Support System

8.1 SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Support system The skeletal system :Bones Cartilage : a strong flexible tissue found in the joint parts of the bonesTendons : a strong tissue which connects the muscles to the bonesLigaments : strong tissue connecting the bones together in the joint parts and supports the muscles

Types of skeletal SystemsThere are 3 types of skeletal systems : 1) Endoskeleton : (human, animal / land & Aquatic vertebrates) a supporting framework of bones or other structures located inside the body 2) Exoskeleton : (invertebrates) hard outer skin or shell 3) Hydrostatic skeleton : (invertebrates) a support provided by fluids under pressure in the body cavity.

The skeletons of land vertebratesThe skeletons of land vertebrates have two sections :Axial skeletons : Skull, backbone, rib cage2) Appendicular skeleton : Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Support system for vertebratesEach species has their own special structure according to their different habitat and lifestyles.For example : Cats & horses - have backbones which are curved upward or downwards to support muscles attached to the backbonesLion & tiger -have skeletons with powerful bones to run fast -have rigid and thick bones to adapt their habitatElephants -require a big and strong skeleton structure to support their weight

Function of support systems in land vertebratesTo support the weight of the bodyProvide a frame to retain the shape and structure of the bodyTo protect some internal organs such as brain, heart, lungs and spinal cord from injuryHelp body to moveContains and protect the bone marrowProvide a storage area for salts such as calcium

Aquatic vertebratesWater helps sea creatures support their weightThe bones of aquatic vertebrate animals contain more cartilage than land vertebratesCartilage makes the bone structure more flexible and allows the aquatic animals to move through the water at high speeds

Function of support systems in aquatic vertebratesGiving shape & structureProviding protectionEnabling movementRed blood cell productionStoring salts

The differences between dolphin and shark is that they have different appendicular and swims differentlyDolphinSwims with an up and down movements of its posteriorHorizontal tail is suitable for this movementShark- swims with a sideway movement of its whole body and needs a vertical tail

Aquatic vertebrate

Skeleton systems for aquatic vertebrates

Comparing the support systems in land and aquatic vertebrates

The differences of support systems in land and aquatic vertebrates

Support systems in Animal

8.2SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

STORY OF THE RING :During spring and summer new xylem cells are produced

The sum of the springwood & summerwood is called annual ring

Growth and support in woody plants

Non-woody plants

Comparisons of woody and non-woody plants

Aquatic plants

8.3 Appreciating the support systems in living things

Appreciating the support systems in living thingsAnimal -need support systems to keep our body in shape -enables us to move properly and freely -running, slithering and swimming Plant -need support systems for standing upright, better exposure to sunlight, flower production & dispersion of seeds -Support tissue : i. to perform nastic or tropic movementii. Protect important tissues & other tissues like the phloem in the plant

EXERCISEGIVE THE EXAMPLE OF ANIMALS FOR THE TYPE OF SUPPORT SYSTEM GIVEN IN FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

EXERCISECOMPLETE THE DIAGRAM BELOW WITH SUITABLE ANSWER