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Superconducting wind turbine generators – A game changer?
Asger B. Abrahamsen, PhDSenior Research Scientist
HI2015Tuesday 22 September 2015
New innovations and Game changers session
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 2015
Motivation
2
2Power BI D l
1G : Copper + Iron
2G : R2Fe14B magnets + Fe
10 MW ~ 6 tons PM
3G : RBa2Cu3O6+x HTS + Fe
10 MW ~ 10 kg RBCO
IB
l
D
f
Torque
Fe
BR
R
TC = 93 K
Bc2 ~ 100 Tesla
J < 200 kA/mm2
TC = 583 K
Br ~ 1.4 Tesla
Fe
Cu
J ~ 2 A/mm2 TC = 1043 K
Br ~ 0 Tesla
TC = 39 K
Bc2 ~ 40 Tesla
J < 20 kA/mm2
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 2015
Choice of superconductors
Jensen, Mijatovic & Abrahamsen, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 023137 (2013)
MgB2 Columbus
1-4 €/m
20 €/m30 €/m
NbTi Bruker EST
0.4 €/m
4 m
m
Fill factor
~ 0.3 %
AmSC YBCO Bi-2223
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 20154
INNWIND.EU – 10 MW MgB2 SC Direct drive
• 10 MW reference turbine
D = 178 m & 9.7 rpm
• King-pin nacelle (DNV-GL)
• Two main bearings on hub
• Blade loads directly to tower
A.B Abrahamsen et. al., EWEA 2014
• Front mounted generator
- Easy to compare different types
• Scalable to 20 MW but issues with manufacturing (bearings and cast pieces)
• MgB2: T = 20 K by cooling machines
D = 6.0 m
L ~ 2.5 m
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 20155
10 MW generator optimization D = 6.0 m
Armature back
B [
T]
Armature Cu
Armature teeth
SC field
SC Pole
SC back
Fe: 3 €/kg MgB2: 4 €/m
Cu: 15 €/kg G10: 15 €/kg
PM: 50-75 €/kg
More iron
More
iro
n
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 20156
Active material cost: MgB2 from 4 €/m 1 €/m
Put as much iron as possible !
LMgB2 ~ 100 km assuming 1 €/m
€MgB2 ~ 100 k€
Matches Permanent Magnet Direct Drive
D. Liu et. al., submitted IJAEM
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 2015
Roadmap to 10 GW SCDD
Abrahamsen and Jensen , "Wind Energy Conversion System:
Technology and Trend“, ISBN 978-1-4471-2200-5, Springer 2012.
Wire use 10 MW(GW)
NbTi
720 km (Mm)
25000 km/year
fCAPEX ~ 2%
T = 4.2 K
MgB2
100 km (Mm)
5000 km/year
fCAPEX ~ 1-2%
T = 10-20 K
REBa2Cu3O6+x
200 km (Mm)
3000 km/year
fCAPEX ~ 40-50%
T = 20-40K
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 20158
ConclusionWhy superconducting?• Bairgap > 1 Tesla More compact direct drive for Multi-MW turbines with high torque• Vanishing dependency on Rare Earth element supply• High magnetic field vs. high current density High J most economical for MgB2 & HTS
• NbTi: T = 4.2K GE (transfer MRI to wind) CAPEX fraction ~ 2 %• MgB2: T = 20 K SUPRApower, Hypertech, AML, INNWIND CAPEX fraction ~ 1-2 % • YBCO: T = 20-40 K AMSC, (GE), ECOSWING, INNWIND CAPEX fraction ~ 40 %
• Chicken & egg: Demand to increase volume and drive down price of SC wires.• Huge learning potential for MgB2 and YBCO wires. Have to include wire improvement.
• Demonstrate MgB2 and YBCO field coil technologies.
Is it a game changer ? It is getting closer ….. But should we find a better material?
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 20159
H2S
• The smell of rotten eggs
• Freeze & Press (a lot)
• TC = 203 K *
• Hc2(0) 73 Tesla
• A BCS superconductor !!!!
• Light elements combined with Hydrogen. Better candidates?
• Cooling by liquid natural gas (LNG) at 111 K or -162 oC
*Drozdov et. al., Nature525, 73 (2015)Jensen et. al., J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 023137 (2013)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 20 September 201510
INNWIND.EU Collaborators in Workpackage 3 on Electromechanical Conversion
• Asger B. Abrahamsen ([email protected])– DTU Wind Energy (DK)
• Dong Liu & Henk Polinder– Delft University of Technology (NL)
• Niklas Magnuson– SINTEF (N)
• Ewoud Stehouwer & Ben Hendriks-DNV GL (NL)
• Arwyn Thomas – Siemens Wind Power (DK)
Project website: www.innwind.eu