4
Applications o." Surface Science I0 (i982) 567-570 567 North-Holland Publishing Company C O M 1~¢I U N !CATION SURFACE SEGREGAT|ON |N A $1ho.9~Cuo.o~ i ALLOY V.S. SUNDARAM and R. LANDERS .st~'uto de Fistca "'Gleb Wataghin". Unit~erstdade Estadu:tl de Compipax, 13100 Compt~ta.,:, SP. Braz 'l Received II March 1982; accepted for pu~'-lication 20 April 1982 q'he surface composition of a Rhog.~('uo0. alloy equilibrated at diff,_~rent te peratures in the range 833 t c~ 9 1 8 K has been determined b2¢ Auger Electron Sl:,ectroscol:,y. Preferential segregation of copper to the surface has been observed at all temperatures studied in accordr, nce with current thecJretical models. The h,:at of segregation c~f copper is evaluated to b~: !,4:- 2 kcal/mole. Catalytic properties of noble metals have been shown to be altered drasti- cally upon alloying, with base metals which are !hemselves non-a':tive [1]: for example, addition of tin to iridium has been shown to reduce the activation energy for cyc!ohexane dihydrogenation and also to drastically alter the selectivity for this reaction [2]. Besides sJrface electronic and geometric struc- ture effects, alloying induced surface composition changes should play a dominant role in alloy catalysis. In this note, we present the results of surface seg~es;al:ion behavior in a Rh095Cu0.05 alloy. The ,experimental system used in this study has been described elsewhere [3]. The system has an ion-gun anc, a single pass CMA with acc ";al electron gun foi" Auger analysis. The alloy sample, in the form of a thin d~sc ( 1 mm thick, 3 mm diameter), used in this study was prepared by meltilag the constituent elements in an arc furnace and subsequent homogenization in vacuum at 1325 K (for 200 h. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the sample had a texture orientation with the grains oriented predominantly t311). The homogenized ~;ample v,as polished to a mirror finish and mounted in the UHV system. The sample could be heated by radiation from a W filament behind it and its temperature was measured with a Cr-AI thermocouple spot welded on to it. Also mounted in the ~a~ne sample holder wa~ a high purity (99?399) copper foil which could be heated independently. This served as a standard for quantita- tive surface c,~ncentration determination of Cu. In fig. 1 is ,,;hown the Auger spectra (taken at a primau/ beam energy o~" 5 kV at normal incidence and 5 V peak-to-peak modulation voltage) from pure Cu and the R3a0.osCu0_o5 alloy under different conditions. In figs. lb and lc, the Auger spectra from the alloy are shown after it had been equilibrated at 0378-5963/~2/0000-0000/$02.75 ~-~ 1982 North-Holl: nd

Surface segregation in a Rh0.95Cu0.05 alloy

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A p p l i c a t i o n s o." S u r f a c e S c i e n c e I 0 ( i 9 8 2 ) 5 6 7 - 5 7 0 5 6 7 N o r t h - H o l l a n d P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y

C O M 1~¢I U N ! C A T I O N

S U R F A C E S E G R E G A T | O N | N A $1ho.9~Cuo.o~ i A L L O Y

V.S. S U N D A R A M a n d R . L A N D E R S

.st~'uto de F i s t ca "'Gleb W a t a g h i n " . Uni t~ers tdade E s t a d u : t l de C o m p i p a x , 1 3 1 0 0 Compt~ta.,:, S P . B r a z 'l

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q ' h e s u r f a c e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a R h o g . ~ ( ' u o 0 . a l l o y e q u i l i b r a t e d a t d i f f ,_~rent te p e r a t u r e s i n t h e r a n g e 8 3 3 t c~ 9 1 8 K h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d b2¢ A u g e r E l e c t r o n S l : , e c t r o s c o l : , y . P r e f e r e n t i a l s e g r e g a t i o n o f c o p p e r t o t h e s u r f a c e h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d a t a l l t e m p e r a t u r e s s t u d i e d i n a c c o r d r , n c e w i t h c u r r e n t t h e c J r e t i c a l m o d e l s . T h e h , : a t o f s e g r e g a t i o n c~f c o p p e r is e v a l u a t e d t o b~: ! ,4 : - 2 k c a l / m o l e .

C a t a l y t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f n o b l e m e t a l s h a v e b e e n s h o w n t o b e a l t e r e d d r a s t i - c a l l y u p o n a l l o y i n g , w i t h b a s e m e t a l s w h i c h a r e ! h e m s e l v e s n o n - a ' : t i v e [1]: f o r e x a m p l e , a d d i t i o n o f t i n t o i r i d i u m h a s b e e n s h o w n to r e d u c e t h e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y f o r c y c ! o h e x a n e d i h y d r o g e n a t i o n a n d a l s o to d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r t h e s e l e c t i v i t y f o r t h i s r e a c t i o n [2]. B e s i d e s s J r f a c e e l e c t r o n i c a n d g e o m e t r i c s t r u c - t u r e e f f e c t s , a l l o y i n g i n d u c e d s u r f a c e c o m p o s i t i o n c h a n g e s s h o u l d p l a y a d o m i n a n t r o l e i n a l l o y c a t a l y s i s . I n t h i s n o t e , w e p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s o f s u r f a c e seg~es ;a l : ion b e h a v i o r i n a R h 0 9 5 C u 0 . 0 5 a l l o y .

T h e , e x p e r i m e n t a l s y s t e m u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e [3]. T h e s y s t e m h a s a n i o n - g u n anc , a s i n g l e p a s s C M A w i t h a c c " ; a l e l e c t r o n g u n foi" A u g e r a n a l y s i s . T h e a l l o y s a m p l e , i n t h e f o r m o f a t h i n d~sc ( 1 m m t h i c k , 3 m m d i a m e t e r ) , u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y w a s p r e p a r e d b y m e l t i l a g t h e c o n s t i t u e n t e l e m e n t s i n a n a r c f u r n a c e a n d s u b s e q u e n t h o m o g e n i z a t i o n in v a c u u m a t 1325 K (for 2 0 0 h. X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n a n a l y s i s s h o w e d t h a t t h e s a m p l e h a d a t e x t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n w i t h t h e g r a i n s o r i e n t e d p r e d o m i n a n t l y t 3 1 1 ) . T h e h o m o g e n i z e d ~ ; a m p l e v, a s p o l i s h e d t o a m i r r o r f i n i s h a n d m o u n t e d i n t h e U H V s y s t e m . T h e s a m p l e c o u l d b e h e a t e d b y r a d i a t i o n f r o m a W f i l a m e n t b e h i n d i t a n d i t s t e m p e r a t u r e w a s m e a s u r e d w i t h a C r - A I t h e r m o c o u p l e s p o t w e l d e d o n t o it. A l s o m o u n t e d in t h e ~a~ne s a m p l e h o l d e r w a ~ a h i g h p u r i t y ( 9 9 ? 3 9 9 ) c o p p e r foi l w h i c h c o u l d b e h e a t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y . T h i s s e r v e d a s a s t a n d a r d f o r q u a n t i t a - t i v e s u r f a c e c , ~ n c e n t r a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f C u .

I n fig. 1 is , , ;hown t h e A u g e r s p e c t r a ( t a k e n a t a p r i m a u / b e a m e n e r g y o~" 5 k V a t n o r m a l i n c i d e n c e a n d 5 V p e a k - t o - p e a k m o d u l a t i o n v o l t a g e ) f r o m p u r e C u a n d t h e R3a0.osCu0_o5 a l l o y u n d e r d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . I n f igs . l b a n d l c , t h e A u g e r s p e c t r a f r o m t h e a l l o y a r e s h o w n a f t e r it h a d b e e n e q u i l i b r a t e d a t

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F i g . 1. T y p i c a l A u g e r s p e c t r a t a k e n f r o m : ( a ) t h e c o t : p e r s t a n d a r d : eb) . (c ) t h e a n n e a l e d a l l o y ; ( d ) t h e s p u t t e r e d a l l o y .

8 9 4 a n d 9 1 5 K , r e s p e c z i v e l y . T h e A u g e r s p e c t r u m o b t a i n e d a f t e r t h e a l l o y h a d b e e n s p u t t e r e d w i t h 3 k e V a r g o n i o n s f o r 2 0 r a i n a t 73'3 K i s s h o w n i n :-~. l d . D u e t o p r e f e r e n t i a l s p u t t e r i n g o f c o p p e r , t h e a l l o y s u r f a c e is c o m p l e t e l y d e p l i e t e d i n c o p p e r a s c a n b e s e e n b y t i l e a b s e n c e o f ;-he 6 0 e V c o p p e : A u g e r p e a k i n t h i s s p e c t r u m , W e u s e d t h i s s p e c t r u m a s a s t a a d a r d f o r p u r e R h .

F o r p u r e C u , t h e p e a k - t o - p e a k a m p l i t u d e o f t h e 9 2 0 e V A u g e r l i n e i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e 6 0 e V l i n e ; t h i s is a t t r i b u t e d t o e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y d e p e n d e n t i o n i : t a t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n e f f e c t s o f t h e c o r e h o l e s i n v o l v e d [4] , s i n c e i n a p u r e m a t e r i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t i s a b s e n t . H o w e v e r , i n t h e s p e c t r u m f r o m t h e a l l o y , ( s e e f i g s . l b a n d l c ) , t h e 6 0 e V C n A u g e r p e a k i s m o r e i ~ l t e n s e t h a n t h a t o f t h e 9 2 0 e V p e a k . B e c a u s e o f t h e l o c a l n a t u r e o f t h e c o r e l e v e l i o n i z a t i o n m e c h a n i s m , w e w o u l d n o t e ,~ pec t a n y d a ' z s t i c c h a n g e i n i o n i z a t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n o n a l l o y i n g c o p p e r w i t h r h o d i u m . Howt-~ver, s i n c e t h e 6 0 e V e l e c t r o n s a r e m o r e s u r f a c e s e n s i t i v e t h a n the: 9 2 0 e V e l e c t r o n s ( l o w e r m e a n f r e e p a t h ) , s u c h a r e s u l t i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p r e s e l : c e o f a c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e

V . S . S u t t d a r a m , R . L a n d e r s / Sur fac '~" s e ~ , r e g a t t ~ t in R h o , , . C t ~ o o~

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s u r f a c e i n a t t h e r e is i n d e e d a c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e a l l o y s u r f a c e is f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a t e d t h r o u g h o u r e v a l u a t i o n o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e a l ' , oy u s i n g A u g e r p e a k s o f d . i f fe re la t k i n e t i c e n e r g i t : s , h e n c e d i f f e r e n t s a m p l i n g d e p t h s . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o b t a i n e d a t t h r e e d i f f c : r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 833 a a d 9 1 8 K u s i n g 6 0 a n d 9 2 0 e V C u a n d 3 0 2 e V R h A u g e r l i n e s f r o m t h e a l l o y a n d p u r e s t a n d a r d s a r e t a b u l a t e d in t a b l e 1. A s c a n b e s e e n . t h e C u c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e c r e a s e s as w e i n c r e a s e t h e s ~ n ] p l i n g d e p t h [5]. T h e c o n - c , e n t r a t i o n g ~ o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e 60 e V C u A u g e r p e a k ( c o l u m n 2) is m o r e r ¢ . ' p r e s e n t a t i v c o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n c l o s e to t h e surf , leer as t h e s a m p l i n g d e p t h f o r t h e s e e l e c t r o n s is s m a l l e s t .

C u r r e n t t h e o r i e s [6] b a s e d o n a p a i r w i s e i n t e r a c t i o n m o d e l h a v e b e e n f a i r l y

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succe,,~fulL ~n e x p l a i n i n g t h e s u r f a c e s e g r e g a t i o n b e h a v i o r o f b i n a r y a l l o y s . T h e s e t h e o r i e s r ~ r e d i c t t h a t t h e s u r f a c e e o n c e n ~ . r a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t e , g ~. i s r e l a t e < | t o

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f o r a c o n s t a n t b u l k c o n c e n t r a t i o n X " o f t h e s o l u t e . H e r e O is l h e h e a l o f s e g r e g a t i o q . T h u s f r o m a p l o t o f S ' / ( I - - g ~) v e r s u s 1 / T w e c a n e x p e r i r r ~ e n - t a l l y d e t ~ r x n i n e (2- W ' e s h o w s u c h a p l o t o f X~,~/(1 - -X~ .u ) ( f r o m c o l u m n "' o f t a b l e 1) v e r s u s I , / T i n f i g . 2 . A s c a n b e s e e n , t h e p o i n t s f a l l o n a s t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h i n e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r a n d f r o m t h e s l o p e w e d e r i v e a v a l u e o f 14 ± 2

k c a l / m o l e ft~?" t h e h e a t o f s e g r e g a t i o n o f C u i n R h . D e t a i l e d c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e s e r e s u l t s w i t h e x i s t i n g t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l s i s

d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f t h e r m o d y n a m i c d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e C u - R h s y s t e m . Q ~ : a h t a t i v e l y t h e y a g r e e w i t h t h e G i b b s i a n m o d e l [6] i n t h e : ~en ce t h a t t h e m o r e v o l a t i l e c o m p o n e n t , n a m e l y C u . s e g r e g a t e s t o t h e ~ u r f a c e i n a

C u o~o5 R h o 9.~ a l l t~y .

T h i s w o r k w a s p a r t i a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y F i N I E P , C N P q a n d F A P E S P o f

B r a z i l . W e t a r e t h a n k f u l t o P r o f e s s o r J . D . R o g e r s f o r h i s c r i t i c a l r e a d i n g o f t h e

m a n u s c r i p t .

1 R e t [ e r e n ¢ e s

[l] P.¢:i. van de r Plank and W . M . H . Sacht ter , J. Cata lys is t2 (1968) 35. [2l I).S. C u n h a , Y.L. Lanl and R. Frety , in: Pr.~c. Ist Brazil ian ( 'ong; ' . on C'atalysi,,,, Rio de

JaneirG, 1981 , : Inst i tuto Brasi le i ro de Petr61eo) p. 100. [31 V.S. S u n d ~ r a m . S.P. da Cunha . J .D. Rogers , ~ . G . K l e i m a n and B Laks, J. Vacuum Sci.

Technol . 20 (1982). 14] J .H. Neave . C.T. F o x t u r and B. t t . Joyce, Surfa~;e Sci. 29 (1972) 41 I. [5] P.R. W e b b e r , C.E. Rojas , P.J. D o b s o n and D. Chadwick . Sur face Sci. 105 (I~'/~1) 20. IO] P. W y n b l a t t and R.C. Ku, in: In ter fac ia l Segrega t ion . Eds, W.C. Joir;r~son and J .~l . Blakely

(Am. Soc. for Meta ls , Me ta l s Park, Ohio . 1977).