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Seite 1
Expert Discussion Round
Sustainable Agriculture and Land-use
in the Context of Climate Change
Organized by: Luis Waldmüller, Dieter Nill, Alberto Camacho, Reinhard Wolf,
Seite 2
Context
• Agriculture is one of the sectors most severely affected by climate change. At the same time,
agriculture and land-use changes contribute to climate change with 30% of the global
greenhouse gas emissions. Land use changes are a critical issue since the expansion of
agricultural land destroys grazing and forest land and has become an important source for
emissions. However, agriculture also offers potential to serve as sink for greenhouse gases
and to reduce deforestation thereby mitigating climate change.
• The repercussions of global warming are already having a noticeable detrimental impact on
agriculture through increases in temperature, modification of rainfall patterns, sea-level rise
and salinization. Particularly the growing number of extreme climatic events such as droughts
and floods leads to losses of the natural resource base, assets and produce.
• Promotion of sustainable agricultural practices is needed to protect agricultural production and
livelihoods against climate change, while at the same time embracing methods that
additionally reduce emissions and store greenhouse gases. Possible options include the
diversification of farming systems and the use of conservation practices.
• The expert talk looked into the effects that agriculture has on climate change and vice-versa. It
served to discuss new approaches towards a more sustainable and climate-change oriented
agriculture.
Seite 3
Programme
Tuesday, 14 May 2013
GIZ Bonn Godesberger Allee
Time Topic Presenter
9:00-9:30 Welcome and introduction Dr. Stefan Schmitz (Head of Division
314, BMZ)
Dr. Angelika Fleddermann (Deputy
Head of Division 45, GIZ)
9:30-10:15 How is agriculture affected by climate change and
vice versa and FAO responses?
Discussion
Dr. Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström (FAO)
10:15-10:45 Tea break
10:45-11:30 Climate smart agriculture – a review of pros and
cons.
Discussion
Dr. Christine Martins (Consultant)
11:30-12:15 Agriculture and deforestation - impacts of
unsustainable land use.
Discussion
Reinhard Wolf (GIZ)
12:15-12:45 Summary and final words Dr. Angelika Fleddermann (GIZ)
Seite 4
• The new BMZ agriculture strategy is the first
guiding framework for cooperation and
multilateral activities.
• Its seven targets focus on the right to food,
partner orientation, avoidance of land grabbing,
responsible use of energy crops, promotion of
small-scale agriculture, gender and inclusion of
marginalized groups, and promotion of
agriculture as integral part of rural development.
• The strategy has been set up because
agriculture has been widely neglected in the past
years but having a great importance in regard of
world poverty and hunger.
• We do not just want to feed the world, but have
to make sure future generations have enough
and healthy food!
• World population is growing and needs to be
nourished despite severe soil degradation, fresh
water and biodiversity losses. Many of these
problems are related to land use changes.
Welcome and opening speech
Dr. Stefan Schmitz, BMZ
Seite 5
• The agricultural sector is one of the sectors
most affected by climate change but also
responsible for it as an important emitter of
greenhouse gases.
• The aim is a sustainable intensification in
agriculture.
• This requires a sensitive management of
the linkage between development and
environment.
• Climate smart agriculture is a
comparatively new topic, which requires
incorporation at all levels. We have to take
this challenge serious to bring sustainable
agriculture in a context of climate change
into practical implementation.
Welcome and opening speech
Dr. Stefan Schmitz, BMZ
Seite 6
• As already pointed out by Mr. Schmitz, we need to
find the right balance between food production and
climate change.
• It is necessary to better integrate the forestry,
agriculture and water sectors and anchor them in
national frameworks and policies.
• Policies have to change in a view to cross national
boarders.
• Climate smart measures in agriculture are often not
yet integrated into the bilateral programs. However,
a lot of researched data and extension has been
carried out already.
• “Old” agricultural topics are coming up in a different
kind of setting, which has to be regarded as new.
Opening speech
Dr. Angelika Fleddermann, GIZ
Seite 7
• Is agriculture the biggest driver for deforestation?
Real drivers are behind agriculture as European
bioenergy industries and consumers. Agriculture
is not innocent but strongly driven by different
demands that need to be satisfied.
• Unproductive smallholders, the increasing
demand of food in general, esspecially the
increasing demand of meat, combined with an
enormous ecological footprint caused by
postharvest losses are facts that affect climate
change.
• Approaches could embrace more sustainable
and efficient livestock systems in combination
with a reduction of (protein) demand.
Furthermore emissions can be reduced by
keeping healthy cows, fed with good feed which
results in reduced enteric fermentation.
Expert Discussion Round
Dr. Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström,
FAO
Seite 8
• Another point to discuss is the adaptation to
more extreme weather situations. Mainly the
industrial agriculture is extremely vulnerable by
using only few varieties. An enormous need is
seen in a new thinking on diversity to improve
potential on managing risks and diseases.
• FAO therefore has a broad range of capacity
building tools like e-learning and different
guidelines. In June 2013, there will be a new
guideline on climate smart agriculture which
can be seen as the ultimate reference in
technical understanding of climate smart
practices in agriculture.
Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO
Expert Discussion Round
Dr. Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO
Seite 9
• There are also negative aspects of Climate
smart agriculture, which are often brought
forward, e.g. by NGOs.
• One concern is that if climate smart
agriculture is included in the carbon market,
farmers might preferably use practices which
enhance carbon sequestration but are not
sustainable e.g. in terms of biodiversity or
food security i.e. it may be more profitable
for farmers to leave the carbon in the soil
instead of using carbon dynamics for food
production.
• On the other hand, some NGOs and
governments in the South promote climate
smart agriculture and see the positive
aspects about it.
• Applying the concept of the ecological
footprint instead of climate smart agriculture
could offer advantages. The ecological
footprint is a more comprehensive approach,
which takes all aspects of sustainable
agriculture into account.
Expert Discussion Round
Dr. Christine Martins, Consultant
Seite 10
Expert Discussion Round
Reinhard Wolf, GIZ
• There will be a new wave of demand on palm oil.
Are sustainability certificates a possible way to
control the production? Perhaps, if they are
accompanied by more transparency and not only
checking the certificates. If the consumer knows
more about the effects of palm oil production on
biodiversity, it might create a critical mass of
consumers to change the business.
• An international company, engaged in the
establishment of an oil-palm plantation in
Cameroon, pulled out of the round table on
sustainable palmoil (RSPO), seems not to be afraid
of the reputational risk, because buyers may always
be found e.g. China may not ask for certificates.
This means that China has to be included in the
discussions. Nevertheless, a lot of palm oil is going
to the European Union making us a big driver, too.
• Only 5 % of palm oil production goes into energy
supply, the rest is used for food products and
cosmetics often as a “hidden product”.The energy
market is one driver, but only small one.
Seite 11
• What potential has the regeneration of degraded
land areas? In Ecuador palm oil production in
plantations lowers after 25 years. Restoring and
using former palm oil areas in a sustainable way
could solve some of the problems. Palm oil
production and extension cannot continue like
before due to the lack of land. In the future
companies have to lower their benefit margin as a
consequence.
• In Indonesia 25% of palm oil production is on peat
soils, which is quickly degraded. To stop this would
have an immediate positive impact on greenhouse
gas emissions and biodiversity.
• There is a big potential in Africa restoring
grasslands, which is covering lager areas than land
under cultivation. Improving these areas will have a
significant impact on productivity and carbon
sequestration.
• If there is regulation in place in many countries, why
is it not effective? Regulations exist in many
countries, but are not implemented. Brazil is a
success story. The government has reduced
deforestation by 75 % during the last few years.
Expert Discussion Round
Reinhard Wolf, GIZ
Seite 12
Summary and final words
Dr. Angelika Fleddermann, GIZ • The interesting discussion showed that it is especially
important, how we can transfer our knowledge about
climate smart agriculture into our own projects and our
daily work.
• Countries need to implement laws and governance
structures that prohibit further deforestation. This is
often difficult to achieve because large-scale
agriculture on deforested land attracts large
investments.
• There is a need to sustainably increase productivity on
the already existing agricultural land. But there is also
the pressure of consumer demand on agriculture – e.g.
for energy, animal feed, meat which has to be tackled
and we need to reduce food losses and waste.
• It is furthermore important to keep in mind the
alleviation of poverty. Deeper knowledge about climate
smart agricultural measures is important not only for
farmers but also for extension workers and ministries.
• The right balance between adaptation and mitigation
measures must be found in each single case.
Financing mechanisms are still not clear and must also
be discussed further.
1
Presentation 1:
How climate change affects Agriculture andvice versa
FAO responses
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom, FAO
May 2013
Contents
• Challenge• Climate change impacts• Approach to tackle the challenges• Need to increase productivity• Building resilience• Reducing emissions• FAO at work
2
EADD - Kaptumo
Photos: E. Betemariam, C. Neely
The futureagriculture –what does it
look like?
We need to link
1. Achieving Food Security– 870 million hungry (another billion obese)– Food production to increase 70% by 2050 ?– Adaptation to Climate Change critical
and
2. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change– ”2 degree limit” requires major emission cuts– Agriculture and Land use = 30% of emissions..– ..and needs to be part of the planetary solution
3
How to make this link
We need agricultural systems whichare:
• Productive• Sustainable• Resilient• Provider of many ecosystem services• Efficient (water, nutrient circulation,
energy, waste)
Impacts - Key messages
– Climate change is a major challenge foragriculture and food security!
– Agriculture is one of the most climate-sensitive sectors
4
Climate change and agriculture
• All production systems are affected byclimate change and must adapt
• Increased unpredictability of weather• Bio-physical impacts including water
availability and changing rainfall patterns,increasing temperatures, shifting agro-ecological zones, new pests and diseases
• Structural changes in the markets
5
has the potential to undermine advances in povertyreduction and sustainable development
will greatly affect the health and productivity of crops, livestock, fishand forests and dependant rural livelihoods
will increase hunger and malnutrition, in particular in Southern Africaand South Asia
additional 5 to 170 Mio people at risk of hunger by 2080 dependingon projections (climate, socio-economy)
Climate change threatensFood Security
Source: IPCC 2007
Climate change affects not only food production ...
• Loss in food production• Indirect environmental feedbacks
• Infrastructure damage, asset losses• Loss of income and employment opportunities
• Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food prices• Higher dependency on food imports and food aid
• Human health risks, nutrition
Access
Availability
Utilization
Stability
... but all four dimensions of foodsecurity!
6
= exposed to hazards + rely on climate-sensitive activities + low adaptive capacity
• least developed countries• rural and urban poor• marginalized groups
tropical countriessmall islands, coastal zonesfragile ecosystems
countries and people highlydepending on agriculture
EVERYBODY WILL BE AFFECTED.WHO IS MOST VULNERABLE?
• Agriculture is highly• We need to build the resilience ofall production systems• We need to focus on groups andareas most vulnerable to climatechange• We need to improve riskmanagement and adaptive capacity• We need to prepare for long termsystem changes
• Agriculture and climate cange Urgent need for adaptation
7
Climate Change & AgricultureGHG emissions
Sources of GHG emissions by sector (IPCC 2007)
Climate Change & AgricultureGHG sources
Source: Greenpeace (2008)
8
On scope of agriculturemitigation
• About 89 % of the potential is in soil Csequestration through crop landmanagement, grazing land management,restoration of organic soils
• It is not only about soils.
• Vegetation in agriculture landscapes has avery large potential
• Emission reductions per produced unit willbe a major contribution
Peatlands & organic soils –hotspots for climate change
mitigation• Huge C reserve: Peatlands contain 30 % of all soil carbon in
3 % of the global land area.• from drained peatlands & fires huge, continuing
emissions: nearly ¼ of GHG emissions of the land use sector,or 6 % of global anthropogenic emissions from 0.3 % oflandcover.
• Emissions reductions and other benefits through1) conservation;2) rewetting & wet agriculture - paludiculture;3) adapted management.
9
Seeking for solutions
• Multiple legitimate goals• Agriculture is not only a provider of food
and fiber and income – it is an importantprovider of vital ecosystem services
• To achieve this we need a holistic land useapproach – we need landscape approach
A Sustainable Development landscape
National ->International
National ->Local
Climate
UNFCCC“Carbon”
Biodiversity
CBD“Species”
Food Security
CFS“Calories”
+Human rights,Health, Trade,Education, .....
LOCALREALITIES
GLOBALOBJECTIVES
Farmers, land users
10
What is a landscape?• An area large enough to provide key
environmental services and smallenough to be managed by the peoplein the area
“The Landscape Approach”What is the rationale?
• food and energy security as the highestpriority expansion of agricultural land
• climate change threatening ecosystems• ongoing degradation of ecosystems
• Objective: Need to achieve food security andclimate change mitigation and adaptation goalswithout compromising environment
countries will increasingly have to managewith competing land-uses.
11
– Modeling the impacts of climatechange on crop production and foodsecurity
– Identifying strategies for adaptingparticular crops and cropping systemsto changing climatic conditions
– Understanding the opportunities foragriculture to contribute to climatechange mitigation
What do we know? we know
• Limited research on integrated agriculturallandscapes;
• Limited action oriented research on how tointegrate productivity increases, adaptationand mitigation (and related tradeoffs +synergies) at landscape level ;
• Lack of policy coherence betweenagricultural, forestry, climate and land usepolicies
• Lack of modalities to manage multipleobjectives respecting the rights of land usersand processes on agreeing on sustainable landuse strategies
BUT….
12
FAO and Climate Change challenges
• Integrated across Programme of Work– addressed in all Strategic Objectives
• Involves all Departments and Offices• Some key programmes
Climate-smart Agriculture
Data & knowledge for impact and vulnerabilityassessment and adaptation
FAO ACTIONS• Vulnerability assessment• Impact assessment and monitoring• Communication and access to information• Documenting and disseminating experience• Guidance, methods and tools for data and info• Capacities for impact and vulnerability assessment
13
CLIMAFRICA
Medium-term of forecasting food and watervulnerabilities and recommending relevantadaptation measures.
Objectives
to develop the methodology and theprototype of a Medium-term (10 years)Warning System to provide options for adaptation to climate
change and development and disseminationof planning methods, tools, guides and bestpractices for adaptation planning
FAO-Adapt
FAO’s New FrameworkProgramme on Climate Change
Adaptation
• Climate change adaptation is critical for agriculture and food security
• Adaptation is addressed across the agriculture, forestry and fisheriessectors
• FAO-Adapt brings together FAO’s efforts on adaptation: coordinatedresource mobilization and programming
• FAO-Adapt reinforces the mission towards Climate-smart agriculture
• More info: www.fao.org/climatechange/fao-adapt
14
Climate change adaptation
GOAL: Support of efforts in developing countries to contributeto climate change mitigation in agriculture by moving towardsclimate-smart agricultural practices
• Involvement and collaboration with different technicaldepartments in FAO
• Supported by Germany, Norway and Finland
• http://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/
Mitigation of Climate Changein Agriculture Programme
15
Components - Outputs
• Development of emissions database and life cycleanalysis (LCA) & mitigation potentials and costs
• Global economic analysis of mitigation policy options
• FAOSTAT new module with GHG emissions from allagriculture and land use
• Analysis of synergies and trade-offs of differentpractices to enhance food security and mitigationbenefits
• Technical support to UNFCCC negotiations andcapacity building of developing countries
• 2 smallholder pilot projects
• Establishment of communities of practice
Key messages 1: Practises
• Needed practices exist• Ecosystem approach at landscape level is
crucial• Investments are needed in
– filling data and knowledge gaps– R&D of technologies, methodologies– conservation and production of varieties and
breeds
16
Key messages 2: Policies
• Smallholders need institutional andfinancial support for the transition
• Strengthened institutions fordissemination and coordination
• Consistency between agriculture, foodsecurity and climate change policies
Key messages 3: Finance
• Available financing, current and projected,are substantially insufficient
• Combining finance (public/private, climatechange/food security) improves options
• Fast-track financing must take sector-specificconsiderations into account
17
THANK YOU!
www.fao.org/climatechange/
1
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 1
Presentation 2:
Sustainable Agriculture and Land-usein the Context of Climate Change
Bonn, May 14, 2013
Climate-smart agriculture –a review of pros and cons
Dr. Christine Martins, Rural Development Consultant, Berlin
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 2
Structure of presentation
1. Introduction1.1 Where do we stand?1.2 Agriculture and climate change1.3 Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)
2. Pros of CSA3. Cons of CSA4. Critical voices on CSA5. Conclusions6. Further recommendations
2
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1.1 Where do we stand? HLPE, 2012: Food security and climate change; A report by the High
Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committeeon World Food Security, Rome, June 2012. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), 2012: Food and
Agriculture: the future of sustainability. A strategic input to theSustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) Project. March2012. Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, 2012:
Achieving food security in the face of climate change. March 2012. Pretty et al., 2010: The top 100 questions of importance to the future
of global agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and
Technology for Development (IAASTD), 2009: World Agriculture Report
Call for Change
1. Introduction
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1.2 Agriculture and climate change
Projected climate change Increased temperature Increased severity and frequency of extreme weather events (floods,
droughts, cyclones) Delays in wet season
Impacts of projected climate change on agriculture Changes in productivity Changes in crop suitability Loss of land Increased fire, forest dieback and landslides Increase in pests, pathogens and invasive species
3
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Greenhouse gases from agriculture
Source: WRI, 2005: Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. By Kevin A. Baumert, TimothyHerzog und Jonathan Pershing. 2005 World Resources Institute. 132 pages. http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. Page 86.
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 6
CO2 from agriculture, countries
Source: WRI, 2005: Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. By: Kevin A. Baumert, TimothyHerzog and Jonathan Pershing. 2005 World Resources Institute. 132 pages. http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. Page 87.
4
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CO2 from land use change and forestry
Source: WRI, 2005: Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. By: Kevin A. Baumert, TimothyHerzog and Jonathan Pershing. 2005 World Resources Institute. 132 pages. http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. Page 92.
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 8
Source: WRI, 2005: Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. By: Kevin A. Baumert, TimothyHerzog and Jonathan Pershing. 2005 World Resources Institute. 132 pages. http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. Page 93.
CO2 from land use change and forestry,countries
5
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Definition of climate-smart agriculture“Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience(adaptation), reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation), andenhances achievement of national food security anddevelopment goals.”FAO, 2010: “Climate-Smart” Agriculture – Policies, Practicesand Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation.By L. Lipper, W. Mann, A. Meybeck and R. Sessa. 49 pages.Rome, FAO. Page ii.
1.3 Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)
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Triple Win
Win-win-win-win (Simons, 2012)- Increase productivity/income- Strengthen farmers’ resilience/adaptation- Reduce agriculture GHG emissions- Increase Carbon sequestration
Quelle: Vermeulen, 2011, slide 2, und Vermeulen, 2012, slide 6.
Triple Win
6
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History of CSA 2010:
- Introduction of CSA by FAO,- FAO: Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA), 22 staff 2011:
- FAO: FAO-Adapt,- CGIAR: Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture
and Food Security (CCAFS), 47 staff CSA Partnership:
- CCAFS,- FAO,- The Global Mechanism,- IFAD,- World Bank,- WFP,- UNEP
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 12
Source: Neufeldt, H., P. Kristjanson, T. Thorlakson, A. Gassner, M. Norton-Griffiths, F. Place andK. Langford, 2011: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor. ICRAF Policy Brief 12:Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), page 3.
Old wine in new skins?
Climate-smart practices useful in smallholder agricultural productionCrop management Livestock
managementSoil and watermanagement Agroforestry Integrated food
energy systems Intercropping with
legumes Crop rotations New crop varieties
(e.g. droughtresistant)
Improved storageand processingtechniques
Greater cropdiversity
Improved feedingstrategies (e.g. cut'n carry)
Rotational grazing Fodder crops Grassland
restoration andconservation
Manure treatment Improved livestock
health Animal husbandry
improvements
Conservationagriculture (e.g.minimum tillage)
Contour planting Terraces and bunds Planting pits Water storage (e.g.
water pans) Alternate wetting
and drying (rice) Dams, pits, ridges Improved irrigation
(e.g. drip)
Boundary trees andhedgerows
Nitrogen-fixing treeson farms
Multipurpose trees Improved fallow
with fertilizer shrubs Woodlots Fruit orchards
Biogas Production of
energy plants Improved stoves
7
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What is new?
Adding climate aspects to agriculture:- Adaptation,- Mitigation (sequestration of CO2 in soils, GHG emissions);
Provision of funds to finance CSA, e.g. through GreenClimate Fund (GCF), REDD+, PES; still under discussion ifand to what extent these funds can be used to finance CSAactivities
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Engaging multiple stakeholders to facilitateenhanced climatic risk management
Source: CCAFS, 2012: Building Partnerships to promote climate smart agriculture: A case study from NorthernGhana: By Naab, J., R. Zougmore and A.S. Abdoulaye; 2ND Global Conference on Agricultural Research forDevelopment (GCARD), 29-31 Nov., 2012, Punta del Este, Uruguay.
8
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2. Pros of climate-smart agriculture Contributes to revival of agriculture and rural development Attention on climate aspects in agriculture Useful concept: agriculture has to become more productive and
more resilient and, at the same time, contribute to climateprotection, food security and poverty alleviation Focus on small holder farmers and rural development Holistic view of agriculture Additional technical expertise available (research and extension),
example WB Kenya Agriculture Carbon Project , 60.000 farmers Research results and practical experiences well documented
(publications, slideshare) Smart wording – short, to the point, catchy, sexy … (see FAO/MICCA, CCAFS, World Bank, etc.)
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3. Cons of climate-smart agriculture No clear definition, no distinction from unsustainable forms of agriculture
(monocultures, GMOs, high use of external inputs) – but term often usedsynonymous for sustainable agriculture, Strong focus on mitigation and carbon markets, mitigation funds not
relevant for small-scale farmers, Danger of small-scale farmers to focus too much on carbon certificates
rather than improving resilience, Incorporation of CSA in the carbon market benefits large-scale agriculture
enterprises, Adaptation and sustainable increase of production is more relevant for
farmers in the South than mitigation, Technical limitations (soil carbon difficult to measure and highly variable) Focus on climate at the costs of other aspects of agriculture (e.g.
biodiversity, food security), World Bank: policy advisor and carbon broker, not neutral, Term CSA “hijacked” from the agro-industry, CSA as slogan for selling
agro-inputs, e.g. Yara funding African Green Revolution Forum (AGRF)
9
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4. Critical voices on CSA (1) Simon Mwamba of the East African Small Scale Farmers’ Federation,
ESSAFF: “Climate Smart Agriculture is being presented assustainable agriculture – but the term is so broad that we fear it is afront for promoting industrial, ‘green revolution’ agriculture too,which traps farmers into cycles of debt and poverty.” Farmers’ Organizations and Civil Society Statement to the Hanoi
Conference (2nd Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security andClimate Change), Sep. 2012 : „We continue to have deep concernsabout the use of the vague concept of climate smart agriculture. Thereal solutions lie in agro-ecological practices and sustainableagricultural systems, using techniques, breeds and varietiesdeveloped and selected by small farmers for millennia. Ecological,sustainable agriculture practiced by peasants, small scale foodproducers and indigenous peoples, must be the centerpiece of thesystems transformation needed to truly address the climate challengein agriculture.“
10
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Anderson, 2011: The many faces of CSA: “Where once “sustainableagriculture” meant something specific to the environmentalmovement, the term has been co-opted to now mean the exactopposite. The Climate Smart crowd can clearly see the benefits ofusing similar vague language. The many faces of CSA show that itsadvocates understand that to get civil society on board, they needthe eco-friendly image … used to usher in more intensive andindustrial models of agriculture that are in complete opposition tothe agro-ecological model that many of us would rather support.” Actionaid, 2012: CSA „boils down to utilising smallholder farmers to
supply carbon credits and food, rather than about building their long-term resilience to climate change”, CSA does not reduce GHG emissions of the industrialized countries,
shifting of responsibility for climate change from rich countriesonto the poor, CSA gives wrong solutions (biofuel, carbon market, soil carbon
sequestration)
4. Critical voices on CSA (2)
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5. Conclusions The focus in developing countries (especially sub-Saharan
countries) is not on mitigation, rather than adaptation (food security,balanced nutrition) focus should remain on adaptation , Benefits for small-scale farmers for payments to sequester
greenhouse gases are minimal (add-on), For the German International Development Cooperation
sustainable agriculture is the main focus, not CSA (see BMZStrategy Paper 3, 2013: “Promoting Sustainable Agriculture”), focus should remain on sustainable agriculture, However, it is recommended to contribute to networks dealing with
CSA and keep up the contact with the „CSA-Community“, Important CSA principles should be incorporated into project
approaches and strategies,
11
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Promoting Sustainable AgricultureDevelopment Policy Strategy, BMZ Strategy Paper 3 | 2013 e
Agriculture must, first, reduce poverty and hunger and it must,second, be resource-conserving and climate-neutral.Seven guiding principles are applied when it comes to achievingthose goals:1. Realising the right to food;2. Alignment;3. Putting a stop to land grabbing;4. Responsible energy crop cultivation;5. Prioritising smallholder farm development;6. Promotion of gender equality and
integrating marginalised groups;7. Embedding agricultural sector development
within a comprehensive rural strategy.
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6. Further recommendations (1) Resilience of farmers should include economic diversification, off-farm
income, disaster management, insurances, weather forecasts , Sound legal, institutional and policy frameworks at all levels and good
governance, to create enabling environment for investment intosustainable agriculture and rural development (e.g. tenure and secureaccess to land), Promote micro-credits, agric. extension (farmer-to-farmer extension, FFS),
gender, empowerment, CSO, risk reduction, …, CSA-funding by climate fee on mineral fertilizer, plane tickets, tax on fuel
used for shipping goods internationally, tax on financial transactions, Apply innovative measures such as weather-insurance-for-work instead of
cash-for-work or food-for-work,
12
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Tackle other areas which have a high leverage on food availability, e.g. Acknowledge seed and animal genetic resources as global good,
promote farmer-based breeding initiatives (local diversity is the bestclimate insurance), Reduce post-harvest losses, Reduce losses during marketing (from producer to consumer), Reduce wastage at consumers (throwing food away), Change the food patterns of consumers (reduced meat consumption,
over-consumption), e.g. by state-funded advertisements promoting low-meat diets, esp. in industrialized countries, Reduce population growth
70% more food should not be needed by 2050!
6. Further recommendations (2)
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 24
Thank you!
For further information, contact [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
1
Presentation 3:Agriculture as the main driver of deforestation
and key sector for the successfulimplementation of REDD+
Reinhard Wolf; GIZ Sector Programm International Forest PolicyBased on a study conducted by Timm Tennigkeit and Katalin Solymosi / UNIQUE
REDD+ =Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation;
+ = and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forestsand enhancement of forest carbon stocksin developing countries
A “mechanism” on results-based payments discussed under UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) since2005
2
Structure
• Introduction• Methodology of the study• Agriculture as global driver of deforestation with regional
differences• 4 ways to combine sustainable agriculture and forest protection• Country examples
IndonesiaCameroonLaosBrazil
• Challenges and approaches• Conclusions
3
Methodology of the study
• Literature Review
• Emergence of four analysis categories
1. Vertical and horizontal coordination
2. Efficiency of agricultural production
3. Information flow (communication)
4. Integration of the private sector
…with particular proxy-indicators
• 4 countries case studies on the basis of above categories
• Feedback from GIZ country offices
4
3
Agriculture as global driver of Deforestation
• Ca. 31% globaler Emissionen stammen aus Landnutzung (IPCC 2007)
• 60% davon aus den Tropen, größte Quellen dort: Direkt: Methan (Viehwirtschaft, Reis), Stickoxide (Feuer, Dünger, Dung),
Indirekt: Landumwandlung (CO2 und Stickoxide aus Feuer)
• Pro Kopf Emissionen in Entwicklungsländern meist niedrig,werden aber schnell wachsen
• Immenses Klimaminderungspotenzial für landnutzungsbasierteEmissionen
• Größter Entwaldungstreiber weltweit ist landwirtschaftlicheProduktion, zunehmend aus industriellem Anbau (EC 2009, FAO 2006)
• Landwirtschaft ist nun Thema der REDD+ Verhandlungen imRahmen der UN-Klimakonvention
5 5
Source: IPCC
Origin of agricultural area expansion 1980-2000
6
source: Gibbs et al. 2010
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Deforestation headlines
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Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
1. Linkage of institutions and sectors (1)• Factors which typically prevent transformation:• Institutional conditions• Existing laws and regulations• Strong interests of the sectors driving deforestation
(agriculture, mining, …)• Hindering policies can be:• Tax relief, low development costs, subsidies
• Supporting policies can be:• PES; forest legislation and law enforcement; measurements
which help to increase the energy and production efficiencyand offer alternative possibilities of income
• General: intersectoral, landscape approaches 17
Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
1. Linkage of institutions and sectors (2)
Enhance coordination between the sectors from national tolocal level ,i.e. through climate strategies, integrated land use planing
Spatial separation of remaining forest areas and regions ofintensive production with mixed systems in the transitions zones
Development of non-agriculture rural employment opportunities Inclusions of all actors in the planing process, including the REDD-
Design and zoning processesRecognition of land use rights of indigenous people Improvement of law enforcement, thereby strengthening country
sovereignty against powerful business lobbies18
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Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
2. Decoupling of production and land consumption (1)
19source : World Bank 2008
Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
2. Decoupling of production and land consumption (2)Potential efficieny rise includes all steps in the production chain:
• Cropland: Use of organic fertilizer (composting), soil- and waterconservation, irrigation, crop rotation, green manures,agroforestry
• Livestock: Introduction of leguminous fodder crops, improvedmanagement of sustainable herd sizes
• Value Chains: Strengthen farmers´associations, develop processingcapacities storage, infrastructure etc.
• Consumer behaviour: Phasing out subsidies, sustainableprocurement, certification, awareness raising, school feeding,consumer protection, reducing food waste
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11
Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
3. Connect stakeholders with information providers (1)
• Agricultural research, development and advisory service is mainlyfinanced by the public sector
• Main problems: low expenses, fragmentation of researchstructures, low capacity of staff members
• Coexistence instead of cooperation of the state and privateproviders of agricultural consultancy
• In the forest sector: Data collection and management is mainlygovernment driven but there is often a weak link to control theactor involved in deforestation
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Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
3. Connect stakeholders with information providers (2) Large regional research networks reduce costs and facilitate
knowledge transferPublic-private partnerships in science, development and
consultancyComparison of agricultural research systems (Weltbank 2007):
In the forest sector:Capacity building in remote-sensing technologies 22
12
Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
4. Promote private sector engagement (1)• Agriculture is driven by the private sector, only together with the
private sector climate change adaptation and mitigation potentialscan be captured
• Growing sector in many developing countries, significant for thenational economy, livelihood for many
• Many small and medium size enterprises do not capture theirproduction potential
• Investment in agriculture is 2.5 to 3.0 times more effective inincreasing the income of the poor than in other sectors (IFPRI2012)
23
Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection
4. Promote private sector engagement (2)Market-based incentives• Risk management for investments in agriculture• Payments for Environmental Services (PES) incl. carbon• Financing the transformation cost for sustainable (deforestation
free) production
Regulatory policies• Monitor sustainable production practices and related law and
policy development and enforcement• Minimum production standards• Abandon subsidies that favour non-sustainable production• Certification 24
13
Case studies
25
Brazil
Cameroon
Laos
Indonesia
Selection:- Different deforestation- Hotspots- Different forest transition types
Indonesia
26
Forest cover: 52%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -0.71%Main agricultural deforestation drivers: oil palm and other plantations
REDD+ ProcessesEnabling • Forest moratorium
• Improvement of primary forest and peat land governance (criticized as a weakpolicy due to the influence of business on government)• Agriculture Sector Climate Change Road Map sets targets for forest protection in
part through agricultural land optimization
Hindering REDD+ • Tax dependence on forest, mining and palm oil industries• Tax breaks for forest products, farming produce, pulp and paper• Mining permits in protected areas• Facilitation of large-scale projects (Biofuel development
oil palm plantations)
Autonomy of State • Low to medium autonomy of state towards agribusinesses targeting the forestmoratorium• Vested interest supporting business as usual: large scale plantation and logging
companies, pulp and paper industry, mining and electoral campaigns
26
14
Cameroon
27
Forest cover: 42%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -1.07%Agricultural deforestation drivers: shifting cultivation, expanding agro-industrial business interests
REDD+ ProcessesEnabling • Law Territorial Planning and Sustainable Development in Cameroon
• Forest and Environment Sector Programme (2004), although suffers fromlow enforcement• Governance partnerships with the Ministry of Forests and Wildlife, e.g.
EU-FLEGT, that are developing or will soon enter into force
Hindering REDD+ Logging exports Infrastructure (roads, rails and dams) and mining development The Rural Sector Development Strategy (RSDS 2006) foresees 25%
agricultural area expansion in forested areas for cocoa, coffee, rubber,oil palm and others
Autonomy of State Low law enforcement and control capacity of the state in the forestrysector
Opposing interests concerning REDD+ : local and national elites driveillegal logging through corruption, growing interest from foreign investorsagribusiness 27
LaosForest cover: 41%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -0.49%Agricultural deforestation drivers: small-scale agriculture, increasingly large scale plantations
Entwaldungsrate 2005-2010: -0.49%Entwaldungstreiber in der LW: kleinflächige LW, zunehmen große Plantagen
28
REDD+ ProcessesEnabling Forestry Strategy 2020 (goal: to increase forest cover to 70% by 2020)
Climate Change Strategy, National Adaptation Programme of Action toClimate Change
Prime Ministerial Decree on Forest Policy Reform Land Use Planning program since mid-1990s, although with negative
socio-economic effects on smallholders Different efforts for poverty reduction in rural areas
Hindering REDD+ Promotion of FDI in the agricultural sector with no safeguard policies Tax dependence on forest and mining industries Large infrastructure projects (hydropower) Different forms of resettlement
Autonomy of State Low enforcement and control capacity of the state towards agriculturaland timber sector
Opposing interests concerning REDD+: infrastucture development, illegallogging, agricultural expansion 28
15
BrazilForest cover: 62%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -0.42%Agricultural drivers of deforestation: cattle, soy and sugarcane
29
REDD+ ProcessesEnabling law on reducing deforestation
Brazilian Forest Code: conservation requirement on private land economic and ecological zoning efforts to certify producer legality in value chains (beef, soy) Action Plan for Protection and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon
(PPCDAM): improved enforcement of land use policies includingprotected areas, land regularization process, demarcation of indigenousland
real-time monitoring of deforestationHindering REDD+ rural credit for cattle ranching (decreasing) or infrastructure development
poor enforcement of land tenure and environmental laws and collectionof fines
Autonomy of State Low to medium enforcement capacity of the state towards agribusinessestargeting forest protection regulations
Opposing interests concerning REDD+: land speculation, illegal logging,cattle ranching, strong agribusiness lobby in general, tax evasion, drugtrafficking, patron–client relationships
29
Challenges: Lack of Coordination
- Many countries engage various ministries through the REDD + taskforce
- Ministry of Environment usually in charge of climate changecoordination
- In some cases, e.g. Cameroon, limited support for REDD+ from thegovernment;
- Agriculture: Often the white elephant in the room, but limitedinterest and capacity to engage in various environmental andenergy related planning processes
30
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One solution: integrated landuse-planning
31source: (GIZ 2011, Beispiel Laos)
- Production of food andbiofuels is increasingeverywhere
- Shift in eating habits to moremeat and veg. oils
- However: Yield can bedecoupled from land use
32
Crop production versus Deforestation
50
55
60
65
70
020406080
100
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Wal
dbed
ecku
ng %
MIll
ione
nTo
nnen
Brazil
203040506070
020406080
100
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Wal
dbed
ecku
ng %
Mill
ione
n To
nnen
Indonesia
15
25
35
45
55
0
1
2
3
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Wal
dbed
ecku
ng %
Mill
ione
n To
nnen
Cameroon
50
60
70
80
012345
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Wal
dbed
ecku
ng %
Mill
ione
n To
nnen
Laos
Cereal Production Cereal area Forest cover
Challenge:increasing fooddemand
17
Challenge: Information flow
• Spendings for agricultural research, development and consultingstagnate at low levels or decrease
• Capacities often lack (budget, training, research infrastructure)• Lack of monitoring institutions in the forest sector• Good examples in the agriculture and forest sector from Brazil
33
Public Spending for agricultural research and development
5
7
9
11
13
15
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Mill
iard
en20
05 P
PP$
Brazil
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Indonesia
0
5
10
15
20
25
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Mill
ione
n20
05 P
PP$
Laos
Challenge: FDI
• Privat-sector investment in agriculture is increasing worldwide(Farmer investments dwarf FDI and public investments)
• The global commodity boom is often overburden governancestructures in many developing countries
• Large scale projects are often approved without sufficientenvironmental and social safeguards and engage in land grabbing
Agricultural direct investments, net inflow of foreign currency 1989 and 2009 (account of payments US$)
34
18
Conclusions• Agriculture is the main driver of deforestation with distinct regional
patterns. Local situation-adapted solutions need to be explored,implemented & enforced.
• Sustainable intensification and agricultural value adding activities inrural areas can reduce the deforestation pressure but only incombination with enabling government frameworks andenforcment mechanisms.
• The agriculture sector is more private sector driven compared to theforest sector. Instruments to engage agriculture in REDD+implementation have to reflect this.
• Society needs to find a balance between REDD+ and food securitytargets.
• The 4 pathways presented are not new, but the context has changedand there is momentum to find cross-sector solutions for old ruraldevelopment problems. 35