Survey Research Methods_2014

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SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS


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KINDS OF SURVEY - RESEACH

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CENSUS

-Complete enumeration where data are collectedfor each & every unit.

SAMPLE SURVEYS

-Data are collected for the part of the universe


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MERITS ! S"M#$E-S%RE' 3

$ess Time

$ess Cost

More Relia(le Results

More Detailed Information

Destructive )ature of Certain Tests


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$IMIT"TI)S ! S"M#$E-S%RE' 4

Should (e carefully planned & e*ecuted else the results may (e inaccurate & misleadin+.

Sample-Survey +enerally re,uires services of e*perts. Ina(sence of ,ualified & e*perienced persons information

o(tained cannot (e relied upon. "t times samplin+ plan may(e so complicated that it

re,uires more time la(our and money than a completecount i.e. census.

If the information is re,uired for each & every unit in thedomain of study so at times complete enumeration surveyis necessary.


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I)DS ! D"T" !R S%RE' RESE"RC/

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PRIMARY DATA

-#rimary data are those which are collected afresh and forthe first time and thus happen to (e ori+inal in character.

SECONDARY DATA

-Secondary data are those which have already (eencollected (y some(ody else and which have already (eenpassed and which have already (een passed throu+h thestatistical process.


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Methods of data collection

Secondary sources Primary source

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SECONDARY SOURCES

Documents

Govt. Publications

Earlier Research

Census

Personal Records

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MET/D ! D"T" C$$ECTI)

PR!"R# $%&RCE$

%bservation 'uestionnairentervie( Case)$tud*

+


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0SER"TI) MET/D,

It is systematically planned and recorded and issu(1ected to chec2s and controls for relia(ility and

validity.

%seful for Studies relatin+ to 0ehavioural Sciences

3here the respondents cannot vocalise their feelin+s.


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T'#ES ! 0SER"TI)1-

#articipant (servation 3hen the researcher participates in the activities of the +roup

(ein+ o(served in the same manner as its mem(ers with or without their 2nowin+ that they are (ein+ o(served.

)on-#articipant (servation 3hen the researcher does not +et involved in the activities of

the +roup (ut remains a passive o(server watchin+ andlistenin+ to its activities and drawin+ conclusions from this.


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(servation Methods 4Contd. 511

"dvanta+esSu(1ective (ias is

eliminatedInformation o(tained

relates to what is currentlyhappenin+ & not to thepast (ehaviour or futureintentions 6 attitudes

Independent of

Respondent7s willin+ness 6 Ina(ility torespond.

Disadvanta+es "n E*pensive Method

#rovide $imited

Information%nforeseen !actors may

interfere with theo(servational tas2.

"t times somerespondents are rarelyaccessi(le to directo(servation.


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I)TERIE3 MET/D12

"ny 8person to person7 interaction (etween two ormore individuals for specific purpose in mind iscalled interview.

Interview is commonly used method of collectioninformation form people.


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Interview Method 9 Contd.13

"dvanta+es

"ppropriate for comple*situation.

%seful for collectin+ in-depth information.

Information can (esupplemented.

:uestions can (ee*plained.

/as a wider application.

Disadvanta+es

Time-consumin+E*pensive.

:uality of data dependsupon the :uality of the interaction. :uality of the interviewer. Researcher7s (ias etc. ;<

:uality of data may vary when many interviewersare used.


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:%ESTI))"IRE14

" :uestionnaire is defined as writtenlist of ,uestions the answers to

which are recorded (y therespondents.

Desi+ns of ,uestionnaire is verycrucial & should (e done with

wisdom.


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FORMULATING QUESTIONS

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"lways use simple & Everyday $an+ua+e.E+. Is anyone in your family dipsomaniac=

Do not use am(i+uous ,uestionsE+. "re you satisfied with your canteen= 4doesn7t as2 with aspects of the

canteen are satisfactory or dissatisfactory5

Do not as2 dou(le-(arreled ,uestions. E+. /ow often and how much time do you spend on each visit=

Do not as2 $eadin+ :uestions.E+. %nemployment is increasin+ isn7t it=

Do not as2 ,uestions (ased on presumptions. !irstascertain whether or not a respondents fits into thecate+ory a(out which a ,uestion is (ein+ as2ed.E+. /ow many ci+arettes do you some a day=


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:uestionnaires 9 Contd.16

"dvanta+es

ersatile method as many ofthe pro(lems can (e dealt without difficulty.

!aster & cheaper thano(servation method.

It offers >reater "nonymity.

Disadvanta+es Respondents may not coopeateto !"## $ et%n t&e '%est"onna"es(

)on* "n!omat"on can +epo,"ded +y t&e espondents esp(!o t&e pesona# '%est"ons #"-e"ncome a*e etc(.

A '%est"on can +e m"s"ntepetedand m"s%ndestood +y t&eespondents

Lac- o! oppot%n"ty to c#a"!y"ss%es(

Spontaneo%s esponses ae nota##o/ed !o(

Response to a '%est"on may +e

"n!#%enced +y esponse to ot&e'%est"ons( It "s poss"+#e to cons%#t ot&es( Response cannot +e

s%pp#emented /"t& ot&e"n!omat"on(


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SC/ED%$ES17

Schedules are li2e ,uestionnaires which are filled in (y the enumerators4investi+ators5.

It is useful in e*tensive in,uires and

can lead to fairly desira(le results.


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:%ESTI))"IRE

1+

The )ature of the Investi+ation If the research is on sensitive issues than Schedule should

(e preferred.

The >eo+raphical distri(ution of the #opulation !or lar+ely scattered respondents ,uestionnaire method

is (etter.

The type of the study population !or illiterate very youn+ very old handicapped there

may (e no option (ut to use schedule method.


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C"SE 9 ST%D' MET/D1,

%sed for ,ualitative analysis

Involves a careful & complete o(servation of thesocial unit such as a person a family an institution

a cultural +roup or an entire community.Method of study is in-depth.

#uts emphasis on the full analysis of limited no. ofevents or conditions.


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C"SE-ST%D' 4Contd.52-

"dvanta+es ne can understand full the

(e(aviour pattern of theconcerned unit.

" real & enli+htened record ofpersonal e*periences can (e

o(tained./elps in formulatin+ relevant

hypotheses alon+ with the data which may (e helpful in testin+them.

!acilitates intensive study of

social units with specialreference to historical analysis. Increases analysis 9 s2ills and

e*perience of the researcher.

Disadvanta+es Case-situations are seldom

compara(le. Su(1ectivity of the researcher

can enter and hamper theinformation collected in a case-

study.Dan+er of false-+enerali?ation

is always there. Time consumin+ & e*pensive Samplin+ is not possi(le in a

case-study method.

Case-study assumptions maynot (e very realistic at times.

S%MM"R' ! S%RE' RESE"RC/


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S%MM"R' ! S%RE' RESE"RC/MET/DS

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The choice of a particular method depends on@ #urpose of collectin+ information. The type of information (ein+ collected Resources availa(le to the researchers. The s2ills of the researchers. Socio-economic demo+raphic characteristics of the study

9 population.The choice of a particular method is important for

ensurin+ the ,uality of information.The ,uality of information is dependents uponseveral methodolo+ical situational & respondent7srelated factors.