SURFACE ARTEFACT C (FIELDWALKING SURVEY...surface artefact collection (fieldwalking) survey for Scott Wilson Limited on behalf of Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Limited on land to

A46 NEWARK TO WIDMERPOOL

IMPROVEMENT NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

SURFACE ARTEFACT COLLECTION

(FIELDWALKING) SURVEY

For

SCOTT WILSON LIMITED

on behalf of

BALFOUR BEATTY CIVIL ENGINEERING LIMITED

CA PROJECT: 2828 CA REPORT: 09216

DECEMBER 2009

SITE 28, HAWTON LANE FLOOD COMPENSATION AREA (EAST),

A46 NEWARK TO WIDMERPOOL IMPROVEMENT NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

SURFACE ARTEFACT COLLECTION (FIELDWALKING) SURVEY

CA PROJECT: 2828 CA REPORT: 09216

prepared by Rebecca Riley, Project Supervisor

date 17 December 2009

checked by Cliff Bateman, Project Manager

date 17 December 2009

approved by Mark Collard, Head of Contracts

signed

date 18 January 2010

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely

at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ

Tel. 01285 771022 Fax. 01285 771033 E-mail: [email protected]

© Cotswold Archaeology A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement, Nottinghamshire: Surface Artefact Collection

CONTENTS

SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 2

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 3

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-3) .......................................................................................... 6

3. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 8

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ........................................................................................... 8

5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 9

APPENDIX A: THE FINDS ............................................................................................... 10

APPENDIX B: TABLE OF FINDS ..................................................................................... 11

APPENDIX C: SURFACE ARTEFACT COLLECTION STRATEGY FOR HAWTON LANE

(SITE 28)........................................................................................................................... 13

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM............................................................................ 14

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000)

Fig. 2 Fieldwalking results: Flint (1:2,000)

Fig. 3 Fieldwalking results: Pottery (1:2,000)

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SUMMARY

Project Name: Site 28, Hawton Lane Flood Compensation Area (East), A46

Newark to Widmerpool Improvement

Location: Farndon, Nottinghamshire

NGR: SK 7818 5125

Type: Surface Artefact Collection Survey (Fieldwalking)

Date: 27 April – 01 May 2009

Location of Archive: To be deposited with an appropriate museum

Site Code: FFS 09

An archaeological surface artefact collection survey was undertaken by Cotswold

Archaeology in April and May 2009 at the request of Scott Wilson Limited on behalf of

Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Limited on land to the north of Hawton Lane as part of the

A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement.

A small number of late Palaeolithic/ Mesolithic blades; Mesolithic cores; and Mesolithic

bladelets were recovered although the numbers were not great enough to suggest a

concentration or in situ scatter. The majority of the recovered worked flints were

undiagnostic and could only be categorised as being broadly prehistoric in date. A low level

of pottery dating to the Iron Age, Roman and medieval periods was recovered across the

survey area. There was a prevalence of post-medieval and modern pottery across the site.

Most of the flints exhibited moderate to extensive edge-damage or breakage consistent with

long-term exposure to agriculture. Overall, the site produced a ‘background noise’ of

archaeological material that has migrated due to continuous agricultural interference.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In April and May 2009 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological

surface artefact collection (fieldwalking) survey for Scott Wilson Limited on behalf of

Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Limited on land to the north of Hawton Lane,

Farndon, Nottinghamshire (centred on NGR: SK 7818 5125; Fig. 1). The surface

artefact collection survey was undertaken as part of the mitigation requirements for

Phase 2 of the A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvements during advanced works

(Scott Wilson 2009; WSI PD0/285/5.5/003).; .

1.2 The archaeological surface artefact collection survey was carried out in accordance

with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by Scott Wilson Ltd

(2007). The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological

Field Evaluation issued by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (2008), and the

Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991). It was initially

proposed to conduct archaeological artefact collection surveys within three areas

along the route of the proposed improvement. In the event, only one area, Site 28,

was fieldwalked. The results are presented in this report.

The site

1.3 Site 28 is approximately 6ha and comprises a single field that had been re-ploughed

specifically to accommodate the fieldwalking programme (Fig. 2). It is situated c.

1km to the east of Farndon, and immediately south of the River Devon. The survey

area is bound by Hawton Lane to the southwest, arable fields to the north- and

southeast, and paddocks and pasture to the northwest.

1.4 The solid geology of the survey area is a combination of Arden sandstone and

Edwalton Mercia mudstone belonging to the late Triassic Era, overlain by

intermittent deposits of superficial Whatton sand and gravel (BGS 2009).

Archaeological background

1.5 A desk-based assessment and aerial photograph review of Site 28 was previously

undertaken in 2006 (BBCEL/SW 2006) suggested:

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low potential for late Upper Palaeolithic flint artefacts (potentially of national

importance)

low potential for prehistoric funerary or monumental features present at the site

(potentially of regional importance)

low to medium potential for palaeochannels, observed on the aerial

photographs, to have retained significant well preserved palaeoenvironmental

sequences or buried archaeological, faunal or floral remains (potentially or

regional significance)

medium potential for finding evidence for former land division (such as field

boundaries and ditches) dating to the prehistoric or later periods (potentially of

local or regional importance).

1.7 The analysis of aerial photographs identified a possible palaeochannel and other

cropmarks that may be indicative of prehistoric activity on the river terrace. The

cropmarks of two possible prehistoric barrows are visible on land to the southeast of

Hawton and south of Hawton Redoubt. The cropmark of a square enclosure has

been recognised c. 350m to the southwest of Area 28, while a rectilinear field

system lies c. 350m to the northwest. Their form suggests an Iron Age or Romano-

British origin.

1.8 The results of the geophysical survey did not record any clear indications of

archaeologically significant remains. The magnetic variations detected were

interpreted as post-medieval/modern field boundaries and discreet deposits of

ferrous-rich minerals possibly related to the suspected palaeochannel (Bunn 2009).

1.9 The adjacent Farndon Fields have been subjected to extensive fieldwalking since

1991, incorporating other investigative techniques such as gradiometry survey,

augering, and the excavation of 14 trial pits. Late Upper Palaeolithic tools and

knapping debris diagnostic of the Creswellian tradition were recovered. Area 28 is in

a similar topographic location to Farndon Fields which could suggest that it

underwent similar land use in the Upper Palaeolithic. A Neolithic polished stone axe

and an undated triangular worked flint were recovered during dredging works of the

River Devon close to the Hawton Redoubt.

1.10 There is no recorded evidence for any early medieval activity in the immediate area,

although the village of Hawton to the east may have its origins in this period. The

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Domesday Book of AD1086 notes that Hawton had two churches and a mill. The

present church of All Saints was built in the 13th and 14th Century. The earthworks

of a scheduled medieval moated manor (SM No. 23202) and its associated

fishponds are located c.100m east of the site. The manor house, said to have been

built in the 15th century, was abandoned and the moats dry by the 17th century. A

hoard of 14th or 15th century coins was found by a metal detectorist in Field 351,

c.400m to the northwest of the site. The manorial site was modified during the

English Civil War when it was remodelled into a Parliamentarian fortified redoubt

(SM No. 23202), associated with the siege of Royalist Newark (1642 - 1646).

1.11 The higher ground situated within Area 28 was used for arable farming in the

medieval period. Ridge and furrow earthworks are visible on aerial photographs

taken in the 1960s. In contrast, the lower land, close to the River Devon and the

Dodge and Carr Dykes, was most likely wet and marshy water meadows. Flood

defences were constructed in the later 17th and 18th century. A small sewage works

was built off Hawton Lane in the 19th century, to the northwest of Area 28.

Archaeological objectives

1.12 The objectives of this archaeological surface artefact collection survey were to:

record the presence/absence, extent and date of any archaeological material on

the surface of the topsoil;

identify and locate any previously unknown archaeological sites by means of

surface finds; and

inform the formulation of an appropriate mitigation strategy to ensure the

recording, preservation or management of any archaeological remains that mat

be present.

Methodology

1.13 The collection area was laid out in transects spaced at 5m intervals. The transects

were walked by members of the fieldwalking team, with flint and other significant

artefacts searched for, and marked, for a distance of up to 2.5m to each side of the

centre line of each transect (thus ensuring 100% coverage of the survey area). The

finds were individually inspected by the fieldwalking supervisor, and recorded as the

collection strategy dictated (see Appendix C). Find-spots were recorded to +/- 50mm

5


tolerance in three dimensions using a GPS Rover Station. Details of ground

conditions were recorded on standard pro forma recording sheet.

1.14 In addition, stone scatters, areas of soil discolouration/change in types and other

surface features thought to be of archaeological origin were surveyed using the GPS

Rover Station

1.15 On completion of each day's fieldwalking, the finds were washed, marked and

logged on a MS Access Database, together with locations on the National Grid and

spot height values. These were then mapped using AutoCAD to permit identification

of clusters or other significant attributes of the distributions.

1.16 All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3:

Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation (1995). The archive and artefacts

from the fieldwalking survey are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble.

Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with

an appropriate museum along with the site archive. A summary of information from

this project, set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online

database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-3)

2.1 A brief description of the main categories of recovered artefacts from the

archaeological surface artefact collection survey is given below. A detailed summary

of the finds can be found in Appendix A. The distributions of the finds are depicted

on Figures 2 to 3 inclusive and are presented in tabular form in Appendix B.

Worked and Burnt Flint

2.2 A total of 102 pieces of worked flint or (unworked) burnt flint was recovered during

the fieldwalking survey. The majority of recovered lithics comprise un-retouched

removals (flakes, blades, chips) and cores/core fragments. Pieces with secondary

working are restricted to a backed bladelet (microlith) from collection point 28.935; a

re-touched flake from collection point 28.100 and scrapers from points 28.646 and

28.678.

6


2.3 As would be expected for a surface collected group, the majority of the assemblage

exhibits moderate to extensive edge-damage or breakage, consistent with long-term

exposure to agriculture or other mechanical actions. Almost all of the recovered

material is unpatinated, although for a small proportion of the group (5 pieces) which

consists of a pale grey-coloured flint, this would be difficult to recognise. The bulk of

the assemblage consists of medium/dark-grey coloured flint of good quality. Based

on the observations of the cortex, a proportion of the raw material was procured

from secondary sources (gravels) which might include those of the Trent Valley. A

small pale grey-coloured element resembles material known to originate from the

Lincolnshire Wolds to the north-west, although it is possible that similar material is

present among derived deposits (gravels).

2.4 The majority of the collected flint, including the unutilised flakes and undiagnostic

tool forms such as the scrapers, cannot be dated based on typological models.

Dating can be suggested for a small number of pieces based on form and observed

technology: A backed bladelet microlith from 28.935 is a Mesolithic piece and a total

of ten blade/bladelets (here defined as parallel-edged removals with length/breadth

ratio of 2:1 or greater and which are judged to have been intentionally produced) or

blade/bladelet cores are also probably of this period. A broken blade section from

28.124 is thick and well-made and is unusual in exhibiting a deep milky patina. This

item could plausibly date to the Upper Palaeolithic, and therefore broadly

contemporary with the material previously recovered from Farndon Fields 650m to

the northwest

2.5 Irregular (multi-platform) flake cores or fragments (28.66; 28.918 and 28.1087) are

probably of the Late Neolithic or (early to Middle) Bronze Age. The majority of flakes

and the scrapers recovered are most likely of this broad period, based on the

typically broad and ‘squat’ proportions and use of ‘hard-hammer’ percussion.

Late Iron Age/ Early Roman Pottery

2.6 One sherd of Late Iron Age/ Early Roman pottery was recovered from the southwest

area of the site.

Romano-British Pottery

2.7 A total of eight sherds of Romano-British pottery were recovered during the survey.

The majority of these sherds were undiagnostic and oxidised, with only three sherds

of grooved-ware type.

7


Medieval Pottery

2.8 Three sherds of medieval pottery originating from domestic vessels were recovered.

Post-medieval Pottery and modern material

2.9 The majority of material collected from the survey comprised post-medieval and

modern pottery. A number of clay pipe fragments, buttons, horse shoes and other

ferrous objects (all post-medieval) and modern glass and brick were recovered; all

providing a ‘background noise’ prevalent across the site.

Modern material

2.10 In addition to the pottery, modern material comprising glass, brick,

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 A small number of late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic blades; Mesolithic cores; and

Mesolithic bladelets were recovered although the numbers were not insufficient to

suggest a concentration or in situ scatter. The majority of the worked flints recovered

were undiagnostic and could only be categorised as ‘prehistoric’. Most exhibited

moderate to extensive edge-damage or breakage consistent with long-term

exposure to agriculture. It is noteworthy that no flints were recovered from the area

of suspected alluvial deposits associated with the former palaeochannel to the

northeast of the site.

3.2 A low level of artefactual material dating to the Iron Age, Roman and medieval

periods was recovered across the survey area. This material exhibited no significant

distribution, representing a ‘background noise’ of artefacts resulting from prolonged

agricultural use of the landscape.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Rebecca Riley, assisted by Kelly Saunders, Theresa

Gilmore, Cherlynne Hyde, Michael Keetch, Michael Hartwell and Martin Harrington.

The report was written by Rebecca Riley. The illustrations were prepared by Pete

8

© Cotswold Archaeology

9

A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement, Nottinghamshire: Surface Artefact Collection

Moore. The archive has been compiled by Rebecca Riley, and prepared for

deposition by Victoria Taylor. The project was managed for CA by Cliff Bateman.

5. REFERENCES

Balfour Beatty/Scott Wilson, 2006. A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement: Archaeology

Hawton Lane Flood Compensation area Archaeology Desk-based Assessment.

January 2006. Working paper No. D105795/5/029. N Macnab, Balfour Beatty/ Scott

Wilson for Highways Agency.

Balfour Beatty/Scott Wilson, 2007. Environmental Statement. Working paper No.

D105795/5/033: Prepared for the Highways Agency by Balfour Beatty and Scott

Wilson.

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2009 ‘Geology of Britain viewer’,

http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyviewer/ (accessed 17 December 2009)

Bunn, D. 2009. Geophysical Survey: A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement Scheme Site

6 (Stragglethorpe Junction) & Site 28 (Hawton Lane Farndon).

Scott Wilson 2009 A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement Phase 2 Detailed Design &

Construction: Written Scheme of Investigation for Surface Artefact Collection.

PD0285/5.5/003

http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyviewer/


APPENDIX A: THE FINDS

Flint

A total of 102 pieces of worked or burnt flint were recovered from fieldwalking (Table

1). The majority comprises un-retouched removals (flakes, blades, chips) and

cores/core fragments. Pieces with secondary working are restricted to a backed

bladelet (microlith) from collection point 28.935; a re-touched flake from collection

point 28.100 and scrapers from points 28.646 and 28.678.

As would be expected for a surface collected group, the majority exhibits moderate

to extensive edge-damage or breakage, consistent with long-term exposure to

agriculture or other mechanical actions. Almost all material is unpatinated, although

for a small proportion of the group consisting of pale grey-coloured flint, this would

be difficult to recognise. The bulk of the assemblage consists of medium/dark-grey

coloured flint.

10


APPENDIX B: TABLE OF FINDS

Flint

GPS_ID Description Count Weight_g Comments 28 flake 1 1 28.22 flake 1 1 broken 28.36 flake 1 2 broken 28.42 blade 1 1 broken 28.47 blade 1 4 broken; blade-like; pale grey 28.66 ?core 1 7 28.77 flake 1 2 28.104 flake 1 1 28.124 blade 1 5 milky patina; broken 28.155 flake 1 7 broken 28.186 flake 1 1 28.192 Burnt flint 1 6 28.201 flake 1 7 broken flake 28.205 flake 1 1 28.238 flake 1 1 28.239 Burnt flint 1 16 28.247 flake 2 1 28.261 flake 1 5 broken 28.272 flake 1 5 28.286 flake 1 1 28.304 flake 1 6 28.325 flake 1 4 28.328 Burnt flint 1 1 28.334 flake 1 4 broken 28.352 flake 1 2 28.360 core 1 18 probable flint core. 28.389 flake 1 1 28.400 flake 1 1 28.557 chip 1 1 broken 28.568 flake 1 12 broken;pale grey 28.572 ?flake 1 5 28.589 Burnt flint 1 1 28.596 flake 1 3 28.641 flake 1 5 28.646 scraper 1 17 End/side; pale grey 28.647 core 1 24 rejuvenated blade core 28.659 flake 1 2 28.663 flake 1 2 28.664 flake 1 9 28.676 scraper 1 7 end/side. 28.677 flake 1 11 28.683 flake 1 3 28.687 flake 1 3 28.690 bladelet 1 1 broken; pale grey 28.691 flake 1 1 broken 28.698 flake 1 2 28.705 flake 1 2 28.711 flake 2 3 broken 28.712 chip 1 1 28.713 flake 1 7 28.720 flake 1 5 28.726 flake 1 8 sharp 28.741 bladelet 1 1 28.760 core 1 17 28.776 flake 1 11 28.787 Burnt flint 1 7

11


28.788 flake 1 1 broken 28.789 flake 1 9 28.799 flake 1 5 28.808 Burnt flint 1 9 28.834 flake 1 3 28.838 blade 1 3 flint blade 28.843 bladelet 1 1 28.851 blade 1 3 broken 28.864 flake 1 1 28.869 flake 1 5 28.881 flake 1 1 broken 28.892 core 1 4 fragment 28.902 Burnt flint 1 8 28.906 flake 1 1 28.910 flake 1 2 broken 28.917 chip 1 1 28.918 core 1 14 28.920 flake 1 2 28.924 flake 1 19 28.929 flake 1 3 pale grey 28.930 chip 1 1 28.935 bladelet 1 1 backed bladelet/microl; pale grey 28.944 flake 1 5 28.960 flake 2 2 flake and chip 28.964 flake 1 4 broken 28.965 flake 1 1 28.966 flake 1 3 light patina 28.992 flake 1 4 28.997 flake 1 2 28.1000 retouched flake 1 10 1 edge scraper-like retouch 28.1007 flake 1 2 28.1023 flake 1 7 28.1034 flake 1 8 28.1039 flake 1 4 28.1046 ?flake 1 2 broken 28.1072 blade 1 2 broken 28.1073 flake 1 6 28.1076 flake 1 7 28.1084 flake 1 1 broken; burnt 28.1087 core 1 16 flint core fragment 28.1099 flake 1 1 28.1107 flake 1 8 burnt 28.1108 ?flake 1 6 102 481

12


APPENDIX C: SURFACE ARTEFACT COLLECTION STRATEGY FOR HAWTON LANE (SITE 28)

Category Sub-category Treatment Ignore Record

Location Record Location & Save

Pottery x Brick/ tile x x (if hand-made) Baked clay x Bone x Metal x Flint Worked x Unworked (burnt) x Stone x x (if worked) Mortar x Glass x Slag x Coke/ coal x Charcoal x Other small finds of significance

x

13

© Cotswold Archaeology

14

A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement, Nottinghamshire: Surface Artefact Collection

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project Name A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement,

Nottinghamshire, Surface Artefact Collection (Fieldwalking) Survey CA

Short description (250 words maximum)

An archaeological surface artefact collection survey was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in April - May 2009 at the request of Scott Wilson Limited on behalf of Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Limited on land to the north of Hawton Lane as part of the A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement. A small number of late Palaeolithic/ Mesolithic blades; Mesolithic cores; and Mesolithic bladelets were recovered although the numbers were not great enough to suggest a concentration or in situ scatter. The majority of the worked flints recovered were undiagnostic and could only be categorised as ‘prehistoric’. A low level of pottery dating to the Iron Age, Roman and medieval periods was recovered across the survey area. There was a prevalence of post-medieval and modern pottery across the site. Most of the flints exhibited moderate to extensive edge-damage or breakage consistent with long-term exposure to agriculture. Overall, the site produced a ‘background noise’ of archaeological material that has migrated due to continuous agricultural interference.

Project dates 27 April-01 May 2009 Project type

Archaeological Surface Artefact Collection (Fieldwalking)

Previous work (reference to organisation or SMR numbers etc)

None

Future work None

PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Land to the North of Hawton Lane, Nottinghamshire Study area (M2/ha) 6.03ha Site co-ordinates (8 Fig Grid Reference) SK 7818 5125

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Project Design (WSI) originator Scott Wilson

Project Manager Cliff Bateman Project Supervisor Rebecca Riley PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of

archive Content

Physical An appropriate museum Flint, pottery, Fe obj. Digital An appropriate museum Database, digital photos

etc BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


A46 Newark WidmerpoolImprovement

Pottery by period

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Documents

SURFACE ARTEFACT C (FIELDWALKING SURVEY...surface artefact collection (fieldwalking) survey for Scott Wilson Limited on behalf of Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Limited on land to