Sunrise university, AlwarCombinational Circuits, Multiplexer-IC 74150 and IC 44151, De multiplexer-IC 74154, Decoder- IC 74139, BCD to seven segment De-coder IC 7446/7449 Decimal to

Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) BCA -I Yr

Sunrise university, Alwar

Scheme of Session 2019-2020

1 BCA

Code Subject Exam

Hrs.

Maximum Marks

MS1 MS2 END TERM

IA

Total

THEORY

BCA101 Elementary Physics 3 10 10 60 20 100

BCA102 Basic Mathematics 3 10 10 60 20 100

BCA103 General English 3 10 10 60 20 100

BCA104 Principles of Programming Language

(Through ‘C’) 3 10 10 60 20 100

BCA105 Computer Organization 3 10 10 60 20 100

BCA106 Office Management Tools 3 10 10 60 20 100

BCA107 Environmental Studies 3 10 10 60 20 100

PRACTICALS & SESSIONALS

Code Subject Exam

Hrs. IA EA

Total

MP1 MP2

BCA108 Technical Writing and Communication

Skills 2 30 30 40 100

BCA109 C-Laboratory 2 30 30 40 100

BCA110 Office Automation Laboratory 2 30 30 40 100

TOTAL 1000

BCA 2

BCA 101 : Elementary Physics

Unit-I

Electric charge, conductors and insulator, coulomb’s law, quantization and conservation of electric

charge, the electric field, electric lines of force and Gauss’ law of electrostatics, electric potential

energy, electric potential, energy and electrical power.

Capacitors, capacitance, capacitors in series and parallel, capacitors with dielectric. Electric current,

resistance, resistivity, and conductivity, Ohm’s law, electromotive force, series and parallel

combination of resistances, current in a single loop, Kirchoff’s current law, Kirchoff’s Voltage law

Unit-II

Magnetic field due to a bar magnet, Biot Savrt’s law, magnetic field due to a current carrying coil,

Force between two parallel currents, Magnetic field inside solenoid and toroid, magnetic flux

,faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction , magnetic properties of matter (diamagnetic,

paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials) , inductance, energy stored in an inductor,

LR circuits .

Unit-III

Introduction to Logic and implementation with Logic Gates, Logic functions –NOT, AND OR NOR ,

EX – NOR , Truth tables , Boolean Algebra , de Morgan’s Theorems; Standard forms for logical

expression , Sum of products, Product of Sums specification of logical functions in terms of

Minterms and Maxterms, Karnaugh Maps , simplification of logical function, introduction of “don’t

care” states , Synthesis using only NAND or only NOR gates.

Unit-IV

Combinational Circuits, Multiplexer-IC 74150 and IC 44151, De multiplexer-IC 74154, Decoder- IC

74139, BCD to seven segment De-coder IC 7446/7449 Decimal to BCD priority Encoder- IC 7447,

parity checker–IC 74180, Magnitude Comparator IC 7485.

Unit-V

Sequential Circuits : RS Flip Flop, Clocked RS Flip flop , D flip flop , Edge Triggered D Flip Flop ,

master – salve Technology and its advantage, Shift Register as Flip Flop system, IC 7496, UP/

DOWN counters, 74 series asynchronous counters , 74 series synchronous counter .

Reference Books:

1. Bernard Grob: Basic Electronics, Tata Mc Graw Hill.

2. Fowler: Electricity, Tata Mc Graw Hill.

3. Shivkumar, Engineering Physics, Tata Mc Graw Hill.

BCA 3

BCA 102 : Basic Mathematics

Unit-I

Function ; Function, domain & range of a function, types of functions-constant, identity, polynomial,

exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, rational, periodic, modulus,

signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs, Composite function, Invertible Function.

Function domain and range, One to one and onto functions, composite function, inverse of a

functions, Binary operations.

Unit-II

Matrices and Determinants: Definition and Types of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction and

Multiplication of Matrices, Non commutatively of multiplication of matrices and existence of non –

zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix ( restrict to square matrices of order 2 ), Scalar

Multiplication, Transpose of a Matrix.

Determinant of a square matrix ( up to 3 X 3 matrices ), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors,

expansion of determinants, application of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Invertible

matrices, Adjoint and Invest of a matrix, Solution of system of linear equations by inverse matrix

method and Cramer’s Rule, Eigen Values, Eigen Vectors.

Unit-III

Co – ordinate Geometry: Cartesian co – ordinate system, polar coordinate system, distance between

two points, section formulae, Area of a triangle, Locus and its Equation. Straight Line – Equation of

straight line, slope form, two point form, intercept form, normal form, distance of a point from a line,

condition of concurrency of three line, pair of straight lines, angle between two lines, equation of a

line parallel or perpendicular to a given line, standard equations of a Circle.

Quadratic Equation: Solution of Quadratic Equations, Nature of Roots. Solution of a quadratic

equation by factorization method and Shridharaycharya’s formula, relation between the roots of a

quadratic equation, formation of quadratic equation from given roots.

Unit-IV

Statistics: Frequency Distribution, Graphical representation of frequency distribution. Mean, Median,

Mode and other measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion, Standard Deviations, Variance, Correlation

and regression, Measure of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, regression analysis, properties of

regression line.

Unit-V

Combinations and Permutations: Factorial notation n! , Combinations , Permutations.

probability: Classical approach of Probability – trial & events, exhaustive events, equally likely

events, mutually exclusive events, favourable events, independent events. Classical or mathematical

definition of probability. Law of addition of probabilities. Multiplication law of probability and

conditional probability simple problems based on addition and multiplication law of probabilities.

Reference Books: 1. Basic Mathematics , R.D. Sharma 2. B.L. Agarwal; Basic Statistics; Khanna pub.

3. Stephen Bernstem; Elements of statistics, TMH.

BCA 4

BCA 103 : General English

Unit-I

Concepts and Fundamentals : Narration, Active and Passive, Modals, Subject Verb Concord,

Subordination, Coordination, Meaning of communication, Importance of communication,

Communication scope, Process of communication, Communication models and theories, Essentials of

good communication – The seven CS of communication, Verbal and Non –Verbal Communication,

Formal and informal communication, Barriers of communication.

Unit-II

Written Communication: Objectives of written communication, Media of written communication,

Merits and demerits of written communication, Planning business messages.

Written Latter: Business letters, Office memorandum, Good news and bad news letters, Persuasive

letters, Sales letters, Letters styles / layout.

Unit-III

Report Writing: Meaning & Definition, Types of report (Business report & academic report), Format

of report, Drafting the report, Layout of the report, Essential requirement of good report writing.

Language Skills : Improving command in English , Choice of words, Common problems with verbs,

adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, punctuation, prefix, suffix etc.

Unit-IV

Oral Communication: Principles of effective oral communication, Media of oral communication,

Advantages of oral communication, Disadvantages of oral communication, Styles of oral

communication.

Interviews: Meaning & purpose, Art of interviewing, Types of interview, Interview styles, Essential

Features, Structure, Guidelines for Interviewer, Guide lines for Interviewee.

Arts of listening: Good listening for improved communication, Art of listening, Meaning, nature and

importance of listening, Principles of good listening, Barriers in listening.

Unit-V

Job Application: Types of application, form & Content of an application, Drafting the application,

preparation of resume.

Project Presentations: Advantages & Disadvantages, Executive Summary, Charts, Distribution of time

(presentation, questions & answers, summing up), Visual presentation, Guidelines for using visual aids,

Electronic media ( power –point presentation)

Referenced books:

1. Communication by C.S. Rayudu, Himalaya publishing House.

2. Communication Today – Understanding Creative Skill by Reuben Ray, Himalaya publishing house

3. Successful Communication by Malra Treece.

4. Business Communication Today by Bovee & Thill, Mc graw hill.

BCA 5

BCA 104 : Principles of Programming ( Through ‘C’ )

Unit-I

Basic concepts of Programming languages, Programming Domains, Language Evaluation criteria and

language categories, Evolution of major programming languages. Describing syntax and semantics

formal methods of describing syntax, pseudo code, design of Algorithm & Flowchart

Unit-II

Fundamental of C: History and importance of C, sample programming, basic structure and

execution of C programs, constants, variables, and data types and various type of declarations,

different type of operators and expressions, evaluation of expressions, operator precedence and

associability. Managing input and output operations, decision making and branching decision making.

Unit-III

Iteration: while, do.... while, for loop, nested loops, break & continue, goto statements.

Arrays and Strings: One – dimensional arrays and their declaration and initialization, two –

dimensional arrays and their initializations, character arrays (One and Two dimensional), reading and

writing strings, string – handing functions.

Unit-IV

Functions : Need and elements for user – defined functions, definition of functions , return values

and their types, function calls and declaration, recursion, parameter passing, passing arrays and

strings to functions, the scope, visibility and life time of variables.

Understanding Pointers: Accessing the address of a variable, declaration and initialization of pointer

variables, accessing a variable through its pointer, pointers and arrays, pointers and function

arguments, functions returning pointers.

Unit-V

Structures and Unions: Defining structure, declaring structure variable and accessing structure

member, initialization of structure, operation on individual members, and array of structures, union,

size of structure.

I/O in C: Formatted and Un- formatted I/O, file handing (Random, Binary and Sequential).

Referenced books:

1. Gottfried B; Programming with C: Schaum Outlines; Mc Graw Hill Edition.

2. Balagurusamy E; Programming in ANSI C; Fifth Edn; Mc Graw Hill ,2011

3. Kanetkar Y.; LET US C; X Edition BPB,2010

BCA 6

BCA 105 : Computer Organization

Unit-I

Computer system: history and architecture development von Neumann machine, Mother Board,

System clock, bus (Data, Address Control), bus architecture (ISA, MCA, EISA, PCI,

AGP),Expansion slot and cards (Network adapter card, SCSI card, Sound card, TV tuner card, PC

card), Ports (Serial parallel, AGP, USB Fire Wire), cables (RS232, BIN), input devices Output

devices, Storage devices, random versus sequential access, formatting, tracks and sectors, speed,

storage capacity, Floppy Disk, Hard Disk tracks, cylinders, sectors; Hard Drive Interfaces Optical

Disks, Magnetic tape, Modern (Fax/Data/Voice).

Unit-II

Basic building blocks- I/O, Memory, ALU and is its components, Control UNIT and its function,

Instruction –word, instruction and Execution cycle, branch, skip, jump and shift instruction,

Operation of control registers; Controlling of arithmetic operations, Classification of Computer

(Workstation, Mainframe, Super computer, Client server Computer, Notebook, tablet, Palmtop

computer).

Unit-III

Basic of Computer organization: system buses and instruction cycles, memory subsystem

organization; system buses and instruction cycles, memory subsystem organization and

interfacing, I/O subsystem organizations and interfacing, Register transfer languages. CPU

design: specifying a CPU, Design and implementation of a simple CPU (fetching instructions

from memory, decoding and executing instructions, establishing required data paths, design of

ALU, design of the control UNIT and design verification), design and implementation of a simple

micro sequencer, Features of Pentium microprocessors.

Unit-IV

Addressing techniques – Direct, Indirect, Immediate, Relative, Indexed addressing and paging.

Registers – Indexed, General Purpose, Special purpose, overflow, carry, shift, scratch, Memory

Buffer register, accumulators, stack pointers, floating point, status information and buffer

registers. Memory: Main memory, RAM, static and dynamic, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM,

EAROM, Cache and Virtual memory.

Unit-V

Buses, interfacing buses, Bus formats- address, data and control, Interfacing keyboard, display,

auxiliary storage devices and printers. I/O card in personal computers. Introduction to

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor, examples of few

instructions to understand addressing techniques. Difference between microprocessor and

microcontrollers, RISC v/s CISC.

Referenced books: 1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, structured computer Organization , Printice Hall

1. William Stallings , Computer Organization and Architecture, Sixth Edition , Pearson

2. John D. Carpinelli: computer systems organization & architecture; 3rd Edition; person

Education Asia, 2008

3. M, Morris mano; Computer system Architectures; III Edition, Prentice Hal! Of India ,2008

BCA 7

BCA 106 : Office Management Tools

Unit-I

Introduction to Operating System: - introduction to operating system, FAT and NT file systems,

file and directory structures and naming rules of files, booting process, system files. Dos Commands

(internal & external)

Windows 7/8 windows concept, features, Desktop, Taskbar, Start, menu, My computer, Recycle bin,

Windows Accessories (Calculator, Notepad Paint, Word Pad, Character Map, Windows explorer,

Entertainment, System Tools, Communication), Sharing information between programs, Smart

devices tools and applications.

Unit-II

MS Word: Word Processing, MS-Word features, creating saving and opening documents in word.

Interface, toolbars, ruler, menus, keyboard shortcut, editing, previewing, printing & formatting a

document, advance features of MS Word, find & replace, using thesaurus, mail merge, handling

graphics, tables, converting a word document into various formats like-text, format, Word perfect,

etc.

Unit-III

MS Excel: Worksheet basics, creating worksheet, entering data into worksheet, data, text, dates,

alphanumeric values saving & quitting worksheet, opening and moving around in an existing

worksheet, Toolbars and menus, keyboard shortcuts, working with single and multiple workbook,

working with formula & cell referencing, Auto sum, copying formulas, absolute and relative

addressing, formatting of worksheet, previewing & printing worksheet, graphs and Charts, Database,

macros, multiple worksheet-concepts.

Unit-IV

Power Point: Creating and viewing a presentation, managing slide shows, navigating through a

presentation, using hyperlinks, advanced navigation with action setting and action buttons,

organizing formats with master slides, applying and modifying designs, adding graphics, multimedia

and special effects.

Unit-V

Microsoft Access: planning a database (tables, queries, forms, reports), creating and editing

database, customizing tables, linking tables, designing and using forms, modifying database

structure, sorting and indexing database, querying a database and generating reports.

Referenced books:

1. Microsoft; 2007/2010 Microsoft Office system; PHI.

2. Microsoft; Microsoft Office 2007/2010 : Plain & Simple; PHI

3. Sanjay Saxena: A Firs Course in Computers 2007/2010 Edition; Vikash pub.

BCA 8

BCA107: Environmental Studies

Objective: To familiarize the student with the importance of natural and environmental issues in

every sphere of life.

Unit-I

The Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies

i. Definition, scope and importance Need for public awareness

Natural Resources

i Introduction

ii Renewable and non renewable resources

Natural resources and associated problems.

(a) Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation case studies. Timber

extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forest and tribal people.

(b) Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought,

conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems.

(c) Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, -environmental effects of extracting and using

mineral resources, case studies.

(d) Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing,

effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case

studies.

(e) Energy resources: Growing energy need, renewable and non renewable energy sources,

use of alternate energy sources, Case studies.

(f) Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man indeed landslides, soil

erosion and desertification.

iii Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources

iv Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles

Ecosystems

i. Concept of an ecosystem ii. Structure and functions of an ecosystem iii. Producers, consumers and

decomposers iv Energy flow in the ecosystem v Ecological succession vi Food chains, food webs and

ecological pyramids vii Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and functions.

BCA 9


Unit-II

Biodiversity and its Conservation

i. Introduction - definition, genetic, species and ecosystem diversity

ii. Biogeography classification of India

iii Value of biodiversity: consumptive, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values

iv Biodiversity at global, national and local levels

v India as a mega diversity nation

vi Hotspots of biodiversity

vii Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts

viii Endangered and endemic species of India

ix Conservation of biodiversity: in-situ and ex-situ

Unit-III

Environmental Pollution

i Definition

ii Causes, effects and control measures of

iii Solid waste management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial waste

iv Role of individuals in pollution prevention

v Pollution case studies

vi Disaster management: floods, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides

Unit-IV

Social Issues and the Environment

i From unsustainable to sustainable development

ii Urban problems related to energy

iii Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management

iv Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies

v Environmental, ethics: issues and possible solutions

vi Climate change, global warning, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and nuclear

holocaust, case studies

vi Wasteland reclamation

vii Consumerism and waste products

viii Environment protection act

ix Air (prevention and control of pollution) act

x Water (prevention and control of pollution) act

xi Wildlife protection act xii Forest conservation act

xiii Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation xiv Public awareness

BCA 10


Unit-V

Human Population and the Environment

i Population growth, variation among nations

ii Population explosion-family welfare program

iii Environmental and human health

iv Human rights

v Value education

vi HIV/AIDS

vii Women and child welfare

viii Role of information technology in environment and human health

Field Work:

i Visit to a local area to document environmental assets, river/forest/grass lands/hill/mountain

ii Visit to a local polluted site

iii Study of common plants, insects, birds

iv Study of simple ecosystems

Text Book:

1.Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management, Dr. Pankaj Gupta ( CBH Publications, Jaipur

)

2.Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet by Daniel B. Botkin, Edward A. Keller, Hardcover:

752 pages, Publisher: Wiley

3. Living in the Environment : Principles, Connections, and Solutions (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Jr., G. Tyler Miller, Hardcover: 864 pages, Publisher: Brooks Cole

Referenced Books:

1.Case Studies in Environmental Science by Robert M. Scotch, Textbook Binding: 203 pages,

Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers

2. Environmental Science: Toward A Sustainable Future (8th Edition) by Richard T. Wright, Bernard J.

Nebel, Hardcover: 681 pages, Publisher: Prentice Ha

Unit No Description

I Electrics

II Magnetism

III Electronics

IV Combinational Circuits

V Sequential Circuits

Elementary Physics

Subject Code: BCA 101

Objective: Physics provides an analytic problem-solving outlook and basic understanding of

nature, while computer science enhances the ability to make practical and marketable applications.

Physics is a field in large expansion at the direction of Computer Science and the main objective to

understand/learn Heat generation in CPU, as dissipation, Information carrying by

Electrons/Photons, Information/data Storage, Computer Hardware & its Architecture, OS,

Compliers, a memory and a network etc..

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Electricity

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.

• Conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors.

• Insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field

Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

The electric force between charged bodies at rest is conventionally called electrostatic force or Coulomb force.

Coulomb's law states that force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

• Quantization is the process of converting a continuous

range of values into a finite range of discreet values.

Charge conservation is the principle that electric

charge can neither be created nor destroyed. The net

quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive

charge minus the amount of negative charge in the

universe, is always conserved.

• we can state the law of charge conservation as a continuity equation

• The electric field is defined mathematically as a vector field that associates to each point in space the force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal positive test charge at rest at that point.

• An electric line of force is an imaginary continuous line or curve drawn in an electric field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the electric force at that point.


Gauss's law in electrostatics states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the net electric charge enclosed by the surface divided by permittivity.

Gauss's Law can be used to solve complex electrostatic problems involving unique symmetries like cylindrical, spherical or planar symmetry. Also, there are some cases in which calculation of electric field is quite complex and involves tough integration.

• In Electrostatics, The electric potential at a point r in a static electric field E is given by the line integral

• The electrostatic potential energy, UE, of one point charge q at position r in the presence of an electric field E is defined as the negative of the work W done by the electrostatic force to bring it from the reference position rref to that position r

Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.


• A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.

• Capacitance is the ratio of the change in electric charge of a system, to the corresponding change in its electric potential.

• If two or more capacitors are connected in series, the overall effect is that of a single (equivalent) capacitor having the sum total of the plate spacings of the individual capacitors.

• If two or more capacitors are connected in parallel, the overall effect is that of a single equivalent capacitor having the sum total of the plate areas of the individual capacitors.


• A capacitor is a device used to store electric charge. Capacitors have applications ranging from filtering static out of radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.

• A dielectric partially opposes a capacitor’s electric field but can increase capacitance and prevent the capacitor’s plates from touching.

• An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region. i.e I=q/t

• The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current

• Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) and its inverse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current.

• Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

• Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. a and

• Electromotive force: A device that onverts other forms of energy into electrical energy (a "transducer"), such as a battery (converting chemical energy) or generator (converting mechanical energy), provides an emf as its output.


• In Series, The total resistance of resistance units in

series is equal to the sum of their individual resistances.

• In Parallel connection, the current flows through the

different path will be the different when passing

through each resistor.

• A single-loop circuit is a circuit where all elements are

connected to form one circuit loop, and are connected

to at most two other circuit elements.

• Kirchhoff's current law: The algebraic sum of

currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point

is zero.

• Kirchhoff's voltage law: This law states that the

directed sum of the potential differences (voltages)

around any closed loop is zero.


Magnetism

• A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. A bar magnet is the simplest form of magnets which is rectangular in shape and has a magnetic field around it. It is usually made of ferromagnetic materials.

• Biot Savrt’s law: The magnetic intensity at any point due to a steady current in an infinitely long straight wire is directly proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from point to wire

compare ampere's law. The Biot–Savart law is used for computing the

resultant magnetic field B at position r in 3D-space generated by a flexible current I.

• The magnetic field lines are concentric circles at every point of a current carrying circular loop. The direction of magnetic field of every section of the circular loop can be found by using the right hand thumb rule.

Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

• Two long straight parallel current carrying conductors separated by a distance r are kept in air in figure 3.58. Let I1 and I2 be the electric currents passing through the conductors A and B in same direction (i.e. along z - direction) respectively. The net magnetic field at a distance r due to current I1 in conductor A is

• The magnetic field inside an infinitely long solenoid is homogeneous and its strength neither depends on the distance from the axis nor on the solenoid's cross-sectional area. Applying Ampère's circuital law to the solenoid gives us

• A toroid is a coil of insulated wire wound on a donut-shaped form made of powdered iron. A toroid is used as an inductor in electronic circuits.

• The magnetic field in the open space inside (point P) and exterior to the toroid is zero. The field B inside the toroid is constant in magnitude for the ideal toroid of closely wound turns.

Subject Code: BCA 101 Course Name : BCA Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

• The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field flux density B passing through that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is

• Faraday's law of induction (briefly, Faraday's law) is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF) a phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction.

• Faraday's law states that The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the path.

• Faraday's law states that the EMF is also given by the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

where E is the electromotive force (EMF) and ΦB is the magnetic flux.


• Magnetic properties of matter: All substances exhibit some type of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is responsible for most of the effects of magnetism encountered in everyday life, but there are actually several types of magnetism. Paramagnetic substances, such as aluminium and oxygen, are weakly attracted to an applied magnetic field; diamagnetic substances, such as copper and carbon, are weakly repelled; while antiferromagnetic materials, such as chromium and spin glasses, have a more complex relationship with a magnetic field. The force of a magnet on paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials.

• The magnetic state (or magnetic phase) of a material depends on temperature, pressure, and the applied magnetic field. A material may exhibit more than one form of magnetism as these variables change.

• Inductance is defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the rate of change of current causing it. It is a proportionality factor that depends on the geometry of circuit conductors and the magnetic permeability of nearby materials.

• Any inductance with a current through it stores energy in its magnetic field. At any given time t the power p (t) flowing into the magnetic field, which is equal to the rate of change of the stored energy U, is the product of the current i ( t ) and voltage v ( t ) across the conductor. When there is no current, there is no magnetic field and the stored energy is zero.


A first order RL circuit is one of the simplest analogue infinite impulse response

electronic filters. It consists of a resistor and an inductor, either in series driven

by a voltage source or in parallel driven by a current source. By viewing the

circuit as a voltage divider, we see that the voltage across the inductor is:

• In Series,

• The parallel RL circuit is generally of less interest than the series circuit

unless fed by a current source. This is largely because the output voltage Vout

is equal to the input voltage Vin as a result, this circuit does not act as a filter

for a voltage input signal.


Logic gates

• A logic gate is an idealized or physical electronic device implementing a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output.

• Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.

• Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an

electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output.

• Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million gates.

• logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR

gate, EXOR gate and EXNOR gates etc. if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called

"true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator.

Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application


• Boolean Algebra is the mathematical foundation of digital circuits. Boolean Algebra specifies the relationship between Boolean variables which is used to design combinational logic circuits using Logic Gates. The truth table shows a logic circuit's output response to all of the input combinations.

• De-Morgan's Theorems describe the equivalence between gates with inverted inputs and gates with inverted outputs. Simply put, a NAND gate is equivalent to a Negative-OR gate, and a NOR gate is equivalent to a Negative-AND gate.

• In electrical and computer engineering, De Morgan's laws are commonly written as: A ⋅ B ¯ = A ¯ + B ¯ and A + B ¯ ≡ A ¯ ⋅ B ¯ Where is the logical AND, + is the logical OR, the overbar is the logical NOT of what is underneath the overbar.

• When a circuit requires logic 1 to operate, engineers may refer to this condition as positive logic. If a circuit requires a logic 0 to cause action, this type circuit is referred to as negative logic.


• Diode-Transistor Logic, or DTL, refers to the technology for designing and

fabricating digital circuits wherein logic gates employ both diodes and

transistors. RTL allows the construction of NOR gates easily, but NAND gates

are relatively more difficult to get from RTL.

• DTL offers better noise margins and greater fan-outs than RTL, but suffers from

low speed, especially in comparison to TTL.

• Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction

transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function

(the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor").

• TTL integrated circuits (ICs) were widely used in applications such as

computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer

electronics, and synthesizers.

• Boolean Algebra is the mathematics we use to analyse digital gates and

circuits. We can use these “Laws of Boolean” to both reduce and simplify a

complex expressions.


• A minterm is a Boolean expression resulting in 1 for the output of a single cell,

and 0s for all other cells in a Karnaugh map, or truth table. If a minterm has a

single 1 and the remaining cells as 0s, it would appear to cover a minimum area

of 1s.

• A minterm l is a product (AND) of all variables in the function, in direct or

complemented form. A minterm has the property that it is equal to 1 on exactly

one row of the truth table. A maxterm is a sum (OR) of all the variables in the

function, in direct or complemented form.

• A Karnaugh map provides a pictorial method of grouping together expressions

with common factors and therefore eliminating unwanted variables. The

Karnaugh map can also be described as a special arrangement of a truth table.

• Karnaugh maps are used to simplify real-world logic requirements so that they

can be implemented using a minimum number of physical logic gates.

• In digital logic, a don't-care term for a function is an input-sequence (a series

of bits) for which the function output does not matter. An input that is known

never to occur is a can't-happen term.

• Don't-care terms are important to consider in minimizing logic circuit design,

including graphical methods like Karnaugh-Veitch maps and algebraic methods

such as the Quine–McCluskey algorithm.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_logic



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh-Veitch_map





https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quine%E2%80%93McCluskey_algorithm





• Synthesis using only NAND or only NOR gates:

NOR gates and NAND gates have the particular

property that any one of them can create any logical

Boolean expression if appropriately designed.

• AND, NOT and OR gates are the basic gates; we

can create any logic gate or any Boolean expression

by combining a mixture of these gates.

• NAND & NOR gate as Universal Gate: The

below diagram is of a two input NAND gate. The

first part is an AND gate and second part is a dot

after it represents a NOT gate.

• The above diagram is of an OR gate made by only

using NOR gates. The output of this gate is exactly

similar to that of a single OR gate. We can see the

circuit arrangement of OR gate using, NOR gate is

similar to that of AND gate using NAND gates.


Combinational Circuits

• Combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose output at any time is determined from the present combination of inputs. The logic gate is the most basic building block of combinational logic. The logical function performed by a combinational circuit is fully defined by a set of Boolean expressions.

• A multiplexer also known as a data selector, is a device that selects between several analog or digital input signals and forwards it to a single output line. It is used in multiple data can be transmitted using a single line, in communication systems and a communication network.

• A Demultiplexer is a device taking a single input and selecting signals of the output of the compatible mux, which is connected to the single input, and a shared selection line. It is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations, to carry multiple data like audio, video and other form of data using a single line for transmission.

• The 16-to-1 multiplexer Integrated circuit of TTL family is 74150. This multiplexer has active LOW ENABLE input and active LOW output

Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

• Multiplexer IC 44151: It is a tool which is used in Integrated Circuit.

• De Multiplexer IC 74154: This device is ideally suited for implementing high-performance memory decoders. The NTE 74154 is fully compatible for use with most other TTL and DTL circuits.

• A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It is called a decoder because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of encoders and decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.


• Decoder IC 74139: It is a dual 2-to-4-line decoder/demultiplexer in the 7400 series. Each side of the chip is a decoder with an active low enable from a 2-bit address to four active low signals.

• A BCD to Seven Segment decoder is a combinational logic circuit that accepts a decimal digit in BCD (input) and generates appropriate outputs for the segments to display the input decimal digit.

• The IC 7446 is most commonly used for BCD to Decimal Decoder. Basically, it is a driver IC because it drives a digital display like the LED 7 segment display. IC 7446 hence called BCD to 7 segment decoder/driver. It has four BCD input pins ABCD refer below figure, and seven outputs (a to g segments).

• TTL-series 7449 seven-segment display decoder. This applet shows a BCD to seven segment decoder realized with the TTL-series 7449 type circuit. It converts a 4-bit binary-coded decimal value, that is the numbers 0 to 9 coded as binary patterns 0000 to 1001, into the code required to drive a seven-segment display.


http://electronics-course.com/number-systems

• In BCD to decimal decoder, there is a total of 10 outputs ranging from Y0 to Y9. In this decoder circuit at any instant of time one and only one output line is high. If we want to convert this BCD to Decimal decoder into active-low logic state then we have to replace all AND gates with the NAND gates.

• An encoder is a device or process that converts data from one format to another. In position sensing, an encoder is a device which can detect and convert mechanical motion to an analog or digital coded output signal, sensor & transducer etc.

• Encoder IC 7447:It is the purpose of 7447 driver IC. It takes BCD inputs and generates the 7 output lines for the 7 segment LED. Also output buffers are present so that it can supply enough current to drive all the LEDs properly.

• Parity Checker- IC 74180: A parity check is the process that ensures accurate data transmission between nodes during communication. A parity bit is appended to the original data bits to create an even or odd bit number.

• A magnitude comparator is a hardware electronic device that takes two numbers as input in binary form and determines whether one number is greater than, less than or equal to the other number.


Sequential Circuits

• A Sequential logic circuits is a form of the binary circuit; its design employs one or more inputs and one or more outputs, whose states are related to some definite rules that depend on previous states. Examples of such circuits include clocks, flip-flops, bi-stables, counters, memories, and registers.

• RS flip flops find uses in many applications in logic or digital electronic circuitry. They provide a simple switching function whereby a pulse on one input line of the flip flop sets the circuit in one state.

• A flip-flop circuit that is set and reset at specific times by adding clock pulses to the input so that the circuit is triggered only if both trigger and clock pulses are present simultaneously.

• The D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. The D stands for "data"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can be thought of as a basic memory cell. A D flip-flop can be made from a set/reset flip-flop by tying the set to the reset through an inverter.

Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

• An edge-triggered flip-flop changes states either at the positive edge (rising edge) or at the negative edge (falling edge) of the clock pulse on the control input. It does not respond to the steady state high or low level in the clock signal at all.

• Positive edge triggered flip flops will allow its outputs to change its inputs only at the instant positive spikes. If falling edge is considered, the circuit is called negative edge triggered flip flop.

• Master/slave is a model of asymmetric communication or control where one device or process controls one or more other devices or processes and serves as their communication hub. In some systems a master is selected from a group of eligible devices, with the other devices acting in the role of slaves. It describes various aspects of flip-flops, computer buses, and communication protocols.

• A shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the "data" input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the "bit array" stored in it, "shifting in" the data present at its input and 'shifting out' the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input.

• The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and in a simultaneous manner) and produces a serial output is known as Parallel-In Serial-Out shift register.

• IC 7496 5-bit parallel-In/parallel-out shift register, asynchronous preset.

• Serial in – parallel out registers are used for converting the data from serial form to parallel form. So these are also called “Serial to parallel converters”.

• Parallel in – serial out registers are used for converting the data from parallel form to serial form. So these are also called “Parallel to serial converters”.


• An up-counter counts events in increasing order. A down-counter counts stuff in the decreasing order. An up-down counter is a combination of an up-counter and a down-counter. It can count in both directions, increasing as well as decreasing.

• Asynchronous counters are those whose output is free from the clock signal. Because the flip flops in asynchronous counters are supplied with different clock signals, there may be delay in producing output.

• In the 74 series, concentrating on the most useful gates, counters, decoders and display drivers.

• Applications of Asynchronous Counters:

• Asynchronous counters are used as frequency dividers, as divide by N counters.

• These are used for low power applications and low noise emission.

• These are used in designing asynchronous decade counter.

• Also used in Ring counter and Johnson counter.

• In a synchronous counter, all the flip-flops are triggered by the same clock signal whereas in an asynchronous counter, flip-flops are triggered with different clock signals.

• The one advantage of synchronous counter over asynchronous counter is, it can operate on higher frequency than asynchronous counter as it does not have cumulative delay because of same clock is given to each flip flop.

• Synchronous Counter is faster than asynchronous counter in operation.


Unit No Description

I Function

II Matrices and Determinants

III Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation

IV Statistics

V probability

Basic Mathematics

Subject Code:BCA 102

Objective: At the end of the course a student is expected to: To enable professional

undergraduate students to understand the importance of Knowledge about mathematical

probability & familiar with various numerical techniques.


Function

Introduction- A relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible outputs where each input

is related to exactly one output. ... We can write the statement that f is a function from X to Y

using the function notation f:X→Y.

"...each element..." means that every element in X is related to some element in Y.

(But some elements of Y might not be related to any value, which is fine.)

"...exactly one..." means that a function is single valued. It

will not give back 2 or more results for the same input.

If a relationship does not follow those two rules then it is not a function ... it would still be a

relationship, just not a function.

Subject Code:BCA 102 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Function

Domain, Codomain & Range 1. The set "X" is called the Domain,

2. The set "Y" is called the Codomain and

3. The set of elements that get pointed to in Y (the actual values produced by the function) is

called the Range.


Function

Identity function-The unique function over a set X that maps each element to itself is

called the identity function for X.

invertible function- Let f:A B. If there exists a function g: B A such that g o f =IA and f o g=IB , then f is called

an invertible function and g is called the inverse of f. We write, f -1=g.

And clearly


Quadratic Function-All function in the form of y = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈R, a ≠ 0 will be known

as Quadratic function.

Algebraic Functions-A function that consists of a finite number of terms involving powers and

roots of independent variable x and fundamental operations such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division is known as an algebraic equation.

Cubic Function-A cubic polynomial function is a polynomial of degree three and can be

expressed as; F(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and a is not equal to zero.

Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Function


One – one function (Injective function) -If each element in the

domain of a function has a distinct image in the co-domain, the

function is said to be one – one function.

Many – one function- if there are at least two elements in the

domain whose images are same, the function is known as many to

one.

Onto – function ( Surjective Function)-A function is called an onto

function if each element in the co-domain has at least one pre – image

in the domain.

Into – function-If there exists at least one element in the co-domain which is not an image

of any element in the domain then the function will be Into function.

Linear Function-All functions in the form of ax + b where a, b\in Rb∈R & a ≠ 0 are called as linear

functions. The graph will be a straight line. In other words, a linear polynomial function is a first-

degree polynomial where the input needs to be multiplied by m and added to c. It can be expressed by

f(x) = mx + c.

Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application


MATRIX

Matrices are the rectangular agreement of numbers, expressions, symbols which are

arranged in columns and rows.

Operations with Matrices ( Sum, Difference)- If A and B have the same dimensions, then their sum, A + B, is obtained by adding corresponding

entries. In symbols, (A + B)ij = aij + bij . If A and B have the same dimensions, then their difference,

A − B, is obtained by subtracting corresponding entries. In symbols, (A - B)ij = aij - bij .

The matrix 0 whose entries are all zero. Then, for all A A 0 A

Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application


MATRIX

Operations with Matrices (Product)-If A has dimensions k × m and B has dimensions

m × n, then the product

• AB is defined, and has dimensions k × n. The entry (AB)ij is obtained

• by multiplying row i of A by column j of B, which is done by multiplying

corresponding entries together and then adding the results i.e.,

DETERMINANT OF MATRIX • Determinant is a scalar

• Defined for a square matrix

•Is the sum of selected products of the elements of the matrix, each product

being multiplied by +1 or -1



MATRIX

INVERSE OF A MATRIX- An inverse matrix which can be found only for a square and a

non-singular matrix A ,is a unique matrix satisfying the relationship

AA-1= I =A-1A

The formula for deriving the inverse is

Calculation of Inversion using Determinants



MATRIX

Systems of Equations in Matrix Form

The system of linear equations:

can be rewritten as the matrix equation Ax=b, where

a11 x1 a12 x2

a21 x1 a22 x2

a13 x3 K a1n xn b1

a23 x3 K a2 n xn b2

K K K K K K ak1 x1 ak 2 x2 ak 3 x3 K akn xn bk

If an n×n matrix A is invertible, then it is nonsingular, and the unique solution to the system of

linear equations Ax=b is x=A-1b.



MATRIX

CRAMER’S RULE (2 X 2) Used to solve linear systems

Linear System:

If det A does not equal to zero

Coefficient Matrix: = A

Replace coefficients for the variable you are finding with constants.



MATRIX

CRAMER’S RULE (3 X 3) Let A be the coefficient matrix of the system:

If det A 0, then


Subject Code:BCA 102 Course Name : BCA

Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation

Coordinate geometry (or analytic geometry) is defined as the study of geometry using the

coordinate points. Using coordinate geometry, it is possible to find the distance between two

points, dividing lines in m:n ratio, finding the mid-point of a line, calculating the area of a triangle

in the cartesian plane, etc.

Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application



What is a Co-ordinate and a Co-ordinate Plane? You must be familiar with plotting graphs on a plane from the tables of numbers for both linear

and nonlinear equations. The number line which is also known as a Cartesian plane is divided into

four quadrants by two axes perpendicular to each other, labelled as the x-axis (horizontal line) and

the y-axis(vertical line).

The four quadrants along with their

respective values are represented in the

graph below-

Quadrant 1 : (+x, +y)

Quadrant 2 : (-x, +y)

Quadrant 3 : (-x, -y)

Quadrant 4 : (+x, -y)

The point at which the axes intersect is known

as the origin. The location of any point on a

plane is expressed by a pair of values (x, y)

and these pairs are known as the coordinates. The figure shows the Cartesian plane with

coordinates (4,2)




Equation of a Line in Cartesian Plane

Equation of a line can be represented in many ways, few of which is given below-

(i) General Form

The general form of a line is given as Ax + By + C = 0.

(ii) Slope intercept Form

Let x,y be the coordinate of a point through which a line passes, m be the slope of a line, and c be

the y-intercept, then the equation of a line is given as- y=mx + c

(iii) Intercept Form of a Line

Consider a and b be the x-intercept and y-intercept respectively, of a line, then the equation of a

line is represented as- y = mx + c

Distance Formula: To Calculate Distance Between Two Points -Let the two points be A and B,

having coordinates to be (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) respectively.

Midpoint Theorem: To Find Mid-point of a Line Connecting Two Points: Consider the same points

A and B, having coordinates to be (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) respectively. Let M(x,y) be the midpoint of

lying on the line connecting these two points A and B. The coordinates of the point M is given as-




Area of a Triangle in Cartesian Plane: -The area of a triangle In coordinate geometrywhose

vertices are (x1,y1),(x2,y2) and (x3,y3) is

What is a Straight Line?-A line is simply an object in geometry that is characterized under

zero width object that extends on both sides. A straight line is just a line with no curves. So, a

line that extends to both sides till infinity and has no curves is called a straight line.

Equation of Straight Line

The relation between variables x, y satisfy all points on the curve. The general equation of

straight line is as given below: ax + by + c = 0 { equation of straight line.

Where x, y are variables and a,b, c are constants.

Intercept Form-Equation of line with x intercept as ‘a’ and y

– intercept as ‘b’ can be given as

x – co-ordinate of point of intersection of line with x-axis is

called x-intercept.

y – intercept will be y-co-ordinate of point of intersection of

line with y-axis.




Point form-Equation of line with slope ‘m’ and which passes through (x1, y1) can be given asy –

y1 = m(x – x1 )

What is Quadratic Equation?-Quadratic equations are the polynomial equations of degree

2 in one variable of type f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c, ∈ R and a ≠ 0. It is the general form

of a quadratic equation where ‘a’ is called the leading coefficient and ‘c’ is called the absolute

term of f (x). The values of x satisfying the quadratic equation are the roots of the quadratic

equation (α,β).

A quadratic polynomial, when equated to zero, becomes a quadratic equation. The values of x

satisfying the equation are called the roots of the quadratic equation.

General from: ax2 + bx + c = 0

Examples: 3x2 + x + 5 = 0, -x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, x2 + x = 0.

Quadratic Equation Formula-The solution or roots of a quadratic equation are given by the

quadratic formula:

Roots of Quadratic Equation-The values of variables satisfying the given quadratic equation

are called its roots. In other words, x = α is a root of the quadratic equation f(x), if f(α) = 0.

The real roots of an equation f(x) = 0 are the x-coordinates of the points where the curve y = f(x)

intersect the x-axis. One of the roots of the quadratic equation is zero and the other is -b/a if c = 0

Both the roots are zero if b = c = 0 The roots are reciprocal to each other if a = c


Statistics

CENTRAL TENDENCY -The central tendency is measured by averages. These describe the

point about which the various observed values clusterIn mathematics, an average, or central

tendency of a data set refers to a measure of the "middle" or "expected" value of the data set

There are 5 Measures of central Tendency:

Arithmetic Mean(AM)

Median

Mode

Geometric Mean(GM)

Harmonic Mean(HM)

Arithmetic Mean(AM)-The arithmetic mean is the sum of a set of observations, positive,

negative or zero, divided by the number of observations. If we have “n” real numbers

x1,x2,x3,………………xn their arithmetic mean, denoted by , can be expressed as:

Subject Code:BCA 102 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Calculation of ARITHMETIC MEAN- Find the arithmetic Mean of 9,3,7,3,8,10,2 By using the formula of Arithmetic Mean We get, So, The Arithmetic Mean = 6

Median-The Median is the value that falls in the middle when the observations are ordered into

either ascending or descending numerical order.

If n is odd, The Median is the middle value

If n is even, The Median is the average of the two middle values.

How to Find The Median- To find the median, first the data set must be sort into either

ascending or descending numerical order. Then, Select the median. Find the Median from the data set: 3 , 12 , 4 , 6 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 5 , 8

After sorting from smallest to largest we get- 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 Now, The Median is 4


Statistics

Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Mode-Mode is the value of a distribution for which the frequency is maximum. In other words, mode is the value of a variable, which occurs with the highest frequency.

Example of MODE-

Find the mode of the data set :1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, Here, 3 is the maximum times in the data set So, The Median is 3.

Geometric Mean(GM)-Geometric mean is defined as the positive root of the product of

observations. Symbolically,

GM=(x1*x2*x3*…………………….*xn)1/n

Find the Geometric Mean of 6,8,10,5,18

By using the formula of Geometric Mean We get,

GM=(6*8*10*5*18)1/5

=(43200)1/5 =8.454

This example will guide you to calculate the harmonic mean manually


Statistics


CORRELATION -Correlation is a statistical tool that helps to measure and analyze the degree of

relationship between two variables.

Correlation analysis deals with the association between two or more variables. The degree of relationship between the variables under consideration is measure through the correlation analysis.

The measure of correlation called the correlation coefficient .

The degree of relationship is expressed by coefficient which range from correlation

( -1 ≤r≥+1)

The direction of change is indicated by a sign.

The correlation analysis enable us to have an idea about the degree & direction of the relationship between the two variables under study.


Statistics



Statistics

METHODS OF STUDYING CORRELATION-

SCATTER DIAGRAM METHOD

Scatter Diagram is a graph of observed plotted points where each points represents the values of X

& Y as a coordinate.

It portrays the relationship between these two variables graphically



Statistics

CALCULATION OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT – GROUPED DATA

SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION METHOD-

Given by Prof. Spearman in 1904

By this method, correlation between qualitative aspects like intelligence, honesty,

beauty etc. can be calculated.

These variables can be assigned ranks but their quantitative measurement is not

possible.

R = Rank correlation coefficient

D = Difference between two ranks (R1 – R2)

N = Number of pair of observations

Formula used is:

𝑁 .Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥.Σ𝑓𝑑𝑦

𝑁.Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥2 −(Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥)2 𝑁.Σ𝑓𝑑𝑦2 −(Σ𝑓𝑑𝑦)2 r =

It is denoted by R = 1 – 𝟔 𝜮𝑫𝟐

𝑵 (𝑵𝟐 −𝟏)


Probability

Decision making-Systematic approach to collecting facts and applying logical decision making

techniques, instead of generalizing from experience, intuition (guessing), or trial and error.

Probability

Probability implies 'likelihood' or 'chance'. When an event is certain to happen then the probability

of occurrence of that event is 1 and when it is certain that the event cannot happen then the

probability of that event is 0.

Hence the value of probability ranges from 0 to 1. Probability has been defined in a varied manner

by various schools of thought.


Example

Problem Statement:

A coin is tossed. What is the probability of getting a head?

Solution:

Total number of equally likely outcomes (n) = 2 (i.e. head or

tail)

Number of outcomes favorable to head (m) = 1

Sol-

Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Probability

Probability Additive Theorem-

For Mutually Exclusive Events

• The additive theorem of probability states if A and B are two mutually exclusive events then the probability of either A or B is given by


For Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

In case there is a possibility of both events to occur then the additive theorem is written as


Probability


What are Equally Likely Events? When the events have the same theoretical probability of happening, then they are called equally likely

events. The results of a sample space are called equally likely if all of them have the same probability

of occurring. For example, if you throw a die, then the probability of getting 1 is 1/6. Similarly, the

probability of getting all the numbers from 2,3,4,5 and 6, one at a time is 1/6. Hence, the following are

some examples of equally likely events when throwing a die:

Getting 3 and 5 on throwing a die

Getting an even number and an odd number on a die

Getting 1, 2 or 3 on rolling a die

are equally likely events, since the probabilities of each event are equal.

Complementary Events The possibility that there will be only two outcomes which states that an event will occur or not. Like a

person will come or not come to your house, getting a job or not getting a job, etc. are examples of

complementary events. Basically, the complement of an event occurring in the exact opposite that the

probability of it is not occurring. Some more examples are:

It will rain or not rain today

The student will pass the exam or not pass.

You win the lottery or you don’t.


Unit No Description

I Active Voice, Passive Voice, Tense

II tense, The Indefinite Tense , The Continuous (Imperfect) Tense

III Curriculum Vitae, Purposes of a CV, CV Formats,Chronologica

IV Précis Writing , Uses of Précis

V Adjectives, Adjectives Modify Nouns, Coordinate Adjectives

General English

Aim and Objective: <this course aims at familiarizing the Lerner with English language

and using english

Subject Code:BCA 103 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Active Voice

Describes a s e n t e n c e where t h e subjec t per fo rms t h e

ac t ion s t a t e d by t h e verb

• The voice t h a t we use o f ten

• In t h e active voice, t h e object receives t h e ac t i on of t h e verb

• e.g. Ch i ld ren e a t apples >

• Passive Voice

• Describes a sentence where the subject is acted upon by the verb

• In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb

• The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb

• e.g. Apples are eaten by children.


• How to rewrite Active Voice sentences in Passive Voice

• In Passive Voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject

• In Passive Voice, the subject of the active sentence becomes the object

• The finite form of the verb is changed

• e.g. to be + past participle

• In Passive Voice, t h e object of t h e active verb b e c o m e s t h e subject of t h e passive verb

• Subject Verb Object

Active Child r en e a t app les

Passive Apples a re ea t en by c h i l d r e n

Examples of Passive Voice

Tense Subject Verb Object

• Simple Active Brian writes an article

• Presen t Passive An article is wr i t t en by Brian.

• Simple Active Brian wrote an article.

• Past Passive An article was written by Brian. •

• Simple Active Brian will write an article.


Examples of Passive Voice

Tense Subject Verb

Object

• Simple Active Brian writes an

article

• Presen t Passive An article is written by Brian.

• Simple Active Brian wrote an

article.

• Past Passive An article was written by

Brian.

•

• Simple Active Brian will write an

article.


Te n s e Subject Verb Ob j ec t

Past Active Brian was writ ing a n art icle .

Progress ive Pass ive An art icle was b e i n g w ri t t en Brian.

Past P erfe ct Active Passive Brian

An article

has written had been written

an article. By Brian.


Tense

Subject

Verb

Object

Simple Active Brian will write an article.

future Passive An article will be written

by

Brian.

Future Active Brian will have

written

the article

Perfect Passive An article will have been

written

by Brian.

Tense

Subject Verb Object

Conditional Active Brian would write an article.

Sentence I Passive An article would be

written

by Brian.

Conditional Active Brian would have

written

an article.

Sentence II Passive An article would have

been written

by

Brian


Following tenses cannot be changed into Passive Voice

Present perfect continuous tense

Past perfect continuous tense

Future continuous tense

Future perfect continuous tense

Sentences having Intransitive verbs


Tense

Tenses are the form taken by a verb to show the time of an action or the

state of an event.

There are three tenses : The Present Tense

The Past Tense The Future Tense.

Each of the three tenses has four forms or sub- divisions to show

continuity or completeness of the action and time. These are :

Indefinite

Continuous or Imperfect

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

Subject Code:BCA 103 Course Name : BCA Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Tense

Table Tenses Tense Indefinite Continuo us Perfect Perfect

Continuo us

Present

Play (s)

Is / Am / Are

Playing

Has / Have

Played

Has / Have

been Playing

Past Played

Was / Were

Playing

Had Played

Had been

Playing

Future Will / Shall

Play

Will / Shall

be Playing

Will / Shall

Have Played

Will / Shall

have been

Playing

Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Tense The Indefinite Tense does not indicate whether the action is complete

or not.

The Continuous (Imperfect) Tense that the action is still going on.

The Perfect Tense indicates that the action is complete , finished or

perfect.

The Perfect Continuous Tense indicates that the action began in the

past and is still continuing

Simple Present Tense

Subject + Verb1 + Object

Expresses a general truth or an action that is occurring now

Eg : The sun rises from the east.

Expresses an action that occurs regularly or habitually

Eg : She goes to the school regularly.


Affirmative Sentences : They play.

Negative Sentences : They do not play.

Interrogative Sentences : Do they play ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Do they not play ?

Present Continuous Tense

Subject + Is/Am/Are + V1 + ing + Object.

The present continuous tense is used to express an action which is

happening at a particular time in the present or extending over a period of

present time.

Affirmative Sentences : You are playing.

Negative Sentences : You are not playing.

Interrogative Sentences : Are you playing ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Are you not playing ?


Present Perfect Tense

Subject + has/have + V3 + Object.

Has -> Singular , Have -> Plural.

The present perfect tense denotes an action that was started in the past and has just

been completed.

Affirmative Sentences : I have played.

Negative Sentences : I have not played.

Interrogative Sentences : Have I played ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Have I not played ?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + has/have + been + V1 + ing + Object

The present perfect tense is used when an action that started in the past is still

continuing.

Affirmative Sentences : We have been playing.

Negative Sentences : We have not been playing.

Interrogative Sentences : Have we been playing

?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Have we not been playing ?


Simple Past Tense

Subject + V2 + Object.

The simple past tense is used for an action which happened at a particular time in the

past.

Affirmative Sentences : I played.

Negative Sentences : I did not play.

Interrogative Sentences : Did I play ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Did I not played ?

Past Continuous Tense

Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + Object.

The past continuous tense is used for an action which was happening at a particular time

in the past.

Affirmative Sentences : Boys were playing.

Negative Sentences : Boys were not playing.

Interrogative Sentences : Were boys playing ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Were boys not playing ?


Past Perfect Tense

Subject + had + V3 + Object.

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that was completed before

another action started in the past. It is used with the earlier of the two actions.

The simple past tense is used with the other action.

Affirmative Sentences : Sheila had played.

Negative Sentences : Sheila had not played.

Interrogative Sentences : Had Sheila played?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Had Sheila not played ?

Past Perfect continuous Tense

Subject + had + been + V1 + Object.

The past perfect continuous tense is used for an action that began before a

certain point in the past and continued up to that point.

Affirmative Sentences : Ria had been playing.

Negative Sentences : Ria had not been playing.

Interrogative Sentences : Had Ria been playing?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Had Ria not been playing ?


Simple Future Tense

Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object.

The simple future tense is used for an action that will take place at particular time in

the future.

Affirmative Sentences : Ravi will play.

Negative Sentences : Ravi will not play.

Interrogative Sentences : Will Ravi play ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Will Ravi not play ?

Future Continuous Tense

Subject + will/shall + be +V1 + ing + Object

The future continuous tense is used to express an action which will be in progress at a

particular time in the future.

Future Perdect Tense

Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + Object.

Future perfect tense is used to indicate the completion of an action by a certain period

of time in the future.


Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + shall/will +have been + V1 + ing + Object.

The future perfect tense is used when an action is to continue up to a certain point of

time in the future.

Affirmative Sentences : Raj will have been playing.

Negative Sentences : Raj will not have been playing.

Interrogative Sentences : Will Raj have been playing ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences : Will Raj not have been playing ?


Curr iculum Vi tae

Curriculum Vitae (CV) means "course of life" in Latin

A CV is a written description of your work experience, educational background and

skills

A CV is a typically a "living document" which will reflect the developments in a

professional's career

Purposes of a CV

CV Formats

Chronological:=Reverse chronological order

Widely used for corporate sector

Mainly used by individuals with

Solid work history

Few or no gaps between jobs

Functional CV

Focuses on the skill set of an individual

Mainly used by individuals

with significant gaps in employment

a mixed employment background

very short work history


Functional Types

Academic

Used for academic applications (graduate student applications,

scholarship applications)

Usually more detailed

Focuses mainly on academic achievements,

Relevant projects and courses mentioned

Corporate

Used for getting jobs

Specific to the needs of the employer

Focuses mainly on work experience and relevant academic affiliations

Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Précis Writing :-

Précis Writing :-

A Précis is the shortened form of a passage .It is a miniature replication of the

original passage.

Précis writing is a process of condensing a passage to its

main points.

It expresses the theme of he passage as briefly as possible.

A Précis must briefly cover all the ideas stated in a passage .

Uses of Précis

It is useful in grasping the ideas of a passage, extract,chapter or book.

It aids concentration when reading a passage that has to

be summarized.

It improves writing skills and teaches the quality of expressing much in few words.

Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Adjectives

What Are Adjectives?

Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of

nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the

quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven. Adjectives Modify Nouns

Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns.

Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.

exa,.. Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.

Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.

My cake should have sixteen candles.

The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.

In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come

immediately before the nouns they modify.

Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Uses of Adjectives

Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want. Exa.. Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.

Three and white are modifying flowers.

Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives come in three forms: absolute, comparative, and superlative. Absolute

adjectives describe something in its own right.

Exa…

A cool guy

A messy desk

A mischievous cat

Garrulous squirrels

Subject Code:BCA 103 Course Name : BCA Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives should be separated by a comma or the word and.

Adjectives are said to be coordinate if they modify the same noun in a

sentence.

Exa… This is going to be a long, cold winter.

Isobel’s dedicated and tireless efforts made all the difference.

Adjectives vs. Adverbs

As mentioned above, many of us learned in school that adjectives modify nouns and

that adverbs modify verbs. But as we’ve seen, adjectives can also act as

complements for linking verbs. This leads to a common type of error: incorrectly

substituting an adverb in place of a predicate adjective. An example you’ve probably

heard before is:

When Nouns Become Adjectives and Adjectives Become Nouns

One more thing you should know about adjectives is that, sometimes, a word that is

normally used as a noun can function as an adjective, depending on its placement.

For example:

Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

BCA 104 : Principles of Programming ( Through ‘C’ )

Unit I – Basic concepts of Programming languages

Unit II – Fundamental of C

Unit III – Iteration

Unit IV – Functions

Unit V – Structures and Unions

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Basic concepts of Programming languages

• Variables. A variable is a symbolic name or reference to some kind of information

• Conditional statements (“if” statements)

• Looping and iteration

• Data types and data structures

• Functions

Programming Domains

• Scientific Applications

• Business Applications

• Artificial Intelligence

• Systems Programming

• Web Software

Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application

Language Evaluation criteria

Language Evaluation Criteria. Is very useful examine carefully the underlying

concepts of the various constructs and capabilities of

programming languages focusing also on their impact on the software development

process, including maintenance.

language categories

Machine language

Assembly language

High-level language

Evolution of major programming languages

Describing syntax

Syntax of a PL: the form of its expressions, statements, and program units.

Language: a set of strings of characters from some alphabet. Syntax rules specify

which strings from Σ* are in the language. Examples: identifiers, constants,

operators, special words.

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I

Semantics

Semantics means the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence

structure. Semantics can also refer to the branch of study within linguistics that

deals with language

Formal methods of describing syntax

Formal language generation mechanisms are usually called grammars • Grammars

are commonly used to describe the syntax of programming languages. It is

a syntax description formalism that became the most widely used method for

programming language syntax

Pseudo code

Pseudo code is a detailed yet readable description of what a computer program or

algorithm must do, expressed in a formally-styled natural language rather than in

a programming language. Pseudocode is sometimes used as a detailed step in the

process of developing a program.

Algorithm

An algorithm is a procedure or step-by-step instruction for solving a problem. They

form the foundation of writing a program.

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I

Subject Code:BCA104

Flowchart

A flowchart is a formalized graphic representation of a logic sequence, work or

manufacturing process, organization chart, or similar formalized structure. The purpose

of a flow chart is to provide people with a common language or reference point when

dealing with a project or process.

Fundamental of C:

The main features of C language include low-level access to memory, a simple set of

keywords, and clean style, these features make C language suitable for system

programmings like an operating system or compiler development.

History and importance of C

C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs, and

was used to re-implement the Unix operating system. It was designed as a language

that was much easier to code in than assembler, and yet one that was "quite close to

the hardware" that would run the compiled code.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I

sample programming

/** My first C program */

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

printf("Hello World\n");

return 0;

}

Output of program:

"Hello World“

Basic structure and execution of C programs

Every C-programs needs to have the main function. Each main function contains 2 parts. A

declaration part and an Execution part. The declaration part is the part where all the variables

are declared.

Subject Code:BCA104

Structure of C Program

Header #include<stdio.h>

Main() Int main() {

Variable Int a=10;

Body Printf(“%d”,a);

Return Return 0;}

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II

Constants

Constants in C are the fixed values that are used in a program, and its value

remains the same during the entire execution of the program. Constants are also

called literals. Constants can be any of the data types. It is considered best practice

to define constants using only upper-case names.

Variables

A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can

manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and

layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that

memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.

Data Types

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II

Type of declarations

Declaration is a statement describing an identifier, such as the name of a variable or a

function. . For example, in the C programming language, all variables must be declared with

a specific data type before they can be assigned a value

Operators


Expressions

An expression is a formula in which operands are linked to each other by the use of operators

to compute a value. An operand can be a function reference, a variable, an array element or a

constant.

Evaluation of expression

An expression is evaluated based on the operator precedence and associativity. When there

are multiple operators in an expression, they are evaluated according to their precedence and

associativity. In the above expression, there are three operators +, * and /.

Operator precedence and associability

Operator Precedence and Associativity in C. Operator precedence: It dictates the order of

evaluation of operators in an expression. Associativity: It defines the order in

which operators of the same precedence are evaluated in an expression. .Operators that

appear in the same group have the same precedence.

Managing input and output operations

Input means to provide the program with some data to be used in the program

and Output means to display data on screen or write the data to a printer or a

file. C programming language provides many built-in functions to read any given input and to

display data on screen when there is a need to output the result.

Decision making

Decision making structures require that the programmer specifies one or more conditions to

be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if

the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the

condition is determined to be false.

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II

Branching decision

A branch is an instruction in a computer program that can cause a computer to begin

executing a different instruction sequence and thus deviate from its default behavior of

executing instructions in order. Common branching statements include break , continue ,

return , and goto .

Iteration

iteration denotes the repetition of lines of code, until a conditions is met. Recursion, on the

other hand, is a function that calling itself. The risk of an infinite loop (a loop that never ends)

is much higher in recursion. We can use recursion to handle complex mathematical tasks,

such as factorials.

while

Step1: The variable count is initialized with value 1 and then it has been tested for the

condition. step2: If the condition returns true then the statements inside the body of while

loop are executed else control comes out of the loop.

do.... While

do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a block of code at least once, and then

either repeatedly executes the block, or stops executing it, depending on a given boolean

condition at the end of the block.

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III

For loop

A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a

specific number of times.

Nested loops

A nested loop is a loop within a loop, an inner loop within the body of an outer one. How this works is that the

first pass of the outer loop triggers the inner loop, which executes to completion. Then the second pass of the

outer loop triggers the inner loop again.

Break & continue

break and continue statements in C language is that a break causes the innermost enclosing loop or switch to be

exited immediately. Whereas, the continue statement causes the next iteration of the enclosing for , while , or

do loop to begin.

Goto statements

A goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the 'goto' to a labeled statement in

the same function. ... Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten to avoid them.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-III

Arrays and Strings

String and Character Array. String is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item and

terminated by null character '\0' . Remember that C language does not support strings as a data type.

A string is actually one-dimensional array of characters in C language.

One – dimensional arrays

A one-dimensional array is a structured collection of components (often called array elements) that

can be accessed individually by specifying the position of a component with a single index value.

Declaration and initialization

Rules For Declaring One Dimensional Array

An array variable must be declared before being used in a program.

The declaration must have a data type(int, float, char, double, etc.), variable name, and subscript.

The subscript represents the size of the array. ...

An array index always starts from 0.

Two –dimensional arrays and their initializations

two Dimensional arrays during declaration. int disp[2][4] = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17};

Although both the above declarations are valid, I recommend you to use the first method as it is more

readable, because you can visualize the rows and columns of 2d array in this method.


Reading and writing strings

Read the string in C. Read string in C using gets() and fgets() functions. Read the strings in C using

gets() Read string in C using fgets() .

Display string in C. Display string in C using puts() or fputs() Display string in C using printf() with %s

format code.

String Input-Output using fscanf() and fprintf() functions.

String handing functions

strcat - concatenate two strings.

strchr - string scanning operation.

strcmp - compare two strings.

strcpy - copy a string.

strlen - get string length.

strncat - concatenate one string with part of another.

strncmp - compare parts of two strings.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-IV

Maintenance

The errors may be pointed out by the users themselves. Preventive maintenance − Modifications done to

avoid errors in future are called preventive maintenance. Adaptive maintenance − Changes in the

working environment sometimes require modifications in the software.

Performance

Code optimization is any method of code modification to improve code quality and efficiency. A program

may be optimized so that it becomes a smaller size, consumes less memory, executes more rapidly, or

performs fewer input/output operations.


Functions

There are two types of functions in C programming: Library Functions: are the functions which are declared in the C header files such as scanf(), printf(),

gets(), puts(), ceil(), floor() etc.

User-defined functions: are the functions which are created by the C programmer, so that he/she can use

it many times.

Definition of functions

A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. ... A function declaration tells the

compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual

body of the function. The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can

call.

return values

Returning a value in c programming means that a particular function returns value of the function back to

its calling function . For example , int sum(int a,int b){ return (a+b) ; }


function calls and declaration

The actual body of the function can be defined separately. int max(int, int); Function declaration is required

when you define a function in one source file and you call that function in another file. In such case, you

should declare the function at the top of the file calling the function. Recursion

Recursion is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way. In programming languages, if

a program allows you to call a function inside the same function, then it is called a recursive call of the

function.

parameter passing

Pass by Value. Pass by Value, means that a copy of the data is made and stored by way of the name of

the parameter.

Pass by Reference. A reference parameter "refers" to the original data in the calling function.

passing arrays and strings to functions

pass the address of an array while calling a function then this is called function call by reference. When

we pass an address as an argument, the function declaration should have a pointer as a parameter to receive

the passed address.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV

variables

Variable is the name of memory location. Unlike constant, variables are changeable, we can

change value of a variable during execution of a program. A programmer can choose a

meaningful variable name

Scope

A scope in any programming is a region of the program where a defined variable can have its

existence and beyond that variable it cannot be accessed. There are three places where variables

can be declared in C programming language − Inside a function or a block which is called local

variables.

visibility

The visibility of an identifier is a region of the program source code from which an identifier's

associated object can be legally accessed.

life time

The lifetime of a variable is the time during which the variable stays in memory and is therefore

accessible during program execution. ... It follows, that the values of local variables and of formal

parameters are not kept from one method call to the next.


Aggregate functions

an aggregate function or aggregation function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped

together to form a single summary value. Common aggregate functions include: Average (i.e., arithmetic

mean)

Insert operation

Insert operation is to insert one or more data elements into an array. Based on the requirement, a new element

can be added at the beginning, end, or any given index of array.

update operation

Update operation refers to updating an existing element from the array at a given index.

delete operations

Delete can be used by either using Delete operator or Delete [ ] operator.

New operator is used for dynamic memory allocation which puts variables on heap memory.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-I

Understanding Pointers

Pointers in C language is a variable that stores/points the address of another variable. A Pointer in C is used

to allocate memory dynamically i.e. at run time. The pointer variable might be belonging to any of the data

type such as int, float, char, double, short etc.

Accessing the address of a variable

the address of any variable using a unary operator called Address of operator &. Writing & operator as a

prefix to the variable gives the address of variable. As the address of any variable is a positive number, the

format specified %u or %p or %x is used while printing the address

Declaration and initialization of pointer variables

Declare a Pointer Variable and Note down the Data Type.

Declare another Variable with Same Data Type as that of Pointer Variable.

Initialize Ordinary Variable and assign some value to it

Accessing a variable through its pointer

Declare a normal variable, assign the value.

Declare a pointer variable with the same type as the normal variable.

Initialize the pointer variable with the address of normal variable.

Access the value of the variable by using asterisk (*) - it is known as dereference operator.


Pointers and arrays

The interaction of pointers and arrays can be confusing but here are two fundamental statements about it: A

variable declared as an array of some type acts as a pointer to that type. When used by itself, it points to the

first element of the array. A pointer can be indexed like an array name.

Pointers and function arguments

Declare a function pointer with function prototype it can point. Let us declare a function pointer that can

point to functions returning void and accepts no parameter.

Initialize function pointer by storing reference of a function.

Finally invoke (call) the function using function pointer.

Functions returning pointers

Returning a Pointer from a Function in C. We have already seen a function can return data of types int ,

float, char etc. Similarly, a function can return a pointer to data


Structures and Unions

Structure and union both are user defined data types which contains variables of different data types. Both

of them have same syntax for definition, declaration of variables and for accessing members. ... In union, the

total memory space allocated is equal to the member with largest size.

Defining structure

Structure is a user-defined datatype in C language which allows us to combine data of different types

together. Structure helps to construct a complex data type which is more meaningful. It is somewhat similar

to an Array, but an array holds data of similar type only.

Declaring structure variable

struct keyword defines a structure type followed by an identifier (name of the structure). Then inside the

curly braces, you can declare one or more members (declare variables inside curly braces) of that structure.

For example: struct Person { char name[50]; int age; float salary; };

Accessing structure member

C Structure is a collection of different data types which are grouped together and each element in a C

structure is called member. If you want to access structure members in C, structure variable should be

declared.

Initialization of structure

C Structure is a collection of different data types which are grouped together and each element in a C

structure is called member. ... It is a best practice to initialize a structure to null while declaring, if we don't

assign any values to structure members.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-V

Array of structures

An array of structres in C can be defined as the collection of multiple structures variables where each variable

contains information about different entities. The array of structures in C are used to store information about

multiple entities of different data types.

union

union is a special data type available in C that allows to store different data types in the same memory

location. You can define a union with many members, but only one member can contain a value at any given

time. Unions provide an efficient way of using the same memory location for multiple-purpose.

size of structure

The size of a structure is greater than the sum of its parts because of what is called packing. A particular

processor has a preferred data size that it works with.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V

I/O in C

Input means to provide the program with some data to be used in the program and Output means to display

data on screen or write the data to a printer or a file. C programming language provides many built-in

functions to read any given input and to display data on screen when there is a need to output the result.

Formatted I/O

Formatted I/O -- refers to the conversion of data to and from a stream of characters, for printing (or reading)

in plain text format. All text I/O we do is considered formatted I/O. The other option is reading/writing

direct binary information (common with file I/O, for example)

Un- formatted

C - Unformatted Input Functions. Reads a single character from the user at the console, without echoing it.

Reads a single character from the user at the console, and echoing it. Reads a single character from the user

at the console, and echoing it, but needs an Enter key to be pressed at the end.

Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V

File handing

File handling in C refers to the task of storing data in the form of input or output produced by

running C programs in data files, namely, a text file or a binary file for future reference and analysis.

Random

Random access files permit nonsequential, or random, access to a file's contents. To access a file

randomly, you open the file, seek a particular location, and read from or write to that file.

Binary

File handling in C refers to the task of storing data in the form of input or output produced by

running C programs in data files, namely, a text file or a binary file for future reference and analysis.

Sequential

C programming information is stored in a file is sequentially, one byte after the other. The file contains

one long stream of data. File access in C is simply another form of I/O.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-V

BCA 105 : Computer Organization

Unit I –Computer system

Unit II-Basic building blocks

Unit III- Basic of Computer organization

Unit IV- Addressing techniques

Unit V –Bus

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105

Introduction to the computer Definition – Computer is a electronic device, which can perform arithmetic and logic operations

quickly with same accuracy.

History -The computer as we know, its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics

professor name Charles Babbage (Known as father of Computer). He designed the Analytical

Engine. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).

Computer Generations- It is divided in to five generations known as first generation, second

generation, Third Generation, Fourth generation and Fifth Generations

Components-It is divided mainly in to five parts- CPU,GPU, Memory, Storage, Mother Board

etc.

Computer characteristics- The characteristics of computers that have made them so powerful

and universally useful are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and storage capacity.

Classification of computers- Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframes, Supercomputers,

Personal computers - Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Tablet PC.


Computer system

Unit-I

Von Neumann machine An early computer created by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann (1903-1957). It included

three components used by most computers today: a CPU; a slow-to-access storage area, like a hard

drive ; and secondary fast-access memory (RAM

Mother Board The motherboard is the backbone that ties the computer's components together at one spot and allows

them to talk to each other. Without it, none of the computer pieces, such as the CPU, GPU, or hard

drive, could interact. Total motherboard functionality is necessary for a computer to work well

System clock A system clock or system timer is a continuous pulse that helps the computer clock keep the correct

time. It keeps count of the number of seconds elapsed since the epoch, and uses that data to calculate

the current date and time.

Computer system


Bus Data It is a group of conducting wires which carries Data only. Data bus is bidirectional

because data flow in both directions, from microprocessor to memory or Input/output devices

and from memory or Input/output devices to microprocessor. Address It is a group of conducting wires which carries address only. Address bus is unidirectional

because data flow in one direction, from microprocessor to memory or from microprocessor to

Input/output devices

Control

It is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing and control signals

to control all the associated peripherals, microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that

is what to do with selected memory location

Bus architecture ISA, MCA, EISA,PCI,AGP


Computer system

Unit-I

Expansion slot

An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is used to insert an expansion card (or circuit board), which provides additional features to a computer such as video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory. CARDS

Network adapter card A network interface card ( is a hardware component without which a computer cannot be

connected over a network. It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a

dedicated network connection to the computer.

SCSI card The SCSI card, also called a SCSI host adapter, is a PC interface card that is installed in an

expansion slot and used to connect storage devices and other peripherals to the system

Sound card A sound card is an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and

from a computer under control of computer programs.

TV tuner A TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by a

computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television

programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder

PC card A PC Card (previously known as a PCMCIA card) is a credit card-size memory or I/O device that

fits into a personal computer, usually a notebook or laptop computer. Probably the most common

use of a PC Card is the telecommunications modem for notebook computers.


Computer system

Unit-I

Ports port is a communication endpoint. At the software level, within an operating system a port is

a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service .Ports are

identified for each protocol and address combination by 16-bit unsigned numbers, commonly

known as the port number. The most common protocols

Serial serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers,

either in or out, one bit at a time (in contrast with parallel port). During most of the personal

computers history, serial ports connected computers to devices such as terminals and various

peripherals

Parallel A parallel port is an interface allowing a personal computer (PC) to transmit or receive data

down multiple bundled cables to a peripheral device such as a printer. The most

common parallel port is a printer port known as the Centronics port

AGP

The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed as a high-speed point-to-point channel

for attaching a video card to a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D

computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for

video card

USB Fire Wire


Computer system

Unit-I

Input devices

an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an

information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.

keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones

Output devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information

into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output

devices are Visual Display Units (VDU)

Monitor. Printer. Headphones, Computer Speakers .Projector ,Sound Card Video Card.

Storage devices

Storage devices are used to store data and instructions permanently. Storage devices are also

called secondary storage devices / backing storage devices / external storage devices or

auxiliary storage devices.

Random versus sequential access

A random-access data file enables you to read or write information anywhere in the file. In

a sequential-access file, you can only read and write information sequentially, starting from the

beginning of the file


Computer system

Unit-I

Storage capacity storage capacity refers to how much disk space one or more storage devices provides. It measures

how much data a computer system may contain. For an example, a computer with a 500GB hard

drive has a storage capacity of 500 gigabytes. A network server with four 1TB drives, has a storage

capacity of 4 terabytes

Floppy Disk A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply disk, is a type of disk storage composed of

a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined

with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive

(FDD).

Hard Drive Interfaces Optical Disks Magnetic tape Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long,

narrow strip of plastic film. It was developed in Germany in 1928, based on magnetic wire recording.

Modem (Fax/Data/Voice) A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,

telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted

over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these

two forms


Computer system

Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-I

I/O Memory Memory-mapped I/O uses the same address space to address both memory and I/O devices.

The memory and registers of the I/O devices are mapped to (associated with) address values.

So when an address is accessed by the CPU, it may refer to a portion of physical RAM, or it

can instead refer to memory of the I/O device

ALU and is its components An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic

operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of

a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs,

modern CPUs contain a control unit (CU).

Control UNIT and its function

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs

the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and

input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the

processor.

Subject Code:BCA204

Basic building blocks


Instruction Cycle The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. Execution cycle During the fetch execute cycle, the computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory. It then establishes and carries out the actions that are required for that instruction. The cycle of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction is continually repeated by the CPU whilst the computer is turned on.



Unit-II

Operation of control registers

A control register is a processor register which changes or controls the general behavior of a ... in long

mode, it (and the other control registers) is 64 bits long. CR0 has various control flags that modify the

basic operation of the processor

Controlling of arithmetic operations The control unit supplies the data required by the ALU from memory, or from input devices, and

directs the ALU to perform a specific operation based on the instruction fetched from the memory.

ALU is the “calculator” portion of the computer. An ALU performs basic arithmetic and logic operations. Examples of arithmetic operations are

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Examples of logic operations are comparisons of

values such as NOT, AND, and OR



Unit-II

Instruction cycles The instruction cycle (fetch–decode–execute cycle) is the cycle that the CPU follows from boot

up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main

stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.

This is a simple diagram illustrating the individual stages of the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

In simpler CPUs, the instruction cycle is executed sequentially, each instruction being processed

before the next one is started. In most modern CPUs, the instruction cycles are instead

executed concurrently and often in parallel, through an instruction pipeline the next instruction

starts being processed before the previous instruction has finished, which is possible because the

cycle is broken up into separate steps.

Memory subsystem organization A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together. The memory unit stores the

binary information in the form of bits. Generally, memory/storage is classified as

Volatile Memory

Non Volatile Memory


Basic of Computer organization

Unit-III

Register transfer languages.

In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR)

that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to

describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecturee

The term Register Transfer refers to the availability of hardware logic circuits that can perform a

given micro-operation and transfer the result of the operation to the same or another register. Most

of the standard notations used for specifying operations on various registers are stated below. Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and

instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are often

termed as Processor registers.

register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to

assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to describe data flow at

the register-transfer level of an architecture.



CPU design



Unit-III

Design of ALU Design of the control UNIT Control unit generates timing and control signals for the operations of the computer.

The control unit communicates with ALU and main memory. It also controls the transmission

between processor, memory and the various peripherals. It also instructs the ALU which

operation has to be performed on data.



Design and implementation of a simple micro sequencer,

A sequencer or micro sequencer generates the addresses used to step through

the microprogram of a control store. It is used as a part of the control unit of a CPU or as a

stand-alone generator for address ranges.

A microprogram sequencer is a set of circuits which determines the or derly read out of the

microinstructions stored in a control memory, that is the orderly read out of the

microprogram in a control unit of a data processing system capable of performing operations

of internal computation, of information

A sequence of control words corresponding to the control sequence of a machine instruction

constitutes the micro-routine for that instruction. Micro-instruction : Individual control words

in this micro-routine are referred to as microinstructions.

Features of Pentium microprocessors

Pentium is a 64 bit microprocessor introduced in 1993

It has 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus

The use of superscalar architecture incorporates a dual- pipelined processor

Pentium process more than one instruction per clock cycle



Unit-III

Addressing techniques The addressing mode is the method to specify the operand of an instruction. An

effective address is the location of an operand which is stored in memory

Direct Direct addressing mode means that the value for a given instruction in assembly programming

is pointed to by a given value. This means the value is variable, based on what is stored in

memory at a given address.

Indirect indirect addressing means that the location of an operand is held in a register. It is also called

indexed addressing or base addressing. Register indirect addressing mode requires three read

operations to access an operand.

Immediate An immediate operand has a constant value or an expression. When an instruction with two

operands uses immediate addressing, the first operand may be a register or memory location,

and the second operand is an immediate constant.

Relative relative addressing mode can be used to load a register with a value stored in program memory a

short distance away from the current instruction. It can be seen as a special case of the "base

plus offset" addressing mode, one that selects the program counter (PC) as the "base register“.


Addressing techniques

Unit-IV

Registers Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and

instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are

often termed as Processor registers.



Unit-IV

Stack pointers A stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the last program request in a stack.

A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down. As new requests come in,

they "push down" the older ones.

Floating point The floating-point register is used to execute the instruction. There are thirty-two 64-

bit floating-point registers, numbered from floating-point register 0-31. All floating-

point instructions provide a 5-bit field that specifies which floating-point registers to use in the

execution of the instruction.

Status information registor The status register is a hardware register that contains information about the state of the

processor. Individual bits are implicitly or explicitly read and/or written by the machine code

instructions executing on the processor. ... Some CPU architectures, such as the MIPS and

Alpha, do not use a dedicated flag register.

Buffer registor buffer register A storage location or device for the temporary storage of information during the

process of writing to or reading from main memory. It generally has a capacity equivalent to

one byte or one word. A Dictionary of Computing.



Unit-IV

Memory The system memory is the place where the computer holds current programs and data that

are in use. There are various levels of computer memory, including ROM, RAM, cache,

page and graphics, each with specific objectives for system operation.



Unit-IV

Cache memory Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU. It

holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when

needed. Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory. Virtual memory Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an operating system (OS) -- which uses

hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages, by

temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.



Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-IV


Bus…

Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-V

Interfacing keyboard keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns. The CPU accesses both rows

and columns through ports, therefore with two 8-bit ports an 8 X 8 matrix of keys can be

connected with a microcontroller.

When a key is pressed, a column and a row make a contact; otherwise, there is no

connection between rows and columns. In x86 PC keyboards, a single microcontroller use

for software and hardware interfacing of the keyboard.

printers. A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text documents,

images, or a combination of both. The two most common types of printers are inkjet and

laser printers. Inkjet printers are commonly used by consumers, while laser printers are a

typical choice for businesses.

I/O card in personal computers. In computing, input/output or I/O (or, informally, io or IO) is the communication

between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world,

possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data

received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also

be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation.


Bus…

Unit-V

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(computing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_scheduling







Auxiliary memory Auxiliary memory (also referred to as secondary storage) is the non-volatile memory lowest-

cost, highest-capacity, and slowest-access storage in a computer system.

Auxiliary memory holds data for future use, and that retains information even the power fails


Bus…

Unit-V

Microprocessor Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of

performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices

connected to it. Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit.

Microcontrollers A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an

embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O)

peripherals on a single chip.

RISC RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer. is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes

a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions

often found in other types of architectures.

CISC. A complex instruction set computer (CISC /ˈsɪsk/) is a computer in which single instructions can

execute several low-level operations (such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a

memory store) or are capable of multi-step operations or addressing modes within single

instructions.


Bus

Unit-V

Unit No Description

I Introduction to Operating System

II MS Word

III MS Excel

IV Power Point

V Microsoft Access

Office Management Tools


Objective:

At the end of the course a student is expected to:

Microsoft Office is a collection of office-related applications. Each application serves

a unique purpose and offers a specific service to its users. For

example, Microsoft Word is used to create documents. Microsoft PowerPoint is used

to create presentations. The primary objective of this course is to enable you, the user,

to create and edit documents. This is the word processing component, and it allows you

to type whatever you want and save it to view or edit later.


Introduction of operating system (OS)-

Introduction operating system (OS)-

An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources

and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component

of the system software in a computer system.

Why to Learn Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An

operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory

management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices

such as disk drives and printers.

FAT & NTFS-

• FAT stands for File Allocation Table and FAT32 is an extension which means that data is stored

in chunks of 32 bits. These is an older type of file system that isn’t commonly used these days.

• NTFS stands for New Technology File System and this took over from FAT as the primary file

system being used in the Windows system. This NTFS file system is not only secure but also

supports larger file sizes and hard drives.

Subject Code: BCA 106 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application


BOOTING

The BIOS, operating system and

hardware components of a

computer system should all be

working correctly for it to boot. If

any of these elements fail, it leads

to a failed boot sequence.


MS-D0S COMMAND- When you are using a Microsoft MS-DOS

command prompt shell window, you can type the

following commands into the window. Click a

command shown below for a description of how to

use that command.

cd : Change directory or display current directory

path.

cls : Clear the window.

dir : Display list of contents of current directory.

help : Display list of commands or help about a

command.

notepad : Run the Windows Notepad text editor.

type : Displays the contents of a text file. assoc :

Displays or modifies filename

extension associations.

attrib : Displays or changes file attributes.

call : Calls one batch program file from another.


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https://www.c3scripts.com/tutorials/msdos/cls.html

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https://www.c3scripts.com/tutorials/msdos/help.html

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chkdsk : Checks a disk and displays a status report.

chkntfs : Displays or modifies the checking of disk at startup.

color : Sets the text and background colors.

comp : Compares the contents of two files or sets of files.

copy : Copies one or more files to another location. See also: xcopy

date : Displays or sets the computer's date. See also: time

del (or erase) : Deletes one or more files.

defrag : Defragment the specified storage device.

doskey : Display command history; define macros.

echo : Displays messages, or turns command echoing on/off.

edit : Runs the MS-DOS text editor


Windows –

Common Windows Items

The following are just some of the terms used to describe the Windows desktop you are likely to run

into. Most are indicated in the diagram below the list:

Desktop refers to the background of your screen on which the various programs run. Think of your

computer screen as your electronic desktop.


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https://www.c3scripts.com/tutorials/msdos/defrag.html

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https://www.c3scripts.com/tutorials/msdos/echo.html

https://www.c3scripts.com/tutorials/msdos/edit.html


Icons are those small pictures on the desktop and inside folders that represent various

programs, specialized folders, etc.

Folders are containers that can contain icons, programs, data or other folders (sub-folders).

The default folder icon looks like a Manila file folder but the look varies with different

Windows versions. System folders generally look like icons and any folder can be

modified to change its appearance.

Title bar refers to the bar at the top of an open window. The folder's title will tell you what

the folder is used for. It contains the minimize, maximize and close buttons. You can use

the title bar to move a window around.

Cursor is the graphic pointer which indicates where the mouse is and what sort of action it is

performing. The cursor will change from the default arrow to various shapes according to

the purpose it is serving at the time. For instance, it may form an I-beam shape when you

are selecting text in a document or a double-arrow when you are resizing a window.

Task bar refers to the bar usually at the bottom of your Windows screen (it is movable)

containing the Start Button on the left and the clock and grouped icons on the right.

Subject Code: BCA 106 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I

MS Word

Microsoft Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type

with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. The purpose of the MS Word is to allow

the users to type and save documents.

Title bar

Menu bar


Scroll bar


Features of MS Word-

Creating and saving a file

Editing and formatting a document

Paragraph formatting

Inserting header and footer and Page number

Checking spelling and grammar

Subscript and superscript

Inserting symbols

Print preview and printing

Inserting clipart, word art, and picture

Page setting

Bullets and number

Border and shading

Searching a word and replacing it by another word

Inserting table


MS Word


.


MS Word

Editing and formatting a document

Creating and saving a file Paragraph formating



MS Word

Header & Footer



MS Word

Subscript & Superscript



MS Excel

Excel is a computer program used to create electronic spreadsheets. Within excel user can

organize data ,create chart and perform calculations. Excel is a convenient program

because it allow user to create large spreadsheets, reference information, and it allows

for better storage of information. Excels operates like other Microsoft(MS) office

programs and has many of the same functions and shortcuts of other MS programs.

OVERVIEW OF EXCEL-

Microsoft excel consists of workbooks.

Within each workbook, there is an infinite

number of worksheets.

Each worksheet contains Columns and

Rows.

Where a column and a row intersect is called

a cell. For e.g. cell D5 is located where

column D and row 5 meet.

The tabs at the bottom of the screen

represent different worksheets within a

workbook. You can use the scrolling buttons

on the left to bring other worksheets into

view.

Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III


MS Excel

RIBBON-The three parts of the ribbon are TABS: There are seven tabs across the top of the excel window.

GROUPS: Groups are sets of related commands, displayed on tabs.

COMMANDS: A command is a button, A menu or a box where you enter information.

.

TABS

GROUPS



MS Excel

Working With Cells-

TO COPY AND PASTE CONTENTS: Select the cell or cells you wish to copy.

Click the Copy command in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. Select the cell or cells where

you want to paste the information. Click the Paste command.

The copied information will now appear in the new cells.



MS Excel

FORMATTING TEXT-

To Format Text In Bold, Italics Or Underline-Left-click a cell to select

it or drag your cursor over the text in

the formula bar to select it. Click the

Bold, Italics or underline

To Change The Font Style: Select the cell or cells

you want to format.

Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Style

box on the Home tab.

Select a font style from the list.

To Change The Font Size: To Add A Border:



MS Excel To Change The Text Colour To Add A Fill Colour

To insert rows & column Cell Referencing



MS Excel To Change The Text Colour To Add A Fill Colour

To insert rows & column Cell Referencing



MS Power-Point

A presentation is a collection of data and information that is to be delivered to a specific

audience.A PowerPoint presentation is a collection of electronic slides that can have text,

pictures, graphics, tables, sound and video. This collection can run automatically or can be

controlled by a presneter.



MS Power-Point

Microsoft Office Button

The Microsoft Office Button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu

of older versions of PowerPoint. This button allows you to create a new presentation, Open an

existing presentation, save and save as, print, send, or close.

Ribbon

The ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document It has seven tabs: Home, Insert,

Design, Animations, Slide Show, Review and View.

Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to

perform function that you will utilize in developing or editing your PowerPoint slides.



MS Power-Point

Quick Access Toolbar

The quick access toolbar is a customizable

toolbar that contains commands that you may

want to use. You can place the quick access

toolbar above or below the ribbon.

To change the location of the quick access

toolbar - click Show Below the Ribbon.

Slide Views

Presentations can be viewed in a variety of

manners. On the View tab, the Presentation

Views group allows you to view the slides as

Normal, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Slide Show,

Slide Master, Handout Master, and Notes Master.



MS Power-Point

New Presentation

You can start a new presentation from a blank

slide, a template, existing

presentations, or a Word outline. To create a new

presentation from a blank slide:

Click the Microsoft Office Button

Click New

Click Blank Presentation.

To create a new presentation from a template:


Click New

Click Installed Templates or Browse through

Microsoft Office Online Templates

Click the template you choose



MS Power-Point

Save a Presentation

When you save a presentation, you have two choices: Save or Save As. To save a document:


Click Save

Themes Themes are design templates that can be

applied to an entire presentation that allows

for

consistency throughout the presentation. To

add a theme to a presentation:

Click the Design tab

Choose one of the displayed Themes or click

the Galleries button



MS Power-Point

To add a text box:

Select the slide where you want to place the text box

On the Insert tab, click Text Box

Click on the slide and drag the cursor to expand the text box

Type in the text

Spell Check

To check the spelling in a presentation:

Click the Review tab

Click the Spelling button



MS Power-Point

Adding Picture To add a picture: Click the Insert Tab

Click the Picture Button

Browse to the picture from your files

Click the name of the picture

Click insert

To move the graphic, click it and drag it to

where you want

Slide Effects

Slide Transitions

Transitions are effects that are in place when

you switch from one slide to the next. To add

slide transitions:

Select the slide that you want to transition

Click the Animations tab

Choose the appropriate animation or click the

Transition dialog box.



Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access is a powerful

program to create and manage

your databases. It has many

built in features to assist you

in constructing and viewing

your information.

Database File: This is your main file that

encompasses the entire database and that is saved to

your hard-drive or floppy disk.

Table: A table is a collection of data about a specific

topic..

Field: Fields are the different categories within a

Table. Tables usually contain multiple fields.

Data types: Data types are the properties of each

field. A field only has 1 data type. (text, number…)



Microsoft Access

Opening up MS Access and creating a table.



Microsoft Access

Table Design Toolbar

Creating Fields

Defining data types

• Text data type is used to store all valid printable characters.

Default size is 50.

• Memo data type is used to create a text field in which size of the

values can vary widely.

• Number data type enables you to enter numeric data.

• Currency data type enables you to enter monetary data.

• Date/Time data type can store date and time values.

• Yes/No data type, also known as a logical type, stores data that

can have only two values.

Display control



Microsoft Access

Forms- It helps to arrange fields and view many more on a

single screen. You can also add enhanced Data Validation

and editing controls

Reports -A report is a flexible way of

viewing and printing summary

information. It enables you to display

information to the required level of detail


Documents

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