SUNI RESOURCES S.A. GRAPHITE PROJECT, BALAMA, …

SUNI RESOURCES S.A. GRAPHITE PROJECT,

BALAMA, MOZAMBIQUE

TERRESTRIAL FAUNAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Prepared for:

SUNI RESOURCES S.A.

Edificio Solar das Acacias, Avenida Julius Nyerere 4000, Loja 05,

Cidade de Maputo, Mozambique

Prepared by:

COASTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

MOZAMBIQUE LDA

Av. Amilcar Cabral 1423 R/C, Cnr Amilcar Cabral & Mao Tse Tung Avenue, Maputo

Moçambique

With offices in Cape Town, East London, Johannesburg, Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth (South Africa)

www.cesnet.co.za

Original report drafted in English and translated to Portuguese

June 2018

http://www.cesnet.co.za/

Suni Resources Balama Central Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services ii Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project

NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY Introduction Suni Resources S.A. has proposed the development of a graphite mine (referred to as the Balama Central Project) and is located approximately 6km southeast of the town Balama and 56km south-west of the town of Montepuez in the district of Balama in Cabo Delgado Province, northern Mozambique (Figure 1). The proposed Balama Central Project covers approximately 9 600 ha and will consist of one opencast graphite pit (two resources/ graphite deposits), associated waste rock dumps (WRD), two tails dams, a processing plant, staff accommodation (two camp options) and access roads. This Faunal Impact Assessment identifies vertebrate terrestrial faunal species (Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals and Birds) and habitats likely to be impacted by the proposed Balama Central Project. The habitats have been mapped and assigned a sensitivity rating. This assessment also rates the impacts likely to occur as a result of the Project and suggests mitigation measures.

Figure 1: Locality map indicating the position of the exploration license area 6216.

Site description The Balama licence area is flat to gently undulating and has little topographical variation. The elevation ranges from 542m to 550m with an altitudinal variation of only 8m. There is a ridgeline of mountains to the east and south east of the site but these lie outside of the study area. The climate in northern Mozambique is classified as tropical humid. It has an average annual temperature of between 24°C and 26°C. The climate in the region has two distinct seasons. The


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services iii Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project

wet and the dry season. Approximately 1048mm of precipitation falls annually in Balama with the highest precipitation occurring in January. The project area is assumed to affect the Namiticu River system and a number of onsite wetlands, the majority of which are along the Lapua Stream. At this stage it cannot be confirmed if this stream is permanent or ephemeral. There is evidence of huge transformation of the proposed site into agricultural fields (machambas). Agriculture is a dominant livelihood activity for most of the locals in the Balama area. Crops grown in the study area include maize, banana, rice, cassava, onions, vegetable, sugarcane and carrots, considered as cash crops in the local context. The project area’s natural resources are also used for subsistence purposes. This includes collecting wood, thatch grass and bamboo for construction, and also collecting wild fruits, vegetables and bulbs either for medicinal purposes or for food. There is evidence of heavy harvesting within and around the project area suggesting that the nearby communities rely heavily on natural resources from this area. The limited and fragmented vegetation in this area is also secondary in nature, with few large trees remaining. Six habitats were identified within the project area (Figure 2), namely:

1. Machambas 2. Riparian woodland 3. Rivers 4. Dambo (seasonal wetland) 5. Secondary Miombo Woodland 6. Inselberg comprised of:

o Rocky outcrops (flat and boulders) o Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland

Habitats are defined as the natural environment or place where an organism, population or species lives, breeds and/or forages. Each habitat type has different environmental conditions which influences a species distribution range.


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services iv Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project

Figure 2: Habitat map of the habitat occurring in the study area. Fauna Mozambique has approximately 1196 terrestrial vertebrate faunal species of which 726 species

are birds (61%), 214 species are mammal (18%), 171 species are reptiles (14%) and 85 species

are amphibians (7%) (Table A) (MITADER, 2015). The region has a high percentage of these

species but the majority are confined to Niassa and Quirimbas National Nature Reserve,

especially the large mammals. Far fewer species are likely to be found on the project site given

its limited size, minimal habitat availability and highly degraded state. The number of species

present on site is expected to be slightly higher than that recorded due to their crypic nature,

season, length of site visit and that most animals will shy away from humans.


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services v Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project

Table A: Number of faunal species likely to occur in the QDS

Number of species

Faunal Group

Mozambique (MITADER, 2015)

Region Recorded in Study Area

by CES

# Species SCC # Species SCC # Species SCC

Reptiles 85 13 90 4 15 3

Amphibians 171 3 45 0 12 1

Mammals 214 105 147 12 2 0

Birds 726 30 398 72 81 8

Of the 90 reptile species likely to occur in the study area, 11 were observed during the field survey.

In interviews with PACs the utilisation of certain reptile species was discussed. Water monitor and

terrapin (softshell) species are caught for consumption and only sold if there is excess. Tortoises

and Chameleons are used for traditional medicine, however neither are hunted and only used if

found dead. All PACs state many snakes are present, all are killed by villagers (venomous/non

venomous) but none are eaten. Villages report people are bitten by snakes and have died as a

consequence. Nanhupo Village report two to three people are fatally bitten per year. There is a

potential health and safety risk associated for project staff and contractors working in the field. At

least 13 venomous snakes could possibly be encountered in the project area, with the presence

of three being confirmed; Boomslang (Dispholidus typus); Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja

mossambica) and Puffadder (Bitis arietans).

Of the possible 45 amphibian species known to occur in the region, 12 species were recorded in the study area. These include the Nile Grass Frog (Ptychadena nilotica); Chirinda Toad (Mertensophryne anotis); Sharp-nosed Grass Frog (Ptychadena oxyrhynchus); East African puddle frog (Phrynobatrachus acridoidies), Guibe's Grass Frog (Ptychadena guibei); Snoring Puddle Frog (Phrynobatrachus natalensis), Shovel-footed squeaker (Arthroleptis stenodactylus), Flat-backed toad (Amietophrynus maculatus); and Greater Leaf-folding Frog (Afrixalus fornasinii). There are a number of river and wetland (dambos) present within the project area and immediate surrounds. The majority of the wetlands have been transformed into rice paddies and rivers used for washing and drinking. Although transformed it is speculated that rice provides the same structural habitat that the grass provided previously.

Of the possible 398 bird species that could occur within habitats present on site 81 were observed

in the study area. The greatest diversity of avifauna recorded in the survey area was within the

machambas (n=44) which is also the most prevalent habitat. The riparian woodland hosted

nineteen (19) bird species, inselberg habitat with thirteen (13) species and both significantly

smaller in extent and only four (4) bird species were recorded in dambo/wetland habitat. Both

brood-parasite species and its host species are thought to be present on site given either the

host, brood-parasite or both were found onsite.

Of the possible 147 mammal species that could occur on site, only 2 mammal species, excluding domestic mammals, were recorded from the project area namely Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus campestris) and Pygmy mouse (Mus minutoides). Mammal species expected to occur in the area and reported as present by local villages include rodents, hyrax, primates, hares, small carnivores, bats and small antelopes. The majority of these mammals rely on vegetation cover to provide shelter and protection, the habitats that would provide this best include the inselbergs and the riparian and miombo woodlands. No large mammals were reported on or near site. Seven reptile SCC are likely to occur within the study area, these include the Mozambique Agama

(VU), KwaZulu-Natal Hinged-back Tortoise (Kinixys natalensis) (NT), Usambara Garter Snake


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services vi Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project

(Elapsoidea sundevallii) (EN), Mecula girdled lizard (Cordylus maculae) (EN), Zambezi Soft-

shelled Terrapin (Cycloderma frenatum) and CITES II listed Flap necked Chameleon (Chamaeleo

dilepis) and Water monitor (Varanus niloticus). Three species were found on site (Mozambique

Agama, Flap necked Chameleon and Water monitor).

The Chirinda Toad (Mertensophryne anotis) (EN) was found in the project area. This is significant since this species was previously only known from two locations one at Moribane Forest Reserve, Manica Province and the Chirinda Forest in eastern Zimbabwe a third known location southwest of the Quirimbas National Park at the inselbergs of Taratibu was found by Farooq et al. (2015) nearly 1,000 km away from the two other known sites and 90ha from the project area. No mammal SCC are expected to occur within the project area. Eight (8) SCC listed as CITES II were recorded on site. These are the Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus), Gabar Goshawk (Melierax gabar), Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus) Red-necked Falcons (Falco chicquera), Brown-snake Eagles (Circaetus cinereus) Black-chested Snake Eagle (Circaetus pectoralis) Dark Chanting Goshawk (Melierax metabates). A further 64 species are likely to occur within the project area. Sensitivity

Habitats considered to be of High sensitivity include Riparian Woodland, Inselbergs, Miombo

Woodland and Dambos given their limited extent and faunal species assemblage. The

infrastructure components that impact heavily on the wetlands include the pit, TSF and access

road. Machambas are widely spread and occur in abundance outside of the project area, as such

are considered to have a low sensitivity.


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services vii Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project

Figure 3: Habitat Sensitivity Map


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services viii Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

Impacts

Loss of what little faunal habitat exists is likely to occur due to the intensification of cultivation from

both displaced farmers and the anticipated increase in population numbers associated with

construction phase and operational phase job seekers who will increase the pressure on available

natural resources.

Construction will result in the direct loss of existing faunal habitats. The Tailings Storage Facility will remove Dambo and Miombo Woodland habitat and the Pit will remove Dambo, River and Miombo Woodland habitat. Construction and operational activities will cause the displacement of species and disturbance of faunal activites including nesting, breeding and foraging which will impact negatively on all faunal groups. Pests that are unintentionally introduced may displace certain faunal species. Increased road mortalities of fauna will also occur due to additional project vehicles on site. Slow-moving species (e.g. tortoises and frogs), as well as fossorial (burrowing) species (e.g. moles, lizards and snakes) are likely to suffer higher road mortalities than mobile and arboreal species (e.g. birds, bats and large mammals). Increased levels of dust and noise, associated with construction and operational phase activities, will further impact numerous faunal species and could result in a loss of biodiversity within the site. If managed properly the spillage of hydrocarbons and other pollutants should not occur, however should this occur it will result in the pollution of faunal habitats within the site. The decommissioning of the mining operation and the demobilization of infrastructures will result in similar issues as the construction phase. The presence of the mine, mine employees and the influx of job seekers into the project area

during the construction and operational phase of the mine is likely to increase the number of

interactions between humans and faunal species. The interaction between wild animals and

people can have a negative impact on people and their resources, as well as on wild animals and

their habitats.

Impact Overall Significance

Without Mitigation

With Mitigation

No-Go

Impact 1: Habitat loss HIGH-

Impact 2: Current land use impacts on fauna HIGH-

Impacts on fauna due to construction activities

Impact 3: Removal of faunal habitat MODERATE- LOW -

Impact 4: Loss of amphibian species due to pollution MODERATE- LOW -

Impact 5: Loss of amphibian species due to dust generation MODERATE- LOW -

Impact 6: Loss of faunal species due to mortalities from project vehicles

MODERATE- LOW -

Impact 7: Loss of faunal species due to disturbance and deterrence of noise and vibration

MODERATE- LOW -


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services ix Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

Impact 8: Loss of faunal species due to hunting and persecution

MODERATE- LOW -

Impact 9: Increases in human and wildlife interactions HIGH- MODERATE-

Impact 10: Introduction of Alien fauna MODERATE- LOW -

Cumulative

Impact 11: Cumulative Loss of Faunal Diversity HIGH- MODERATE-

Conclusion The project area has been highly impacted on by current agricultural practices and unsustainable use of natural resources. The remaining habitats for faunal species, although degraded, are considered highly sensitive given they are the only refugia available for faunal species. The biggest impact will be on seasonal wetland, riparian and miombo woodland habitat impacted on by the TSF and pit project infrastructure. Machamba habitat covers the majority of the project area and is considered readily available within and outside of the project area. The Suni Resources Balama Central Graphite Mine has the opportunity to rehabilitate habitats in poor condition and protect the remaining sensitive habitats. If done well this project has the ability to create a positive impact. It is recommended that an experienced ECO be employed to ensure that the environmental mitigations are implemented and managed, by ensuring compliance with the EMP, and by conducting environmental awareness training and inductions. They should also be trained to be able to safely remove any snakes from site. A Rehabilitation Management Plan, Environmental Monitoring Programme and Pest Management Plan must be implemented in the project area and immediate surrounds.


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services x Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

REVISIONS TRACKING TABLE This Report should be cited as follows: Coastal & Environmental Services, June 2018, Suni Resources S.A. Balama Central Graphite Project, Faunal Impact Assessment Report, CES, Cape Town.

Coastal and Environmental Services Report Title: Suni Resources Balama Central Graphite Project, Faunal Impact

Assessment Report Version: Draft 1 Project Number: 262

Responsibility Name

Author Ms Amber Jackson

Author Ms Hayley Katz

Reviewer Ms Tarryn Martin

Reviewer Dr Ted Avis

Copyright This document contains intellectual property and propriety information that are protected by copyright in favour of EOH Coastal & Environmental Services (CES) and the specialist consultants. The document may therefore not be reproduced, used or distributed to any third party without the prior written consent of CES. This document is prepared exclusively for submission to Suni Resources S.A., and is subject to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secrets, rules intellectual property law and practices of Mozambique and South Africa.


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services xi Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE BALAMA GRAPHITE MINE FAUNAL STUDY ......................... 1

1.1. Brief Project description ........................................................................................... 1

2. TERMS OF REFERENCE AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 4

2.1. Terms of Reference ................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Expertise of the Team ............................................................................................... 4 2.3. Desktop Assessment and Literature Review ........................................................... 5 2.4. Field survey ............................................................................................................... 5 2.5. data analysis and interpretation ............................................................................. 10 2.6. Impact Assessment ................................................................................................. 10

3. SITE DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................... 13

3.1. Physical Environment ............................................................................................. 13 3.1.1. Climate ................................................................................................................13 3.1.2. Geology and Soils ................................................................................................13 3.1.3. Topography .........................................................................................................14 3.1.4. Hydrology ............................................................................................................14 3.1.5. Land use ..............................................................................................................16

3.2. Vegetation ................................................................................................................ 16 3.3. Fauna ........................................................................................................................ 17

3.3.1. Herpetofauna .......................................................................................................17 3.3.1.1. Reptiles SCC ....................................................................................................17 3.3.1.2. Amphibians SCC ..............................................................................................18 3.3.2. Mammals .............................................................................................................18 3.3.2.1. Mammal SCC ...................................................................................................18 3.3.3. Birds ....................................................................................................................19

3.4. Protected Areas ....................................................................................................... 20

4. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 23

4.1. HABITATS ................................................................................................................ 23 4.2. REPTILES ................................................................................................................. 30

4.2.1. Recorded Reptiles from the Project Area .............................................................30 4.2.2. Reptile SCC .........................................................................................................30

4.3. AMPHIBIANS ............................................................................................................ 32 4.3.1. Amphibians recorded in the Study Area ...............................................................32 4.3.2. Amphibian SCC ...................................................................................................33

4.4. MAMMALS ................................................................................................................ 34 4.4.1. Mammals Recorded in the Study Area .................................................................34 4.4.2. Mammals of SCC .................................................................................................35

4.5. BIRDS ....................................................................................................................... 35 4.6. Habitat sensitivity analysis ..................................................................................... 41

5. KEY ISSUES AND PROJECT PHASE IMPACTS ON FAUNA ......................................... 44

5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 44 5.1.1. Issue 1: Exaccerbated human influence - mine Induced Impact ...........................44 5.1.2. Issue 2: Loss of exisiting faunal biodiversity and habitats ....................................44 5.1.3. Issue 3: Human/Wildlife Conflict...........................................................................44 5.1.4. Issue 4: Rehabilitation of project area ..................................................................45


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services xii Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

5.2. The current impacts: the “NO-GO” or “Without Project Scenario”. ..................... 45 5.2.1. Impact 1: Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation ........................................45 5.2.2. Impact 2: Current land use impacts on faunal groups ..........................................45

5.3. Construction, operation and decommissioning Phase impacts .......................... 46 5.3.1. Impact 3: Removal of faunal habitat .....................................................................46 5.3.2. Impact 4: Loss of amphibian species due to pollution ..........................................46 5.3.3. Impact 5: Loss of amphibian species due to dust generation ...............................47 5.3.4. Impact 6: Loss of faunal species due to increase in the number of project vehicles using roads (construction machinery and transport vehicles) ............................................47 5.3.5. Impact 7: Loss of faunal species due to disturbance and deterrence of noise and vibration 47 5.3.6. Impact 8: Loss of species due to hunting and persecution ...................................48 5.3.7. Impact Impact 9: Increases in human and wildlife interactions at both mine and villages 48 5.3.8. Impact 10: Introduction of Alien fauna ..................................................................49 5.3.9. Mitigation and Management .................................................................................49

5.4. Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................. 51 5.4.1. Cumulative Impact 11: Cumulative Impact on Faunal Diversity ............................51

6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 52

6.1. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 52 6.2. Recommendations................................................................................................... 53 6.3. Conditions for the EMPr, environmental licence and Monitoring ........................ 53

7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 54

8. APPENIX .......................................................................................................................... 56


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services xiii Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Locality map indicating the position of the exploration license area 6216..................................... ii Figure 2: Habitat map of the habitat occurring in the study area. ................................................................ iv Figure 3: Habitat Sensitivity Map ................................................................................................................. vii Figure 1.1: Locality map indicating the position of the exploration license area 6216.................................. 2 Figure 3.1: Summary of climate data for Balama. ...................................................................................... 13 Figure 3.2: Elevation profile illustrating the general topography around the deposit site at the Balama

Central site. ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 3.3: River Systems surrounding the Project Area ............................................................................ 15 Figure 3.4: The location of Balama Central project site in relation to the surrounding protected areas. .... 22 Figure 4.1: Habitat map of the habitat occurring in the study area. ............................................................ 29 Figure 4.2: Sensitivity map of the study area .............................................................................................. 43

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Active searching methods faunal surveys ................................................................................... 6 Table 2.2: Sampling points............................................................................................................................ 6 Table 2.3: Ranking of Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................................... 11 Table 2.4 a: Matrix used to determine the overall significance of the impact based on the likelihood and

effect of the impact. ............................................................................................................................. 11 Table 2.4 b: Description of Environmental Significance Ratings and associated range of scores ............. 12 Table 3.1: Number of herpetofaunal species in Mozambique according to various sources ..................... 17 Table 4.1: Presence and use of reptile species in the area by local villages ............................................. 30 Table 4.2: Reptile SCC concern recorded and likely to occur in the study area ........................................ 31 Table 4.3: presence and use of mammal species in the area by local villages .......................................... 35 Table 4.4: Occurrence of bird species according to habitat type within and in the general area of the project

site ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Table 4.5: Host species of the brood parasites recorded within the survey area ....................................... 37 Table 4.6: SCC likely to occur within the study area .................................................................................. 40 Table 6.1: Summary of the impacts associated with the project before mitigation and after mitigation. .... 52

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 2.1: Trap Array 1, located in Secondary Miombo Woodland ............................................................... 7 Plate 2.2: Trap Array 2 located in Riparian Vegetation. ................................................................................ 7 Plate 2.3: Trap Array 3 located in Secondary Miombo Woodland with 100% grass cover understory ........ 8 Plate 3.1: Photograph illustrating the typical topography of the Balama site with the ridgeline of mountains

in the background. ............................................................................................................................... 14 Plate 3.2: Sesame seeds being grown on the study area .......................................................................... 16 Plate 4.1: Recently planted machamba showing the grassland border and secondary miombo woodland in

the background ................................................................................................................................... 23 Plate 4.2: Riparian Woodland ..................................................................................................................... 24 Plate 4.3: Pool within river channel surrounded by rice crop ...................................................................... 25 Plate 4.4: Pool with river channel surrounded by rice and Open Secondary Miombo Woodland .............. 25 Plate 4.5: Dambo/ Seasonal Wetland ......................................................................................................... 26 Plate 4.6: Secondary Miombo Woodland. Photo taken from the inselberg being quarried and looking back

at the main road from Montepuez to Balama. ..................................................................................... 27 Plate 4.7: Exposed bedrock on the Inselberg being quarried along the access road................................. 28 Plate 4.8: Rocky boulder outcrop on the inselberg to the east of the project area ..................................... 28 Plate 4.9: Reptiles found on site ................................................................................................................. 31 Plate 4.10: Reptiles found on site. .............................................................................................................. 32 Plate 4.11: Amphibians found on site. ........................................................................................................ 33 Plate 4.12: Amphibians found on site. ........................................................................................................ 34 Plate 4.13: Mammals found on site. ............................................................................................................ 35 Plate 4.14: Bird species nest recorded in various habitats within and surrounding the site ....................... 38 Plate 4.15: Bird species recorded in various habitats within and surrounding the site ............................... 39


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services xiv Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AfDB African Development Bank

ANAC Administracao Nacional de Areas de Conservacao – the National Administration of Conservation Areas

ARA Administração Regional de Águas - Regional Water Administration

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CES Coastal and Environmental Services

CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

EA Environmental Authorisation

EIB European Investment Bank

EIR Environmental Impact Report

EMPr Environmental Management Programme

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESIR Environmental and Social Impact Report

ha Hectare

IFC International Finance Corporation

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

MIREM MITADER

Ministério de Recursos Minerais - Ministry of Mineral Resources Ministério de Terras, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural - Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

NGR Niassa Game Reserve

SCC Species of Conservation Concern

TSF Tailings Storage Facility

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WRD WWF

Waste Rock Dumps World Wildlife Fund

Nomenclature The spatial scales assessed in this report are as follows:

Project footprint – areas directly affected by project related infrastructure

Project area – project footprint and project boundary, defined by either the DUAT area of licence area

Study area – project footprint and study area and adjacent areas close enough to the project to be influenced by it. The size of the project area depends on the topic being investigated. For example, the social project area would generally be larger than the ecological project.

District – the administrative district of Balama.

Province – the province of Cabo Delgado

http://www.paginasamarelas.co.mz/?SearchForm%5Bwhat%5D=Administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Regional%20de%20%C3%81guas%20do%20Zambeze&SearchForm%5Bwhere%5D=Sofala&cat=%C3%81gua+-+Capta%C3%A7%C3%A3o&loc=1


EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 1 Suni Resources S.A, Balama Central Project

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE BALAMA GRAPHITE MINE FAUNAL STUDY 1.1. BRIEF PROJECT DESCRIPTION Suni Resources S.A. has proposed the development of a graphite mine (referred to as the Balama Central Project) and is located approximately 6km southeast of the town Balama and 56km south-west of the town of Montepuez in the district of Balama in Cabo Delgado Province, northern Mozambique (Figure 1.1). The Exploration license (6216) area covers approximately 9 600 ha within which two graphite resources have been found. The exact size of the Mine License area is currently under discussion The proposed Balama Central Project will consist of one opencast graphite pit (two resources/ graphite deposits), associated waste rock dumps (WRD), one tails dams, a processing plant, staff accommodation (one camp options) and access roads (Figure 1.2). For a detailed project description please refer to the Environmental and Social Impact Report (ESIR). This Faunal Impact Assessment will identify vertebrate terrestrial faunal species (Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals and Birds) and habitats likely to be impacted by the proposed Balama Central Project. The habitats will be mapped and assigned a sensitivity rating. This assessment will also rate the impacts likely to occur as a result of the Project and suggest mitigation measures for each impact. Any key issues identified will also be discussed.



Figure 1.1: Locality map indicating the position of the exploration license area 6216.



Figure 1.2: The proposed infrastructure layout for the Balama Central Project



2. TERMS OF REFERENCE AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. TERMS OF REFERENCE Suni Resources has appointed Coastal and Environmental Services Limitada (“CES”) to conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). This Faunal Impact Assessment has been commissioned as part of the ESIA. The aim of this Faunal Impact Assessment is to identify the various habitat formations in the area, rare, endangered and threatened animal species and areas of high sensitivity that may be subject to significant impacts as a result of the construction or operation of the Balama Central Project. It should be noted that this study will not produce a quantitative baseline of all animal species occurring in the region, but rather a higher level representative sample, gathered from field surveys and literature reviews, from which impacts can be identified and mitigation measures suggested. The following terms of reference apply to this assessment:

Identify presence of faunal species and faunal habitats

Identify presence of faunal species and faunal habitats of conservation value and/or concern;

Identify areas of high faunal biodiversity;

Identify and map major faunal habitats, corridors and rivers (including wetlands);

Assess the sensitivity of the various habitats in the area, in order to assess the significance of habitat loss on faunal groups as a result of the development, for example complex topographical features (especially steep and rocky slopes that provide niche habitats);

Identify and assess the direct and indirect (secondary) construction, operation, decommissioning, cumulative and no-go impacts that the Balama Central Project and its infrastructure would have on the different faunal groups and habitats; and

Identify and describe measures and management prescriptions that need to be put in place to ensure that the fauna and faunal habitats will not be severely negatively impacted on by the project.

2.2. EXPERTISE OF THE TEAM Amber Jackson Amber is a Senior Environmental Consultant and has been employed with EOH CES for the last 6.5 years. She has an MPhil in Environmental Management and has a background in both Social and Ecological work. Her undergraduate degrees focused on Ecology, Conservation and Environment with particular reference to landscape effects on Herpetofauna, while her masters focused on the environmental management of social and ecological systems. With a dissertation in food security that investigated the complex food system of informal and formal distribution markets. During her time at CES Amber has worked extensively in Mozambique managing a number of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Amongst which she has conducted large scale faunal impact assessments in the both South Africa and northern of Mozambique to both national standards and international lenders standards (AfDB, EIB and IFC), alone and assisted by and to Prof Bill Branch. Her interests include, lenders requirements, range limitation, island biogeography, ecology as well as land use and natural resource management.



Hayley Katz Hayley has a BSc (hons) in Zoology from the University of Southampton. After graduating in 2008, she spent many months volunteering for a predator conservation organization who specialize in mitigating farmer-predator conflict. During this volunteer period, Hayley also trained as a nature guide and following this training, she worked at a field guide training school as a mentor to students during their practical courses and in preparation for their exams. Through this work, she developed a keen interest and knowledge of birds and currently has a Southern African list of over 550 species. In 2015, Hayley returned to the predator conservation organization, this time as a staff member and worked for 2 years both hands on with the wild animal species at their eco-tourism facility and as a proposal writer and fundraiser to their trust. She has recently moved into the animal physical rehabilitation field, but still continues to study birds and goes birding regularly. She was sub-contracted as a field assistant to Amber Jackson for this assessment due to her birding experience. 2.3. DESKTOP ASSESSMENT AND LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review of published and unpublished work was completed to assess the known diversity of the terrestrial fauna and terrestrial faunal habitats in the project area and adjacent regions with similar habitat(s) to those found within the study area. The QDS of the project area was used to run through various databases (including IUCN Red list, CITES, WWF Species list, Mozambique Red Data List, South African Atlas and Red List of Reptiles and the Red Data book of birds) to generate a likely species list for the study area and to establish which of those species likely to occur are Species of Conservation Concern (SCC). Potential habitats were mapped prior to the field survey using Google Earth and verified in the field. 2.4. FIELD SURVEY An early dry season site survey was conducted from the 15 May – 19 May 2018. To establish habitat diversity and overall ecological state of the site, an initial drive through of the study area was undertaken before sampling began. Sample sites were based in areas containing natural and modified habitat (Figure 2-1). Agricultural areas, i.e. those that are currently undergoing cultivation, which are classified as transformed, were noted for mapping purposes but not sampled. The following sampling techniques were used:

Active searches (visual encounter survey) of avifauna, mammals, reptiles and amphibians in suitable habitat. The approach used is detailed in Table 2.1 and 2.2 below.

Trapping as follows:

3 x 30m trap arrays consisting of 4 pitfalls and 6 funnel traps each. These were used to capture live small mammals, amphibians and reptiles (Plate 2.1-2.3) from the 15-20 May 2018.

Interviewing local communities (Nacate Village, Lapua Village, Mphuti Village, Matipane Village, Familia Village and Nanhupo Village) with the help of visual aids to identify the presence or absence of faunal species in the area. The following series of general questions relating to mammals within the region and people’s attitudes towards them:

Was the species still known in the region?

If considered very rare, when was it last seen?

Was it historically present (before the onset of the civil war)?

If present was it hunted or used for any other purpose?

If hunted, how commonly was it caught?

Was it used for medicinal reasons?



Table 2.1: Active searching methods faunal surveys

Avifauna Observations of scat, regurgitated pellets, nests, feathers, bird calls and birds in flight.

Bird Point counting by recording all the birds seen and heard from a “point count station” over a selected period of time.

Mammals Active searching at day and night

Observations of scats, tracks, traces and skeletons

Observations of opportunistic sightings

Acoustic surveys at night (bats).

Amphibians and Reptiles

Active searching at day and night,

Netting for tadpoles,

Acoustic surveys at night.

Identify suitable habitats and search for certain herpetofauna associated with those habitats.

Table 2.2: Sampling points

Name Latitude Longitude Sampling method

Habitat

TA1 13°21'24.52"S 38°37'16.25"E Pitfall Trap Array Secondary Miombo Woodland

TA2 13°22'14.28"S 38°37'52.18"E Pitfall Trap Array

TA3 13°22'21.91"S 38°36'47.77"E Pitfall Trap Array Riparian

NS1 13°21'14.29"S 38°36'36.90"E Night survey Inselberg

NS2 13°21'44.73"S 38°37'21.92"E Night survey Dambo (Seasonal Wetland)

SS1 13°21'9.90"S 38°36'27.02"E Visual Encounter Inselberg

SS2 13°22'22.57"S 38°36'19.86"E Visual Encounter

Secondary Miombo Woodland SS3 13°22'28.73"S 38°35'55.09"E Visual Encounter



SS6 13°22'26.19"S 38°37'45.30"E Visual Encounter Riparian Woodland


SS8 13°23'5.59"S 38°39'10.19"E Visual Encounter Inselberg



Dambo(Seasonal Wetland) SS11 13°20'43.22"S 38°40'25.93"E Visual Encounter


The three trap arrays were set up as follows: Trap Array 1 TA1 was installed between the access road and TSF within a patch of Secondary Miombo woodland characterised by a closed canopy cover of 75-100% with a tree canopy up to 10m and emergent that reach 15m. The understory is typically comprised of a sparse grass and herb layer with some herbs where the canopy is closed.



Plate 2.1: Trap Array 1, located in Secondary Miombo Woodland Trap Array 2 TA2 was installed on the eastern boarder of the project area within Riparian Woodland next to the Namiticu River which runs through the southeast portion of the project area. The riparian vegetation was characterised by a semi-closed canopy of 50-70% cover with a tree canopy up to 10m and emergents that reach up to 20m. The understory is typically comprised of a grass and herb layer.

Plate 2.2: Trap Array 2 located in Riparian Vegetation. Trap Array 3 TA3 was installed on the proposed graphite deposit and pit within secondary Miombo Woodland with trees no taller than 5m and 100% grass cover. The site is surrounded by machambas and large (+20m) cashew trees.



Plate 2.3: Trap Array 3 located in Secondary Miombo Woodland with 100% grass cover understory



Figure 2.1: Sampling sites in relation to the Balama Central Graphite Mine Project infrastructure



2.5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The faunal data compiled during the initial desktop assessment was supplemented by the field data to produce a consolidated faunal species checklist. This was, in turn, reviewed to identify Species of Conservation Concern (SCC). A habitat map was then produced, and the ecological sensitivities of habitats determined. Determining Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) required the use of the IUCN Red List of 2018, as no Red List or list of faunal species on conservation concern exists for Mozambique. Thus, for the purposes of this report: Species of Conservation Concern are defined as:

a) species listed in the Critically endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories; b) possible threatened species (i.e. taxa currently un-assessed in the IUCN Red List whose

conservation status has been highlighted subsequently); c) those species listed in the Data Deficient or Near Threatened categories of the IUCN Red

List 2018. d) Endemic species with restricted ranges or unknown ranges

Appendix 1 and 2 of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was also considered. 2.6. IMPACT ASSESSMENT Five factors need to be considered when assessing the significance of impacts, namely:

1. Relationship of the impact to temporal scales - the temporal scale defines the significance of the impact at various time scales, as an indication of the duration of the impact.

2. Relationship of the impact to spatial scales - the spatial scale defines the physical extent

of the impact. 3. The severity of the impact - the severity/beneficial scale is used in order to scientifically

evaluate how severe negative impacts would be, or how beneficial positive impacts would be on a particular affected system (for ecological impacts) or a particular affected party.

The severity of impacts can be evaluated with and without mitigation in order to demonstrate how serious the impact is when nothing is done about it. The word ‘mitigation’ means not just ‘compensation’, but includes concepts of containment and remedy. For beneficial impacts, optimization means anything that can enhance the benefits. However, mitigation or optimization must be practical, technically feasible and economically viable.

4. The likelihood of the impact occurring - the likelihood of impacts taking place as a result of

project actions differs between potential impacts. There is no doubt that some impacts would occur (e.g. loss of vegetation), but other impacts are not as likely to occur (e.g. vehicle accident), and may or may not result from the proposed development. Although some impacts may have a severe effect, the likelihood of them occurring may affect their overall significance.

5. Each criterion is ranked to determine the overall significance of an activity (Table 2.3). The criterion is then considered in two categories, viz. effect of the activity and the likelihood of the impact. The total scores recorded for the effect and likelihood are then read off the matrix presented in Table 2.4, to determine the overall significance of the impact. The overall significance is either negative or positive.



Table 2.3: Ranking of Evaluation Criteria

EF

FE

CT

Temporal Scale

Short term Less than 5 years

Medium term Between 5-20 years

Long term Between 20 and 40 years (a generation) and from a human perspective also permanent

Permanent Over 40 years and resulting in a permanent and lasting change that will always be there

Spatial Scale

Localised At localised scale and a few hectares in extent

Study Area The proposed site and its immediate environs

Regional District and Provincial level

National Country

International Internationally

Severity Severity Benefit

Slight Slight impacts on the affected system(s) or party(ies)

Slightly beneficial to the affected system(s) and party(ies)

Moderate

Moderate impacts on the affected system(s) or party(ies)

Moderately beneficial to the affected system(s) and party(ies)

Severe/ Beneficial

Severe impacts on the affected system(s) or party(ies)

A substantial benefit to the affected system(s) and party(ies)

Very Severe/ Beneficial

Very severe change to the affected system(s) or party(ies)

A very substantial benefit to the affected system(s) and party(ies)

LIK

EL

IHO

OD

Likelihood

Unlikely The likelihood of these impacts occurring is slight

May Occur The likelihood of these impacts occurring is possible

Probable The likelihood of these impacts occurring is probable

Definite The likelihood is that this impact will definitely occur

* In certain cases it may not be possible to determine the severity of an impact thus it may be determined: Don’t know/Can’t know Table 2.4 a: Matrix used to determine the overall significance of the impact based on the likelihood and effect of the impact.

Lik

elih

oo

d

Effect

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20



Table 2.4 b: Description of Environmental Significance Ratings and associated range of scores

Significance Rate

Description Score

Low An acceptable impact for which mitigation is desirable but not essential. The impact by itself is insufficient even in combination with other low impacts to prevent the development being approved. These impacts will result in either positive or negative medium to short term effects on the social and/or natural environment.

LOW

Moderate An important impact which requires mitigation. The impact is insufficient by itself to prevent the implementation of the project but which in conjunction with other impacts may prevent its implementation. These impacts will usually result in either a positive or negative medium to long-term effect on the social and/or natural environment.

MEDIUM

High A serious impact, if not mitigated, may prevent the implementation of the project (if it is a negative impact). These impacts would be considered by society as constituting a major and usually a long-term change to the (natural &/or social) environment and result in severe effects or beneficial effects.

HIGH

Very High A very serious impact which, if negative, may be sufficient by itself to prevent implementation of the project. The impact may result in permanent change. Very often these impacts are not able to be mitigated and usually result in very severe effects, or very beneficial effects.

VERY HIGH

The environmental significance scale is an attempt to evaluate the importance of a particular impact. This evaluation needs to be undertaken in the relevant context, as an impact can either be ecological or social, or both. The evaluation of the significance of an impact relies heavily on the values of the person making the judgment. For this reason, impacts of especially a social nature need to reflect the values of the affected society. Prioritising The evaluation of the impacts, as described above is used to assess the significance of identified impacts and determine which impacts require mitigation measures. Negative impacts that are ranked as being of “VERY HIGH” and “HIGH” significance will be investigated further to determine how the impact can be minimised or what alternative activities or mitigation measures can be implemented. These impacts may also assist decision makers i.e. numerous HIGH negative impacts may bring about a negative decision. For impacts identified as having a negative impact of “MODERATE” significance, it is standard practice to investigate alternate activities and/or mitigation measures. The most effective and practical mitigations measures will then be proposed. For impacts ranked as “LOW” significance, no investigations or alternatives will be considered. Possible management measures will be investigated to ensure that the impacts remain of low significance.


3. SITE DESCRIPTION Mozambique is located along the eastern coast of southern Africa between 10o27’ and 26o52’’ South and 30o12’ and 40o51’ East. It covers a surface area of 799 380 km2 and is bordered by South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania (Ribeiro and Chauque; 2010). The country is divided into eleven provinces; the study site occurs within the northern province of Cabo Delgado in the district of Balama. It is estimated that there is currently more graphite in the Cabo Delgado province of Mozambique than the rest of the world’s graphite resources combined. 3.1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.1.1. Climate The climate in northern Mozambique is classified as tropical humid. It has an average annual temperature of between 24°C and 26°C. The climate in the region has two distinct seasons. The wet season occurs from December to April when approximately 75% of the total annual rainfall occurs, and the dry season extends from May to November. The average temperature for the year in Balama is 24.4°C with the warmest month occurring in November with an average temperature of 26.7°C. The coolest month is July, with an average temperature of 21.1°C. Approximately 1048mm of precipitation falls annually in Balama with the driest month occurring in August with an average precipitation of 1mm and highest precipitation occurring in January with an average of 250mm. September is usually the driest month receiving little to no precipitation (Climate-Data, 2016). The Figure below provides a summary of the climatic data for Balama.

Figure 3.1: Summary of climate data for Balama.

Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/

3.1.2. Geology and Soils North-eastern Mozambique is predominantly underlain by Proterozoic rocks that form a number of gneiss complexes that range from Palaeo to Neoproterozoic in age (Boyd et.al., 2010). The Balama region is underlain by granulite and upper amphibolite facies orthogneisses (metamorphic rocks derived from igneous rocks) and paragneisses (metamorphic rocks derived from sedimentary rocks). While the overall gneissic units are orientated North-Northeast in this complex, an east-northeast orientation is found near Balama due to its proximity to the Ocua complex and Lurio belt to the south. The Xixano Complex consists of a core of mafic orthogneisses surrounded and underlain by paragneisses, further consisting of micaceous gneiss and schist, quartz-feldspar gneiss, quartzite and marble. Graphite and low levels of uneconomic vanadium mineralisation occur within fine grained schistose units in this region. The micaceous paragneissic unit underlies most of the Balama

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

mm °C °C (min) °C (max)

http://en.climate-data.org/location/



area. A number of post tectonic intrusions (Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic intrusions) can be found in the region, predominantly to the south of the Balama Central study site.

3.1.3. Topography The Balama licence area is flat to gently undulating and has little topographical variation (Figure 3-2 and Plate 3-1). The elevation ranges from 542m to 550m with an altitudinal variation of only 8m. There is a ridgeline of mountains to the east and south east of the site but these lie outside of the study area.

Plate 3.1: Photograph illustrating the typical topography of the Balama site with the ridgeline of mountains in the background.

Figure 3.2: Elevation profile illustrating the general topography around the deposit site at the Balama Central site.

3.1.4. Hydrology The Mehucua River flows in a north-easterly direction and joins the Montepuez River at a point approximately 36 km downstream of the project site (Figure 3.3). The Mehucua River has two major tributaries; the Namiticu and the Naconha Rivers. The Lapa Stream joins the Namiticu River at the south-eastern border of the Project Area. The Namiticu and Naconha Rivers flow parallel to each other, and are both approximately 20 km long from their sources to their confluence, where they join to form the Mehucua River at a point on the north-east boundary of the project site. The project area is assumed to affect the Namiticu River system and a number of onsite wetlands, the majority of which are along the Lapa Stream. At this stage it cannot be confirmed if this stream is permanent or ephemeral.


Figure 3.3: River Systems surrounding the Project Area


3.1.5. Land use Compared with other countries in the region, Mozambique has a rich natural resource base including untransformed indigenous forests, savannah, woodlands and coastal habitats. About 25% of the land has commercial forestry potential, 12.5% constitutes state-protected areas and a further 22% comprises potential wildlife habitat (GPZ, 2003).

There is evidence of huge transformation of the proposed site into agricultural fields (machambas) (Plate 3-2). Agriculture is a dominant livelihood activity for most of the locals in the Balama area. Crops grown in the study area include maize, banana, rice, cassava, onions, vegetable, sugarcane and carrots, considered as cash crops in the local context.

Plate 3.2: Sesame seeds being grown on the study area The project area’s natural resources are also used for subsistence purposes. This includes collecting wood and thatch grass for construction, and also collecting wild fruits, vegetables and bulbs either for medicinal purposes or for food. There is evidence of heavy harvesting within and around the project area suggesting that the nearby communities rely heavily on natural resources from this area. The limited and fragmented vegetation in this area is also secondary in nature, with few large trees remaining (Plate 3- 2). 3.2. VEGETATION

The vegetation at the Balama Central site is highly modified and fragmented with very little natural vegetation remaining. The only large remaining indigenous trees, which are scattered throughout the site, are the Baobabs (Adansonia digitate) and Sterculias (Sterculia quinquoloba and Sterculia appendiculata), which are presumably difficult to remove due to their size. Pterocarpus lucida, Brachystegia spiciformis and Securidaca longipedunculata are the dominant shrubs in the study area.



The riparian areas have been cleared for cultivation and planted with cash crops such as lettuce, cabbage, onions, tomatoes and sweet potatoes. Sugar cane, presumably to make Cachasa (an alcoholic spirit similar to gin) has also been planted along the banks of the stream and rice is being grown in the surrounding dambos (seasonal wetlands) which are inundated with water during the wet season. Maize, millet and cow peas are grown in the drier areas away from the streams and dambos. 3.3. FAUNA

Mozambique has approximately 1196 terrestrial vertebrate faunal species of which 726 species are birds (61%), 214 species are mammal (18%), 171 species are reptiles (14%) and 85 species are amphibians (7%) (MITADER, 2015).

3.3.1. Herpetofauna Reptiles in Mozambique show a higher diversity in the central and southern regions, the “hotspots” for endemic reptiles are found to occur east of the Great Inselberg Archipelago in Zambézia Province, in Bazaruto and Inhambane Archipelagos, along the coast of Gaza and Maputo Provinces and in the centre of Sofala Province (Schneider et al., 2005). Estimates of endemic reptile’s species found to occur in Northern Mozambique ranges between 1 to 11 species. For amphibians there is a lack of data to determine the diversity hotspots in Mozambique (Schneider et al., 2005). According to Farooq and Conradie (2015) the scientific knowledge of herpetofaunal diversity in northern Mozambique region is poor. They attribute this to the country’s history of a long civil war which rendered much of the region physically inaccessible and thus has been under-sampled and the number of herpetofauna species likely underestimated. In support of this, a study conducted by Ohler and Frétey (2014) used molecular and behavioural characters of samples from surrounding regions and found several new taxa to occur in Africa, thus more species are found to occur in the region than previously expected. There is however a discrepancy when it comes to the actual number of herpetofauna species in Mozambique each source consulted citing different species counts that range from 69 to 86 (Table 3.1). Table 3.1: Number of herpetofaunal species in Mozambique according to various sources

Herpetofauna AmphibiaWeb & Reptile database

Utez, 2016

MITADER 2015

Farooq & Conradie

2015

Schneider et al. 2005

Amphibians 86 85 69 84

Reptiles 234 171 221 280

Threats to herpetofauna in Mozambique include anthropogenic activities such as using reptile and amphibians as food sources, the use of their skin for medicinal purposes, habitat destruction and collecting certain species for the pet trade (MITADER, 2015).

3.3.1.1. Reptiles SCC

Thirteen reptile species of conservation concern (SCC) listed on the IUCN database are found in Mozambique, three critically endangered, three endangered, three vulnerable and four as near threatened (Utez, 2016).

The three listed as Critically Endangered includes Rhampholeon bruessoworum (Mount Inago Pygmy Chameleon), Rhampholeon tilburyi (Mount Namuli Pygmy Chameleon) and the hawksbill Sea Turtle. Due to the study being terrestrial the hawksbill Sea Turtle is not discussed further. Rhampholeon bruessoworum is found to occur in the Zambezia province and it inhabits evergreen forests which have a mid-altitude (about 1500m), whilst Rhampholeon tilburyi is said to be endemic to the evergreen Afrotemperate forest patches of



Mount Namuli, Zambezia Province. Due to the distribution patterns of the above species and habitat availability, these species are highly unlikely to be found to occur in terrestrial regions of Cabo-Delgado.

The three Endangered species are Usambara Garter Snake (Elapsoidea sundevallii), Mecula girdled lizard (Cordylus maculae) and Mount Mulanje Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon platyceps). According to the distribution patterns of the above species, Elapsoidea sundevallii and Cordylus meculae (found to occur in the Niassa Game reserve which borders the Cabo Delgado Province) could occur in the region whilst Rhampholeon platyceps has been found to occur in the Zambezia Province and Malawi making it unlikely for the species to be found in the region.

Three species are Vulnerable namely; Mozambique Agama (Agama mossambica), Imperial Flat Lizard (Platysaurus imperator) and Mount Chiperone Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon nebulauctor). It is unlikely that Rhampholeon nebulauctor and Platysaurus imperator will be found in the study area as Rhampholeon nebulauctor it is endemic to Mount Chiperone found in the Zambézia Province and Platysaurus imperator is Endemic to an 11,547 km² area on the north eastern border of Zimbabwe and Tete Province Mozambique

Three species are Near Threatened, KwaZulu-Natal Hinged-back Tortoise (Kinixys natalensis), Mount Mabu Chameleon (Nadzikambia baylissi) and Mount Mabu Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon maspictus). According to the distribution patterns of these species only Kinixys natalensis could occur in Cabo Delgado.

3.3.1.2. Amphibians SCC Three amphibian species of conservation concern (SCC) listed on the IUCN database are found in Mozambique, two endangered and one vulnerable.

Chirinda Toad (Mertensophryne anotis) and Inyanga Toad (Vandijkophrynus inyangae) are listed as Endangered, M.anotis is said to occur in the Dombe forest whilst V.inyangae is presumed to occur in Mozambique but no records have been found. According to the IUCN this may be a result of the lack of herpetological assessment in the area. It is highly unlikely that either of these species will occur within the study area.

Chimanimani Stream Frog (Strongylopus rhodesianus) which occurs on Mount Gorongoza (Sofala Province) is listed as Vulnerable. Due to the distribution patterns of these species, they are unlikely to be found in the proposed study area in Cabo Delgado.

3.3.2. Mammals

According to the National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of Mozambique (MITADER, 2015) 214 terrestrial mammal species occur in Mozambique. Conversely Schneider et al. (2005) states 271 mammal species occur in Mozambique however these values include both terrestrial and marine mammals. Due to hunting pressures from local communities, large mammals in Mozambique are generally restricted to conservation areas and the immediate surrounds. Two conservation areas are found in the Cabo Delgado region, namely; the Quirimbas National Park and a portion of the Niassa National Reserve, neither of which are fenced meaning that mammals can move in and out of these if they choose.

3.3.2.1. Mammal SCC

105 mammal species of conservation concern (SCC) listed on the IUCN database are found in Mozambique (Schneider et al. 2005), one Critically Endangered, one Endangered, four Vulnerable and four Near Threatened, the remainder are listed as least concern.

http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Mertensophryne&where-species=anotis

http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Strongylopus&where-species=rhodesianus


Table 3.2: Protected terrestrial mammals in Mozambique

Scientific Name Common Name IUCN status

Cabo Delgado region (Y/N)

Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros Critically Endangered Y

Paraxerus vincenti Vincent’s Squirrel Endangered Y

Miniopterus schreibersii Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat Near threatened N

Otomops martiensseni Large-eared Free-tailed Bat Near threatened Y

Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyena Near threatened Y

Ceratotherium simum White Rhinoceros Near threatened Y

Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable Y

Panthera leo Lion Vulnerable Y

Loxodonta africana Elephant Vulnerable Y

Rhynchocyon cirnei Checkered Elephant-Shrew Vulnerable Y

3.3.3. Birds

According to BirdLife International (2017) a total of 674 bird species, including 29 globally threatened and 2 country endemic species, namely the Namuli Apalis (Apalis lynesi) and the Mozambique Forest-warbler (Artisornis sousae), are found within the borders of Mozambique. Lepage (2016) accounts for a much higher diversity, listing 747 species (including rare vagrants and accidentals), including 30 globally threatened species. Regardless of the discrepancies between published species lists, Mozambique undoubtedly has a rich diversity of avifauna. Ornithological studies for the southern and central areas of Mozambique are well documented (Parker, 1999; 2005a; SABAP2). However, very few ornithological studies have been conducted in northern Mozambique, particularly in the provinces to the north of the Zambezi River. A survey for Niassa National Reserve was conducted by Parker (2005b), recording over 400 species in the Reserve, while Lepage (2016) lists 485 species likely to occur in the same area. Niassa National Reserve lies approximately 100 kilometres north of the project area. Bird conservation concentrates its efforts on conserving areas of high endemism and areas important for bird survival. These are known as Endemic Bird Areas (EBA) and Important Bird Areas (IBA). EBAs are natural areas of bird endemism where the distributions of two or more restricted-range bird species overlap and currently protects 93% of the world’s restricted-range bird species. IBAs are globally important sites needed to ensure the survival of viable populations of most of the world’s bird species e.g. migrant species stop over sites. . Three Endemic Bird Areas (EBA) are shared between Mozambique and neighbouring countries. The Eastern Zimbabwe mountains EBA includes Mt Gorongosa in Mozambique, which provides habitat suitable for the range-restricted Brian Warbler Prinia (Oreophilais robertsi), Chirinda Apalis (Apalis chirindensis), and Swynnerton’s Robin (Swynnertonia swynnertoni) (BirdLife Int., 2017). The South-east African coast EBA includes the broad coastal plain of southern Mozambique, and is home to the range-restricted Rudd’s Apalis (Apalis ruddi), Neergaard’s Sunbird (Cinnyris neergaardi), Pink-throated Twinspot (Hypargos margaritatus) and Lemon-breasted Canary (Crithagra citrinipectus) (BirdLife Int., 2017). The Tanzania-Malawi Mountains EBA includes the chain of isolated mountain ranges which extend across Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Forest-partridge (genera Xenoperdix) and Spot-throat (Modulatrix stictigula) are endemic to this EBA and near-endemic to Mozambique. These EBA’s are also home to numerous range-restricted birds, most of which are found within montane forest (BirdLife Int., 2017). As few ornithological studies have been conducted in these EBA’s, the documented distributions of many of the range-restricted species are incomplete. The Tanzania-Malawi Mountains EBA is the closest to the project area, but is located

http://biodiversitya-z.org/content/endemism

http://biodiversitya-z.org/content/restricted-range-species

http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22715779



approximately 300 kilometres west of the site. It is thus unlikely that any of the species mentioned above will occur in the study area Mozambique has 16 Important Bird Areas (IBA) covering an area of 1 708 800 Ha. The IBAs provide refuge for 13 globally threatened species, 15 biome-restricted species, and 10 range-restricted species (BirdLife Int., 2017). The closest IBA to the project area is the Njesi plateau, which lies approximately 400 kilometres west of the site within the Tanzania-Malawi Mountains EBA. Trigger species for the IBA include: Stierling’s Woodpecker (Dendropicos stierlingi); White-tailed Crested-flycatcher (Elminia albonotata); Red-capped Forest-warbler (Artisornis metopias); White-starred Robin (Pogonocichla stellata); Thyolo Alethe (Chamaetylas choloensis); Spot-throat (Modulatrix stictigula); and the Red-faced Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza reichenovii) (BirdLife Int., 2017). Due to the large distance of this IBA from the project site, it is considered unlikely that these trigger species will occur in the study area. 3.4. PROTECTED AREAS The conservation of ecosystems and the management of Protected Areas falls under the Conservation Act (Law Nr. 16/2014 of 16 June). This law calls for a network of Protected Areas at the national level that is comprised of management bodies and funding mechanisms that serve the country’s conservation areas (Sal and Caldeira Lda, 2014). In 2011, the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC) was created as a legal entity under public law to manage Mozambique’s Protected Areas. The term “Protected area” in Mozambique is comprised of various categories which are broadly divided into a) total conservation areas and b) conservation areas for sustainable use. Although 26% (21 million hectares) of the country is gazetted as a conservation or Protected Area (MITADER, 2015 and National Biodiversity Offset System, 2016), not all of these areas are afforded the same level of protection. The possibility that these reserves can make a significant contribution towards biodiversity conservation has been recognized and studies are being conducted to gain an understanding of the vegetation and ecosystem condition within these reserves. However, a challenge facing the protected areas in Mozambique is that although they are recognised on paper as being areas of conservation, the reality is that there is a general lack of staff, equipment and budgets necessary to adequately implement conservation measures to prevent biodiversity loss (National Biodiversity Offset System, 2016). It is estimated by the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC) that the protected area network only receives 19% of its current funding from reliable and sustainable resources. Studies show that to bring the level of management up in these areas to a standard that will result in the protection and increase in biodiversity, a once off fee of 120 million USD would need to be invested followed by an annual budget to fund operations of 70 million USD. Currently only 19M USD is spent per annum on protecting the biodiversity within these areas. Examining the protected areas in relation to the project site shows that the Quirimbas National Park is situated quite a distance away from the Balama Central study area (~91.6 km) (Figure 3-4). This reserve was established in 2002 to protect the regions natural resources and covers an area of approximately 7 507km2 that includes miombo woodland, coastal forest, mangroves and coral reefs (WWF, 2015). The Niassa Game Reserve (NGR) also lies approximately 100km north of the Balama Central study area. The core area of the NGR is located between the Rovuma and Lugenda River and covers approximately 23 040km2 with a surrounding buffer zone of hunting blocks that make up an additional 19 239km2 (Branch et. al., 2005). The Niassa reserve is about 42 000 km2, making it the biggest reserve in Mozambique, and with the largest concentration of faunal species. It is also one of the largest reserves found to occur in Africa. Vegetation types includes Miombo forests, Savannas, Inselbergs and wetlands.













The Balama Central site lies 91.4km north of the Mecuburi Forest Reserve which is situated to the south in Nampula province. The reserve currently covers 1 954km2 and is mostly comprised of Brachystegia-Woodland. The National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity in Mozambique (NSAPB), for the period from 2015 to 2035, aims to ensure that the “ecological, socio-economic, and cultural value of biodiversity in Mozambique” is used in a manner that directly enriches the lives of Mozambicans, and that is explicitly derived from the integrated management of Mozambique’s biodiversity, while simultaneously prioritising its conservation, equitable and fair use. A crucial part of this vision is the strengthening of partnerships between different sectors of Mozambican society, toward the ultimate goal of the conservation of the country’s biodiversity. Although the Strategy is not legally binding best practices dictates that new developments should comply with the NSAPB.



Figure 3.4: The location of Balama Central project site in relation to the surrounding protected areas.



4. RESULTS 4.1. HABITATS Habitats are defined as the natural environment or place where an organism, population or species lives, breeds and/or forages. Each habitat type has different environmental conditions which influences a species distribution range. Eleven habitats were identified and mapped (Figure 4.1) in the study area, namely:

7. Machambas 8. Riparian woodland 9. Rivers 10. Dambo (seasonal wetland) 11. Secondary Miombo Woodland 12. Inselberg comprised of:

o Rocky outcrops (flat and boulders) o Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland;

These habitats are described briefly below with accompanying plates.

Machambas The dominant habitat in the region comprises extensive tracts of cleared miombo woodland currently used for rural agriculture on a rotational cycle. It comprises mainly of machambas (subsistence farms) which are typically bordered with strips of grassland species, productive trees (mango, cashews, pawpaw) with occasional small tracts of secondary miombo woodland interspersed with grassland patches (Plate 4.1).

Plate 4.1: Recently planted machamba showing the grassland border and secondary miombo woodland in the background

Rice

Crops

Cashew Tree



Riparian Woodland The Riparian Woodlands within the study area are characterised by a closed canopy of 75-100% cover with a tree canopy of up to 20m and emergents that reach up to 40m (Plate 4.2). The understorey is typically comprised of a herbaceous layer with some grass cover in areas where the canopy is more open. This vegetation type is predominantly degraded within the study area and in some places has been completely transformed and planted with rice.

Plate 4.2: Riparian Woodland Rivers Riverine systems are watercourses contained within a channel except in time of flooding. When there is no water flow the natural channel still exists. The project site experiences high levels of summer rainfall and limited winter rainfall. The majority of river beds are dry for most of the year, with the exception of sparsely scattered pools of water concentrated in depressions within the annual streams and rivers (Plate 4-3 and 4-4).



Plate 4.3: Pool within river channel surrounded by rice crop

Plate 4.4: Pool with river channel surrounded by rice and Open Secondary Miombo Woodland



Dambos/ Seasonal Wetlands The Open Savanna is characterised by open, hygrophilous grassland with scattered trees that occur on dark and expansive soils, suggesting they are waterlogged during the wet season and these areas are possibly seasonal wetlands or dambos (Plate 4.5). The average canopy height of the trees is 10m with a canopy cover of 20% and a groundcover, dominated by grasses, of 100%.

Plate 4.5: Dambo/ Seasonal Wetland

Road

Rice

Inundated area

Road

Rice



Secondary Miombo Woodland Secondary Miombo Woodland occurs as small localised and intact patches within the study area. It was more prevalent along the access road from Balama Main Road and the Familia Village. Secondary Miombo Woodland has a canopy cover of 50% with an average tree height of 10m -15m and the understorey is comprised of a grass layer with a cover of approximately 90%.

Plate 4.6: Secondary Miombo Woodland. Photo taken from the inselberg being quarried and looking back at the main road from Montepuez to Balama. Inselberg (Rocky Outcrop) The region is characterised by small granitic outcrops known as Inselbergs. No Inselbergs are found within the project area, however one is found along the access road with portions being quaried and another 1.5km southwest of the project area. Although not within the project area these inselbergs host a unique assemblage of habitats for faunal species to nest, breed and forage. Boulders and rock crevices provide shelter for lizards, snakes and hyraxs, the rich miobo woodland provides nesting for birds and bats. Many faunal species will seek shelter in these inselbergs from predators (natural and human) and forage within the project area. They were included in the survey because species within the project area will likely seek refuge here once construction begins.

Main road to Balama

Miombo Woodland

Inundated area & pools of water

(Proposed TSF area)



Plate 4.7: Exposed bedrock on the Inselberg being quarried along the access road

Plate 4.8: Rocky boulder outcrop on the inselberg to the east of the project area



Figure 4.1: Habitat map of the habitat occurring in the study area.



4.2. REPTILES

4.2.1. Recorded Reptiles from the Project Area A total of 90 reptile species have distribution ranges which include the study area and are likely to be found in the various habitats present on site. Of the 90 reptile species likely to occur in the study area, 11 were observed during the field survey (see Appendix A for full species list). In interviews with the Matipane Village, Nputi Village and Nacate Village the utilisation of certain reptile species was discussed. Water monitor and terrapin (softshell) species are caught for consumption by all three villages and only sold if there is excess, otherwise only sourced to feed immediate family (Table 4.1). Tortoises and Chameleons are used for traditional medicine however neither are hunted and only used if found dead. Crocodiles are found in the nearby in the Montepuez River north of the site and pose a threat to those living near, crossing or using the river for bathing, washing and water collection. A number of people died last year due to crocodile attacks. All six of the project affected communities (Nacate Village, Lapua Village, Mphuti Village, Matipane Village, Familia Village and Nanhupo Village) revealed that many snakes are present in the area. All snakes are killed by villagers (venomous/ non-venomous) but none are eaten. Villages report people are bitten by snakes and have died as a consequence. Nanhupo Village report two to three people are fatally bitten per year. From the interview data obtained and from encountering potentially dangerous reptiles during the survey, it is clear that there is a potential health and safety risk associated for Project staff and contractors working in the field. At least 13 venomous snakes could possibly be encountered in the project area, with the presence of three being confirmed; Boomslang (Dispholidus typus); Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja mossambica) and Puffadder (Bitis arietans). At least three other species are reported to occur, or are very likely to occur at the site; i.e. Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), Forest Cobra (Naja melanoleuca); Snouted Night Adder (Causus defilippii) and Gaboon Adder (Bitis gabonica). Table 4.1: Presence and use of reptile species in the area by local villages

Species Present (P)/ Absent (A) Hunted Eat/Sell Medicine

Water Monitor P Yes Yes No

Terapin P Yes Yes No

Tortoise P No No Yes

Chameleon P No No Yes

4.2.2. Reptile SCC Out of a possible five reptile SCC, two were recorded on site. One Flap necked Chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis) and one Water monitor (Varanus niloticus), both of which are listed on CITES II. The monitor was nesting in a hole along the bank of the Namiticu River and was caught in a pitfall trap 2 during the site survey. The water monitor is a terrestrial-semi aquatic lizard that is usually found close to water and may forage some distance away. The water monitor is typically abundant within its distribution range but considered rare within the general project area because it is eaten by local villages. Although not recorded on site during the survey period, one Near Threatened species is likely to be found within the study area, namely: the Zambezi Soft-shelled Terrapin (Cycloderma frenatum). C. frenatum inhabits rivers and lakes in eastern Africa extending south to the lower Save (Sabi) river of southeastern Zimbabwe and central Mozambique (van Dijk, 2016.) and was reported present by local viallges who eat and sell this species (Table 4.2). The Mozambique Agama (Agama mossambica) is listed as Vunlnerable by the IUCN and was recorded on site, no



other listed species were recorded on site. All possible and recorded reptile SCC for the project area have been listed in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Reptile SCC concern recorded and likely to occur in the study area

Common Name Scientific Name Red List Status CITES

Lizards

Flap-necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis LC 2

Tropical Girdled Lizard Cordylus tropidosternum LC 2

Rock monitor Varanus albigularis LC 2

Water monitor Varanus niloticus LC 2

Mozambique Agama Agama mossambica VU

Terrapins

Zambezi Soft-shelled Terrapin Cycloderma frenatum NT

Plate 4.9: Reptiles found on site Top left to bottom right. Spek’s Hingeback Tortoise (Kinixys spekii); Flap-necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis); Mozambique agama (Agama mossambica); Water monitor (Varanus niloticus) and Variable skink (Trachylepis varia)



Plate 4.10: Reptiles found on site. Top left to bottom right. Turner’s Thick-toed Gecko (Chondrodactylus turneri); Puff adder (Bitis arietans arietans) *killed by local farmer; Speckled-Lip Skink (Trachylepis maculilabris), Black-lined plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus intermedius) and Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja mossambica). 4.3. AMPHIBIANS 4.3.1. Amphibians recorded in the Study Area Of the possible 45 species known to occur in the region, 12 species were recorded (Plate 4.11 and 4.12). Most of the observed amphibian fauna are characteristic species of forested areas and wetlands in the lowlands of northern Mozambique and likely to occur in areas surrounding the project site (Appendix B).



4.3.2. Amphibian SCC The Chirinda Toad (Mertensophryne anotis) (EN) was found in project area (Plate 4.11). This is significant since this species was previously only known from two locations one at Moribane Forest Reserve, Manica Province and the Chirinda Forest in eastern Zimbabwe a third known location southwest of the Quirimbas National Park at the inselbergs of Taratibu was found by Farooq et al. (2015) nearly 1,000 km away from the two other known sites and 90ha from the project area.

Plate 4.11: Amphibians found on site. Top left to bottom right: Nile Grass Frog (Ptychadena nilotica); Chirinda Toad (Mertensophryne anotis); Sharp-nosed Grass Frog (Ptychadena oxyrhynchus); East African puddle frog (Phrynobatrachus acridoidies). Guibe's Grass Frog (Ptychadena guibei); and Snoring Puddle Frog (Phrynobatrachus natalensis).



Plate 4.12: Amphibians found on site. Top left to bottom right. Shovel-footed squeaker (Arthroleptis stenodactylus), Flat-backed toad (Amietophrynus maculatus); and Greater Leaf-folding Frog (Afrixalus fornasinii).

4.4. MAMMALS 4.4.1. Mammals Recorded in the Study Area Of the possible 147 mammal species that could occur on site, only 2 mammal species, excluding domestic mammals, were recorded from the project area and both were rodents. Mammal species expected to occur in the area although not recorded during the site visit include other rodents, primates, hares, small carnivores, bats and small antelopes (Appendix C). Pastoralism (e.g. chickens and goats) is practised at all Villages (Figure 1.2), at a small scale, due to the cost of domestic animals. However, there is a one farmer with approximately 200 head of cattle that graze within the project area which, according to local villagers, is part of a social responsibility programme to supply meat for the Syrah Graphite mine located 5km away. In addition, there are very few natural resources left to harvest and no hunting of faunal groups occurs within the project site as it is so depauperate of animals. Hunting that does occur is purely opportunistic as the majority of faunal groups previously hunted (>5 years previous) no longer occur in the area. In interviews with the Matipane Village, Nputi Village and Nakate Village the utilisation of certain mammal species was discussed.

Rodent species are hunted and eaten at all three villages and only sold if there is excess.



Baboons, Lions, Civets, Serval, Duiker, Impala and Hyena are known to the villages but have not been sighted for the last five years.

The communities indicated that elephants used to pass through the area but have not done so in the last four years.

Monkeys are said to occur in the mountains nearby.

Bushpigs, porcupines, vervet monkeys and samango monkeys are known to damage crops at Nacoli village. They are hunted because they are considered to be pests but not eaten by members of the village who are mostly Muslim. However, if caught, the meat is sold to neighbouring villages.

Pangolins are rare but if seen are caught and sold to collectors and traditional healers who use the scales for traditional medicine.

Table 4.3: presence and use of mammal species in the area by local villages

Species Present (P)/ Absent (A) Hunted Eat/Sell Medicine

Bush Pig P Yes Sell

Shrew P Yes Yes

Rat P Yes Yes

Pouch Mouse P Yes Yes

Pangolin P Yes Sell Yes

Plate 4.13: Mammals found on site. Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus campestris) and Pygmy mouse (Mus minutoides) 4.4.2. Mammals of SCC No threatened or endemic mammals occur regularly in the project area and any large mammals of Conservation concern (e.g. Elephant and Lion) sighted in the region are likely vagrants moving through intermittently with sightings years apart. 4.5. BIRDS 4.5.1. Recorded Birds from the Project Area

A total of 450 bird species have distribution ranges which include the survey area (Sinclair & Ryan, 2010; Lepage, 2016). Based on the habitats found on site, it may be possible to find 398 species. Of the bird species which may be found in the study area, 81 were observed during the field survey (see Appendix D for full species list). A total of eighty-one (81) birds were recorded in five days, almost all of which were identified within the survey site (n = 75) with an additional six (6) birds identified within the surrounding area (between Montupez and Balama). Table 4.4 below provides a breakdown of the bird species seen



in each habitat type1. Only the bird species identified in all habitat types were counted in row 5. These species were; Pied Crow (Corvus albus), Emerald-spotted Wood Dove (Turtur chalcospilos), Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Lesser Striped Swallow (Cecropis abyssinica), African Palm Swift (Cypsiurus parvus), Yellow-fronted Canary (Crithagra mozambica), Yellow-throated Petronia (Gymnoris superciliaris), Dark-capped Bulbul (Pycnonotus tricolor) and Cape Turtle Dove (Streptopelia capicola). Table 4.4: Occurrence of bird species according to habitat type within and in the general area of the project site

Habitat Type # Bird Species Recorded

1 Machambas (with bordering grassland) 48

2 Riparian Woodland 19

3 Inselberg (and associated Miombo Woodland) 13

4 Wetland 6

5 Seen generally across the whole site 9

The six (6) bird species recorded in the general area of the survey site were Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) and Spectacled Weaver (Ploceus ocularis) in dambo/ wetland habitat and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Arnott’s Chat (Pentholaea arnotti), African Harrier Hawk (Polyboroides typus) and a juvenile female Gabar Goshawk (Melierax gabar) in machabma habitat. It is very likely that these species also occur directly within the survey site due to the close proximity with which they were seen. The greatest diversity of avifauna recorded in the survey area was within the machambas (n=44), which is understandable, given that this was by far the most common habitat type present. The machamba habitat consisted of many small plots, surrounded by extremely tall, dense grasses e.g. Thatching grass (Hyparrhenia) species, Natal Red Top (Melinis repens), Blue Seed (Tricholaena monachne), Herringbone (Pogonarthria squarrosa) and various Love Grass (Eragrostis) species (van Oudtshoorn, 2009) with (mainly) Cashew trees and shrubs interspersed throughout. Both grassland and savanna avifauna were recorded in these areas. Frequently recorded grassland species included; Black-winged Bishop (Euplectes hordeaceus), Yellow-crowned Bishop (Euplectes afer), Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah (Vidua obtusa), Long-tailed Paradise Whydah (Vidua paradisaea) African Firefinch (Lagonosticta rubricata), Jameson’s Firefinch (Lagonosticta rhodopareia) and Pin-tailed Whydah (Vidua macroura) as well as a number of cisticola and lark species with confirmed identification of Lazy Cisticola (Cisticola aberrans), Neddicky (Cisticola fulvicapilla) and Flappet Lark (Mirafra rufocinnamomea). Commonly recorded savanna birds included; White-bellied Sunbird (Cinnyris talatala), Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator) Black-crowned Tchagra (Tchagra senegalus), Brown-crowned Tchagra (Tchagra australis), Blue-spotted Wood Dove (Turtur afer), Blue Waxbill (Uraeginthus angolensis) Green-winged Pytilia (Pytilia melba), Dusky Indigobird (Vidua funereal) and Striped Kingfisher (Halcyon chelicuti). A single quail was also recorded during the survey. This was most likely a female Harlequain Quail (Coturnix delegorguei), given the height and density of the grass and crops where it was seen, but when the bird was flushed, it flew away too quickly to confirm its identity for certain. The significant lack of ground birds suggests that people may hunt these bird species for food. The next most diverse habitat was riparian woodland with nineteen (19) birds identified in a single habitat location (also the location of the second trap array), demonstrating that this is a productive area and it would be beneficial to local bird biodiversity if it were preserved. The species recorded

1 Some bird species were recorded in more than one habitat and as such, have been counted in more than one row



included; Grey-headed Bushshrike (Malaconotus blanchoti), Orange Breasted Bushshrike (Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus), African Emerald Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx cupreus), Levaillant’s Cuckoo (Clamator levaillanti), Red-chested Cuckoo (Cuculus solitaries), Tropical Boubou (Laniarius major), Western Violet-backed Sunbird (Anthreptes longuemarei), Mozambique (Pale) Batis (Batis soror), Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus chrysoconus) Green-backed Camaroptera (Camaroptera brachyura), Little Bee-eater (Merops pusillus), Swallow-tailed Bee-eater (Merops hirundineus), and Black Cuckooshrike (Campephaga flava). In the riparian woodland it is also of interest that a brood-parasite species (African Emerald Cuckoo) and its host species (Green-backed Cameroptera) were seen within 50m of each other, albeit on different days. In fact, a considerable number of brood parasite species were seen during this faunal assessment in the machambas and riparian woodland and their presence can help to suggest additional host species which would occur in the survey area that were perhaps present, but were not possible to record during the survey period (Table 4.5.). Table 4.5: Host species of the brood parasites recorded within the survey area

Brood Parasites Identified On-site

Most Common Host Species

Greater Honeyguide African Hoopoe, Bee-eaters, Barbets, Kingfishers, Starlings.

Pin-tailed Whydah Common Waxbill

Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah Orange-winged Pytillia (host specific)

Long-tailed Paradise Whydah Green-winged Pytilia

Dusky Indigobird African Firefinch

African Emerald Cuckoo Cameroptera

Levaillant’s Cuckoo Babblers (mainly Arrow-marked Babbler)

Red-chested cuckoo At least 15 bird species, but mainly Cape-Robin Chat

Klaas’s Cuckoo At least 18 bird species including Batises, small Warblers and Sunbirds

Based on the above table, it is possible that in addition to the birds recorded during the survey, the African Hoopoe (Upupa Africana) exists on-site as it is a primary host for the Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator), which was heard fairly often during the field visit in May 2018. Also, the Orange-winged Pytilia (Pytilia afra) almost certainly exists on-site, or at least within the general area, given that the broad-tailed Paradise Whydah is host specific to this bird. The possibility of Cape Robin-chat (Cossypha caffra) occurring within the survey area is highly unlikely based on its current known distribution, so the Red-Chested cuckoo identified during the assessment may be a brood-parasite of another of fifteen (15) possible hosts. The third most diverse environment was the inselberg habitat with thirteen (13) species recorded either on or more generally around the base of two inselbergs visited. These species included; Black-collared Barbet (Lybius torquatus), Square-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus fossii), Cinnamon-breasted Bunting (Emberiza tahapisi), Southern Grey-headed Sparrow (Passer diffuses), Rock Martin (Ptyonoprogne fuligula), Mocking Cliff Chat (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris), Collared Sunbird (Hedydipna collaris) and Scarlet Chested Sunbird (Chalcomitra senegalensis). The nest of the Square-tailed Nightjar was also found with two eggs inside (as per below photographs). Additionally, a sighting of what was very likely a Black-collared Barbet (Lybius torquatus) was recorded with an entirely black head, back and wings, with no evidence of a red or yellow mask, as per the known colour morphs described in Roberts VII Multimedia Birds of Southern Africa, 2012-2017. In addition, an individual with the typical red mask was seen in the riparian woodland. Melanistic birds do appear in nature, but it is unclear at this stage if this bird is simply melanisitic, or a distinct colour morph. Another uncharacteristic Black-collared Barbet has also been recorded by CES during a previous faunal assessment in a location relatively close to this site. As this is a rather un-surveyed area, it would be important to report such findings and preserve habitat where



these individuals occur, especially as no reference to this colouration can currently be found in common bird field guides and reference material. Finally, only four (4) bird species were recorded in dambo/wetland habitat within the survey site. These species were also present in the machambas; Black-winged Bishop (Euplectes hordeaceus), Yellow-crowned Bishop (Euplectes afer), African Firefinch (Lagonosticta rubricata) and Jameson’s Firefinch (Lagonosticta rhodopareia). There was a very obvious absence of all water bird guilds, even though there was amphibian, fish and reptilian prey available. In areas where standing water was present in the site surrounds, water birds were also absent apart from evidence of a few kingfisher or bee-eater nesting holes around the edges of a dam. The absence of waterfowl and waders may be explained by the fact that people use these birds for food in the same way as ground birds.

Plate 4.14: Bird species nest recorded in various habitats within and surrounding the site Top: Neddicky (Cisticola fulvicapilla). Bottom: Square-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus fossii) and Barbet.



Plate 4.15: Bird species recorded in various habitats within and surrounding the site Top Left to Bottom right: Neddicky (Cisticola fulvicapilla), Juvenile Gabar Goshawk (Melierax gabar), Swallow-tailed (Merops hirundineus) and Little Bee-Eaters (Merops pusillus), Brown Snake Eagle (Circaetus cinereus), Square-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus fossii), Cinnamon-breasted Bunting (Emberiza tahapisi), and Striped Kingfisher (Halcyon chelicuti) 4.5.2. Bird SCC Out of a possible seventy-two (72) bird species of conservation concern (SCC), eight (8) were recorded on site. No Threatened, Near Threatened or Vulnerable species were recorded during the assessment. All SCC species fall under CITES Appendix ii. The recorded SCC included two juvenile birds; a Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus) on site and female Gabar Goshawk (Melierax gabar), just outside of the survey area. A Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus) was seen in the tall trees in the same location as the first trap array as well as two Red-necked Falcons (Falco chicquera), which were seen flying over general machamba habitat. There were a number of sightings of Brown-snake Eagles (Circaetus cinereus) and a single sighting of a Black-chested Snake Eagle (Circaetus pectoralis) in machamba and bordering woodland areas. The presence of falcons, snake eagles and Goshawks indicates that there is good availability of reptilian, avian and small mammalian prey on site.



Finally, a possible Dark Chanting Goshawk (Melierax metabates) was sighted during the assessment and while the bird was flying too high for a completely positive ID, this species is very likely to occur in the area and thus has been counted on the below list. Other general observations of the site revealed an absence of hornbill and of vulture species, although, based on distribution, three critically endangered vulture species may exist in the project area; White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis); the White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus); and the Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus). The absence of vultures could explain the abundance of Pied Crows (Corvus albus), who often scavenge for food. It is also possible that some rarer or secretive SCC species were unrecorded due to poor access to certain areas of the site as well as the presence of dense vegetation, making clear visual ID somewhat of a challenge. Table 4.6: SCC likely to occur within the study area

Common Name Scientific Name Red List Status

Cites Possible Recorded

Black-bellied Bustard Eupodotis melanogaster LC ii 1

Augur Buzzard Buteo augur LC ii 1

Common Buzzard Buteo buteo LC ii 1

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus LC ii 1 1 *

Dark Chanting-goshawk Melierax metabates LC ii 1 1 ***

Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus VU ii 1

Grey Crowned-crane Balearica regulorum EN ii 1

African Cuckoo-hawk Aviceda cuculoides LC ii 1

Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis LC ii 1

Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina LC ii 1

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax LC ii 1

Wahlberg’s Eagle Aquila wahlbergi LC ii 1

African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer LC ii 1

Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus LC ii 1

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis LC ii 1

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus VU ii 1

African Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus NT ii 1

Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius VU ii 1

Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus NT ii 1

Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC ii 1

Spotted Eagle-owl Bubo africanus LC ii 1

Giant Eagle-owl Bubo lacteus LC ii 1

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus LC ii 1 1 * J

Sooty Falcon Falco concolor NT ii 1

Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae LC ii 1

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC i 1

Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus NT ii 1

Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera LC ii 1 1 *

Pel’s Fishing-owl Scotopelia peli LC ii 1

African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro LC ii 1

Gabar Goshawk Melierax gabar LC ii 1 1 ** J

African Grass-owl Tyto capensis LC ii 1

Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus NT ii 1

African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus LC ii 1 1 **

Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus LC ii 1

Ayres’s Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus ayresii LC ii 1

African Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster LC ii 1

African Hobby Falco cuvierii LC ii 1

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC ii 1

European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus LC ii 1

Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri VU 1

Dickinson’s Kestrel Falco dickinsoni LC ii 1

Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni LC ii 1

Rock Kestrel Falco rupicolus ? ii 1

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus LC ii 1

Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptus LC ii 1



Common Name Scientific Name Red List Status

Cites Possible Recorded

Black Kite Milvus migrans LC ii 1

Western Marsh-harrier Circus aeruginosus LC ii 1

African Marsh-harrier Circus ranivorus LC ii 1

Marsh Owl Asio capensis LC ii 1

Barn Owl Tyto alba LC ii 1

African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense LC ii 1

Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum LC ii 1

European Roller Coracias garrulus NT 1

White-faced Scops-owl Otus leucotis LC ii 1

African Scops-owl Otus senegalensis LC ii 1

African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris NT 1

Western Banded Snake-eagle Circaetus cinerascens LC ii 1

Brown Snake-eagle Circaetus cinereus LC ii 1 1 *

Black-chested Snake-eagle Circaetus pectoralis LC ii 1 1 *

Great Snipe Gallinago media NT 1

Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus LC ii 1

Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus LC ii 1

Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis LC ii 1

Shikra Accipiter badius LC ii 1

Black Stork Ciconia nigra LC ii 1

Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus LC ii 1

White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus CR ii 1

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus CR ii 1

Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos EN ii 1

White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis CR ii 1

African Wood-owl Strix woodfordii LC ii 1

Totals 72 8

Key

* Identified within project site area only

** Identified in the general area of the project site (between Montupez & Balama)

*** Birds likely identified on site and therefore recorded. ID almost certain, but not confirmed due to quickness /quality/distance of sighting.

J Juvenile bird

4.6. HABITAT SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS The sensitivity map was developed by identifying areas of high, medium and low sensitivity using the following to guide the decision making process (Figure 4.2). Areas of high sensitivity include:

Ecological process areas such as rivers, wetlands and streams that are important for ecosystem functioning, including surface and ground water as well as animal and plant dispersal;

Areas that have a high species richness;

Areas that are not significantly impacted, transformed or degraded by current land use; and

Areas that contain the majority of species of special concern found in the area and may contain high numbers of globally important species, or comprise part of a globally important vegetation type.

Areas of medium sensitivity include:

Areas that are widespread outside of the study area and are not threatened by project activities;

Areas that still provide a valuable contribution to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite being degraded;



Degraded areas that still have a relatively high species richness; and

Degraded areas that still contain species of special concern. Areas of low sensitivity include:

Areas that are highly impacted by current land use and provide little value to the ecosystem; and

Highly degraded areas that are unlikely to harbour any species of special concern. Areas that have been cleared for machambas (Machamba) have been transformed by the current land use. These areas don’t contribute towards ecosystem functioning and are typically comprised of pioneer and weedy species. These areas have therefore been assigned a Low Sensitivity. The Riparian Woodland hosts a high species diversity as it is one of the few remaining near natural habitats left for faunal species to nest, forage and breed. The proposed Lapa Stream weir will alter water dependant habitat downstream, the water will be impunded behind the weir and any excess will be diverted via a culvert style pipe into the Namiticu River, a large section of this stream will also be removed by the proposed pit. This habitat provides important refugia for faunal species and the functions as natural corridors for the dispersal of seeds and movement of animal species. Given the lack of natural habitat and the continuous pressure for natural resources and cultivation within the project area this habitat has been classified as an area of High Sensitivity. The secondary Miombo Woodland hosts a high species diversity and although fragmented the Miombo woodland provides important refugia for faunal species especially given the extent of machambas. This vegetation type is limited and has thus been classified as High Sensitivity Dambos (wetlands) are associated with the drainage lines and appear to be inundated during the wet season, creating seasonal wetlands or dambos. The majority of dambos on site have been transformed into machambas for growing rice and are no longer intact however given that the structure of a wetland (water and elevated vegetation) still exists these areas host many amphibian species and likely provides important breeding grounds for faunal species such as birds and amphibians. As such, they have been classified as areas of Moderate Sensitivity. Although not within the project area, the Inselberg and associate Rocky Outcrop and Miombo Woodland were found within the study area. These are notable because they provide a unique habitat given its elevation in a relatively flat landscape. The outcrop offers a sheltered habitat in which faunal species can live and breed with access to the woodland and machambas within the project area for foraging. Given the lack of natural habitat and the continuous pressure for natural resources and cultivation within the project area this habitat is near intact and important for faunal species diversity and as such it was determined to be of High Sensitivity.



Figure 4.2: Sensitivity map of the study area



5. KEY ISSUES AND PROJECT PHASE IMPACTS ON FAUNA 5.1. INTRODUCTION The faunal studies undertaken allow an assessment of the existing impacts and those that can be predicted to occur due to the proposed mining project at various relevant spatial and temporal scales. The individual impacts can be grouped together as a series of key environmental issues. 5.1.1. Issue 1: Exaccerbated human influence - mine Induced Impact Loss of what little faunal habitat exists is likely to occur due to the intensification of cultivation from both displaced farmers and the anticipated increase in population numbers associated with construction phase and operational phase job seekers who will increase the pressure on available natural resources. At a regional scale, land use is primarily focussed on cultivation and pastoralism. At local scales, the clearing and burning of woodland and grassland areas to create machambas occurs across the project area with the majority of the project area being under cultivation and providing little faunal habitat. Exacerbated human pressures from the local communities will likely result in the complete loss of what little faunal habitat remains within and around the project area. As a result of the project economic displacement will take place and a significant number of machambas will be lost. The replacement land for the lost machambas is likely to be comprised of near natural vegetation and will thus have an ecological impact. 5.1.2. Issue 2: Loss of exisiting faunal biodiversity and habitats The construction of project infrastructure and operational activities will result in the loss of faunal habitats and biodiversity within the project area. Construction will result in the direct loss of existing faunal habitats. The Tailings Storage Facility will remove Dambo and Miombo Woodland habitat and the Pit will remove Dambo, River and Miombo Woodland habitat (Figure 4.1.). Construction and operational activities will cause the displacement of species and disturbance of faunal activites including nesting, breeding and foraging which will impact negatively on all faunal groups. In addition, certain faunal species are likely to be displaced by pests that are unintentionally introduced and sustained by the mine. Increased road mortalities of fauna will also occur due to additional project vehicles on site. Slow-moving species (e.g. tortoises and frogs), as well as fossorial (burrowing) species (e.g. moles, lizards and snakes) are likely to suffer higher road mortalities than mobile and arboreal species (e.g. birds, bats and large mammals). Increased levels of dust and noise associated with construction and operational phase activities, will further impact numerous faunal species and could result in a loss of biodiversity within the site. If managed properly the spillage of hydrocarbons and other pollutants should not occur, however should this occur it will result in the pollution faunal habitats within the site. The decommissioning of the mining operation and the demobilization of infrastructures will result in similar issues as the construction phase. 5.1.3. Issue 3: Human/Wildlife Conflict The presence of the mine, mine employees and the influx of job seekers into the project area during the construction and operational phase of the mine is likely to increase the number of



interactions between humans and faunal species. The interaction between wild animals and people can have a negative impact on people and their resources, as well as on wild animals and their habitats. 5.1.4. Issue 4: Rehabilitation of project area Suni Resources (Lda.) commit to converting existing machamba land within the project area into natural areas and to protecting the natural areas for the mine life (20 years). These natural areas would provide increased faunal habitat that previously would have remained as opperational machambas. The increase in faunal habitat is expected to increase faunal biodiversity. 5.2. THE CURRENT IMPACTS: THE “NO-GO” OR “WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO”. 5.2.1. Impact 1: Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation Cause and comment There is little to no natural habitat remaining within the project area, the majority of land is currently under cultivation or has previously been cultivated. The remaining habitat that occurs on the level land is expected to undergo transformation to create machambas by clearing and burning which will cause further displacement of faunal groups due to disturbance and habitat loss within the project area. It may take several years for fallow fields to establish natural vegetation and thus restore faunal habitats which in most cases may be long past the life spans of most faunal groups. Significance Statement Habitat loss and fragmentation in the project area definitely occurs, resulting in a High, Medium Term impact at a regional scale. The environmental significance of this impact is HIGH, and under the current subsistence agricultural practice this impact cannot be mitigated.

Impact

Effect Risk or

Likelihood Overall

Significance Temporal

Scale Spatial Scale

Severity of Impact

Impact 1: Habitat loss and fragmentation

Without Mitigation Medium term Regional Moderate Probable HIGH -

5.2.2. Impact 2: Current land use impacts on faunal groups Cause and comment The majority of faunal species hunted for bushmeat no longer occur within the project area due to the unstainable comsumption exacerbated by a growing population in Balama. Funal species are unlikely to return for this reason and are deterred by noise from nearby town and villages. There is no sign of any activities to prevent or limit hunting or the clearing of vegetation for the establishment of machambas.

Significance Statement Existing land use impacts on faunal groups in the project area definitely occurs, resulting in a high, Long Term impact at a regional scale. The environmental significance of this impact is MODERATE.

Impact

Effect Risk or

Likelihood Overall


Scale Spatial Scale

Severity of Impact

Impact 2: Current land use impacts on fauna

Without Mitigation Long term Regional Moderate Definite HIGH -



5.3. CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASE IMPACTS This section presents the issues that are likely to impact faunal groups during the construction, operation and decommissioning phase of the mining project and its associated infrastructures. Mitigation measures for all impact are combined and presented in Section 5.3.9. 5.3.1. Impact 3: Removal of faunal habitat Cause and Comment The clearing of vegetation for the placement of the project infrastructure and building of new access roads and widening of existing access roads will result in the loss of faunal habitat in the project area. The loss of habitat in turn results in the loss of faunal diversity because habitat supplies nesting, food and shelter to faunal species. The inundation of the TSF will result in a loss of amphibian diversity. Frog species in a state of hibernation or estivation during the dry season are likely to either be killed or displaced. Furthermore, the construction of the TSF will alter flow dynamics of river systems, negatively impacting amphibian communities downstream. Floodplains and associated wetlands/dambos provide important habitat for many frog species. Many faunal species will find logs, rocks, cracks or crevices within riparian areas to either hibernate or estivate. Significance statement Loss of habitat through clearing in the project area definitely occurs, resulting in a moderate, Long Term impact at the scale of the study area. Since the project site is generally transformed and the remaining habitat degraded, faunal diversity and abundance is low and the unmitigated impacts from the mine will therefore be MODERATE and with mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW.

Effect Risk or

Likelihood Overall


Scale Spatial Scale

Severity of

Impact

Impact 1: Removal of faunal habitat

Without Mitigation Long term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE -

With Mitigation Long term Study Area Slight Definite LOW -

5.3.2. Impact 4: Loss of amphibian species due to pollution Cause and comment: Spillages of hydrocarbons and other pollutants may lead to development abnormalities and fatalities of amphibian species. Significance statement Spillage of hydrocarbons in the project area will definitely occur, resulting in a moderate, long term impact at the scale of the study area. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW.

Effect

Risk or Likelihood

Overall Significance

Temporal Scale

Spatial Scale

Severity of

Impact

Impact 3: Loss of amphibian species due to pollution

Without Mitigation Long term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE -

With Mitigation Long term Study Area Slight Definite LOW -



5.3.3. Impact 5: Loss of amphibian species due to dust generation Cause and comment: Amphibians are likely to be the most impacted by an increase in dust levels. Dust can increase the turbidity of streams and wetlands/dambos which may in turn inhibit amphibian’s ability to feed and breed. Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of amphibian diversity associated with dust generating activities of construction within the study area will definitely occur and will have a moderate, long term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or

Likelihood Overall


Scale Spatial Scale

Severity of

Impact

Impact 4: Loss of amphibian species due to dust generation

Without Mitigation Short Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE -

With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite LOW -

5.3.4. Impact 6: Loss of faunal species due to increase in the number of project

vehicles using roads (construction machinery and transport vehicles) Cause and comment:

May lead to road mortalities of frogs, reptiles, mammals and some birds which move cross roads at a slower pace than vehicles.

Project vehicles using roads at night may lead to road mortalities of nocturnal species such as owls and night-jars.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of faunal diversity associated with the construction phase machinery and vehicles of the project will definitely occur and will have a moderate, short term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect

Risk or Likelihood


Temporal Scale

Spatial Scale

Severity of

Impact

Impact 4: Loss of faunal species due to mortalities from project vehicles

Without Mitigation Long Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE-

With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite LOW-

5.3.5. Impact 7: Loss of faunal species due to disturbance and deterrence of noise and

vibration Cause and comment:

Increased noise and motor vibrations in wetlands/dambos and riparian areas may impact amphibian breeding choruses, but these impacts will be localised and many amphibian species are surprisingly tolerant of vehicle noise.

Any mammal species that would ordinarially pass through or migrate through the site will no longer do so.

Although most birds are highly mobile, the majority of birds are sensitive to disturbance



and will migrate away from mining activities. Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of faunal diversity associated with the ss of faunal species due to disturbance and deterance of noise and vibration from construction activities of the project will definitely occur and will have a moderate, short term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. Despite mitigation measures this impact will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect

Risk or Likelihood


Temporal Scale

Spatial Scale

Severity of

Impact

Impact 7: Loss of faunal species due to disturbance and deterrence of noise and vibration

Without Mitigation Short Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE-

With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite MODERATE-

5.3.6. Impact 8: Loss of species due to hunting and persecution Cause and comment:

Although, snakes will not attack a human unless they feel threatened and provoked, some people find the mere presence of snakes/lizards threatening and will kill them (persecution) even if no threat is posed due to myths, superstitions and anecdotes.

Increased hunting pressures from potential job seekers.

Few mammals are found within the study area due to unsustainable hunting of all mammal species however increased human numbers will result in increased hunting pressures of what little remains.

The increase in human population numbers in the project area associated with mining activities will increase hunting pressure on numerous bird species.

Significance Statement The impacts associated with the loss of bird diversity associated with construction within the study area will definitely occur and will have a moderate, short term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect

Risk or Likelihood


Temporal Scale

Spatial Scale

Severity of

Impact

Impact 8: Loss of faunal species due to hunting and persecution

Without Mitigation Short Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE-

With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite LOW-

5.3.7. Impact Impact 9: Increases in human and wildlife interactions at both mine and

villages Cause and comment A number of highly venomous snake species are likely to either permanently or periodically occur within the project area. The increase in the number of people on site associated with the operation of the mine, as well as the immigration of job seekers will result in an increase in the number of interactions between people and dangerous animals. Any displaced faunal species from the mine are likely to enter the surrounding villages.



Significance Statement: The impacts associated with increases in human and wildlife interactions associated with the operational phase of the mine will definitely occur and could have a severe, long term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Impact Effect

Risk or Likelihood


Temporal Scale

Spatial Scale

Severity of Impact

Impact 9: Increases in human and wildlife interactions

Without Mitigation Long Term Localised Severe Definite HIGH-

With Mitigation Long Term Localised Moderate Probable MODERATE-

5.3.8. Impact 10: Introduction of Alien fauna Cause and Comment Developments such as mines and their associated roads create suitable corridors for the introduction of alien species. Introduced urban rodent pests such as the house mouse (Mus musculus), house rat (Rattus rattus) and the Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus) are likely to occur in populated areas such as mining villages. These species generally tend to survive alongside human habitation, and don’t spread in natural areas. The most widespread and common alien bird is the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the Pied Crow (Corvus albus) which is now distributed almost worldwide and was recorded on site in large numbers(+50 individuals). The introduction of alien species will not only displace existing fauna but also create a nuisance for the mine particularly for the camp and canteen. Significance statement Impacts associated with the operation of the proposed mine development in the project area will probably result in a moderate negative impact in the long-term in the Study Area from the introduction of alien species. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is Moderate but the implementation of mitigation measures will reduce this to LOW.

Impact Effect

Risk or Likelihood


Temporal Scale

Spatial Scale

Severity of Impact

Impact 10: Introduction of Alien fauna

Without Mitigation Long Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE -

With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Slight May Occur LOW -

5.3.9. Mitigation and Management The negative impact of faunal and habitat loss associated with the development of the mine cannot be fully mitigated but the following can assist in reducing the severity of the impact: The following actions are suggested:

To avoid loss of faunal species o Where possible, avoid sensitive habitat corridors, e.g. drainage lines and

wetlands. o Design infrastructure footprint and transport linkages (e.g. width of the

access/haul roads) to be as uninstrusive as possible and thereby avoid unnessary loss of faunal habitat.

o The Dambo on the access road should be declared a no-go area. o Where possible protect habitats such as rocky outcrops and wetlands which

provides roosting, breeding and foraging sites and shelter many small faunal species.



o Keep clearing to a minimum. o All clearing activites must deploy search and rescue teams infront of clearing

machinery to assist in relocating slower moving faunal species e.g. tortoises out of the clearing path and relocating to ecological corridor.

o Protect the remaining near natural habitats on site, specifically rocky outcrops, riparian areas and wetlands as these provide roosting, breeding and foraging sites and shelter for many small faunal species.

o Natural drainage should be maintained and the silt loads into rivers, streams and wetlands must be managed to stay within normal limits.

o No construction during the hours of darkness. o Prevent employees from killing snakes through environmental training and

awareness. o Prevent employees from hunting reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds

through environmental awareness and training. o Educate staff which snakes are venomous/nonvenomous and differentiate

between defensive and aggressive behaviour. Posters of venomous and non-venomous snakes should be used and selected staff members should be trained in snake handling to remove snakes safely from site. Employees must not kill snakes.

o Wherever possible clearing of vegetation should be undertaken in winter months, when birds are not nesting and breeding and when numerous bat species rear young in tree roosts during the summer months.

o Storage facilities for chemicals should be bunded and situated in high lying areas to avoid spillages and damage from flood events.

o All stationary machinery that store or run-off hydro-carbons (excluding vehicles) must have drip trays to prevent hydrocarbon spillages.

o Where possible, limit project vehicles from driving on project roads during the hours of darkness.

o Spill kits should be present on site during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project. Employees should be trained on how to deal with spillages.

o The deliberate introduction of alien species should be prohibited, unless a full environmental assessment is undertaken and control methods for escapees detailed.

To minimise the loss of faunal species: o The inundation of the TSF should take place over an extended period of time

(minimum 3 months) to allow for motile faunal species to disperse from the flood zone.

o Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of faunal road mortalities on project roads.

o A search and rescue plan should be developed for fauna which fall into construction trenches and pits.

o Dust suppression techniques, such as the watering of project roads, must be implemented during the dry season.

o Ensure machinery and vehicles are within noise industry standards. o Develop and implement a pest management plan and monitor its effectiveness

and update annually to ensure plan is effective. This will aid to avoid the influx of prey for snakes and reduce the likelihood of entering the site. A Pest Management Plan must be established and implemented and should include an eradication procedure for problem species. Should domestic cats be utilised to control the rodent population they cat must be sterilised.

o Local communities must be made aware of the threats of displaced animals entering their villages. This includes venomous snakes and pest species.

o Ecologicla corridors that link undisturbed areas must be created within the project site.



To mitigate the loss of faunal species: o Any dead amphibians and reptiles should be preserved and donated to the

University of Pemba o Road kill monitoring should form part of the monitoring programme. o Create and maintain habitat connectivity via habitat corridors. o Contribute to conservation efforts within northern Mozambique. o Environmental Monitoring Programme should be developed to monitor reptiles,

mammals, birds and amphibian species compositions at permanent/ reoccurring water bodies to ensure the impact of the mine is equal or the same to the existing condition.

o Impacted areas must be rehabilitated. 5.4. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 5.4.1. Cumulative Impact 11: Cumulative Impact on Faunal Diversity Cause and comment The expansion of the mining industry within the region will directly displace numerous faunal species through disturbances associated with habitat fragmentation and habitat loss. Transport infrastructures associated with mining activities, such as road and railway networks, will increase access into an already limited land availability. Significance Statement The cumulative impact on fauna in the region results in a severe, Long Term impact at a regional scale. The environmental significance of this impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Impact

Effect Risk or

Likelihood Overall


Scale Spatial Scale

Severity of Impact

Cummulative Impact 11: Cumulative Loss of Faunal Diversity and SCC

Without Mitigation Long term Regional Severe Definite HIGH-

With Mitigation Long term Regional Moderate Definite MODERATE-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:

Ultimately these would be addressed by the Competent Authority (MITADER). Mitigation and management of the negative cumulative impacts depend on the development of effective national and regional management strategies to reduce risk to the environmental resources and to offset impacts where mitigation is not possible. Strategic spatial planning by the Government of Mozambique and its agencies at this early stage is important to ensure development in the region is promoted, while maintaining ecosystem functions and services to enhance social well-being.



6. CONCLUSION 6.1. CONCLUSIONS The land cover of the project area is a mosaic of relatively natural intact woodland vegetation, rocky outcrops, cultivated machambas and dambos. The habitats present within the study area are considered degraded and what little intact habitat remains is considered highly sensitive. The riparian woodland, rocky outcrops and secondary miombo woodland provides an important habitat for faunal species. The existing habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation is likely to be exacerbated by the proposed Balama Central Project. The project will directly remove existing habitat and replace it with project infrastructure, additional habitat will be lost as a secondary impact of relocating machambas and increased pressure on natural resources due to the influx in population. Faunal diversity in the region is impoverished due to the long history of land use for agriculture. Unsustainable hunting of fauna and populations of non-utilized faunal groups, e.g. amphibians and reptiles, are probably in decline due to habitat loss from bush clearing and/or from the frequent fires lit by people during the dry season for vegetation clearing. Loss of faunal species is attributed to direct loss of habitat, disruption and displacement of faunal species shelters, feeding and breeding areas. Further loss will be experienced due to increased mortalities related to an increase in the number of project vehicles using roads, increased hunting as a result of an influx of job seekers and associated increase in local community dependence on fauna for both food and cash sale; and lastly persecution of reptiles, specifically snakes both venomous and non-venomous. If the relevant mitigation measures are implemented and managed correctly, most of the construction and operational phase impacts can be reduced to medium and low, as illustrated in the summary below (Table 6.1). Table 6.1: Summary of the impacts associated with the project before mitigation and after mitigation.

Impact Pre-mitigation Post Mitigation

High - 2 0

Moderate - 9 2

Low - 0 7

The project area has been highly impacted on by current agricultural practices and unsustainable use of natural resources. The remaining habitats for faunal species although degraded are considered highly sensitive given they are the only refugia available for faunal species. The biggest impact will be on seasonal wetland, riparian and miombo woodland habitat impact on by the TSF and pit project infrastructure. Machamba habitat covers the majority of the project area and is considered readily available within and outside of the project area. The Suni Resources Balama Central Graphite Mine has the opportunity to rehabilitate habitats in poor condition and protect the remaining sensitive habitats. If done well this project has the ability to create a positive impact. It is recommended that an experienced ECO be employed to protect fauna against persecution and that a Rehabilitation Management Plan, Environmental Monitoring Programme and Pest Management Plan is implemented in the project area and immediate surrounds.



6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

Sensitive habitats for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna include miombo woodland, Riparian woodland, and dambos (seasonal wetlands). Damage to these habitats during site development must be avoided as far as possible and must be monitored through on-going and future survey work. The access road should be re-routed around the seasonal wetland that the existing road passes through.

It is recommended that a drum of formalin be kept onsite. Any snakes, lizards and frog fatalities that occur on site during construction and operation of the mine are stored in the drum of formalin. The drum should be replaced once a year and the specimens given to a designated herpetologist and identified for inclusion into the the Environmental Monitoring Programme.

It is recommended that an Environmental Control Officer (ECO) is employed to ensure that construction and operation activities are undertaken in accordance with the recommendations contained in this report and the Environmental & Social Management Plan, and to monitor various aspects as stipulated in the Environmental Monitoring Programme.

Not only is rehabilitation considered “good practice” but it is important in the prevention of soil erosion and alien species invasion as it returns the land to a functional state that can be used by future land owners. It is therefore recommended that a rehabilitation management plan for the mining site is developed and implemented. This should include a rehabilitation management plan for any extra land that was needed for the construction phase of the development but will not be used during the operation phase of the development. The plan must also include suggestions on how best to rehabilitate the waste rock dump and TSF, and other strategies to make the pit safe, once mining activities have ceased.

6.3. CONDITIONS FOR THE EMPR, ENVIRONMENTAL LICENCE AND MONITORING It is recommended that the following management plans are included in the EMPr and as part of the Environmental Authorisation: 1. Rehabilitation Implimentation and Management Plan (Construction, Operation and Closure) 2. Environmental Monitoring Programme (Preconstruction, Construction and Operation) 3. Pest Management Plan (Construction and Operation)



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Leggett, K. 2006. Effect of artificial water points on the movement and behaviour of desert-dwelling elephants of north-western Namibia. Pachyderm 40: 24-34.

Loarie, S.R., Van Aarde, R.J. And Pimm, S.L. 2009. Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns. Biological Conservation 142: 3086-3098.

Lepage, D. 2013. Checklist of the birds of Mozambique. Avibase, the world database. Retrieved from http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org.

MITADER (2015). National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Mozambique. Maputo, Mozambique.

Ntumi, C. P., Ferreira, S. M., & Van Aarde, R. J. (2009). A review of historical trends in the distribution and abundance of elephants Loxodonta africana in Mozambique. Oryx, 43(04), 568-579.

Ohler, A., & Frétey, T. (2014). Going Back to Rovuma: The Frog Fauna of a Coastal Dry Forest, and a Checklist of the Amphibians of Mozambique. Journal of East African Natural History, 103(2), 73-124.

Owen-Smith, N. 1996. Ecological guidelines for waterpoints in extensive protected areas. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 26(4): 107-112.

Parker, V. (1999). The Atlas of the Birds of Sul do Save, Southern Mozambique. Avian

http://amphibiaweb.org/

http://www.cites.org/

http://www.iucnredlist.org/



Demography Unit and Endangered Wildlife Trust, Cape Town and Johannesburg. Parker, V. (2001). Mozambique pp 627–638. In: FISHPOOL, L.D.C. and EVANS M.I. (eds.),

Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury and Cambridge, UK. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No.11).

Parker, V. (2005a). The Atlas of the Birds of Central Mozambique. Endangered Wildlife Trust & Avian Demography Unit, Johannesburg and Cape Town, 321p.

Parker, V. (2005b). The Birds of the Niassa Reserve, Mozambique. Bright Continent Guide 4. Cape Town: ADU. 30pp.

Schneider, M., Buramuge, V., Aliasse, L., & Serfontein, F. (2005). Checklist and Centres of Vertebrate Diversity in Mozambique. Forestry Department (DEF), Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.

Sinclair, I. & Ryan, P. 2010. Birds of Africa south of the Sahara: a comprehensive illustrative guide. 2nd edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.

Smit, I.P.J., Grant, C.C. and Devereux, B.J. 2007. Do artificial waterholes influence the way herbivores use the landscape? Herbivore distribution patterns aound rivers and artificial surface water sources in a large African savannah park. Biological Conservation 136: 85-99.

Smit, I.P.J., Grant, C.C. and Whyte, I.J. 2007b. Elephants and water provision: what are the management links? Diversity and Distribution 13: 666-669.

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Valeix, Marion, et al. "Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna." Biological Conservation 144.2 (2011): 902-912.



8. APPENIX

Appendix A: Reptile Species List

Common Name

Scientific Name Family

Red List

Status CITES Possible Recorded

Lizards 33 9

Tree agama Acanthocercus atricollis (branchi) AGAMIDAE LC 1

Ground Agama Agama armata AGAMIDAE LC 1

Kirk’s Rock Agama Agama kirkii AGAMIDAE LC 1

Mozambique Agama Agama mossambica AGAMIDAE VU 1 1

Flap-necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis CHAMAELEONIDAE LC 2 1 1

Swnnerton’s Worm Lizard Chirindia swynnertoni AMPHISBAENIDAE LC 1

Turner’s Thick-toed Gecko Chondrodactylus turneri GEKKONIDAE LC 1 1

Tropical Girdled Lizard Cordylus tropidosternum CORDYLIDAE LC 2 1

Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus CORDYLIDAE LC 1 1

Yellow-throated plated lizard Gerrhosaurus flavigularis GERRHOSAURIDAE LC 1

Rough-scaled plated lizard Gerrhosaurus major GERRHOSAURIDAE LC 1

Black-lined plated lizard Gerrhosaurus intermedius GERRHOSAURIDAE LC 1 1

Giant plated lizard Gerrhosaurus validus GERRHOSAURIDAE LC 1

Tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia GEKKONIDAE LC 1

Flat-headed house gecko Hemidactylus platycephalus GEKKONIDAE LC 1

Blue-tailed Gliding Lizard Holaspis laevis LACERTIDAE LC 1

Cape dwarf day gecko Lygodactylus capensis GEKKONIDAE LC 1

Mozambique Writhing Skink Lygosoma afrum SCINCIDAE LC 1

Rough-scaled desert lizard Meroles squamulosus LACERTIDAE LC 1

Sundevall’s Writhing Skink Mochlus sundevallii (previously Lygosoma) SCINCIDAE LC 1

Ornate sandveld lizard Nucras ornata LACERTIDAE LC 1

Speckled Dwarf Day Gecko Pachydactylus punctatus GEKKONIDAE LC 1



Snake-eyed skink Panaspis sp. SCINCIDAE LC 1 1

Wahlberg's Snake-eyed skink Panaspis cf wahlbergii SCINCIDAE LC 1

Spotted-neck snake-eyed skink Panaspis maculicollis SCINCIDAE LC 1

Spotted Flat Lizard Platysaurus maculatus CORDYLIDAE LC 1

Boulenger’s Skink Trachylepis boulengeri SCINCIDAE LC 1

Speckled-Lip Skink

Trachylepis maculilabris SCINCIDAE LC 1 1

Rainbow Skink Trachylepis margaritifer SCINCIDAE LC 1 1

Striped Skink Trachylepis striata SCINCIDAE LC 1

Variable Skink Trachylepis varia SCINCIDAE LC 1 1

Rock monitor Varanus albigularis VARANIDAE LC 2 1

Water monitor Varanus niloticus VARANIDAE LC 2 1 1

Snakes 49 5

Purple-glossed Snake Amblyodipsas p. polylepis ATRACTASPIDIDAE LC 1

Cape Centipede-Eater Aparallactus capensis ATRACTASPIDIDAE LC 1

Günther’s Centipede Eater Aparallactus guentheri ATRACTASPIDIDAE LC 1

Plumbeous Centipede-Eater Aparallactus lunulatus lunulatus ATRACTASPIDIDAE LC 1

Bibron’s Burrowing Asp Atractaspis bibronii ATRACTASPIDIDAE LC 1

Puff Adder Bitis arietans arietans VIPERIDAE LC 1 1

Brown House Snake Boaedon capensis COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Snouted Night Adder Causus defilippii VIPERIDAE LC 1

Rhombic Night Adder Causus rhombeatus VIPERIDAE LC 1

Red-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia COLUBRIDAE LC 1

East African Egg-eater Dasypeltis medici medici COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Common Egg-eater Dasypeltis scabra COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Green Mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps ELAPIDAE LC 1

Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis ELAPIDAE LC 1

Broadley’s Tree Snake Dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Boomslang Dispholidus typus viridus COLUBRIDAE LC 1 1

Boulenger’s Garter Snake Elapsoidea boulengeri ELAPIDAE LC 1

Cape File Snake Gonionotrophis capensis capensis LAMPROPHIIDAE LC 1

http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/reptiles/squamata/scincidae/trachylepis_maculilabris.htm



Nyassa File Snake Gonionotrophis nyassae LAMPROPHIIDAE LC 1

Spotted Bark Snake Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1

Cryptic Thread Snake Leptotyphlops incognitus LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE LC 1

Peter’s Thread Snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE LC 1

Blunt Blind Snake Lethiobia obtusus TYPHLOPIDAE LC 1

Cape Wolf Snake Lycophidion capense capense LAMPROPHIIDAE LC 1

Flat-snouted Wolf Snake Lycophidion nanum LAMPROPHIIDAE LC 1

Zambezi Beaked Blind Snake Megatyphlops mucruso TYPHLOPIDAE LC 1

Semiornate Snake Meizodon s. semiornatus COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Long-tailed Thread Snake Myriapholis longicaudus LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE LC 1

Snouted Cobra Naja annulifera ELAPIDAE LC 1

Forest Cobra Naja melanoleuca ELAPIDAE LC 1

Mozambique Spitting Cobra Naja mossambica ELAPIDAE LC 1 1

Olive Swamp Snake Natriciteres olivacea NATRICIDAE LC 1

Forest Swamp Snake Natriciteres sylvatica NATRICIDAE LC 1

Angola Green Snake Philothamnus angolensis COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Green Water Snake Philothamnus hoplogaster COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Spotted Buch Snake Philothamnus semivariegatus COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Lined Shovel-snout Prosymna lineata PROSYMNIDAE LC 1

Stulmann’s Shovel-snout Prosymna stuhlmannii PROSYMNIDAE LC 1

Angola Dwarf Sand Snake Psammophis angolensis PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1

Mozambique Sand Snake Psammophis mossambicus PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1 1

Olive Grass Snake Psammophis mossambicus PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1

Eastern Striped-bellied Snake Psammophis orientalis PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1

Striped Skaapsteker Psammophylax tritaeniatus PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1

Mole Snake Pseudaspis cana PSEUDOXYRHOPIIDAE LC 1 1

Southern African Python Python natalensis BOIDAE LC 1

Rufous Beaked Snake Rhamphiophis rostratus PSAMMOPHIIDAE LC 1

Tiger Snake Telescopus semiannulatus COLUBRIDAE LC 1

Mozambique Twig Snake Thelotornis mossambicanus COLUBRIDAE LC 1



Bicoloured Quill-snout Xenocalamus bicolor ATRACTASPIDIDAE LC 1

Terrapins 5 0

Marsh Terrapin Pelomedusa subrufa PELOMEDUSIDAE LC 1

Yellow-bellied Hinged Terrapin Pelusios castanoides PELOMEDUSIDAE LC 1

Black-bellied Hinged Terrapin Pelusios subniger PELOMEDUSIDAE LC 1

Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusois sinuatus PELOMEDUSIDAE LC 1

Zambezi Soft-shelled Terrapin Cycloderma frenatum TRIONYCHIDAE NT 1

Tortoises 3 1

Spek’s Hingeback Tortoise Kinixys spekii TESTUDINIDAE LC 1 1

Southern Hingeback Tortoise Kinixys zombensis TESTUDINIDAE LC 1

Leopard Tortoise Stigmochelys pardalis TESTUDINIDAE LC 1

Totals 90 15



Appendix B: Amphibian Species List

Common Name FAMILY Scientific Name Red List Status Possible Recorded

Müller's platanna XENOPODINAE Xenopus muelleri LC 1 1

Shovel-footed squeaker

ARTHROLEPTIDAE

Arthroleptis stenodactylus LC 1 1

Cryptic tree frog Leptopelis parabocagii LC 1

Dwarf Squeaker Arthroleptis xenodactyloides LC 1

Silvery tree frog Leptopelis argentus/broadleyi LC 1

Yellow-spotted tree frog Leptopelis flavomaculatus LC 1

Mozambique rain frog BREVICIPIDAE Breviceps mossambicus LC 1

Flat-backed toad

BUFONIDAE

Amietophrynus maculatus LC 1 1

Guttural toad Amietophryne gutturalis LC 1

Lidner’s dwarf toad Mertensophryne lidneri LC 1

Chirinda Toad Mertensophryne anotis EN 1 1

Red toad Schismaderma carens LC 1

Guinea Shovel-nosed Frog HEMISOTIDAE

Hemisus guineensis LC 1

Motteld Shovel-nosed Frog Hemisus marmoratus LC 1

Argus reed frog

HYPEROLIIDAE

Hyperolius argus LC 1

Giant leaf-folding frog Afrixalus fornasinii LC 1 1

Long Reed Frog Hyperolius acuticeps LC 1

Mictchell's Reed Frog Hyperolius mitchelli LC 1

Painted Reed Frog Hyperolius marmoratus LC 1

Red-legged Kassina Kassina maculata LC 1

Senegal Kassina Kassina senegalensis LC 1 1

Short-legged leaf-folding frog Afrixalus brachycnemis LC 1

Snoring leaf-folding frog Afrixalus delicatus LC 1

Tinker Reed Frog Hyperolius tuberlinguis LC 1

Variable Reed Frog Hyperolius pusillus LC 1

Striped rubber frog MICROHYLIDAE Phrynomantis bifasciatus LC 1

East African Puddle Frog PHRYNOBATRACHIDAE Phrynobatrachus acridoides LC 1 1



Mababe Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus mababiensis LC 1

Snoring Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus natalensis LC 1 1

Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus cf. perpalmatus LC 1

Anchieta’s Ridged Frog

PTYCHADENIDAE

Ptychadena anchietae LC 1

Dwarf Grass Frog Ptychadena taenioscelis LC 1

Guibe's Grass Frog Ptychadena guibei LC 1 1

Mascarene Ridged Frog Ptychadena mascareniensis LC 1

Mozambique Ridged Frog Ptychadena mossambica LC 1

Ornate frog Hildebrandti o. ornata LC 1

Schilluk Grass Frog Ptychadena schillukorum LC 1

Sharp-nosed Grass Frog Ptychadena oxyrhynchus LC 1 1

Nile Grass Frog Ptychadena nilotica LC 1 1

Upemba Ridged Frog Ptychadena upembae LC 1

Beaded sand frog

PYXICEPHALIDAE

Tomopterna tuberculosa LC 1

Common river frog Ameitia quecketti (previously angolensis) LC 1

Dwarf Bullfrog Pyxicephalus edulis LC 1

Galem white-lipped frog Amnirana galamensis LC 1

Southern Foam Nest Frog RHACOPHORIDAE Chiromantis xerampelina LC 1 1

45 12



Appendix C: Mammal Species List

English Name Scientific Name Red List status

CITES Possible Recorded

Artiodactyla

Common Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius VU 1

Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus LC 1

Bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus LC 1

African Buffalo Syncerus caffer LC 1

Antelope

Impala Aepyceros melampus LC 1

Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus LC 1

Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger LC l 1

Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus LC 1

Suni Nesotragus moschatus LC 1

Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus LC 1

Oribi Ourebia ourebi LC 1

Sharpe's Grysbok Raphicerus sharpei LC 1

Common Reedbuck Redunca arundinum LC 1

Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia LC

Common Eland Tragelaphus oryx LC 1

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus LC 1

Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros LC

Bats

Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon sp. LC 1

Spotted Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon bivittatus LC 1

Little Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon pumilus LC 1

African Sheath-tailed Bat Coleura afra LC 1

Straw-coloured Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum NT 1

Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus crypturus LC 1

Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus wahlbergi LC 1

Long-tailed House Bat Eptesicus hottentotus LC 1

Butterfly Bat Glauconycteris variegata LC 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate



Sundevall's Roundleaf Bat Hipposideros caffer LC 1

Striped Leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros vittatus NT 1

Damara Woolly Bat Kerivoula argentata LC 1

Angolan Fruit Bat Lissonycteris angolensis LC 1

Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus sp. LC 1

Lesser Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus fraterculus LC 1

Natal Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus natalensis LC 1

Free-tailed Bat Mops sp. LC 1

Angolan Free-tailed Bat Mops condylurus LC 1

Midas Free-tailed Bat Mops midas LC 1

Rufous Mouse-eared Bat Myotis bocagii LC 1

Cape Hairy Bat Myotis tricolor LC 1

Welwitch's Bat Myotis welwitschii LC 1

Yellow Serotine Neorimicia flavescens DD 1

Cape Serotine Neoromicia capensis LC 1

Banana Bat Neoromicia nanus LC 1

Rendall's Serotine Bat Neoromicia rendalli LC 1

Large Slit-faced Bat Nycteris grandis LC 1

Hairy Slit-faced Bat Nycteris hispida LC 1

Large-eared Slit-faced Bat Nycteris macrotis LC 1

Egyptian Slit-faced Bat Nycteris thebaica LC 1

Wood's Slit-faced Bat Nycteris woodi LC 1

Schlieffen's Bat Nycticeinops schlieffeni LC 1

Dusky pipistrelle Bat Pipistrellus hesperidus LC 1

Melck's House Bat Pipistrellus melckorum DD 1

Rüppel's Pipistrelle Pipistrellus rueppellii LC 1

Blasius' Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus blasii LC 1

Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus clivosus LC 1

Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus fumigatus LC 1

Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus hildebrandti LC 1

Lander's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus landeri LC 1

Bushveld Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus simulator LC 1

Swinny's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus swinnyi LC 1

Egyptian Fruit Bat Rousettus aegyptiacus LC 1

Dark-winged Lesser House Bat Scotoecus hirundo LC 1



African Yellow Bat Scotophilus dinganii LC 1

Giant House Bat Scotophilus nigrita LC 1

Greenish Yellow Bat Scotophilus viridis LC 1

African Giant Free-tailed Bat Tadarida ventralis DD 1

Mauritian Tomb Bat Taphozous mauritianus LC 1

Persian Trident Bat Triaenops persicus LC 1

Carnivora

Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus VU l 1

African Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis NT 1

Four-toed Hedgehog Atelerix albiventris LC 1

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus LC 1

Bushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda LC 1

Side-striped Jackal Canis adustus LC 1

African Caracal Caracal caracal LC 1

African Civet Civettictis civetta LC 1

Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta LC 1

Wildcat Felis silvestris LC 1

Angolan Genet Genetta angolensis LC 1

Large-spotted Genet Genetta maculata LC 1

Common Dwarf Mongoose Helogale parvula LC 1

Large Grey Mongoose Herpestes ichneumon LC 1

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus LC 1

White-tailed Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda LC 1

Striped Polecat Ictonyx striatus LC 1

Serval Leptailurus serval LC 1

Spotted-necked Otter Hydrictis maculicollis NT 1

African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus EN 1

Honey Badger Mellivora capensis LC III 1

Banded Mongoose Mungos mungo LC 1

African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata LC I 1

African Lion Panthera leo VU ll 1

Leopard Panthera pardus VU I 1

African Striped Weasel Poecilogale albinucha LC 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora



Hyracoidea

Bush Hyrax Heterohyrax brucei LC 1

Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis LC 1

Lagomorpha

Scrub Hare Lepus saxatilis LC 1

Perissodactyla

Burchell's Zebra Equus quagga NT 1

Pholidota

Ground Pangolin Smutsia temminckii VU I 1

Primate

Samango Monkey Cercopithecus mitus 1

Vervet monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus LC 1

South African Galago Galago moholi LC 1

Thick-tailed Bushbaby (Galago) Otolemur crassicaudatus LC 1

Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus LC 1

Proboscidea

African Elephant Loxodonta africana VU I 1

Rodents

Spiny Mouse Acomys spinosissimus LC 1

Red Rock Rat Aethomys chrysophilus LC 1

Gambian Rat Cricetomys gambianus LC 1

Reddish-gray Musk Shrew Crocidura cyanea LC 1

Bicolored Musk Shrew Crocidura fuscomurina LC 1

Lesser Red Musk Shrew Crocidura hirta LC 1

Greater Grey-brown Musk Shrew Crocidura luna LC 1

African Giant Shrew Crocidura olivieri LC 1

Mashona Mole-rat Cryptomys darlingi LC 1

African Marsh Rat Dasymys incomtus LC 1

Gray African Climbing Mouse Dendromus melanotis LC 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagomorpha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyla

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidea



Chestnut Climbing Mouse Dendromus mystacalis LC 1

Nyika Climbing Mouse Dendromus nyikae LC 1

Dusky Elephant Shrew Elephantulus fuscus DD 1

Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew Elephantulus myurus LC 1

Boehm's Gerbil Gerbilliscus boehmi LC 1

Bushveld Gerbil Gerbilliscus leucogaster LC 1

Woodland Thicket Rat Grammomys dolichurus LC 1

Kellen's Dormouse Graphiurus kelleni LC 1

Small-eared Dormouse Graphiurus microtis LC 1

Woodland Dormouse Graphiurus murinus LC 1

Rock Dormouse Graphiurus platyops LC 1

Silvery Mole Rat Heliophobius argenteocinereus LC 1

Mutable Sun Squirrel Heliosciurus mutabilis LC 1

Cape Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis LC 1

Single-striped Grass Mouse Lemniscomys rosalia LC 1

Natal Mastomys Mastomys natalensis LC 1

Pygmy Mouse Mus minutoides LC 1 1

Gray-bellied Mouse Mus triton LC 1

Angoni Vlei Rat Otomys angoniensis LC 1

Smith's Bush Squirrel Paraxerus cepapi LC 1

Striped Bush Squirrel Paraxerus flavovittis LC 1

Red Bush Squirrel Paraxerus palliatus LC 1

Creek Groove-toothed Swamp Rat Pelomys fallax LC 1

Four-toed Elephant-shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus LC 1

Four-striped Grass Mouse Rhabdomys pumilio LC 1

Meller's Mongoose Rhynchogale melleri LC 1

Pouched Mouse Saccostomus campestris LC 1 1

Fat Mouse Steatomys pratensis LC 1

Greater Dwarf Shrew Suncus lixus LC 1

Climbing Shrew Suncus megalura LC 1

Acacia Rat Thallomys paedulcus LC 1

Greater Cane Rat Thryonomys swinderianus LC 1

Rudds Bristle-furred Rat Uranomys ruddi LC 1

Tubulidentata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orycteropodidae



Aardvark Orycteropus afer LC 1

147 2



Appendix D: Bird Species List Key

* Identified within project site area only

** Identified in the general area of the project site (between Montupez & Balama)

*** Birds likely identified on site and therefore recorded. ID almost certain, but not confirmed due to quickness /quality/distance of sighting.

J Juvenile bird

Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST STATUS CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED

Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida LC

1

Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica LC

1

Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta LC

1

Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii LC

1 1 *

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus LC

1 1 *

Whyte's Barbet Stactolaema whytii LC

1

White-eared Barbet Stactolaema leucotis LC

1

Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii LC

1

Mozambique (Pale) Batis Batis soror LC

1 1 *

European Bee-eater Merops apiaster LC

1

Boehm’s Bee-eater Merops boehmi LC

1

White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides LC

1

Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus LC

1 1 *

Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides LC

1

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus LC

1

Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus LC

1 1 *

Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus LC

1

Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer LC

1 1 *

Black-winged Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus LC

1 1 *

Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris LC

1

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus LC

1




Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii LC

1

Tropical Boubou Laniarius major LC

1 1 *

African Broadbill Smithornis capensis LC

Terrestrial Brownbul Phyllastrephus terrestris LC

Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor LC

1 1 *

Cabanis’s Bunting Emberiza cabanisi LC

1

African Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris LC

Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Emberiza tahapisi LC

1 1 *

Grey-headed Bush-shrike Malaconotus blanchoti LC

1 1 *

Orange-breasted Bush-shrike Telophorus sulfureopectus LC

1 1 *

Black-bellied Bustard Eupodotis melanogaster LC ii 1

Black-rumped Buttonquail Turnix nanus LC

1

Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus LC

1

Augur Buzzard Buteo augur LC ii 1

Common Buzzard Buteo buteo LC ii 1

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus LC ii 1 1 *

Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura LC

1 1 *

Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus LC

1 1 *

Brimstone Canary Serinus sulphuratus LC

Dark Chanting-goshawk Melierax metabates LC ii 1 1 ***

Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris LC

1

Arnott’s Chat Myrmecocichla arnoti LC

1 1 **

Lazy Cisticola Cisticola aberrans LC

1 1 *

Siffling Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus LC

1

Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans LC

1

Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana LC

1




Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops LC

1

Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis LC

1

Wailing Cisticola Cisticola lais LC

Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis LC

1

Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla LC

1 1 * J

Mocking Cliff-chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris LC

1 1 *

Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus LC

1

White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo LC

1

Burchell’s Coucal Centropus burchellii LC

1 1 *

Black Coucal Centropus grillii LC

1

Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis LC

White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus LC

1

Temminck’s Courser Cursorius temminckii LC

1

Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus LC

Striped Crake Aenigmatolimnas marginalis LC

1

Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra LC

African Crake Crecopsis egregia LC

1

Spotted Crake Porzana porzana LC

1

Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla LC

1

Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus VU ii 1

Corncrake Crex crex LC

1

White-tailed Crested-flycatcher Elminia albonotata LC

Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens LC

1

Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii LC

1 1 *

Pied Crow Corvus albus LC

1 1 *

Grey Crowned-crane Balearica regulorum EN ii 1




Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius LC

1

African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus LC

1 1 *J

Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus LC

1

Klaas’s Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas LC

1 1 *

Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius LC

1

Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus LC

1

Levaillant’s Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii LC

1 1 *

Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus LC

1

Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus LC

1

African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis LC

1

Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus LC

1

Madagascar Cuckoo Cuculus rochii LC

1

Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitaries LC

1 1 *

Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti LC

1

African Cuckoo-hawk Aviceda cuculoides LC ii 1

Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava LC

1 1 ***

White-breasted Cuckooshrike Coracina pectoralis LC

1

African Darter Anhinga rufa LC

1

Namaqua Dove Oena capensis LC

1

Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis LC

1 1 *

African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens LC

1

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata LC

1 1 *

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria LC

Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis LC

1

Square-tailed Drongo Dircrurus ludwigii LC

African Black Duck Anas sparsa LC

1

Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos LC

1




White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus LC

1

Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis LC ii 1

Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina LC ii 1

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax LC ii 1

Wahlberg’s Eagle Aquila wahlbergi LC ii 1

African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer LC ii 1

Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus LC ii 1

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis LC ii 1

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus VU ii 1

African Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus NT ii 1

Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius VU ii 1

Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus NT ii 1

Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC ii 1

Spotted Eagle-owl Bubo africanus LC ii 1

Giant Eagle-owl Bubo lacteus LC ii 1

Great White Egret Ardea alba LC

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC

1

Little Egret Egretta garzetta LC

1

Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia LC

1

Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis LC

1

Greencap Eremomela Eremomela scotops LC

1

Burnt-neck Eremomela Eremomela usticollis LC

1

Amur Falcon Falco amurensis LC ii

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus LC ii 1 1 * J

Sooty Falcon Falco concolor NT ii 1

Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae LC ii 1

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC i 1




Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus NT ii 1

Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera LC ii 1 1 *

Cut-throat Finch Amadina fasciata LC

1

Locust Finch Ortygospiza locustella LC

1

African Finfoot Podica senegalensis LC

1

Jameson’s Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia LC

1 1 *

African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubticata LC

1 1 *

Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala LC

1

Pel’s Fishing-owl Scotopelia peli LC ii 1

Streaky-breasted Flufftail Sarothrura boehmi LC

1

Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans LC

1

Black and White Flycatcher Bias musicus LC

1

Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus LC

1 1 *

Livingstone’s Flycatcher Erythrocercus livingstonei LC

1

Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis LC

1

Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina LC

1

African Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta LC

1

Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens LC

1

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata LC

1

Coqui Francolin Francolinus coqui LC

1

Crested Francolin Francolinus sephaena LC

1

Allen’s Gallinule Porphyrio alleni LC

1

Greater Blue-eared Glossy-starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus LC

1

Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor LC

1

Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca LC

1

Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis LC

1

African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro LC ii 1




Gabar Goshawk Melierax gabar LC ii 1 1 ** J

African Grass-owl Tyto capensis LC ii 1

Moustached Grass-warbler Melocichla mentalis LC

1

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis LC

1

Sombre Greenbul Andropadus importunus LC

1

Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris LC

1

Grey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus cerviniventris LC

1

African Green-pigeon Treron calvus LC

1

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia LC

1

Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris LC

1

Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani LC

1

Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus LC

1

Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus NT ii 1

African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus LC ii 1 1 **

Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus LC ii 1

Ayres’s Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus ayresii LC ii 1

African Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster LC ii 1

White-crested Helmet-shrike Prionops plumatus LC

1

Retz’s Helmet-shrike Prionops retzii LC

1

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC

Goliath Heron Ardea goliath LC

1

Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala LC

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC

Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides LC

Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris LC

Green-backed Heron Butorides striata LC

1

Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca LC

1




African Hobby Falco cuvierii LC ii 1

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC ii 1

European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus LC ii 1

Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator LC

1 1 *

Pallid Honeyguide Indicator meliphilus LC

1

Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor LC

1

Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus LC

1

Brown-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus regulus LC

1 1 ***

Green-backed Honeyguide Prodotiscus zambesiae LC

1

African Hoopoe Upupa epops LC

1

Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri VU

1

Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator LC

1

Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus LC

1

Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus LC

1

African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus LC

1

Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris LC

1

Common House-martin Delichon urbicum LC

1

Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster LC

1

Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash LC

1

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus LC

1

African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus LC

1

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta LC

1

Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata LC

Purple Indigobird Vidua purpurascens LC

1

Dusky Indigobird Vidua funera LC 1 1 *

African Jacana Actophilornis africanus LC

Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis LC

1




Dickinson’s Kestrel Falco dickinsoni LC ii 1

Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni LC ii 1

Rock Kestrel Falco rupicolus ? ii 1

Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata LC

Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata LC

1

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC

Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris LC

1

Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti LC

Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala LC

1

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis LC

1

Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima LC

1

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus LC ii 1

Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptus LC ii 1

Black Kite Milvus migrans LC ii 1

Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus LC

1

Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus LC

1

Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris LC

1

Senegal Lapwing Vanellus lugubris LC

1

Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus LC

1

Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea LC

1

Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea LC

1 1 *

Dusky Lark Pinarocorys nigricans LC

1

Yellow-throated Longclaw Macronyx croceus LC

1

Red-backed Mannakin Spermestes nigriceps LC

1

Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullatus LC

1 1 *

Magpie Mannikin Spermestes fringilloides LC

1 1 *

Western Marsh-harrier Circus aeruginosus LC ii 1




African Marsh-harrier Circus ranivorus LC ii 1

Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula LC

1 1 *

Brown throated Martin Riparia paludicola LC

1

Sand Martin Riparia riparia LC

Southern Masked-weaver Ploceus velatus LC

1

Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata LC

1

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus LC

1

Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus LC

Eastern Nicator Nicator gularis LC

1

White-backed Night-heron Gorsachius leuconotus LC

1

Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax LC

1

Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia LC

1

Eurasian Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus LC

1

Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii LC

1 1 *

Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis LC

1 1 ***

Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma LC

1

Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius LC

1

African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus LC

African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus LC

1

African Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus LC

1

Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus LC

1

Marsh Owl Asio capensis LC ii 1

Barn Owl Tyto alba LC ii 1

African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense LC ii 1

Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum LC ii 1

Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis LC

1




African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus LC

1 1 *

Collared Palm-thrush Cichladusa arquata LC

1

African Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis LC

1

Broad-tailed Paradise-whydah Vidua obtusa LC

1 1 *

Long-tailed Paradise-whydah Vidua paradisaea LC 1 1 *

Eastern Paradise-whydah Vidua paradisaea LC

1

Brown-necked Parrot Poicephalus cryptoxanthus LC

1

Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri LC

1

Grey-headed Parrot Poicephalus suahelicus LC

1

Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus LC

1

Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens LC

1

African Penduline-tit Anthoscopus caroli LC

1

Yellow-throated Petronia Petronia superciliaris LC

1 1 *

African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus LC

1

Woodland Pipit Anthus nyassae LC

1

Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis LC

1

Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis LC

1

African Pitta Pitta angolensis LC

1

Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus LC

1

Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula LC

1

White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus LC

1

Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius LC

1

Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris LC

Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma LC

1

Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola LC

1

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava LC

1

Brubru Nilaus afer LC

1 1 *




Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla LC

1

African Pygmy-goose Nettapus auritus LC

African Pygmy-kingfisher Ceyx pictus LC

1

Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra LC

Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba LC

1 1 *

Common Quail Coturnix coturnix LC

1

Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei LC

1 1 *

Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops LC

1

Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea LC

1 1 *

African Rail Rallus caerulescens LC

1

White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis LC

1

Great Reed-warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus LC

1

White-browed Robin-chat Cossypha heuglini LC

Red-capped Robin-chat Cossypha natalensis LC

1

Miombo Rock-thrush Monticola angolensis LC

1

Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus LC

1 *

European Roller Coracias garrulus NT

1

Purple Roller Coracias naevia LC

1

Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus LC

1

Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus LC

1

Double-banded Sandgrouse Pterocles bicinctus LC

1

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos LC

1

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea LC

1

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola LC

1

Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus LC

1

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis LC

Ruff Philomachus pugnax LC

1




Eastern Saw-wing Psalidoprocne orientalis ?

1

Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas LC

1

White-faced Scops-owl Otus leucotis LC ii 1

African Scops-owl Otus senegalensis LC ii 1

White-browed Scrub-robin Erythropygia leucophrys LC

1

Bearded Scrub-robin Erythropygia quadrivirgata LC

1

Lesser Seedcracker Pyrenestes minor LC

Black-eared Seedeater Serinus mennelli LC

1

Reichard's Seedeater Serinus reichardi LC

1

Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio LC

1

African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris NT

1

Western Banded Snake-eagle Circaetus cinerascens LC ii 1

Brown Snake-eagle Circaetus cinereus LC ii 1 1 *

Black-chested Snake-eagle Circaetus pectoralis LC ii 1 1 *

Great Snipe Gallinago media NT

1

African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis LC

1

Southern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer diffusus LC

1 *

House Sparrow Passer domesticus LC

1 **

Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus LC

1

Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus LC ii 1

Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus LC ii 1

Ovampo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis LC ii 1

Chestnut-backed Sparrow-lark Eremopterix leucotis LC

1

Shikra Accipiter badius LC ii 1

White-browed Sparrow-weaver Plocepasser mahali LC

1

Boehm's Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi LC

1

Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri LC

1




African Spoonbill Platalea alba LC

1

Red-necked Spurfowl Francolinus afer LC

1

Hildebrandt's Spurfowl Pterrnistis hildebranti LC

1

Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster LC

1

Wattled Starling Creatophora cinerea LC

1

Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio LC

1

Miombo Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis elisabeth LC

1

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus LC

1

Little Stint Calidris minuta LC

1

Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii LC

1

White Stork Ciconia ciconia LC

1

Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus LC

1

Black Stork Ciconia nigra LC ii 1

Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis LC

1

Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus LC

1

Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis LC

1

Anchieta's Sunbird Anthreptes anchietae LC

1

Collared Sunbird Anthreptes collaris LC

1 1 *

Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei LC

1 1 *

Purple-Banded Sunbird Cinnyris bifasciatus LC

Amethyst Sunbird Nectarinia amethystina LC

1 1 *

Copper Sunbird Nectarinia cuprea LC

1 1 *

Scarlet-chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis LC

1 1 *

Shelley's Sunbird Nectarinia shelleyi LC

1

White-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia talatala LC

1 1 *

Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta LC

1




Lesser Striped-swallow Hirundo abyssinica LC 1 1 *

White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis LC

1

Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata LC

1 1 *

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica LC

1 1 *

Rufous-chested Swallow Hirundo semirufa LC

1

Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis LC

1

Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii LC

Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga LC

1

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio LC

1

Lesser Swamp-warbler Acrocephalus gracilirostris LC

1

Little Swift Apus affinis LC

1

Common Swift Apus apus LC

1

African Black Swift Apus barbatus LC

1

White-rumped Swift Apus caffer LC

1

Horus Swift Apus horus LC

1

Mottled Swift Tachymarptis aequatorialis LC

1

Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis LC

1 1 *

Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus LC

1 1 *

Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha LC

1

Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota LC

Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida LC

1

White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus LC

1

Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis LC

1

Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus LC

Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa LC

1

Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus LC

1




Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus LC

1 1 *

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus subsulphureus LC

1

Black Tit Parus niger LC

Miombo Tit Parus griseiventris LC

1

Grey Tit-flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus LC

1

Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina LC

1

Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus LC ii 1

Cape Turtle-dove Streptopelia capicola LC

1 1 *

Red-throated Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus LC

White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus CR ii 1

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus CR ii 1

Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos EN ii 1

White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis CR ii 1

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp LC

1

Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara LC

1

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava LC

1

Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris LC

1

Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus LC

1 1 **

Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala LC

1

Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina LC

1

Olive Tree Warbler Hippolais olivetorum LC

1

River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis LC

1

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus LC

1

Garden Warbler Sylvia borin LC

1

Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata LC

1

Zebra Waxbill Amandava subflava LC

1




Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild LC

1 1 *

Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis LC

1 1 *

Thick-billed Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons LC

1

Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps LC

Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor LC

1

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus LC

Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius LC

1

Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis LC

1 **

Yellow Weaver Ploceus subaureus LC

1 *

Holub’s Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops LC

Southern Brown-throated Weaver Ploceus xanthopterus LC

Capped Wheatear Oenanthe pileata LC

1

Fulvous Whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor LC

1

White-faced Whistling-duck Dendrocygna viduata LC

African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis LC

1

Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis LC

1

Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura LC

1 1 *

White-winged Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus LC

1

Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens LC

1 1 *

Blue-spotted Wood-dove Turtur afer LC

1 1 *

Emerald-spotted Wood-dove Turtur chalcospilos LC

1 1 *

Green Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus LC

1

African Wood-owl Strix woodfordii LC ii 1

Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni LC

1

Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii LC

1

Little Spotted Woodpecker Campethera elachus LC

Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens LC




Bearded Woodpecker Thripias namaquus LC

1

Stierling's Wren-warbler Camaroptera stierlingi LC

1

Totals 450

398 81

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SUNI RESOURCES S.A. GRAPHITE PROJECT, BALAMA, …