarasa.

• Properties of haridra embides the jwaragna property in parada by shodhana.

• Loss of parada is due to malagati and jalagati in the shodhana process.

• The parada was looking brighter & more glistening after the shodhana.

Gandhaka Shodhana

• Gandhaka taken for the study was checked for the lakshanas of grahya gandhaka

• Amlasara gandhaka was considered for the study & subjected for shodhana as per

rasatangini

• Gandhakashodhana was done with equal quantity of godugda & ghritha

• Shuddha gandhaka was brighter, spotless & softer than ashuddha gandhaka


Discussion

• Shuddha Gandhaka had lesser gandha than Ashuddha gandhaka

• Shuddha gandhaka was pindakriti.

• Teekshna ushna gunas of gandhaka reduces by demulcent properties of dugdh and

gritha

• Fat soluble impurities get removed by shodhana

• Loss is due to removal of impurities, some portions due to washing and some due to

adhesion to the vessel and cloth.

KAJJALI:

• Kajjali was observed for siddhi laskshanas like nishchandratva, rekhapurnatva,no

free mercury particles seen after rubbing it with water on hand.

• Loss is due to spilling out from khalva during process .

• Regarding Khalvee Rasayana

Kajjali should be very fine like collyrium, absence of dazzling particles. In different

medicines, purified mercury and purified sulphur are mixed in different proportions.

Addition of Kajjali along with herbal ingredients helps to increase their durability adds

shelf life and reduces their dosage. Kajjali as such is used in combination with other

drugs in a recipe.

Vatsanabha Shodhana:

• Vatsanabha is known to Ayurvedic pharmacopeia since long ago. Charaka

classifies it under sthavara visha.

• Sushruta classified it under kanda visha; Sthavara vishas are used mainly in

therapeutics.

• Among sthavara visha kanda and moola vishas are very commonly as they are

claimed to be as more potent and effective.


Discussion

• Amrita synonym of vatsanabha, quoted by Rasatarangini and Dhanwantari

Nighantu, if it is administered after purification with proper dose and precautions, it

acts quick in the body, proves highly beneficial to body.

• Some acharyas termed marana, pranahara, for vatsanabha. Because it is visha

dravya.

• In samihita kala the use of Vatsanabha for therapeutic purpose was limited because

of less development of shodhana procedures.

• Shodhana is necessary for Vatsanabha before using therapeutically. Ashodhita

visha when used may lead to several complications. Purification’s is done to reduce

its toxicity.

• While explaining grahya vatsanabha it is sthoola, snigdha, guru, naveena.

• Timing of collection: After fruiting

• Condition: free from kita etc,

• Best variety: pandu variety.

It may be that it is less toxic to other varieties and gives more therapeutic effects.

Vatsanabha indicated in

• Vatarakta, Shwasa, kasa, does the prashamana of Jwara and Amavata.

• It may be due to the property of diaphoretic, antipyretic, anti inflammatory in small

doses. It is narcotic when administered in large doses.

• Loss is due to drying, peeling of outer layer and while pounding.

Pippali-

• Pippali is used as a drug in Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata samhitas, usually used

dravya in many Ayurvedic formulations.

• Magadhi synonym quoted by Dhanwantari nighantu and Bhavaprakash nighantu, it

shows the place of avaliability.


Discussion

• Pippali has the property of Rasayana, Jwarahara, Kasashwasahara, Shoola Amavata.

• It is stimulant, carminative, and also immuno-modulator.

• Loss is due to spilling out while pounding and sieving.

JatiKosha :

JatiKosha is explained in Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata samhitas, usually used

dravya in many Ayurvedic formulations.

Loss is due to spilling out while pounding and sieving.

Preparation of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)

After mixing the ingredients homogeneously mardhana with jala was done till it attains

vati consistency and rolled into vatis.

240gms of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) was obtained.

Gain of weight is due to jala bhavana.

Discussion on analytical study-

Uniformity of weight

For the present study vatis were prepared manualy. 20 vatis taken randomly and weighed.

The average weight was calculated. The weight variations fall with in normal limits.

Hardness test

Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) was subjected to hardness test, values were

observed as 1.45 kg./Cm2

Disintegration test :

Vati disintegrated within 25 minutes in 0.1N Hcl this is within normal limits.

Friability test

The weight of the tablets weighed before and after 100 revolutions showed weight loss of

Nil which shows that it can withstand abrasion in packing, handling and transporting.


Discussion

pH test:

the pH of the vati is 5.89. It is acidic in nature

Loss on drying

It shows the end product contain 17.8 % if moisture.

Alkaloids

The formulation contain Parada,Gandaka, Vatsanabha, Pippali & Jathikosha, Alkaloids

of all the dravyas were restored even in the end product, which was confirmed by TLC

procedure.

Total ash

The herbal drugs were converted in to ash form resulting in to weight loss. Here value of

weight loss noted is 6.55%.

Solubility test:

SOLUBILITY TESTS: RESULTS:

Water Very slightly soluble

Chloroform Sparingly soluble

Alcohol Sparingly soluble

Assay for Mercury and Sulphur

The percentage of Mercury and Sulphur was assayed in the vati which revealed that

Mercury was present in 80.3% and Sulphur was present in 9.9%.

XRD:

The report suggest that the graph is specific to Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).

The highest peak level is of parada, rest of the peak is of other ingredients in their

complex state present in Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)


Discussion

PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION:

Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)

Ingredients Guna karmas

Parada Yogavahi, Sarvamayahara, rasayana.35

Gandaka Kaphavatahara, rasayana.44

Vatsanabha Yogavahi, Pranadayi, Tridoshaghna.79

Pippili Deepana, rasayana, Vatasleshmahara,

Jwaraghna.99

Jatikosha Ruchi varna kruth,vishapaha104

Deepana and pachana action from parada, gandhaka, vathsanabha, pippali and

jatikosha causes amapachana action, this helps chikithsa sutra of navajwara. Once the

amapachana is done the niramalakshanas would appear.

Shrothoavarodha in the form of swedaavarodha in navajwara which needs ushna,

theekshana gunas to contaract. Pippali, Vathsanabha and jatikosha have ushana

theekshana gunas which has lekhana action, this reduces the swedaavarodha.

Vathsnabha with its swedapravartaka action would ease the flowing out of sweda,

which in turn carries the pitta out of the srotases. This helps to reduce santapa in jwara.

• Yogavahi Guna enhances activities of other ingredients that are combined with it in

this case parada, Vatsanabha enhances activities of Jathikosha pippli and Gandaka

without loosing their own karmas.

• In Navajwara as dosha is pitta and Dhathu being rasa, a rasayana is the need of the

hour as it corrects the Agni which has becomes dushya in Jwara.

• Jwaragna activities of pippli and vatsanabha is enhanced by Yogavahithva of Kajjali.

• Vishapaha guna of Jathi kosha rectifies the vitiated aama which is cause of

Navajwara


Discussion

There by the yoga Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) can effectively combact the

disease navajwara.


Conclusion

Conclusion:

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical study on Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)”

1. The formation of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) has a balance of drugs

acting on the samprapthi of Navajwara to bring about samprapthi vighatana.

2. Hingula is a chief ore of parada.

3. Hingula available in the modern days is kritrima Hingula.

4. Urdhwapatana yantra is the Yantra useful in Hingulakarshana.

5. 52% is the yield in this process.

6. The loss of parada in this process happens due to dhooma, mala and jalagati of

parada.

7. Sodhana Hingulakarshitha parada should be done with Haridra churna and

nimbu swarasa.

8. Haridra turns greenish, latter brownish colour when triturated with parada and

nimbu swarasa.

9. Parada becomes brighter after shodhana by the above method.

10. The loss of parada through this process is roughly 13%, which may be due to

jala and mala gati.

11. Shodhana of Gandaka with gritha and dugdha makes it brighter, softer,

spotless, less odour, less teekshna than ashudda gandaka.

12. Loss of gandaka in the above process is 18 %

13. He takes 72 hours to reach Kajjali Siddi lakshana at the rate of 14 to 15 strokes

per minute while mardhana.

14. Loss of Kajjali while mardhana is roughly 8 % due to spillage.

15. Shodhana of vatsanabha with Gomutra abolishes the tingling effect on tongue

when applied.


Conclusion

16. The loss due to shodhana of vatsanabha is around 28% w/w

17. Suddha vastsanabha is darker, softer.

18. The ingredients of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) were added in the

same chronological order as in the classical.

19. After adding the ingredients of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya)

mardhana was done with jala for 3 hours.

20. The bolus of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) after attaining vati

consistency, can be rolled into pills easily and bolus is almost non sticky.

21. There was about 4% loss of the material in the final product during the process

of yoga.

22. Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) analysis reveals the hardness – 1.45 kg

/cm2 , disintegration time – 25 minutes in 0.1 N Hcl solution, friability

passes the test loss on drying – 17.8%, test for alkaloides – present, total ash-

6.55% , solubility test-inwater very sparingly soluble, in cloroform and

alcohol sparingly soluble, assay for mercury – 80.3% and for sulphur – 9.9%

SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY:

• The yoga can be further taken for toxicity study.

• Experimental model for antipyretic effect can be undertaken.

• Its efficacy can be ruled out Clinically.


Summary

SUMMARY:

The present study is entitled “Pharmaceutico analytical study on Swacchandda

Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).”In this study, here an attempt is made to prepare Swacchandda

Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya) as per classical procedure and its necessary physical and

chemical analisis was carried out.

This study includes the following chapters viz.Introduction, Objectives, Review

of literatureand methodology which contains pharmaceutical and analytical study. The

next chapter discussion and conclusion.

1.In the introduction part importance of rasa shastra, Khalvi rasayana & Kajjali kalpas is

explained.

2.Aims and objectives of present study are mentioned in objective chapter.

3.Revive of literature deals with drug revive i.e. the ingredients of Swacchandda

Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya), their vernacular name synonyms varities shodhana properties

and modern view is described.

4.Methodology it deals about pharmaceutical and analytical study.

a.in pharmaceutical study explains about hinguja shodhana, hingulotha parada, parada

shodhana, gandhaka shodhana,kajjali preparation, vatsanabha shodhana and choornikarna

,pippali choornikarna ,jathikosha choornikarna and

Preparation of Swacchandda Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya).

b. The analytical study deals about physico chemical analysis of Swacchandda Bhairava

rasa (Dwitiya), i.e.pH, total ash, friability, estimation of mercury and sulphur etc

c. Discussion chapter deals with discussions regarding ingredients of Swacchandda

Bhairava rasa (Dwitiya), process of pharmaceutical and analytical study.

Finally essence of dissertation is explained in conclusion.


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Bharati Academy ; 1981. p.110

d.Yogaratnakara. Edited by Shri Laxmipati Shastry. 5th edn. Varanasi:

Choukamba Sanskrit Sansthana; 1993. p. 241.

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79. P.V.Sharma, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II, 1st edition, Varanasi : Choukhamba

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80.P.V. Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Mishrakadi varga, shloka 11-12, editor

Guruprasada Sharma, 1st edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Orientalia, 1982, p. 280.

81.Pandita Narahari, Rajanighantu, Pippalyadivarga, shloka 223, edited by

Indradeva Tripathi, 2nd edition, Varanasi: Krishnadasa Academy, 1998, p. 180.

82.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini, 24th Taranga, shloka 26-31, edited by

Kashinatha Shastri, 11th edition, Varanasi: Motilala Banarasi Das, 1979, p.653.

83.K.M. Nadakarani, Indian Materia Medica, Vol - I, editor A. K. Nadakarni, 3rd

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87. Bapalala Bahisha, Nighantu Adarsha, Poorvardha, 1st edition, Varanasi:

Choukhamba Vidyabhavana, 1981, Vatsanabha varga, p. 4.

88. Vagbhatacharya, Rasaratna Samucchaya, editor Ambikadatta Shastri, 9th

edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Ambarabharati Prakashana, 1998, chapter 29th,

shloka 145, p. 602.

89 Krishnan Vij., Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2nd edition,

Delhi B. Chirchill’s Livingstone Private Limited, 2002, 12th chapter, p. 940-942.

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Indradeva Tripathi, 2nd edition, Varanasi : Krishnadasa Academy, 1998, p. 505.

91. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Mutra Varga, sloka 1, edited by G.S.


92. Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, Ayurveda deepika commentary, Sutrasthana 1st

chapter, sloka 101,editor P.V.Sharma, 5th edition, Varanasi : Choukhamba

Sanskrit Samsthana, 1997, p. 35.

93. K.M. Nadakarani, Indian Materia Medica, Vol - I, editor A. K. Nadakarni, 3rd

edition, Bombay: Popular Prakashana Private Limited, 1982, p. 232-233.

94.a. Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, editor Gangasahya Pandyeya, Sutrasthana,

chapter 4th chapter, shloka 6,9,25,29,30,36,42,45, 2nd edition, Varanasi:

Choukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, 1983, p. 60-68

b. Sushruta, Sushruta samhita, editor Ambikadatta Shastri, , Sutrasthana,

chapter 39, shloka 22&60, 11th edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Saskrit

Samsthana, 1997 p. 143&145.


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c. Vagbhatacharya, Ashtangasangraha, Sutrasthana, chapter 16th, shloka 40,

editor Ravidatta Tripathi, 2nd edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Sanskrit Series,

1992, p. 324.

95. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu,Haritakyadi Varga ,edited by G.S.

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96. a. Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. Haritakyadi varga. Sholka 55-58. Edited by G.S. Pande., 7th edn Varanasi : Choukambha Bharati Academy ; 1982 p. 15.

b. P. V. Sharma, Kaidev Nighantu, Aoushadhi varga, Shloka 1165-1169, 2nd edn. Varanasi : Choukambha Orientalia ;. p.215.

c. Bapalal G. Vaidhya, Nighantu Adarsha pippalyadi varga, 1st edition. Varanasi : Choukambha Bharati Academy ; 1985,. p.353

d. Pandit Narahari’s Rajanighantu, Pippalyadi varga, Shloka-11-12, edited by Indradeva Tripathi, 2nd edn. Varanasi: Krishnadasa Academy; 1998. p.135-136.

e. Dhanavantari Nigantu, P. V. Sharma Shatapushpadi Varga, Shloka 73,1st edn. Varanasi: Choukambha Bharati Academy; 1982, p. 83.

f. Madanapala, Madanapala nighantu, Shloka 12, edited by Pandith Ramaprasad Vaidhya Upadhyaya, Mumbai: Khemaraja Sri Krishnadas Prakashan;. P.66.

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Indradeva Tripathi, 2nd edition, Varanasi: Krishnadasa Academy, 1998, , p. 135-

136.

98.a. P.V.Sharma, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II, chapter 4th, 1st edition, Varanasi:

Choukhamba Bharateeya Academy, 1981, , p. 275.

b. K.M. Nadakarani, Indian Materia Medica Vol - I, editor A. K. Nadakarni, 3rd

edition, Bombay: Popular Prakashana Private Limited, 1982, p. 965.

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99. a .P.V. Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, chapter 2nd, shloka 73-74, editor

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b. Pandita Narahari, Rajanighantu, Pippalyadi varga, shloka 11-13, edited

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135-136.

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58, edited by G.S. Pandye, 7th edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Bharateeya

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d. Madana Pala, Madanapala nighantu, Shyunthyadi varga, shloka 12,

Mumbai: Kemaraja Shri. Krishnadasa Prakashana, 1988, p. 66.

e. P.V. Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Oushadhi varga, shloka 1165-

11691st edition, Varanasi : Choukhamba Orientalia, 1989, , p. 215.

f. K.M. Nadakarani, Indian Materia Medica Vol-I, editor A. K.

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p.965.

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101. JLN Shastri, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II, 1st edition, Varanasi:

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103, a. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, edited by G.S.


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c. P.V.Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ChandadiVarga, Sloka 31-32, edited

by Guruprasad Sharma, 3rd ed. Varnasi Chaukamba Orientalia, 2002. P.96.

d. Madanapala, Madanapla Nighantu,- karpuradivarga, sloka 20, edited by

Kemaraja, Mumbai, Sri Krishnadas Prakashan, 1998. P.80.

e. Pandit Narahari, Raja Nighantu, Chandanadi Varga, Sloka 75,edited by


104. a. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga,sloka 57, edited by


b. Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva Nighntu, Oushadi Varga, Sloka 1329-1330, edited by

P.V.Sharma, Ist edition, Varnasi , Chaukamba Orientalia, 1979. P.246.

c. P.V.Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Chandanadi Varga, Sloka 31-32,

edited by Guruprasad Sharma, 3rd ed. Varnasi Chaukamba Orientalia, 2002. P.96.

d. Pandit Narahari, Raja Nighantu, Chandanadi Varga, Sloka 76, edited by


105. a. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga,sloka 57, edited by


b. Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva Nighntu, Oushadi Varga, Sloka 1329-1330,edited by

P.V.Sharma, Ist edition, Varnasi , Chaukamba Orientalia, 1979. P.246.

c. P.V.Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Chandanadi Varga, Sloka 31-32, edited

by Guruprasad Sharma, 3rd ed. Varnasi Chaukamba Orientalia, 2002. P.96.

d. Madanapala , Madanapla Nighantu,- KarpuradiVarga, sloka 20 , edited by

Kemaraja , Mumbai, Sri Krishnadas Prakashan, 1998. P.80.

e. Pandit Narahari, Raja Nighantu, Chandanadi Varga, Sloka 76, edited by



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106. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, 2nd Chapter, sloka 52.,edited by Kashinatha Shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilala Banarasidas publication, 1979.P.22. 107. Sri Harisharananda, Bhasma Vvijana, Ayurveda Vijnana Grautha Karyalaya, Punjab, 1st Edition 2000, P.12, 13, 32, 33. . 108. Acharya Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda 12th Chapter, Sloka 16-17,edited by Dr. Brahamananda Tripati, 3rd edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba Oriential, 1996.P.261.


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