Sustainable sanitation systems as a key for circular

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Sustainable sanitation systems as a key for circular economy

- Three examples from Germany

1 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas

Re Water Braunschweig , 2011.11.22

Structure of the lecture

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•! Introduction

•! Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg

•! Public toilet facility in the TerraBoga research project

•! Zero-Emissions-Hotel in Berlin

•! Outlook

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze & Peter Thomas

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•! Climate change and extreme weather events •! Pressure on fresh water availability, food production and

infrastructures

Introduction


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Introduction

•! Pressure on resources and infrastructures •! Population growth & urbanization in big cities •! Population shrinkage in rural areas and small cities


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Introduction

Peak Phosphorous Curve [Cordell, 2009]

•! The world is losing fertile top soil 10 to 20 times

faster than it is replenishing it. •! Phosphorous production is expected to peak at

2040. Currently estimated minable Phosphorous reserves will be depleted in 70 – 100 years.


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Introduction

•! Depletion of natural resources despite enhanced efficiency


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Introduction

Ecological Footprint:

•! Demands (for processes & production) are converted into a measure of land area used in 'global hectares' (gha) per capita.

•! Today the average footprint is 2,3 gha (1.2 worlds)

•! Average footprint gha per capita (2003) : •! USA: 9.5 gha •! China: 1.5 gha, Shanghai: 7 gha •! UK: 5.6 gha, London: 6.63 gha

4 planets!

Mining, processing, consumption, freshwater use, biodiversity services & loss of bio-capacity from the release of wastes have been omitted = underestimation of footprint [Wackernagel et al. 2002]

[Best foot forward]


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•! Decoupling of resource consumption from economic wealth

Introduction


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From linear !

! to circular urban metabolism!

[Girardet & Mendonca 2009]

Introduction


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Introduction

•! Contribution of the water sector to reduced CO2 emissions


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Introduction

•! Learning from the past •! Developing sustainable resource management systems •! Separate water, liquid and solid human waste, organic waste


•! Circular, sustainable & climate resilient economy •! Including water, sanitation, soil, biomass, food & energy

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Introduction

Terra Preta

bio-char

organic waste

dry feces

urine

permanent topsoil

climate resilient

horticulture

agriculture

&

forestry

food

&

renewable energy

Transport of organic

waste

water treatment and reuse

separation liquid

&

solid

Building &

household


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•! 200 000 visitors per year •! Case study for resource

efficient sanitation •! Experiences are crucial

for further developments

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Public toilet facility in the central station Hamburg

Reference: Villeroy & Boch AG Reference: Berger Biotechnik


•! Initiated by Peter Groenwall & Peter Thomas

•! Operated by by the agency for city development and environment , Hamburg

•! Remodelling in 2010 (waterless urinal, water saving toilets)

•! Fees = 4.83 Euro/m3 for drinking water supply and sewer connection in Hamburg

•! Savings facilitate funding of investments for remodelling

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•! Aiming for development of sustainable sanitation systems

•! Collection of undiluted urine and filtration of black water

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•! The collected blackwater is filtered by a wedge wire screen originally developed for grease separation from sewage discharged in kitchens (“TeceBASIKA-filter”)

•! A screw conveyor transports the separated solids (mainly faeces and toilet paper) automatically to a storage tank


solids

[Basika]


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•! The drained sludge is collected together with a specific portion of bio-char and Effective Microorganisms (EM) in removable containers.



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•! Fertile soil for the cities nurseries, parks & graveyards •! In the best case no chemical fertilizer would be required


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•! Transport of faeces and urine to Berlin

•! Use in the applied research project “TerraBoga” for the production of Terra Preta and its use in urban agriculture



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•! Huge amounts of biomass and human faeces •! 1,480 m3/a of organic waste consisting of green-, grass-,

woodcut and stem wood excreta of 300,000 visitors and employees

•! Since 2010 applied research with organic waste •! Toilet separation facilities in planning / under construction

Public toilets in the TerraBoga research project


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•! Currently 50 tons CO2 can be stored in the framework of the applied mulch and composting processes

•! >350 tons of carbon dioxide could be stored in fertile soil •! Finalization of the first sanitation facility by the end of 2011.



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•! Potential of all sanitation facilities in the botanical Garden



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•! Estimation of savings (in ") with “water saving calculator”

•! Validated (1a) at public toilet facility, central station Hamburg

•! Savings would exceed investment costs for sanitation objects

•! 4.72 Euro/m3 in 2011 – approx. 4.85 Euro in 10 years

•! Additional investment for other work related to the remodeling, such as plumbing, tiling, etc.

•! Execution in framework of standard remodeling = 0 additional cost for construction



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•! Estimation of collection and reuse potential with “nutrient calculator”

•! Based on parameters used for “water saving calculator & nutrient load of human excreta, listed in DWA theme issue on novel sanitation systems

•! Ammonia evaporation losses from urine (50%) to be reduced by minimized pipe diameters, air volume, ventilation pipes and flexible storage tank

•! Recovery rate: only 32 – 39% of total discharged Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur?



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•! Small recovery rate of nutrients due to small portion of collected urine, containing 80-90% of total N and 40-50% of the total P

•! Urinals used by 80% of men and 0% of women (rest in WC)

•! 75% N & P recovery rate from urine •! Recovery rate of BOD and COD is

much higher and between 60 and 89% due to blackwater filtration

•! With first 4 female water toilets and 1 separation facility for recovery of solids and nutrients, net content of 4 Kg N can be collected per year



Zero-Emission-Hotel in Berlin

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Wahl & Bauer architects, HATI GmbH & expert planners for the building owner, incorporated association Ludwig-Wolker-Haus e.V.


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Zero emission hotel in Berlin

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Integrated overall system consisting of subsystems: •! Sustainable building

design (application ENOB r & d) with minimized primary energy demand

•! IURM with RWHM,

waterborne technologies and resource-effective and efficient installation systems (contribute DGNB)



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•! Heat recovery from

greywater and processing for service water use and regenerative cooling

•! Urine/ yellowwater collection

•! Sludge collection and drying for the production of TerraPreta

•! Urban agriculture


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Outlook

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Success through networking and multidisciplinary cooperation for the creation of innovation cycles:

•! Structural cooperation throughout the value chains •! Thinking – research: Demand-steered problem approach

(research) •! Doing – pilot projects: Showing the possibilities and

requirements (development, realization, monitoring) •! Scaling up – Commercial projects: Creation of demand &

sharing knowledge and expertise in the value chain (implementation on commercial level)

•! Rules and Regulations: Creation of incentives to take on opportunities !


Contact Data

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Architecture Suwon 440-746 South Korea [email protected] ! Peter Thomas, HATI GmbH, Gesellschaft für Handwerk, Technik und Innovation Wrangelstr. 50 10997 Berlin Tel.: +49-30-6149090 [email protected]


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Thank you very much for your attention!

[Vincent Callebaut]


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Sustainable sanitation systems as a key for circular