Supporting Information - PNAS · Supporting Information Wu et al. 10.1073/pnas.1117113108 Fig. S1. Map of China with the location of Maba (Left) and detailed map of Maba with the

Supporting InformationWu et al. 10.1073/pnas.1117113108

Fig. S1. Map of China with the location of Maba (Left) and detailed map of Maba with the location of the Lion Rock (Right).

Fig. S2. (Upper) Lion Rock Mountain and (Lower) Lion Head Mountain. The latter contains the karst cave in which the Maba 1 human cranium was found.

Wu et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1117113108 1 of 8

www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1117113108

Fig. S3. Schematic cross-section of the Lion Head Mountain Cave, with the positions of the Maba human cranium and the faunal remains indicated (Upper)and the crevice in the north portion of the second stratigraphic level of Lion Head Mountain Cave shown (Lower). The red arrow indicates the locus where theMaba cranium was found.



Fig. S4. The reconstructed Maba 1 cranium. (A) Right lateral view; (B) anterior view; (C) left lateral view; (D) posterior view; (E) superior view; (F) basal view.The frontal lesion is indicated by the arrow.



Fig. S6. Anterior left view of the Maba cranium, showing gnawing marks by Hystrix (porcupine) on the borders of (A) the right orbit, (B) the supraorbitaltorus, (C) the inferior edge of the nasal bone, (D) area to the right of glabella, and (E) area superior of the glabellar region.

Fig. S5. Areas of postmortem erosion on the left parietal bone of Maba 1. (Left) Surface erosion area. (Right) Cracks with associated bone loss.



Table S1. Identified mammal remains from level 2 of Lion HeadMountain Cave

Primates ProboscideaMacaca sp. Stegodon orientalisRhinopithecus tingianus Paleoloxodon namadicusPongo sp. Perissodactyla

Rodentia Megatapirus augustusRattus rattus Tapiris sp.Hystrix sp. Rhinoceros sinensisHystrix subcristata swinhoe Artiodactyla

Carnivora Sus scrofaCuon javanicus Sus sp.Crocuta crocuta ultima Muntiacus muntiakAiluropoda melanoleuca fovealis Cervus (R.) tricolorUrsus thibetanus Hydropotes sp.Arctonyx collaris CaprinaePaguma larvata Bubalus sp.Viverra zibetha expectataFelis sp.Panthera cf. tigris

Fig. S7. Other later Pleistocene human remains with depressed traumatic injuries of the frontal bone. (Left) Oblique superolateral view of the Middle Pa-leolithic modern human (MIS 5c) early adolescent Qafzeh 11 cranium, with a depressed injury of the lateral frontal squamous portion (1). The hole is frompostmortem breakage of the paper-thin bone at the base of the concavity. (Right) Anterior view of the Mid Upper Paleolithic (MIS 3) Dolní V�estonice 11/12frontal bone (the frontonasal suture and right supraorbital margin are preserved inferiorly). The primary right-side depression has an inferomedially raised lipand tapers to a thin margin at the right superolateral break, and there is additional thinning along the left superolateral break (2).

1. Tillier AM (1999) The Mousterian Children of Qafzeh (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris) (in French).2. Trinkaus E, Hillson SW, Franciscus RG, Holliday TW (2006) Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe: The People of Dolní Vĕstonice and Pavlov, eds Trinkaus E, Svoboda JA

(Oxford Univ Press, New York), pp 419e458.



Table S2. Craniofacial and postcranial traumatic lesions, plus major developmental or degenerative abnormalities, of pre-last glacialmaximum (pre-LGM) Homo

Specimen Lesion Side Ref.

Major craniofacial lesionsMiddle Pleistocene

Hulu/Nanjing 1 Frontoparietal exocranial lesion—trauma and/or burning Mid (1)Late Pleistocene

Cova Negra 1 Anterosuperior parietal trauma with external remodeling Rt (2)Dolní Vĕstonice 3 Mandibular condyle fracture with facial deformity Lt (3)Dolní Vĕstonice 11/12 Anterior frontal squamous depressed fracture Mid (3)Krapina 34.7 Posterior parietal depressed fracture Rt (4)Qafzeh 11 Lateral frontal depressed fracture Rt (5)Saint-Césaire 1 Superior frontal squamous slicing wound Rt (6)Shanidar 1 Lateral facial crushing fracture Lt (7)

Minor craniofacial lesions*Early Pleistocene†

Sangiran 38 Two parietal pathological depressions, anteromedial and posteromedial,possibly posttraumatic

2× Lt (8)

Middle PleistoceneAtapuerca-SH cranium 1 Occipital squama exocranial depression Mid (9)Atapuerca-SH cranium 2 Anteromedial parietal exocranial vault depression Lt (9)Atapuerca-SH cranium 3 Posteromedial parietal exocranial depression Rt (9)Atapuerca-SH cranium 4 Frontal squamous exocranial vault depression Mid (9)

Posteroinferior parietal depressed groove Lt (9)Occipital squama slight depression Rt (9)

Atapuerca-SH cranium 5 12 exocranial lesions (6 right, 5 left, 1 mid; anterior, 3 right and 3 left) Rt, Lt, Mid (9)Supratoral slight depression Lt (9)Posttraumatic maxillary osteitis Lt (9)

Atapuerca-SH cranium 6 Supratoral slight exocranial vault depression Lt (9)Atapuerca-SH cranium 7 Lambdoid sutural bone healed external lesion — (9)Atapuerca-SH cranium 8 Posteroinferior parietal slight exocranial vault depression Lt (9)Atapuerca-SH 764 Supraorbital torus traumatic lesion Lt (9)Biache 1 Anteromedial shallow exocranial depression Lt (10)Biache 2 Lateral supraorbital torus minor lesion RtBroken Hill/Kabwe 1 Temporal trauma with associated infection Lt (11)Casal de’ Pazzi 1 Vascularized circular posterosuperior parietal depression Rt (12)Ceprano 1 Supraorbital (right) and squamous frontal (left) lesions Rt, Lt (13)La Chaise BD-17 Anterior middle parietal shallow depression Lt (14)Ehringsdorf 2 Superior middle parietal discrete exocranial lesion Lt (15)Ngandong 7‡ Bregmatic pathological depressions, possibly traumatic Mid (16)

Posterosuperior parietal depression, possibly traumatic Lt (16)Swanscombe 1 Anterior and posterior discrete parietal depressions 2× Lt (17)Zhoukoudian skull X§ Parasagittal frontal and parietal exocranial lesion Lt (18)Zhoukoudian skull XII Parasagittal parietal exocranial lesion Rt (18)Zuttiyeh 1 Supraorbital torus traumatic lesion Rt (19)

Two frontal squamous depressed lesions 2× Rt (19)Late PleistoceneDolní Vĕstonice 3 Superior minor frontal squamous exocranial lesion Mid (3)Dolní Vĕstonice 13 Minor frontal squamous exocranial lesion Rt (3)

Minor anteromedial parietal exocranial lesion Rt (3)Dolní Vĕstonice 16 Two frontal squamous external lesions 2× Rt (3)Feldhofer 1 Supraorbital torus small external lesion Rt (20)Krapina 4 Anteromedial parietal traumatic lesion Rt (21)Krapina 20 Small frontal squamous healed lesion Lt (21)Mlade�c 5 Frontal squamous traumatic lesion Lt (22)Pavlov 1 Posterior parietal exocranial alternation Rt (3)�Sal’a 1 Supraorbital torus traumatic lesion Rt (23)Shanidar 1 Minor lesions to the right frontal squamous Rt (7)Shanidar 5 Left frontal elongate external table bony scar Lt (7)

Major postcranial traumatic lesionsLate Pleistocene

Barma Grande 2 Marked humeral asymmetry, probably posttraumatic (27)Feldhofer 1 Fractured left ulna with reduced mobility, left arm atrophy,

and right arm hypertrophy(28)

Krapina 180 Right distal ulnar fracture and pseudoarthrosis (21)



Table S2. Cont.

Specimen Lesion Side Ref.

Shanidar 1 Multiple right arm fractures with possible amputation; overall atrophy/hypotrophyof the right scapula, clavicle, and humerus; plus clavicular osteomyelitis

(7)

Shanidar 3 Left rib piercing, with probable pneumothorax (7)Sunghir 1 Piercing wound to ventral T1 (fatal) (29)

Minor postcranial traumatic lesionsLate Pleistocene

Caviglione 1 Healed and deformed left distal radial diaphyseal fractureLa Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Fractured rib; posttraumatic cervical and left coxal osteoarthritis (30)Dolní Vĕstonice 15 Left ulnar diaphyseal fracture with radial diaphyseal deformity (3)Feldhofer 2 Right ulnar diaphyseal fracture (31)La Ferrassie 1 Traumatically displaced greater trochanter (30)La Ferrassie 2 Fractured fibular diaphysis with infection (32)Kebara 2 Fractured spinous thoracic processes; metacarpal fracture (33)Krapina 149 Distal right clavicular fracture (21)Krapina 188.8 Left proximal ulnar diaphyseal fractureShanidar 1 Posttraumatic right talocrural and hallucal tarsometatarsal osteoarthritis;

right metatarsal 4 fracture(7)

Shanidar 3 Posttraumatic right talocrural osteoarthritis (7)Shanidar 4 Middle rib fracture (7)Skhul 4¶ Metatarsal fracture (34)

Major developmental or degenerative conditionsEarly Pleistocene

Dmanisi D3444/D3900 Nearly edentulous; pervasive exocranial lesions (36)KNM-ER 1808 Systemic postcranial periosteal lesions and new bone formation (37)

Middle PleistoceneAtapuerca-SH cranium 14 Unilateral lambdoidal craniosynostosis (38)Atapuerca-SH pelvis 1 Lumbar kyphotic deformity, spondylolisthesis (39)Aubesier 11 Nearly edentulous with pervasive oral infection (40)Eliye Springs KNM-ES

11693Pronounced porotic hyperostosis (41)

Florisbad 1 Multiple cranial vault and orbital lesions (42)Salé 1 Congenital torticolis (43)Singa 1 Unilateral semicircular canal ossification (44)

Late PleistoceneBrno 2 Systemic postcranial diaphyseal periostosis (45)La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Largely edentulous with advanced anterior alveolar infection (30)Cro-Magnon 1 Cranial, pelvic, and femoral subperiosteal lesions (46)Dolní Vĕstonice 15 Systemic dysplasia with primary cranial, humeral, and femoral deformities,

plus pronounced dental hypoplasias(3)

La Ferrassie 1 Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO) (47)Guattari 1 Edentulous with alveolo-palatal remodeling (48)Nazlet Khater 2 Bilateral femoral hypotrophy; advanced vertebral osteoarthritis (49)Qafzeh 12 Infantile hydrocephalus (50)Sunghir 3 Congenital bilateral femoral deformities, with persistent growth arrest lesions (51, 52)Tianyuan 1 Bilateral distal femoral and proximal tibial muscle deformities (53)

Included are primary and secondary lesions from trauma. Major ones are those that are likely to have incurred some loss of function or to have beenpotentially fatal. Not included are minor osteoarthritis, localized infections, auditory exostoses, and dentoalveolar/temporomandibular lesions that would nothave impeded normal mastication. All of them except the Sunghir 1 lesion have some healing/remodeling of the bone and hence indicate some level ofsurvival. Most of the specimens are adult; the immature specimens are Atapuerca-SH cranium 14, Qafzeh 11 and 12, and Sunghir 3. Lt, left; Mid, middle; Rt,right.*These cases include several features (especially from Atapuerca-SH, Dolní Vĕstonice, Pavlov, and Krapina) that are identified as minor trauma to the externaltable on the basis of the presence of distinct depressions in the external table. Most are likely to be secondary to trauma, but some could be secondary to injuryand/or infection of the scalp and underlying tissues.†Caspari (24) identified a traumatic lesion on the supraorbital torus of Gongwangling/Lantian 1, but CT analysis of the specimen (25) failed to confirm or refutethat diagnosis. It is therefore not included.‡The Ngandong human remains are variously dated to the Middle or Late Pleistocene. Recent reassessment of the age of the deposit (26) makes it likely thatthe sample dates to the second half of the Middle Pleistocene.§Weidenreich (18) listed a series of defects in the other Zhoukoudian Locality 1 crania, but only the ones on skulls X and XII appear to have occurredantemortem.¶A rectangular hole through the hyperflexed femoral head and os coxae of Skhul 9 was identified by McCown and Keith (34) as an ante- or perimortempiercing. However, it is postmortem damage, possibly from excavation (35).



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Supporting Information - PNAS · Supporting Information Wu et al. 10.1073/pnas.1117113108 Fig. S1. Map of China with the location of Maba (Left) and detailed map of Maba with the