UndergraduateResearch.wsu.edu

August 3, 201210 a.m. - 1 p.m.

Smith CUE Atrium

Featuring students from WSU and more than 35 other universities across the country working with faculty in:

• Animal Science

• Biological Chemistry

• Chemistry

• Laboratory for Atmospheric Research*

• Materials Science Engineering*

• Mechanical Engineering*

• Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance

• Plant Genomics*

*Indicates a National Science Foundation-funded Research

Experience for Undergraduates Program

Summer 2012

Undergraduate ResearchPoster Symposium

at Washington State University

Welcome to the Summer 2012 Undergraduate Research Poster Symposium at Washington State University!

The work you see here today is the result of at least 10 weeks of full-time research activities at Washington State University by undergraduates. They came from around the country for four Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) programs funded by the National Science Foundation, as well as several additional, rigorous research programs this summer. They represent a wide range of majors, and join us from a broad range of universities: small colleges that only offer undergraduate degrees, to large tier I research universities. More than 50 students are participating with nearly 30 percent of them from WSU. We’re honored to have had such a strong group of undergraduates with us for the summer of 2012. I think as you explore the posters you’ll be surprised at the level of work they’ve carried out in a short time. Students you will talk with have explored in-situ thermal processing of biomass for biofuels production, measured how trees respond to the stress associated with increased levels of ozone, studied how high seas and large waves impact multi-hull ships, identified and analyzed microstructures in solder material, experimented with treatments to reduce pathogenic E. Coli on fresh apples, and worked to understand bovine respiratory disease in Holstein calves. This wide range of research fits the model of undergraduate research: students take ownership of their projects which are mentored, unique, and appropriate to the discipline they work in, and the work is being disseminated through this poster symposium. It is quite possible that peer-reviewed journal articles and presentations to national audiences will follow for some. I particularly would like to extend a thank you to my fellow program directors and advisors whose students are showing their work. They are:

David Bahr, materials science engineering REU James Brozik, chemistry Amit Dhingra, horticulture and plant biotechnology REU Brian Lamb and Shane Brown, atmospheric chemistry REU Holly Neibergs, animal sciences Cill Richards, mechanical engineering REU Sanja Roje, interdisciplinary biochemistry Michael Wolcott and David Bahr, Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance, USDA

The students’ work, of course, would not be possible without the more than 40 faculty advisors participating in the program, supervising students and integrating them into their research groups, and all the staff, graduate students, and other researchers on campus who have fully embraced working with these students. I would also like to note that in addition to the financial support of the National Science Foundation, the students and programs have had financial support from the home departments (and their colleges) noted above, and the WSU University College. In total, more than $300,000 of federal grant money was brought to WSU to support these fine young researchers. I hope you enjoy today’s poster symposium. You can find links to the posters online soon at the WSU Undergraduate Research website, UndergraduateResearch.wsu.edu.

Shelley Pressley Director, Undergraduate Research, WSU University College Assistant Research Professor, Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, College of Engineering and Architecture

Table of Contents Smith Center (CUE) Map 2

Poster Location Index 4

Abstract Listing 7

Group 1: Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance 7

Group 2: Regional Atmospheric Chemistry (REU in the Laboratory for Atmospheric Research) 12

Group 3: Introduction to Multi-scale Engineering (REU in Mechanical Engineering) 17

Group 4: Characterization of Advanced Materials (REU in Materials Science Engineering 22

Group 5: Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (REU in Horticulture) 27

Group 6: Animal Sciences, Chemistry Summer Experience, and Institute of Biological Chemistry 32

Presenters Index by Last Name 36

Smith Center (CUE) Atrium

To East Exit

West Stairwell

Registration

Refreshments

Modern Art Statue

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

2.10 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

3.8 3.9 3.10

3.5 3.6 3.7

5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2

5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

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Presenters by Group and Location Group 1: Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (USDA-Funded Program)

Sec. Poster Title Author Advisor

1.1 Scale up of an Ultra-Low Cost In-Forest Thermal Processing of Biomass Burdette Birdinground Daniel Schwartz

1.2 Moisture Content in Biomass Piles Maggie Buffum Glen Murphy

1.3 Analysis of Bioproducts from Ultra-Low Cost Biomass Processing Lucy Cheadle Daniel Schwartz

1.4 Assessing Risks of Arson in Biomass Piles Brady Do Glen Murphy 1.5 NARA Biofuels Production Emissions Madeline Fuchs Michael Wolcott

1.6 Diluted Acid and Peroxide Pretreatments of Douglas Fir Biomass Pedro Guajardo Jr. Xiao Zhang

1.7 Effect of Hot Water Extraction on Mechanical Properties of Ponderosa Pine Chips Anthony Lathrop Vikram Yadama

1.8 Biobased Curing Agent for Epoxy Ellen Simonsen Jinwen Zhang

Group 2: Regional Atmospheric Chemistry (REU in the Laboratory for Atmospheric Research) Sec. Poster Title Author Advisor

2.1 Cloud Condensation Nuclei Analysis of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Rachel Atlas Timothy VanReken

2.2 Tracer Dispersion Experiment Zeyuan Chen S. Edburg and B. Lamb

2.3 Satellite Ozone Retrieval and Comparison of AIRS and OMI Profiles to Ozonesonde Profiles Jacqueline Costello Farren Herron-

Thorpe

2.4 Laboratory Generation of HO Radicals and Their Effects on Vehicle Emissions in TiO2 Coated Setting

Kallie Doeden Tom Jobson

2.5 Modeling Of Large Wildfire Emissions In The Pacific Northwest Levi Golston

Joseph Vaughan and Farren Herron-

Thorpe

2.6 Measurements of the Surface Energy Budget and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Over Complex Terrain Using an Eddy-Covariance Method

Alejandro Prieto Heping Liu

2.7 Evaluating the Relationship Between Inter-Annual Climate Variability and Nitrogen Deposition in the United States

Natalie Thomas Serena Chung

2.8 A Tree’s Response to Stress: Quantification of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Giuliana Viglione Timothy VanReken

2.9 Nez Perce Tribe Formaldehyde Study (2011 LAR REU Project) Kayla Warden Tom Jobson

2.10 The Effectiveness and Benefits of an Undergraduate Research Experience: A Review of Literature

Ross Woods Shane Brown

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Group 3: Introduction to Multi-scale Engineering; REU Program in Mechanical Engineering Sec. Poster Title Author Advisor

3.1 Construction of Nanoporous Materials Through Multiscale Modeling Justin Bahrami Jin Liu

3.2 Organic Polymer Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Poly (3-Hexythyophene) Corinna Cisneros Soumik Banerjee

3.3 Mechanical Behavior of Polyethylene and its Composites Under Static and Dynamic Loadings Alyssa Essman Jow-Lian Ding

3.4 Flatness Evaluation for a V-Flash Rapid Prototype (Rp) Machine

Abdon Godinez-Velasco Gaurav Ameta

3.5 An Investigation of the Relationship Between Virulence and Transport of Listeria monocytogenes in Saturated Sand Columns

Trenton Graham Nehal Abu-Lail

3.6 Property Prediction for Developing Equations of State for Hydrogen Isotopologues Timothy Hall Jacob Leachman

3.7 Dynamic Cryogenic Seals to Support the Fueling of Fusion Tokomaks Uriel Naranjo Jacob Leachman

3.8 Motoring of a Flexible Resonant Engine to Estimate Associated Damping Losses Sam Post Cecilia Richards

3.9 Air Assisted Marine Vehicles Andrew Robinson Konstantin Matveev

3.10 Static Performance of Power Augmented Ram Vehicles Eliana Rodriguez Konstantin

Matveev

Group 4: Characterization of Advance Materials (REU Program in Materials Engineering) Sec. Poster Title Author Advisor

4.1 pH Dependence of the Physical and Electronic Structure of a Supramolecular Porphyrin Assembly

Mzuri Handlin Ursula Mazur

4.2 Characterization of Nanoporous Metal-Carbon Nanotube Composite Arrays Chloe Heinen David Bahr

4.3 Deformation Behavior of Multilayer Molybdenum-Aluminum Oxide Composite Kosette Leperi Amy Wo

4.4 Characterization of Nanostructures Fabricated from Meso-tetra (4-aminophenyl) Porphine and Meso-tetra (4-Sulfonatophenyl)Porphine

Kara Phillips Ursula Mazur

4.5 Microstructure Development in Tin-Silver-Copper Solder Bulk Solder Material Sean Seekins Indranath Dutta

4.6 Growth and Structure of Carbon Nanotube Mats Kassiopeia Smith David Bahr

4.7 Soy Protein Coated Graphite Nanoplatelets in Polycarbonate Composite for Improved Static Dissipation Rate

Michelle Tsui WH Katie Zhong

4.8 Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Utilizing a Benzothiadiazole-Based Oligomer Matthew Vance Louis Scudiero

4.9 Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) to Study Lattice Rotations in Deformed Aluminum 1050

Linda Vo David Field

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Group 5: Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (REU Program in Horticulture) Sec. Poster Title Author Advisor

5.1 Effectiveness of Lactic Acid and Peroxyacetic Acid Treatments on Reducing Generic and Pathogenic E. Coli on Fresh Apples

Piedad Alcala Karen Killinger

5.2 Understanding Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides by Prickly Lettuce Mario Barco Ian Burke

5.3 Identification of Pectolytic Bacteria Found in the Pacific Northwest Jeronda Hunt Brenda Schroeder

5.4 In-Season Heat Stress Affects Low Temperature Sweetening, Associated Gene Expression & Processing Quality of Stored Potato Tubers

Julian Jones Richard Knowles

5.5

Application of Host-Induced RNA Interference as a Means of Silencing Haustoria-Specific Puccinia graminis Genes and Conferring Resistance in Wheat

Naeh Klages-Mundt Scot Hulbert

5.6 Optimizing In Vitro Culture of Vitis vinifera Varieties Brittany LeGrant Amit Dhingra

5.7 Characterization of Van Well Sweet Cherry Self-Incompatibility (S) Alleles Sequoia Leuba Amit Dhingra

5.8 Comparative Evaluation of Clustering Methods to Better Understand Bacterial Evolution Lydia Paradiso Ananth

Kalyanaraman

5.9 Time Travel with Apples: Can you see an apple before time? Jasmine Scott Amit Dhingra

Group 6: Animal Sciences, Chemistry Summer Experience, and Institute of Biological Chemistry Sec. Poster Title Author Advisor

6.1 Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogen Comparison of Controls to Converters Bonnie Knie Holly Neibergs

6.2 Cloning in Three Segments of the GLU1 Gene of Arabidopsis thaliana Anna Loseke Sanja Roje

6.3 Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogens in Pre-Weaned Holstein Calves Hannah Neiburgs Holly Neibergs

6.4 Purification and Characterization of HAD-Like Phosphatases in the Riboflavin Biosynthesis Pathway

Hannah Raszka Sanja Roje

6.5 Association of BTA3 with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Tissue Infection in Holsteins Chad Redman Holly Neibergs

6.6 Structure of Phthalocyanine Films and Single Molecules Deposited on Au(111) Marcus Wallace K.W. Hipps

6.7

The Distribution of Cytochrome P450 Reductase and Cytochrome 2C9 into Different Phase Domains of a Planar Biomimetic Lipid Assembly

David Wright James Brozik

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Group 1: Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance

1.1 Scale Up of an Ultra-Low Cost In-Forest Thermal Processing of Biomass

1.1

Undergraduate Researcher: Burdette Birdinground Faculty Advisor: Daniel Schwartz Other Collaborators: Kenneth Faires, Lucy Cheadle Home Institution: Salish Kootenai College, Environmental Science, Senior Abstract: During timber thinning and fuels reduction, small diameter woody waste is cut, piled, and burned because other uses are uneconomical. Ultra-low cost thermal processing of biomass has been demonstrated using a portable unit that we sometimes call a pyrolysis blanket or a portable kiln, depending upon materials of construction. The materials of construction are inexpensive, and the system can be deployed and operated by forest workers. Because of the ultra-low capital and operating costs, our method can be used to dry wood prior to chipping and hauling, improving the transportation economics, or to pyrolyze the feedstock to produce high quality biochar in the forest. Biochar is used as a natural coal replacement or soil amendment. Field deployment experiments involved processing 200 kg batches of alder slash. Three batches were processed at maximum temperatures of 752 °C, 716 °C, and 706 °C and process times (at high temperature) from 63-85 minutes. We report biochar yields under these conditions, and examine changes in biochar properties (see poster by Cheadle). Whether deployed as a rollable blanket or foldable kiln, the system is a low cost four-layer laminate with vents used to control the temperature. The system is expected to have capital costs that scale as $/kg ~ 1/(kg)0.33 . We are developing a scaled-up system able to process 750 kgs of biomass, with better air sealing systems, and more durable materials. We will confirm that processing 750 kg instead of 200 kg reduces the cost per kg by 36%. Better seals and materials of construction will create a more airtight system with the potential to produce higher yields and longer system life (further reducing capital costs).

1.2 Moisture Content in Biomass Piles 1.2

Undergraduate Researcher: Maggie Buffum Faculty Advisor: Glen Murphy Other Collaborators: Francisca Belart Home Institution: Oregon State University, Forest Engineering, Junior Abstract: Overall, this biomass project is about turning forest residue into a useable biofuel. One problem with this right now is the logistics—it is not economically feasible to send the forest residue to where it needs to go because it is too heavy and not enough can be shipped at one time. This part of the project is figuring out how much moisture is in these biomass piles and how much moisture they can be expected to lose. Two tools are used to find the green or initial moisture content of the piles. First is the Humimeter, which is used on piles that have not been grinded yet. These piles usually include a lot of logs with bark still on them. The Humimeter is a probe that is inserted into the bark of a log and gives a percentages that can be converted to a moisture content with the species of the log. Ten readings were taken per sub pile, and two samples were collected per reading. The WILE is the second tool and is used for piles that have been grinded. When you insert the probe into the pile directly, the WILE gives the moisture content of that area of the pile. Three trials are required for this tool, and every reading should be within four percent of the others. We collected four samples per sub pile, and each sample consisted of around ten kilograms of the grinded material. We took the samples back to the lab, weighed them, found the densities of certain disks, and put them in the oven for 36-48 hours at 210° C. Afterwards, we weighed them again and found how much weight was lost. On average, the non-grinded piles lost about 30-50% of their weight in moisture, and the grinded piles lost only 15-25%. The dry moisture contents still need to be calculated and compared.

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1.3 Analysis of Bioproducts from Ultra-Low Cost Biomass Processing 1.3

Undergraduate Researcher: Lucy Cheadle Faculty Advisor: Daniel Schwartz Other Collaborators: Burdette Birdinground, Kenneth Faires Home Institution: Washington University in St. Louis, Chemical Engineering, Sophomore Abstract: An ultra-low cost biomass thermal processing method has been developed to use timber harvest and forest fuels reduction slash. Normally, slash is disposed of by being burned on site. Our process adds a small extra cost compared to pile burning, but can produce “oven dried” wood or pyrolyzed wood (often called biochar), which significantly reduces hauling costs compared to wet biomass. Biochar can be sold directly as a natural coal replacement or soil amendment to improve drainage and reduce fertilizer use. Analysis of the different biomass products uses Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine the moisture content, percentage of fixed carbon, volatiles, and ash content. The TGA operating procedure used here heats samples in an inert gas environment at 20 °C/min to 110 °C, then holds for five minutes to determine the moisture content. We then heat samples to 900 °C to determine the percentage of volatiles in the sample. Finally, we introduce oxygen to combust the sample and measure the percentage of ash. For “oven dried” wood, TGA data can be interpreted as the composition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in the sample. For biochar, we report on the effects of treating the biomass at different temperatures and for different lengths of time. Biochar products from three field trials, each processing 400 lbs of slash, are being analyzed to see the effects of different maximum temperatures (752 °C, 716 °C, and 706 °C) and process times (63-85 minutes). These results will allow us to understand the sensitivity of biochar product to processing variations.

1.4 Assessing Risks of Arson in Biomass Piles 1.4

Undergraduate Researcher: Brady Do Faculty Advisor: Glen Murphy Other Collaborators: Francisca Belart, Maggie Buffum, Fernando Becerra Home Institution: Oregon State University, Forest Operations Management, Senior Abstract: Wildfires are prevalent across the nation and have been shown to negatively affect communities, valuable resources, and precious habitats. The source of most wildfires is attributed to human-related activities such as campfires, cigarettes, fireworks, but also by arsonists and naturally occurring events. The objective of this research is to assess the risks and factors affecting arson that are related to leaving large biomass piles in the field for air drying. The underlying objectives are to assess the economic impacts of arson for a landowner (public, private, federal) and to identify potential methods to reduce/prevent the landowner from being a target of an arsonist. Methods used to complete these objectives will be done by reviewing published literature on accredited websites and within relevant journals found in the Oregon State Valley Library. Interviews are also planned with Fire Prevention and Investigation officers in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho to determine the risks and different preventative measures that are associated with different geographical areas. We expect the study will provide some insight into:

- Reasons for landowners to leave biomass piles in the field - Different shapes, sizes, and composition of biomass piles - Correlations between fire and moisture content within piles - Risks and factors that are associated with arson and biomass

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1.5 NARA Biofuels Production Emissions 1.5

Undergraduate Researcher: Madeline Fuchs Faculty Advisor: Michael Wolcott Other Collaborators: Brian Lamb, Tom Jobson, Natalie Martinkus, P. Gray, J. Jiang Home Institution: University of Wyoming, Chemistry, Junior Abstract: The Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) is an organization that aims to create a sustainable aviation biofuels production industry in the Northwest United States. One of NARA’s goals is to develop a production process with fewer environmental burdens than conventional petroleum-fuels production processes. This research aims to determine the atmospheric emissions and emission sources that may be released from proposed NARA biofuels production processes. One of the critical steps for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels is the pretreatment operation. Pretreatment is aimed at decreasing the chemical recalcitrance of lignocellulose, and effective pretreatment results in an improved accessibility of the carbohydrate polymers for hydrolysis to fermentable sugars. One of the key pretreatment processes currently under study is Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome Recalcitrance of Lignocellulose (SPORL), a process modeled after the bisulfite pulping process. In order to develop initial air emissions estimates, we have studied historical emissions testing data from the Georgia Pacific sulfite pulping mill in Bellingham, Washington. In addition to pulping, Georgia Pacific’s process incorporated an alcohol plant which is similar to the isobutanol production plant envisioned by NARA. When examining the emission inventory data, the main emission sources were determined to be: (1) the steam production plant, (2) alcohol plant, (3) digester blow pit, (4) acid production tower and scrubbers, and (5) aerated stabilization basin. Compilation of these data sets indicates that the primary emissions from these sources are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol, benzene, diethyl ether, and chloroform or other chlorinated organics. The off-gas from small scale laboratory SPORL experiments will be diluted and captured by flowing gaseous nitrogen through the reaction vessel into a Teflon bag. Gases that remain dissolved in water will then be captured by vaporizing the water from the slurry. Characterization of the captured gas stream will be conducted using Gas Chromotograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and a Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer.

1.6 Diluted Acid and Peroxide Pretreatments of Douglas Fir Biomass 1.6

Undergraduate Researcher: Pedro Guajardo Jr. Faculty Advisor: Xiao Zhang Other Collaborators: Carlos Alvarez-Vasco Home Institution: Washington State University: Tri-Cities, Electrical Engineering, Junior Abstract: To overcome the limitations that lignocellulosic biomass has for the development of fuels and bioproducts, many chemical, thermal, and biological pretreatments have been proposed. The effectiveness of those pretreatments has been evaluated mainly based on the sugar yield and the hydrolysability of resulting substrate. There is little understanding of the reactions occurring during those pretreatment methods. In this study, we evaluated the pretreatment of Douglas fir from the Pacific Northwest region by using peroxide and diluted acid pretreatment methods. The effects of those pretreatments on the structure of biomass, production of chemical intermediates, carbohydrate recovery, and enzymatic hydrolysability of pretreated substrate were determined. The changes that occurred on the biomass lignin and carbohydrate during various pretreatment conditions were investigated by HPLC and NMR. The results obtained from the study can help us to optimize the softwood pretreatment process to maximize the production of biofuels and biobased products.

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Ponderosa Pine in the radial wood grain direction, after Hot Water Extraction.

1.7 Effect of Hot Water Extraction on Mechanical Properties of Ponderosa Pine Chips

1.7

Undergraduate Researcher: Anthony Lathrop Faculty Advisor: Vikram Yadama Other Collaborators: Pelaez Samaniego Home Institution: Washington State University, Physics, Junior Abstract: When Ponderosa Pine chips are subjected to a process called Hot Water Extraction, they are thought to have changed hardness and Young’s modulus values, which can be tested via nanoindentation. However, little research has been conducted that focuses on mechanical properties at the cell wall level.

The nanoindenter consists of a tip that can indent the sample with various loads in order to determine hardness and Young’s modulus on the nanoscale level. A “cube corner” tip was used to indent the samples, although it is a controlled variable for our purposes. The nanoindenter is used to target the samples on the nanoscale. Cell walls, specifically the S2 layer, of individual cells were indented along three different wood grain directions to determine mechanical properties. What is thought to cause a change in hardness and Young’s modulus is the chemical change of the cell walls. This chemical change consists of the removal of constituents such as hemicellulose, the redistribution of lignin within the cell structure, and the increased degree of crystallinity of cellulose.

The results of testing are significant for the sustainable reuse of ponderosa pine after hot water extraction. Hot water extraction is a technique used to extract chemical constituents in order to be further processed into biofuels. The resultant wood can be used further to create wood composites that are stronger, more resilient to the weather, and that last longer. In this way, all of the wood components are used effectively.

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1.8 Biobased Curing Agent for Epoxy 1.8

Undergraduate Researcher: Ellen Simonsen Faculty Advisor: Jinwen Zhang Other Collaborators: Jianglei Qin Home Institution: Washington State University, Civil Engineering, Senior Abstract: I am assisting Dr. Jianglei Qin with his research on developing biobased epoxy resins for practical application. With the higher demand for greener products and the increasing costs of fossil resources, biobased materials from renewable resources are becoming more and more popular as a topic of research. Also, due to the health hazards associated with petroleum based materials, there is the desire to use more environment- and health-friendly resources. So, the development of biobased epoxy resins is being researched as opposed to the bisphenol A (BPA) epoxy resins with biotoxicity. My part in helping Dr. Qin is preparing the biobased curing agent MMP from abietic acid (Scheme 1) needed to cure the eugenol epoxy (Scheme 2) for his research.

Scheme 1: The synthetic route from abietic acid to Methyl Maleopimarate (MMP)

Scheme 2: Structure of eugenol epoxy

COOCH3

O

O

O

COOH COOH

K2CO3, CH3I

DMF

Isomerization

MA

OO

O

O

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Group 2: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change – Measurements and Modeling in the Pacific Northwest

2.1 Cloud Condensation Nuclei Analysis of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds

2.1

Undergraduate Researcher: Rachel Atlas Faculty Advisor: Timothy VanReken Other Collaborators: Celia L. Faiola, Giuliana Viglione Home Institution: University of Chicago, Physics and Geophysical Sciences, Junior Abstract: Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are particles that water vapor condenses onto in order to form cloud droplets at sufficient supersaturations. CCN can include anthropogenic or biogenic material, the latter often produced from the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Tree BVOC emissions change in response to stress, but how they change is not well understood. The changed BVOC emissions may affect how much SOA is formed and how effective it is as CCN. Emissions producing more CCN would be expected to have a net cooling effect on climate, while those producing fewer CCN having a net warming effect. The relationship is more complex, as stressors, such as increased ozone and temperature, are linked to climate change. Tree emissions and climate change form a challenging feedback loop, which must be better understood in order to reduce uncertainties in climate models. In this study, trees are kept in a laboratory chamber and their emissions are directed into a separate chamber, where they react with ozone, the oxidizing agent, to form SOA. The experiment is run twice: before and after the trees are stressed by the introduction of ozone into the plant chamber. A cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNc) and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) are used to measure the size distribution and cloud forming potential of the particles. A hygroscopicity parameter, κ, is calculated to quantify the relationship between CCN activity and the particle size. Prior to this analysis, the CCNc was calibrated using the differential mobility analyzer (DMA).

2.2 Tracer Dispersion Experiment 2.2

Undergraduate Researcher: Zeyuan Chen Faculty Advisor: Steven Edburg and Brian Lamb Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Stony Brook Uni., Marine Atmospheric Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Senior Abstract: Bark beetle infestations in western North America have severe negative biogeophysical and biogeochemical impacts that affect millions of hectare of forestry. The beetles kill seemingly healthy trees by attacking en masse to overcome host resistance, and then adequately space themselves to limit interspecies competition. Both processes involve using pheromones to communicate. To protect high-value stands, forest managers use synthetic pheromones to repel beetles from trees or attract them to traps. By adequately placing synthetic attractants and anti-aggregation semiochemicals, forest managers can protect trees and forested areas from bark beetle attacks. However, there is a lack of information to guide them. In this experiment, we set up a simulation to graph the correspondence between tracer gas concentration and atmospheric stability. Within the canopy, we set up three sonic anemometers to measure the wind and temperature in order to produce distribution profiles from the measurements. Concurrently, we set up the Tracer Gas Automated Profiling System, or T-GAPS, to measure sulfur hexafluoride: an inert gas that is not commonly found in ambient air and is easily traceable. The release is set within the canopy with sampling tubes surrounding it in a concentric circle. This allows us to analyze the tracer sample continuously with five minute average concentration measurements. By statistical data analysis, we can find a correlation between the plume concentrations and atmospheric conditions such as turbulence, stability, etc. The long-term tracer gas dispersion that is collected is anticipated to be used to improve models used by forest managers, and thus protect high-value forest stands.

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2.3 Satellite Ozone Retrieval and Comparison of AIRS and OMI Profiles to Ozonesonde Profiles

2.3

Undergraduate Researcher: Jacqueline Costello Faculty Advisor: Farren Herron-Thorpe Other Collaborators: George Mount Home Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Atmospheric Science, Senior Abstract: In this project, tropospheric ozone during upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) and long-range transport events were analyzed to determine the link between satellite retrievals and in-situ measurements. Tropospheric ozone is difficult to retrieve from satellites because of the abundance of ozone in the stratosphere. Tropospheric ozone has become a significant environmental issue and can be exacerbated by UT/LS folding and long-range transport events. Furthermore, it is shown that using both surface measurements and satellite retrievals of ozone can help identify particulars of ozone pollution events not driven by local emissions. This experiment compared two ozone research products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the current validated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) ozone retrievals, and ozone-sonde profiles for a complex pollution episode in July of 2008 over northern California and Oregon. We also compared surface hourly measurements with OMI and AIRS to try to differentiate between UT/LS and long-range transport events. We focused our analysis on comparing satellite retrievals to ozone-sondes released at Trinidad Head, California, highlighting the differences in sensitivity between the two satellite instruments. Tropospheric columns from all three satellite products were compared and analyzed to give further insight into whether pollution was due to UT/LS or long-range transport events. From the analysis, we find that satellite retrievals of tropospheric ozone can help differentiate pollution sources, which may help air-quality managers identify “exceptional events” in the future.

2.4 Laboratory Generation of HO Radicals and Their Effects on Vehicle Emissions in a TiO2 Coated Setting

2.4

Undergraduate Researcher: Kallie Doeden Faculty Advisor: Tom Jobson Other Collaborators: Claudia Toro Home Institution: St. Olaf College, Mathematics and Spanish, Senior Abstract: This study focuses on the methodology of generating and measuring HONO to study its potential formation from self-cleaning surfaces. Self-cleaning surfaces contain TiO2 that acts as a photocatalyst to oxidize surface-absorbed compounds. It has been proposed that air pollution can be reduced by coating roads and roofs with TiO2 to oxidize nitrogen oxides (NOx) and organic compounds emitted from vehicles. NOx oxidation on TiO2 can yield HONO. Formation of HONO could increase photochemical ozone pollution. We built and optimized a HONO-generating system by reacting a humid nitrogen stream containing gaseous HCl with solid sodium nitrate. The optimized system contains low relative humidities, low flow rates, long lengths of tubing in the HCl vessel, and polyethylene tubing to produce the most HONO. The HONO produced was quantified by measuring its presence as NOx using a TECO Model 42 chemiluminescence NO-NO2-NOx analyzer containing a molybdenum catalyst. The relative amounts of HONO, NO, NO2, and HNO3 generated by the HCl and NaNO2 reaction were determined using a set of denuders to selectively remove HONO and HNO3. The optimum arrangement produced 85.2 ppb NOx of which 90% was HONO and 10% was HNO3 in a 684.6 mL/min flow diluted to 5 L/min. In a second set of experiments, a 150-L Teflon chamber was filled with HONO and toluene and exposed to blacklight illumination. HONO photolyzes to produce the HO radical that oxidizes toluene. A gas chromatograph ion trap mass spectrometer was used to measure the decay of toluene and generation of oxidation products including ozone. HONO generation from a TiO2 coated brick was also measured.

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2.5 Modeling of Large Wildfire Emissions in the Pacific Northwest 2.5

Undergraduate Researcher: Levi Golston Faculty Advisor: Joseph Vaughan and Farren Herron-Thorpe Other Collaborators: Andrew Rengel Home Institution: University of Oklahoma, Environmental Engineering, Senior Abstract: Plume injection height into the atmosphere is an important parameter in predicting the transport of emissions from wildfires. However, plume height is poorly modeled due to a lack of field measurements. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the performance of the plume rise calculation within the Bluesky fire modeling framework and determine the best configuration for future wildfire modeling. Linear correlation and mean bias will be used to evaluate how well modeled plume heights agree with measured plume top data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectoRadiometer (MISR) satellite. The Bluesky model output is used as input for the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) processor to produce model-ready emissions for use in CMAQ. Seven wildfire events from the active July-August period of 2007 were used for comparative purposes, with six of the wildfires located in Idaho and one in Oregon. The two plume rise modules tested were the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) module and the Fire Emission Production Simulator (FEPS). Two fuel loading options also were tested, the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) and Hardy. These tests contribute to previous work on plume rise, exploring in more depth for wildfires in the Pacific Northwest region the degree to which Bluesky predictions correlate to observational data, and will help determine if there is a modeling pathway which is superior to others.

2.6 Measurements of the Surface Energy Budget and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Over Complex Terrain Using an Eddy-Covariance Method

2.6

Undergraduate Researcher: Alejandro Prieto Faculty Advisor: Heping Liu Other Collaborators: Qianyu Zhang Home Institution: Bronx Community College, Earth Systems Environmental Science, Sophomore Abstract: The exchange of energy and water vapor between land surfaces and the atmosphere has great influence on weather and climate. Climate is also affected by carbon dioxide exchange through photosynthesis and respiration from vegetation, which alters carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Sloping terrain changes the exchange processes of energy, water vapor, and CO2 between the biosphere and the atmosphere through juxtaposition in a couple of ways. The interaction of drainage flows and upslope winds is arguably the most important pairing to consider. In this project, we used two micrometeorological towers to quantify how terrain-induced flows affect micrometeorological environments within plant canopies in the Priest River Experiment Forest, Idaho. To meet our research goals, two towers were erected over a forested slope in June of 2012. One was twelve meters tall and included three three-dimensional sonic anemometers (CSAT3) at different elevations, two of which were accompanied by an open path gas analyzer (LI-7500A), installed at eight and five meters. It also hosted eight temperature and relative humidity sensors (HMP45C), three two-dimensional weather vanes and cup anemometer sets (03002-L), two cup anemometers (03001-L), two soil heat flux plates (HFP01), one temperature probe (109SS), one surface water content reflectometer (CS625), and three data loggers (CR5000) that include a pressure barometer. The second tower, installed 14 meters away, stood four meters high. It hosted a three-dimensional sonic anemometer, an enclosed path gas analyzer (LI-7200) installed at two meters, a temperature and relative humidity sensor, one weather vane and two-dimensional cup anemometer set, and a data logger.

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2.7 Evaluating the Relationship Between Inter-Annual Climate Variability and Nitrogen Deposition in the United States

2.7

Undergraduate Researcher: Natalie Thomas Faculty Advisor: Serena Chung Other Collaborators: Tsengel Nergui Home Institution: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Environmental Science and Mathematics, Junior Abstract: When excess nitrogen deposits onto the Earth’s surface, it has many diverse and harmful effects, ranging from reduced drinking water quality to altered chemical composition of ecosystems. The relationship between nitrogen deposition across the United States and inter-annual climate cycles, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO), is investigated in this study using wavelet analysis. Wet deposition data for ammonium and nitrate from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), and National Trends Network (NTN) for 140 stations across the United States are used for the analysis. Precipitation data from the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) are also used. The wavelet analysis decomposes a time series into both time and frequency space, which makes it possible to determine the dominant periodicities and where in the time series these occur. Results of the continuous wavelet analysis show that nitrate and ammonium wet deposition display frequency signals on a time scale of 0.5-4 years; this is different from the ENSO cycle, which has a dominant periodicity of 2-7 years. Cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis are performed for precipitation, wet deposition, and climate index data to determine if there are periods of high common power between the time series, and, in particular, if there is a relationship between nitrogen deposition and inter-annual climate variability. Future work will include analysis of dry deposition.

2.8 A Tree’s Response to Stress: Quantification of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds

2.8

Undergraduate Researcher: Giuliana Viglione Faculty Advisor: Timothy VanReken Other Collaborators: Celia Faiola Home Institution: Columbia University, Chemical Engineering, Senior Abstract: Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) are a class of chemicals produced on a large scale by trees and other plants. BVOCs play a significant role in plant growth, defense, and communication; they are also emitted to the atmosphere, where, due to their high reactivity, they become an abundant source of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA). These emissions are known to vary in quantity and composition due to both biogenic and anthropogenic stressors. In this study, BVOC emissions from saplings were quantified before and after an acute ozone exposure stress treatment. Samples were collected both from the biogenic chamber, where the trees were housed, and the aerosol growth chamber, where some of the BVOCs were oxidized by a different ozone source. The gaseous compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector (GC-MS-FID). The data collected were used to calculate the mixing ratios of different BVOCs in the chamber, which were then used to calculate an emission rate from the plant biomass. By identifying the change in the composition and quantity of BVOCs emitted, a better picture can be formed of how potential future increases in tropospheric ozone will affect BVOCs. This, in turn, can provide more accurate predictions for modeling future climate change.

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2.9 Nez Perce Tribe Formaldehyde Study 2.9

Undergraduate Researcher: Kayla Warden Faculty Advisor: Tom Jobson Other Collaborators: Etta Axtell Home Institution: Northwest Indian College, Native Environmental Science, Senior Abstract: A past study quantified formaldehyde and acetaldehyde from 24-hour composite samples using EPA Compendium Method TO-11a. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the analysis of the carbonyl 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) derivative collected on an absorption tube. Formaldehyde concentration was validated with hourly DOAS measurements. The current study will provide a rigorous quantification of carbonyls by using PTR-MS and comparing results we samples measured by TO-11a. We measured formaldehyde on the Nez Perce Reservation in the Lapwai Valley during the summer 2011. Formaldehyde (HCHO) and other volatile organic compounds (VOC) were measured using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS). A 2006 study in the Lewiston-Clarkston valley revealed high levels of formaldehyde during the summer months throughout the valley, including Nez Perce Tribal lands. Formaldehyde is an air toxic. Elevated summertime formaldehyde in the region is a concern to the local population. The PTR-MS data was analyzed along with meteorological data to determine if elevated formaldehyde is due to the emissions from the paper mill in Lewiston. Formaldehyde mixing ratios were detected as high as 5 parts per billion (ppb), displaying a consistent daily pattern of an afternoon maximum and morning minimum just before sunrise. The time of day behavior suggests a photochemical origin for formaldehyde. Formaldehyde mixing ratios displayed a strong positive correlation with surface air temperature with the highest formaldehyde mixing ratios occurring on the warmest day of the study (6/29/11).

2.10 The Effectiveness and Benefits of an Undergraduate Research Experience: A Review of Literature

2.10

Undergraduate Researcher: Ross Woods Faculty Advisor: Shane Brown Other Collaborators: David Wright, Angela Rudolph Home Institution: Washington State University, Civil Engineering, Senior Abstract: The Council on Undergraduate Research defines an Undergraduate Research Experience (URE) as: “An inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline”. It has been conventional wisdom for many years that research opportunities for undergraduate students are important to the academic and professional growth of young scientists. With increases in funding for UREs comes demand for quantitative and qualitative assessments of URE effectiveness. This literature review makes the current research on the effect of UREs on participants available to researchers interested in expanding on the known body of knowledge. Several aspects were considered in this review: benefits for student researchers, benefits for mentors, the effectiveness of UREs in preparing students for graduate school, and deficiencies in the current body of knowledge. Scholarly articles relevant to UREs were analyzed for their methodology and findings. Evidence indicated that URE’s provide a number of benefits for undergraduate researchers and their mentors. Graduate and postdoctoral mentors benefit from improved career preparation, cognitive growth, and improved communication and teaching skills. Undergraduate researchers benefit from clarification or confirmation of career goals, increased independence, and increased self-efficacy, the belief that one can produce a certain action successfully. Self-efficacy gains were noted in the belief that one could successfully complete graduate school and in research-related skills, such as literature review, data analysis, forming conclusions, and communicating results.

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Molecular structures of (a) PCBM and (b) P3HT.

(b) (a)

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Group 3: Introduction to Multi-scale Engineering

3.1 Construction of Nanoporous Materials Through Multiscale Modeling 3.1

Undergraduate Researcher: Justin Bahrami Faculty Advisor: Jin Liu Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering, Senior Abstract: Porous materials with nanoscale structures are governed by physical phenomena that operate on the molecular scale, but are characterized by bulk properties at the continuum level. Understanding and utilizing these materials requires multiscale analysis, which takes into account phenomena spanning multiple scales. Precise control of nanometer pores in carbide derived carbons has led to experiments showing an anomalous increase in capacitance for electric double layer capacitors (supercapacitors). In this project, we implement a three-dimensional grain growth algorithm to construct a variety of porous materials with nanostructures, such as granular, fibrous, and spherical structures. The material geometries and morphologies can be controlled by a few statistical parameters and the numerical results reproduce experimental observations by comparing with SEM micrographs. Our mathematical model represents a powerful and flexible tool for analysis, design, and optimization of nanoporous materials.

3.2 Organic Polymer Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Poly (3-Hexythyophene) 3.2

Undergraduate Researcher: Corinna Cisneros Faculty Advisor: Soumik Banerjee Other Collaborators: Golam Mortuza Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering, Junior Abstract: Propelled by the global energy crisis, there is an increasing effort in the scientific community to develop renewable energy sources. Photovoltaic solar cells, which convert energy from incident solar radiation into electrical power, have attracted attention due to their steadily improving performance over the past decade. In recent times, organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells, which comprise organic nanoparticles in conjugated polymers, have generated great scientific interest. The ease of manufacturing, relative low costs, light weight, flexibility and low operating temperature of OPVs make them attractive candidates for commercial use. However, the power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells is limited to 10 percent, owing, in part, to the morphology of their photoactive layer. The objective of the present study is to investigate the morphology of the photo-active layer through fundamental molecular simulations and relate that to its synthesis parameters. The molecular interactions between the solvent, electron donor and acceptor species determine the morphology of the photoactive layer. As part of the REU project, we are building the molecular structures for three components: an electron acceptor species such as[6-6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), a conjugated polymer such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) that acts as the electron donor, and solvents used to dissolve the components. The developed molecular structures including PCBM and P3HT are simulated in various solvents and co-solvents to understand the formation and transport mechanisms within the photoactive layer in order to improve its performance.

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3.3 Mechanical Behavior Of Polyethylene And Its Composites Under Static And Dynamic Loadings

3.3

Undergraduate Researcher: Alyssa Essman Faculty Advisor: Jow-Lian Ding Other Collaborators: Yueqi Hu Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering, Senior Abstract: Due to their light weight, easy manufacturing, and low cost, polymers and their composites have been important materials for developing light-weight structures. For applications involving impact loadings such as crash worthiness of automobiles and armor development, a good understanding of the mechanical behavior under dynamic or high strain rate loading is critical. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic response of polyethylene and their composite. In addition, the static responses were also studied and used as a reference for comparing with the dynamic behavior.

The materials investigated in this study included low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and HDPE-based composites reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNF) and pristine graphite nanoplatelet (GNP).

The static tests were done with a standard material test machine. The dynamic tests were done with a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar system. The system consists of a striker, incident bar, and transmitted bar. Upon impacting the striker bar to the free end of incident bar, a stress wave was generated which travelled through the incident and transmitted bars. The wave profiles were detected by the strain gages mounted on these bars and recorded using a Labview program. The wave profiles could then be used to extract the stress-strain relation of the material. The strain rate of the experiment can be controlled by the impact speed of the striker.

It was discovered that all materials showed strong rate sensitivity, i.e. their responses strongly depended on the strain rates imposed. CNF-reinforced composites showed significant improvement on the material strength, however, the HDPE/GNP composites showed little improvement. Further experiments are being developed to investigate the behavior of these materials under dynamic tension loadings.

3.4 Flatness Evaluation For A V-Flash Rapid Prototype (Rp) Machine 3.4

Undergraduate Researcher: Abdon Godinez-Velasco Faculty Advisor: Gaurav Ameta Other Collaborators: Mohammed Anazi Home Institution: Yakima Valley Community College, Construction Management, Junior Abstract: In today’s society, manufacturing is very critical for innovation and progress. Rapid prototyping (RP) is one of the processes that can produce net-shaped parts quickly. RP is a computerized method to build a physical object from a 3-Dimensional model of the object. There are two main types of RP: subtractive and additive. This research focuses on additive manufacturing (AM). V-Flash is a machine that uses stereolithography for additive manufacturing. A photo curable resin is used in layers to build a part. A UV light passes through a mask and hardens the exposed resin layer. The V-Flash 3D printer divides the 3D object into layers, each layer being 0.004" and laying down each layer of the model on top of the previous layer continuously until the object is printed. With AM comes the problem of "stair stepping" where each layer being built, depending on the thickness of the layer, will cause greater surface deformations, such as form variations and surface roughness. In this research, we will be studying how positioning different surfaces at different locations and angles affect flatness. Flatness will be measured using a 3D scanner and an algorithm to compute flatness from point clouds. My results show that positioning the same model at an upright angle has a great change on the surface because the layers are causing stair stepping and we propose to position the model as horizontal to prevent roughness on the object being built. With RP and AM, manufacturing is more conventional than grinding, drilling, and subtracting from a large block, which means there is less waste, it is easier to use, takes up less space, and is cheaper overall.

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3.5 An Investigation of the Relationship between Virulence and Transport of Listeria monocytogenes in Saturated Sand Columns

3.5

Undergraduate Researcher: Trenton Graham Faculty Advisor: Nehal Abu-Lail Other Collaborators: Lana Stump, Brian Grimes, and Fabiola Quiroa Home Institution: Washington State University, Biological Engineering, Senior Abstract: Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous, Gram-positive, food-borne, human and veterinary pathogen with the ability to multiply and survive in harsh environments. Mobility of bacteria through sand is considered to play a crucial role in the dispersal of pathogenic microbes. This study will examine the relationship between virulence and the capacity of this bacterium to transfer in saturated sand. Eight L. monocytogenes strains, which vary in their virulence level, are being evaluated for their collision efficacy toward silicon nitrate using column transport experiments under fixed environmental conditions. The virulence level is determined using the bacterial lethal dose required to kill 50% of mice (LD50). The calculated collision efficiencies for strains investigated are correlated with the strains’ LD50.

3.6 Property Prediction for Developing Equations of State for Hydrogen Isotopologues

3.6

Undergraduate Researcher: Timothy Hall Faculty Advisor: Jacob Leachman Other Collaborators: Ian Richardson Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering, Junior Abstract: There is an increasing necessity for reference quality equations of state (EOS) for the isotopologues of hydrogen as we rapidly approach an era of fusion energy. However, an absence of experimental data for tritium and hydrogen-deuteride (HD) hindered EOS development efforts. To alleviate this issue, this research investigates empirical techniques for scaling thermodynamic properties between the hydrogen isotopologues. Two primary methods for property prediction were employed. The Quantum Law of Corresponding States (QLCS) and the Geometric Mean Method. The former method used a technique to transform vapor pressures, densities, and sound velocities from hydrogen and deuterium to the respective isotopologues. Predicted values were shown to represent the available experimental data within 0.3% for HD densities, and up to 4% for vapor pressures. The Geometric Mean Method was shown to predict HD vapor pressures with an average absolute deviation of 0.4% and densities with a maximum deviation of 0.4% from the best experimental data. A broad search was made to collect all available thermodynamic property data for tritium and hydrogen-deuteride. This data is presently utilized to create the new equations of state.

3.7 Dynamic Cryogenic Seals to Support the Fueling of Fusion Tokomaks 3.7

Undergraduate Researcher: Uriel Naranjo Faculty Advisor: Jacob Leachman Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering and the Honors College, Senior Abstract: Sealing failures have the potential to damage products and render them useless, as well as put people’s lives at stake, so it is important to stop leaks. Sealing at cryogenic temperatures is a substantially more difficult task than sealing at room temperature since materials tend to shrink, become brittle, and crack. However, it is possible to seal at cryogenic temperatures and there are two seal types primarily used at cryogenic temperatures. Indium O-rings are mechanical seals used to seal between two surfaces. Polymers are used to form interference seals. Both of these seal types will be utilized in a prototype solid hydrogen extruder in development at the WSU HYPER laboratory. I have constructed a prototype dynamic seal and a system to test the seal immersed in liquid nitrogen, along with plans and drawings to incorporate the seal into the prototype extruder. Knowledge from this extruder will, in turn, be used to develop fueling systems for fusion reactors such as the ITER tokomak.

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3.8 Motoring of a Flexible Resonant Engine to Estimate Associated Damping Losses

3.8

Undergraduate Researcher: Sam Post Faculty Advisor: Cecilia Richards Other Collaborators: B.S. Preetham Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering, Senior Abstract: The pumping loss and other parasitic losses present in a small scale, flexible, resonant, heat engine are measured and characterized. In this engine design, the piston assembly is replaced by a sealed elastic cavity. This approach mitigates many of the performance issues associated with small-scale engines (less than 1 kW). Friction losses are reduced due to the elimination of the sliding seal and crankshaft assembly. The compression ratio is not fixed by engine geometry and may be varied. Hydrocarbon emissions are reduced since the need for lubricant is removed and crevice volumes are, if not eliminated, substantially reduced. Blow-by does not occur since the cavity is sealed. Finally, the geometric complexity of the chamber is reduced significantly, which leads to a reduction in cost.

The engine is made of an enclosed bellows with an attached mass, or piston, at one end, and is modeled by a spring mass damper system. To determine pumping and friction losses, an engine is typically motored. In this work, instead of using an electric motor to actuate the piston, a vibration shaker table is used to drive the engine. The pumping work and other parasitic losses are calculated by estimating the flow work during the intake and exhaust processes, and the inherent structural damping coefficient respectively. The resonant frequency and damping coefficient of the system is found by creating frequency response. An energy balance is used to compare input work from the shaker to the sum of pump work and mechanical damping work occurring through one cycle of the engine. By comparing the input energy to the energy dissipated while actuating the engine, the losses can be characterized. The parasitic losses are then used in a mathematical model to simulate the four-stroke operation of the engine. The pump work calculated from the simulation is in good agreement with experimental values.

3.9 Air-Assisted Marine Vehicles 3.9

Undergraduate Researcher: Andrew Robinson Faculty Advisor: Konstantin Matveev Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Washington State University, Mechanical Engineering, Senior Abstract: High seas and large waves present an especially dangerous environment to the structure of ship hulls because of the risk of slamming, which may cause structural damage. Slamming of conventional planing hulls and single wedge shapes has been studied in-depth, and ships are now designed with previsions to cope with most slamming. However, catamarans and other multi-hull boat designs present a challenge to slamming studies because the flow patterns on water entry are more complex than simple wedge shapes. Due to the flow complexity, this study aims to improve the understanding of slamming in multi-hull ship designs. A drop testing apparatus similar to a guillotine has been constructed to simulate slamming by dropping pertinent hull shapes into static water at various velocities. Accelerometers are used to measure peak accelerations as well as time dependent acceleration on entry to the water surface. High-speed video is also employed to further understand the time-dependent hull motions and accompanying water spray. Current studies indicate that several distinct peak accelerations coincide with chine wetting, spray jets hitting the wetdeck, and wetdeck submergence. Experimental data are obtained to quantify the dependence of accelerations on chine-to-platform distance, and entry velocity. Further studies will be conducted on setups with air cavities confined under hulls, which may offer more reduction of peak slamming loads than conventional hulls.

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3.10 Static Performance of Power-Augmented Ram Vehicles 3.10

Undergraduate Researcher: Eliana Rodriguez Faculty Advisor: Konstantin Matveev Other Collaborators: Christopher Chaney and Andrew Robinson Home Institution: Yakima Valley Community College, Sophomore Abstract: A Power Augmented Ram (PAR) vehicle is a ground-effect craft that travels close to any surface, such as water, land, snow, or ice. The ground effect results in the buildup of air pressure under the vehicle body. There are several advantages of PAR vehicles as an amphibious transport, such as the ability to carry heavy cargo at high speeds. The current research will help achieve better understanding about PAR vehicle systems for future practical implementation.

A series of experiments was conducted to study the confined air jet impingement on water. An air nozzle and a platform with a flap were placed inside a rectangular tank filled with water. This experiment will be modeling a PAR vehicle in a static regime with the air jet representing an engine and the platform with a flap representing the vehicle’s platform. The independent variables in this experiment were water level, platform flap angle, and jet airflow rate. The measured variables were pressure distribution and water surface elevations. Another experiment was set up to measure airflow velocities and thrust of a free-air jet.

In the jet impingement experiments, results show the highest static pressure under the platform and the most significant water level depression were generated when the flap closed the exit from the under-platform channel. With open flap positions, the water in the tank became highly unsteady, and oscillatory wave patterns were developed.

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AFM image of TCPP nanorods deposited from a solution of pH 1.

Group 4: Characterization of Advanced Materials

4.1 pH Dependence of the Physical and Electronic Structure of a Supramolecular Porphyrin Assembly

4.1

Undergraduate Researcher: Mzuri Handlin Faculty Advisor: Ursula Mazur Other Collaborators: Yingte Wang Home Institution: Whitman College, Chemistry and Mathematics, Senior Abstract: Porphyrins are macrocyclic molecules essential to many biological processes, including electron transport during photosynthesis and oxygen binding in hemoglobin, and have potential applications ranging from light energy harvesting to photodynamic therapy. Their properties can be tuned by changing both the outer substituents and the protonation state of the inner nitrogens (ie the pH). Under certain conditions, porphyrins aggregate into novel supramolecular structures. We are investigating the effects of changes in pH on aggregates of meso-tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP). Atomic force microscopy (tapping mode) shows that around pH 1, these aggregates form nanorods several µm long, a few hundred nm wide, and less than 100 nm tall. At both lower and higher pH values, the nanorods appear to shrink. Ultra violet-visible spectroscopy indicates the presence of at least three species in solutions between pH 1 and 11. Preliminary X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates a 3:1 ratio of protonated to unprotonated nitrogen around pH 1. The existence of unprotonated nitrogen at this pH is unexpected. We will also perform tunneling atomic force microscopy on the TCPP nanorods. This technique enables us to determine the conductivity of individual rods, a key step in the development of applications such as light energy harvesting.

4.2 Characterization of Nanoporous Metal-Carbon Nanotube Composite Arrays

4.2

Undergraduate Researcher: Chloe Heinen Faculty Advisor: David Bahr Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Purdue University, Materials Science and Engineering, Junior Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown in an array have a nanoporous structure that is lightweight and strong based on their weight. With the ability to deform to almost 90% and recover, they are a pseudoelastic material with thermal and electrical properties that suggest usefulness in applications such as electrical contacts in compliant systems. CNTs, however, are not suitable for all types of environments. Metals such as nickel and copper are often easier to join to when using solder and other contacts. These metals, unfortunately, deform plastically when they are in the bulk form and the elasticity of the contacts is a crucial property for such an application. Previous studies have demonstrated that thin Cu and Ni coatings can also behave in a pseudoelastic manner. Therefore, a composite nanoporous structure of CNTs coated with a thin Cu-Ni coating may be able to provide the needed pseudoelastic behavior. CNT arrays were plated with electroless nickel. The plated foams were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which confirmed nickel was successfully plated onto the carbon nanotubes. The amount of nickel was dependent on the amount of time spent in the plating solution. Other conditions that were tested include temperature and agitation of the plating solution. The spacing of nickel nuclei on CNTs suggests that the nucleation is relatively rapid, and the coating thickness dominated by growth. When the plating time was 20 minutes, the average spacing of the nuclei was 213nm. Compared to when the plating time was 60 minutes, the average spacing was 263nm. In the future, copper will additionally be plated on top of the nickel in an effort to achieve the pseudoelastic behavior by alternating layers of nickel and copper to create shell structures.

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TEM image of TAPP+TSPP structures that are around 45nm long and 10nm wide

4.3 Deformation Behavior of Multilayer Molybdenum-Aluminum Oxide Composite

4.3

Undergraduate Researcher: Kosette Leperi Faculty Advisor: Amy Wo Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Boise State University, Materials Science and Engineering, Sophomore Abstract: Aluminum oxide is a hard oxide that is oftentimes used as an abrasive material. But, the brittleness of aluminum oxide prevents it from having applications as a coating. Multilayer structures are a natural phenomenon seen in extremely strong and hard materials such as bone and abalone shell. These structures contain alternating hard mineral phases and softer organic materials. In this research, aluminum oxide (AlxOy) is used for its strength and molybdenum (Mo) for its ductility and its capability of plastic deformation. The two should combine to form a strong and ductile material that may be used as protective coating. The three coatings, deposited by magnetron sputtering, analyzed were single layer AlxOy, single layer Mo, and a multilayer composed of 10 bi-layers of AlxOy/Mo. Each coating was deposited onto two substrates: tool steels and silicon wafers. Micro-hardness and nanoindentation testing were used to determine hardness and fracture strength, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine coating thickness and observe deformation caused by the micro-indentations made by a Vicker’s Hardness tester. Numerous observations resulted from this experimentation. The type of cracks that form and the degree of delamination are dependent on the type of substrate. Adhesion is better on the steel substrate than on the silicon wafers, resulting in less delamination. The two main crack types that can be identified are cone cracks that form ‘concentric’ rings within the indents, and radial cracks that come from the sharp corners of the indent. Finally, hardness of the multilayer coating is similar to the single layer Mo but slightly lower than the single layer AlxOy with an elastic modulus lower than either of the single layer coatings. This means that without a significant loss in hardness, the multilayer coating can elastically deform more than either of the single layer coatings.

4.4 Characterization of Nanostructures Fabricated from meso-tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphine and meso-tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine

4.4

Undergraduate Researcher: Kara Phillips Faculty Advisor: Ursula Mazur Other Collaborators: Jeremy Eskelsen Home Institution: Clemson University, Materials Science and Engineering, Senior Abstract: Porphyrins are well known for their high absorption in the visible region, making them prime candidates for materials in photoconductors, electrical conductors, light harvesting, and sensors. The objective of this research is to investigate the nanostructures formed from a mixture of meso-tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphine (or TAPP) and meso-tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (or TSPP). UV-visible spectroscopy will be used to characterize the absorptive properties, and the atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) will be used to characterize the morphological properties.

Initial studies prove that the two porphyrins react because the UV-vis spectrum for the mixture differs from the absorption spectra of the two individual compounds. Concentration studies show that the compounds react in a 1 to 1 ratio to form short rod like structures, as shown in Figure 1. Further work will be completed on the AFM to find the height, width, and length of the rods. In addition, future work will focus on investigating the temperature and time dependence on the formation of the structures as well as their conductive properties.

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4.5 Microstructure Development in Tin-Silver-Copper Solder Bulk Solder Material

4.5

Undergraduate Researcher: Sean Seekins Faculty Advisor: Indranath Dutta Other Collaborators: Babak Talebanpour, Uttara Sahaym Home Institution: University of Maine, Chemical Engineering, Senior Abstract: In recent years, lead-based solders for microelectronics applications have fallen out of use due to government constraints restricting the use of lead due to the hazardous nature of the metal. For this reason, new solders comprised of Tin, Indium, and Bismuth have been developed as possible replacements. Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solders have a complex microstructure consisting of a proeutectic region containing β-Sn grains and a eutectic region containing Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 particles located in the β-Sn matrix. The main goal of this research is to observe and analyze changes in particle size and Sn grain orientation in bulk SAC samples. The growth and shrinkage of Ag3Sn particles was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the recrystallization of Sn grains was characterized using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). SEM images and EBSD orientation maps were taken of the same area of IA samples before and after aging for 110, 220, and 330 hours to analyze changes in particle size and grain orientation. The same location in the TMC samples was observed before aging and also after 200, 400, and 600 cycles with SEM. Particle growth was observed in samples subjected to isothermal aging (IA) and the size of particles increased with heating time. In samples subjected to thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC), growth of Ag3Sn particles was seen up to 200 TMCs and the subsequent shrinkage of Ag3Sn particles due to dissolution and re-precipitation was seen between 200 and 600 TMCs. In the IA samples, Sn grains were found to recrystallize adjacent to clusters of Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 in the eutectic regions after heating.

4.6 Growth and Structure of Carbon Nanotube Mats 4.6

Undergraduate Researcher: Kassiopeia Smith Faculty Advisor: David Bahr Other Collaborators: Anqi Qui Home Institution: Washington State University, Material Science and Engineering and the Honors College, Junior Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) have been found to hold a wide spectrum of outstanding properties. These properties include high thermal and electrical conductivity and incredible strength. However, while individual tubes may be exemplary, an assembly of tubes in an array may have very different properties based on the architecture of the array. These arrays are usually grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Three common arrays of CNTs are the “forests,” “turfs,” and “mats,” where forests are primarily vertical, turfs are nominally vertical, and mats are more randomly oriented relative to the growth surface. This study focuses on the differences in growth conditions that lead to mats versus turfs. CVD was used to grow CNT mats and their physical structure was compared to vertically aligned carbon nanotube turfs, including density, tube size, and orientation to the growth direction. Further comparison of the properties of the CNT mats and turfs was carried out using nanoindentation to compare the elastic properties of the two structures. The difference in vertical versus lateral tortuosity will be shown to be a primary consideration in the resulting properties of the turf.

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Cross-section showing the configuration of the

4.7 Soy Protein Coated Graphite Nanoplatelets In Polycarbonate Composite For Improved Static Dissipation Rate

4.7

Undergraduate Researcher: Michelle Tsui Faculty Advisor: WH Katie Zhong Other Collaborators: Bin Li Home Institution: University of California, Berkeley, Material Science and Engineering, Junior Abstract: Electrostatic discharging (ESD) occurs when an electrically charged object attempts to neutralize through a sudden flow of electric charge, resulting in a spark. Although most human encounters with ESD do not cause serious injury, a spark can inflict latent and catastrophic damage to electronic parts as well as cause fires or explosions. One way to prevent ESD is to reduce the rate of static dissipation of a component material, which is defined as the product of the resistivity and dielectric constant. To optimize this property in polymer composites, organic but toxic chemicals are commonly used to surface treat the filler. An alternative surfactant is soy protein isolate (SPI)--an organic, abundant, and edible substance. Surface modification with SPI is a facile processing method that shows competitive results, making it economical for ESD protection applications. For the filler component, graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) are a promising choice since they are highly conductive in the transverse direction, low cost, and easily manufactured compared to other carbon nanofillers. A polycarbonate (PC) composite with different concentrations of GNP surface treated with SPI was investigated. Through electrical and microstructural analysis, it was found that the SPI coated GNP reduced the volume and surface resistivity of the polycarbonate. Additionally, SPI kept the dielectric constant from increasing at higher concentrations of GNP. Furthermore, SEM imaging showed that the SPI surface treatment improved dispersion of the GNP and increased interfacial interaction between the filler and matrix.

4.8 Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells utilizing a Benzothiadiazole-based Oligomer

4.8

Undergraduate Researcher: Matthew Vance Faculty Advisor: Louis Scudiero Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: California Polytechnic University, Materials Engineering, Junior Abstract: With predictions estimating that the reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal―three of the world’s most prominent energy sources―will be scarce within the next 200 years, a flurry of research is being conducted to find a viable option to alleviate global energy concerns. One proposed solution, the relatively novel concept of organic solar cells, has the potential to convert solar energy at a commercially-feasible price point. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are heralded because of their mass production potential as well as their low weight/cost and tunable properties. Our work centered on the development of devices utilizing a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) oligomer that was synthesized with benzothiadiazole as an acceptor and two (dimethoxy) triphenylamine-thiophene moieties as donors (DTBT-DTPA-TMeO). This repeating molecule (donor) was blended in solution (1:1 by weight) with PCBM, a fullerene-based acceptor molecule, to form the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer of the cell. Thin films of the blend solution (~100 nm) were spin-coated on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass (anode) and the surface morphology/film quality was determined using atomic force microscopy. Molybdenum trioxide was used as a hole injection material, bathocuproine as an exciton blocking layer, and aluminum as a cathode. Devices were fabricated using spin coating for the blend and vapor deposition for all other layers (see Figure 1 for order). Through controlled tests using LabView software, an encouraging Voc value of 0.58V was seen. Although improved efficiencies may be obtained through more precise, streamlined methods of fabrication, this is clear proof that DTBT-DTPA-TMeO can be used as a conjugated polymer in OPVs. Further exploration of the effects of annealing temperature/time on phase segregation in the blend could allow higher Voc values to be achieved.

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4.9 Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) to Study Lattice Rotations in Deformed Aluminum 1050

4.9

Undergraduate Researcher: Linda Vo Faculty Advisor: David Field Other Collaborators: Zhe Leng Home Institution: Princeton University, Chemistry, Sophomore Abstract: Although various crystal plasticity finite element models exist for predicting lattice rotations caused by channel-die compression on aluminum 1050-O, most models require an easily-accessible experimental component to confirm their predictions. Models generally have difficulty incorporating non-ideal conditions, such as uneven load and grain-to-grain interactions. Issues also arise when models are limited in their capability to predict individual grain rotation (1). This experimental work provides the statistical basis to support the modeling of plasticity algorithms to predict lattice rotations of individual grains accurately. Aluminum 1050 samples are cut from a twin rolled plate and annealed for 2 hours at 500°C. Samples are then grinded to 1200 grit and polished with various materials ending with a 0.02 µm colloidal silica finish. Tilted at 70 degrees and mounted using conductive carbon tape in the scanning electron microscope, the diffracted backscattered electrons form Kikuchi patterns (2). Electron backscatter diffraction images show the lattice orientations of individual grains before and after each compression. The Materials Testing Systems testing machine applies load at a rate of 0.001 in/s for increments of 5% compression while measuring stress and strain levels throughout the process. The first 5% compression yields a point in the plastic portion of the aluminum 1050-O stress-strain curve. Channel die compression provides unique conditions where it holds stress constant while limiting the expansion to plane strain, similar to deformation experienced in an industrial rolling mill. In order to avoid edge effects that produce shearing, which is not characteristic of plane strain deformation, samples are split to analyze a pseudo-internal interface. As compressions are increased to higher percentages, electron backscatter diffraction will detect larger rotations in lattice orientations of individual grains. Data can be used for creating a plasticity algorithm to characterize lattice rotations in aluminum 1050-O due to channel die compression. This work experimentally shows lattice rotations in individual grains and the heterogeneities that occur at grain boundaries.

(1) S. Panchanadeeswaran, R. D. Dohery, and R. Becker, “Direct Observation of Orientation Change by Channel Die Compression of Polycrystalline Alumbinum –Use of a Split Sample,” Acta Materialia 44, no. 3 (1996).

(2) Susan Swapp, “Electron Backscatter Diffration (Ebsd),” University of Wyoming, http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/ebsd.html.

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Group 5: Plant Genomics and Biotechnology

5.1 Effectiveness Of Lactic Acid And Peroxyacetic Acid Treatments On Reducing Generic And Pathogenic E. Coli On Fresh Apples

5.1

Undergraduate Researcher: Piedad Alcala Faculty Advisor: Karen Killinger Other Collaborators: Achyut Adhikari, Molli Mayer Home Institution: Heritage University Abstract: Identifying effective antimicrobial interventions to reduce foodborne pathogen risk is important for the fresh apple packing industry. Apple packing antimicrobial interventions are commonly applied for short application times using spray bars and longer application times in flumes. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for using lactic acid for spray bar applications and peroxyacetic acid (PAA) for flume applications based on reduction of generic and pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) on fresh apples. For each replication, fresh apples (n=220) were randomly assigned to treatments. Uninoculated controls (5 apples) were examined for background microbial levels (total coliforms, generic E. coli and aerobic plate counts) and the remainder were inoculated with pathogenic (E. coli O157:H7) or generic E. coli. Lactic acid (1% and 2%) and water treatments were examined at application times of 5, 15 and 30 seconds to mimic spray bar applications. PAA (60 and 80 ppm) and water treatments were examined at application times of 2, 3.5 and 5 minutes to mimic flume applications. Apples were sampled using appropriate serial dilutions for microbial levels and plated on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) for generic E. coli and Cefixime Potassium Tellurite Sorbitol-MacConkey Agar (CT-SMAC) for E. coli O157:H7. For examination of lactic acid as a potential spray bar application, the main treatment effect was significant (p<0.01). Inoculated control samples averaged 5.3 log cfu/ml and were significantly (P<0.05) higher (about 1 log cfu/ml) than all other treatments. However, all lactic acid treatments were similar to water treatments. For lactic acid, application time did not influence microbial reductions. Microbial reductions were also observed for the treatments reflecting flume applications with a significant (p<0.01) treatment main effect for water and PAA treatments. Treatments with 60 ppm PAA at 3.5 and 5 minutes and 80 ppm PAA for all application times were significantly (p<0.05) lower than water treatments for all application times (average 0.5 log cfu/ml reduction) and the inoculated control treatment (average 1.5 log cfu/ml reduction). Lactic acid (1 and 2%) treatments with short application times do not appear to reduce microbial levels sufficiently for consideration as a spray-bar application for fresh apple packing. PAA treatments of 80 ppm for 2-5 minutes and 60 ppm for 3.5-5 minutes reduced microbial levels sufficiently for consideration as a flume application for fresh apple packing.

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5.2 Understanding Resistance to ALS-inhibiting Herbicides by Prickly Lettuce

5.2

Undergraduate Researcher: Mario Barco Faculty Advisor: Ian Burke Other Collaborators: Attawan Aramrak, Jared Bell Home Institution: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Biology, Senior Abstract: Weed control is a top priority to farmers, conservationists, and land managers alike. Invasive species compete for light, water, and nutrients, which, in turn, decreases agricultural output and potential land productivity. Resistant biotypes develop through excessive long-term use of a single herbicide type and lack of integration of alternative herbicides and their modes of action (Tranel and Wright 2002). Since the introduction of Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors herbicides in the 1980’s, the frequency of herbicide-resistance (R) species to those herbicides has become greater than any other herbicide class. The function of the ALS inhibitor is to inactivate this enzyme, essentially starving the plant of amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Without these amino acids, protein synthesis and photosynthate transport is disrupted, leading to decreased root and shoot growth followed by plant death (White et al. 2003). It is known that one or more amino acid substitutions in the ALS protein are sufficient to convert an herbicide-susceptible (S) weed to an herbicide-resistant one. In this study, 20 previously collected Eastern Washington prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) biotypes with known ALS herbicide resistance were studied. Biotypes were grown and sprayed with various ALS-inhibiting herbicides to determine resistance. In conjunction with greenhouse work, ALS mutations were studied by aligning different known sequences of ALS genes from various plant species and selecting optimal primers to amplify the ALS gene, or portion thereof, in prickly lettuce. Once successful cloning of the ALS coding regions is achieved, we will use this sequence to identify amino acid variations in the ALS gene of (R) vs. (S) biotypes to infer the potential site of mutation. The objective is to augment our understanding of the mechanism of herbicide resistance in prickly lettuce as it pertains to multiple ALS herbicides.

5.3 Identification of Pectolytic Bacteria Found in the Pacific Northwest

5.3

Undergraduate Researcher: Jeronda Hunt Faculty Advisor: Brenda Schroeder Other Collaborators: Austin Bates, Jenny Knerr Home Institution: Fort Valley State University, Plant Science Biotechnology, Senior Abstract: Potatoes are the leading vegetable crop in the United States, contributing to about 20 percent of farms sales receipts for vegetables. Over 50 percent of potato sales are used for french fries, chips, and other potato products. The Western states account for almost two-thirds of the total U.S potato production, with Idaho and Washington as the leading producers of potatoes. However, production levels can be impacted by pectolyic bacteria in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), causing diseases such as blackleg, aerial stem rot, and soft rot of tubers. The pectolytic bacteria responsible are classified as numerous species. Three potentially important species for the PNW include: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.carotovorum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium wasbiae. In this project, a collection of 137 isolates of pectolytic bacteria isolated from symptomatic potatoes grown in Washington were characterized to determine their identity. Each strain was placed on CVP media and incubated at 37°C to confirm it was pectolytic. PCR amplification of regions of the 16S rDNA, acnA, and mdh were sequenced. Identification of each strain is determined by comparison to known genes in Genebank using the Blast algorithm, as well as phylogenetic analyses of concatenated acnA and mdh sequences to confirm these identifications.

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5.4 In-Season Heat Stress Affects Low Temperature Sweetening,

Associated Gene Expression and Processing Quality Of Stored Potato Tubers

5.4

Undergraduate Researcher: Julian Jones Faculty Advisor: N. Richard Knowles Other Collaborators: Daniel Zommick, Jacob Blauer, G.N.M. Kumar Home Institution: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Chemical Engineering, Sophomore Abstract: Sugar buildup (sweetening) during low temperature storage of potatoes results in undesirable browning (Maillard reaction) during frying. The effects of soil temperature (heat stress) during tuber growth on subsequent low temperature sweetening (LTS) and retention of processing quality were assessed. ‘Premier Russet’ (LTS resistant) and ‘Ranger Russet’ (LTS susceptible) potatoes were grown at 16oC (ambient), 23oC, and 29oC soil temperatures during tuber bulking and maturation (151-180 DAP) in 2011, using soil heating cables installed in-furrow.

When stored at 4oC for 24 days, Premier tubers grown at 16oC maintained low levels of sucrose (suc) and reducing sugars (RS; glc, fru), consistent with its LTS resistant genotype. Ranger tubers accumulated suc and RS resulting in darkened fry colors. Tuber specific gravity (i.e. starch content) decreased as soil temperature increased during bulking, but was not affected during maturation. Bulking and maturation of Premier tubers at 23oC stimulated LTS. Maturation of tubers at 29oC increased free sugar content at harvest and completely abolished Premier’s LTS-resistant phenotype. Higher bulking and maturation temperatures also accelerated LTS.

Changes in transcript levels of genes involved in the LTS response were profiled over the first 6 days of storage at 4oC. The enhanced susceptibility of heat-stressed Ranger tubers to LTS was accompanied by increased expression of starch phosphorylase (starch catabolism), sucrose phosphate synthase (sucrose synthesis), and invertase (sucrose catabolism) early in storage. Resistance to LTS in Premier Russet tubers coincided with a delay in starch phosphorylase expression when stored at 4oC and nominal expression of invertase. However, by 12 days at 4oC, invertase activity was significantly higher in heat-stressed tubers, correlating with the loss of LTS resistance.

5.5 Application of Host-Induced RNA Interference as a means of

Silencing Haustoria-Specific Puccinia graminis Genes and Conferring Resistance in Wheat

5.5

Undergraduate Researcher: Naeh Klages-Mundt Faculty Advisor: Scot Hulbert Other Collaborators: Chuntao Yin Home Institution: Carleton College, Biology, Junior Abstract: Puccinia graminis, commonly known as stem rust, presents a crucial challenge to the future of many agricultural crops, as it infects and causes disease in many important cereals such as wheat and barley plants. Since the outbreak of Ug99, a relatively new strain of extremely virulent stem rust in Uganda, the call for a means of resistance to this fungal pathogen has become ever more pressing. Previous research has investigated the possibility of utilizing gene silencing as a means of conferring this resistance. The objective of this research was to silence rust genes highly expressed in their haustorial cells using host-induced RNA interference. Particular candidate genes were first identified based on a number of criteria. These criteria centralized around maximizing homology to other members of the gene's gene family, finding highly conserved regions with similar genes in leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), and the expression levels in stem rust haustorial cells. Significant homology to mammalian and plant species was avoided such that unintended gene silencing would not occur. Primers were then designed to amplify gene fragments consisting of between 200 and 500 base pairs. Five genes (five primer pairs) were selected. A Polymerase chain reaction was completed to amplify each fragment from cDNA. The fragments were then ligated into barley-stripe mosaic virus gamma vectors. Plants were inoculated with the virus containing the gene construct 10 days after planting. Once viral symptoms emerged, the plants were inoculated with rust spores. The extent of rust resistance was assessed in each plant, and RNA was subsequently extracted from infected leaves to verify levels of gene silencing. Further identification of haustorial genes will enhance the prospects of rust resistance in cereal crops.

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5.6 Optimizing In vitro Culture of Vitis vinifera Varieties 5.6

Undergraduate Researcher: Brittany LeGrant Faculty Advisor: Amit Dhingra Other Collaborators: Kathie Nicholson, Nathan Tarlyn Home Institution: Fort Valley State University Abstract: The goal of this research is to develop an optimal media for growing standard grape varieties in tissue culture, and to develop a protocol for surface sterilization to reduce the amount of contamination of material collected from the greenhouse. This is an important first step toward understanding grape gene function through transformation. Material used for this research was the standard variety Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ and the dwarf variety Vitis vinifera ‘Pixie’. Pixie was developed from the standard variety Pinot Meunier and is considered to be a potential research model for all varieties of V. vinifera. To develop the optimal growth media, each variety was grown in two different media with three different concentrations of agar. A significant amount of the treatments were contaminated, making it difficult to assess the success of the media. To develop the protocol for surface sterilization the two varieties were subjected to three different treatments: 1) a 25% bleach solution; 2) a mercuric chloride solution; and 3) a combination treatment where the container with plant material and 25% bleach solution was submerged in a sonicator. Percentages of contamination for each treatment is as follows: 1) bleach – 59% contaminated; 2) mercuric chloride – 24%; 3) bleach and sonicator – 17%. The successful development of this media and surface sterilization protocol will contribute to further research on grape regeneration and transformation. This is especially critical for the standard varieties as the vines take up a significant amount of space in the greenhouse. Optimizing the media and surface sterilization protocol will allow a minimal amount of material to be maintained in the greenhouse, while a maximum amount of material will be successfully and cleanly grown in tissue culture.

5.7 Characterization of Van Well Sweet Cherry Self-Incompatibility (S) Alleles

5.7

Undergraduate Researcher: Sequoia Leuba Faculty Advisor: Amit Dhingra Other Collaborators: Ben Kilian Home Institution: Yale University, Undecided, Sophomore Abstract: The multi-allelic S locus controls self-incompatibility and incompatibility between cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) through a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. If the haploid genome of the pollen and the diploid genome of the style have the same S-allele, pollen tube growth is stopped. Thus, commercially grown cherries are planted with compatible cultivars to ensure adequate fruit set. Van Well nursery sent samples of Sunset Bing, Kimberly, and Glory Cherry sweet cherry cultivars to determine each of their respective S alleles. Through using allele-specific primers and an internal control primer, we were able to effectively determine the S genotype of each cultivar. Genetic identification of the S genotype of a specific cultivar is important in determining compatible cultivars in sweet cherry orchards to ensure fruit set.

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5.8 Comparative Evaluation of Clustering Methods to Better Understand Bacterial Evolution

5.8

Undergraduate Researcher: Lydia Paradiso Faculty Advisor: Ananth Kalyanaraman Other Collaborators: Shira Broschat Home Institution: New Jersey Institute of Technology, Bioinformatics, Freshman Abstract: Today, thousands of bacterial genomes are available, and tools are constantly being developed to evaluate this information. pClustp is a tool developed to evaluate several bacterial genomes and, based on similarities in protein and DNA sequences, to construct a phylogenetic tree of the evolutionary background of the bacteria. NCBI's Blastp tool can be used to obtain similar results, but the process is much longer and less straightforward. Figuring out bacterial lineage can be further used in many ways and in many fields. After testing the accuracy and speed of both methods, pClustp has proven to be a faster, more effective way to evaluate the relationships between different organisms.

5.9 Time Travel with Apples: Can You See an Apple Before Time? 5.9

Undergraduate Researcher: Jasmine Scott Faculty Advisor: Amit Dhingra Other Collaborators: Nathan Tarlyn Home Institution: Fort Valley State University Abstract: Plant material of new crosses in apples was collected from the WSU orchard in Wenatchee, Wash. The material was surface sterilized and aseptic tissue cultures were established. The domestic apple variety Royal Gala was used as a model to establish and confirm the reliability of a previously described agrobacterium transformation protocol. Unfortunately, apple trees take five to seven years to fruit and flower. Being able to shorten the time to flower will allow faster evaluation of fruit characteristics. Genetic modifications can be employed to induce early flowering in apple trees. Successful establishment of aseptic tissue cultures of new apple varieties was achieved. The protocol for agrobacterium mediated transformation was confirmed using the variety Royal Gala as a model. By employing a reliable transformation protocol, genes to induce early flowering can be introduced into new apple crosses, which will allow fruit to be produced years before unmodified trees. Fruit characteristics in transgenic trees will be identical to unmodified trees and will therefore enable the identification of desirable, unmodified trees to be propagated. This will ultimately shorten the time from when a new cross is made to the fruit being available to market.

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Group 6: Animal Sciences, Chemistry Summer Experience, and Institute for Biological Chemistry

6.1 Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogen Comparison of Controls to Converters

6.1

Undergraduate Researcher: Bonnie Knie Faculty Advisor: Holly Neibergs Other Collaborators: J. Williams, H.M. Neibergs, K.D. Sieverkropp, E.R. Scraggs, Z. Wang Home Institution: Washington State University, Animal Sciences Pre-Vet, Junior

Animal Sciences Abstract: Millions of dollars and animals are lost each year to Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Bovine respiratory disease consists of a complex of diseases that results when one or more viral, bacterial, or mycoplasma pathogen(s) infect an animal. More than twenty different pathogens are known to cause BRD. The objective of this study was to characterize the pathogens present in animals that remained healthy to animals that were healthy when swabbed but subsequently were diagnosed with BRD. Seventy-four pre-weaned (d1-d74 of age) Holstein calves housed at a single facility in Hanford, CA were monitored before and after being diagnosed with BRD and compared to 1016 calves that remained healthy. The use of an established BRD calf-health scoring chart (McGuirk 2008) was used to define animals with (score ≥6) or without (score <6) BRD. Mid-nasal and deep pharyngeal diagnostic swabs were taken for each calf to characterize the pathogens present. These swabs were tested for bovine corona virus (CV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Manheima haemolytica, Pasturella multocida, Histophillus somni, and Mycoplasma spp. at the California Health and Food Safety Laboratory in Davis and Tulare, California. The prevalence of the pathogens in those animals that remained healthy (controls) compared to animals that were subsequently diagnosed with BRD (BRD converters) was evaluated by c2. Calves began to show signs of disease after 30d of age. The prevalence of BRSV with Mycoplasma spp. differed between controls and BRD converters (p<0.05), suggesting that the presence of these two paired pathogens significantly increases the likelihood that a pre-weaned Holstein calf will develop BRD.

6.2 Cloning in Three Segments of the GLU1 Gene of Arabidopsis thaliana 6.2

Undergraduate Researcher: Anna Loseke Faculty Advisor: Sanja Roje Other Collaborators: Joseph Lynch Home Institution: Pacific Lutheran University, Biology, Senior

The Institute of Biological Chemistry Abstract: Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a hydroxymethyl group from serine to tetrahydrofolate. This transfer is an important part of one-carbon metabolism, a process which produces precursors for purines, pyrimidines, proteins and other important metabolites and is vital to plant survival. When studied in vitro, SHM1, an SHMT which is found in the mitochondria and is involved in photorespiration, is capable of transferring the hydroxymethyl group without requiring additional proteins. When experiments are performed in vivo, however, SHM1 activity requires Ferredoxin-dependent Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (fd-GOGAT). A direct physical interaction between SHM1 and fd-GOGAT is suspected during the one-carbon metabolic process, but the nature of the interaction is not clearly understood. For my project, I isolated the fd-GOGAT coding region of DNA, known as GLU1, from Arabidopsis thaliana by extracting mRNA from the leaves, making cDNA, and using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify the GLU1 gene in three segments. Each segment was purified, ligated into a plasmid vector, and transformed into E. coli. The three segments will be digested with restriction enzymes, then ligated together in an expression vector before transformation into a Rosetta strain of E. coli for expression of the entire gene. The resulting expressed fd-GOGAT protein will be used in future assays and experiments to characterize its relationship with SHM1.

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6.3 Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogens in Pre-weaned Holstein Calves 6.3

Undergraduate Researcher: Hannah Neibergs Faculty Advisor: Holly Neibergs Other Collaborators: Janet Williams, Bonnie Knie, Kevin Sieverkropp, Eric Scraggs, Zeping Wang, Bovine Respiratory Disease Consortium Home Institution: Garfield-Palouse High School

Animal Sciences Abstract: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading natural cause of death in beef and dairy cattle, resulting in annual losses of over one million animals and $692 million. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of BRD pathogens in pre-weaned Holstein calves between d10 and d73 of age. Holstein calves (d1 of age) were transported to a calf ranch in Hanford, California where they were housed in hutches and monitored 4d/week for signs of BRD using established calf-health scoring criteria (McGuirk, 2008; ≥6 defined BRD calves,< 6 defined controls). More than 200,000 calves were screened to obtain 940 cases and 1,090 controls over 180 d. Blood samples and diagnostic swabs were obtained for each calf. Diagnostic results for bovine viruses (viral diarrhea [BVDV], respiratory syncytial [BRSV] and coronavirus [CV]), bacteria (Manheima haemolytica , Pasteruella multocida, Histophilus somi) and mycoplasma species were conducted at the California Health and Food Safety Laboratory in Tulare and Davis, California. Eighty percent (88% cases, 70% controls) of animals were positive for one pathogen with Mycoplasma being the most common (65% cases, 57% controls) and BVDV the least common. The pathogens most commonly associated with BRD were BRSV, M. haemolytica and P. multocida in the calves. The most common combination of pathogens for cases and controls were Mycoplasma with P. multocida, and Mycoplasma with M. haemolytica. Differences between the prevalence of cases and controls will be analyzed by c2. These data will be used to further study the association of susceptibility of Holstein calves to BRD via individual and combinations of BRD pathogens.

6.4 Purification and Characterization of HAD-like Phosphatases in the Riboflavin Biosynthesis Pathway

6.4

Undergraduate Researcher: Hannah Raszka Faculty Advisor: Sanja Roje Other Collaborators: Na Sa Home Institution: Pacific Lutheran University, Biology, Senior

The Institute of Biological Chemistry Abstract: Flavocoenzymes play an essential role in a wide range of redox reaction, as well as other bioprocesses such as light sensing and DNA repair. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), which is biosynthesised by plants and many microorganisms, is the precursor of flavocoenzymes. The dephosphorylation of 5-Amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione phosphate is a key step in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, affording 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione prior to the enzymatic formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. However, the enzymes that catalyze the dephosporylation are still unclear. Bioinformatic analysis suggests the presence of a family of phosphatases (At5g45170, At4g25840, At4g39970, and At3g48420) localized in Arabidopsis thaliana plastids belong to the HAD superfamily of enzymes in plants. This prompted us to hypothesize that HAD-like phosphatases may be involved in the dephosphorylation of 5-Amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. The genes At5g45170, At4g25840, At4g39970, and At3g48420 were overexpressed in E. coli with a polyhistidine-tag and were purified from a crude protein extract using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography with a HiTrap IMAC HP Column. In initial phosphate assays, all of the proteins exhibit phosphatase activity on the general phosphate substrate pyridoxal phosphate. Further investigation will be taken by HPLC to confirm the activity of these phosphatases on 5-Amino-6-ribitylamino-2, 4(1H, 3H)-pyrimidinedione phosphate by monitoring the presence of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, which is generated by derivatization of 5-Amino-6-ribitylamino-2, 4(1H, 3H)-pyrimidinedione.

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6.5 Association of BTA3 with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Tissue Infection in Holsteins

6.5

Undergraduate Researcher: Chad Redman Faculty Advisor: Holly Neibergs Other Collaborators: Zeping Wang , Bonnie Knie, Kevin Sieverkropp, Eric Scraggs Home Institution: Claremont McKenna College

Animal Sciences Abstract: Johne’s disease is a highly-contagious fatal bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). Johne’s disease is estimated to be present in 67% of US dairy herds and results in significant economic loss. A 70kb region on BTA3 encompassing the gene EDN2 was found to be associated (p<0.01) with tissue infection. Two variants that were associated, 671bp and 11.161bp from the initiation site of EDN2, were found to alter the transcription binding factors for EDN2. The objective of this study was to confirm the association found with Map tissue infection on BTA3 by genotyping these two variants in two independent populations of Holsteins. Tissues were collected from 270 and 205 cull Holstein cows at abattoirs in Fresno, California and Jerome, Idaho, respectively. DNA was extracted from ileo-cecal lymph nodes using the Qiagen (Valencia, CA) DNA extraction kit for genotyping and the Applied Biosystems (Carlsbad, CA) Mag-Max DNA extraction for Map. Map tissue infection was determined by quantitative PCR. Ninety-eight animals (21%) were tissue infected and defined as cases and the remaining 377 animals were used as controls. Tests for population stratification are being conducted using principal component analysis, and association tests to determine if there was an association between BTA3 and Map tissue infection are being conducted using χ2 analysis. The identification of loci associated with Map tissue infection will allow selection for cattle that are less susceptible to Johne’s disease and a subsequent reduction in the prevalence of Johne’s disease.

6.6 Structure Of Phthalocyanine Films And Single Molecules Deposited On Au(111)

6.6

Undergraduate Researcher: Marcus Wallace Faculty Advisor: Kerry Hipps Other Collaborators: Bryan Wiggins Home Institution: Alabama A&M University, Chemistry, Senior

Chemistry Summer Experience Abstract: Metal phthalocyanines and porphyrins are important technological and biological materials. They are found in CDs, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), chemical “noses’ for chemical detection and analysis, inorganic transistors, and other modern opto-electronic devices. Many of these devices rely upon thin films deposited on metal contacts. This fundamental interface between the organic and metal layer is essential to understanding and designing these devices, and it is that interface which is the subject of this study. Phthalocyanines and porphyrins were purified by both solvent and sublimation methods to yield high purity and low vapor pressure materials. These methods and their relative effectiveness will be discussed. The organics were then deposited by vapor deposition from a Knudsen cell in an ultra-high vacuum. Thin films were grown on the (111) face of a single crystal gold substrate. Prior to deposition, the crystal surface was cleaned by multiple cycles of ion beam bombardment and thermal annealing. Clean gold surfaces showed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images with well-defined surface reconstruction patterns. Following deposition, the metal phthalocyanine/Au(111) system was studied by STM. The general morphology and surface structure will be presented and will be placed in context with previous work on related systems.

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6.7 The Distribution of Cytochrome P450 Reductase and Cytochrome 2C9 into Different Phase Domains of a Planar Biomimetic Lipid

Assembly 6.7

Undergraduate Researcher: David Wright Faculty Advisor: James Brozik Other Collaborators: N/A Home Institution: Whitman College, Chemistry, Senior

Chemistry Summer Experience Abstract: A series of experiments observing Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) microscopy were used to find the recovery rates in lipid bilayers formed with dilauroylphosphatidylserine (DLPS), dilauroylglycerophosphocholine (DLPC), dioleoylglycerophosphocholine (DOPC), and a fluorescently labeled dimyrsitoylglycerophosphoethanolamine formed in a high ionic strength buffer solution containing HEPES, magnesium chloride with varying concentrations of CHAPS detergent. These experiments were run with 0X, 1X, and 5X CHAPS detergent initially. In each of these samples, there was a presence of round domains sporadically located on the bilayer, and FRAP techniques were used on both the bilayer and the round domains in each sample. Research was also done in the absence of the dye lipid, using the same procedures as before, but then laying down a 50μL layer of 100nM Cytochrome P450 Reductase (a membrane protein) labeled with AlexaFluor 555 in HEPES, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride. Again, using 0X, 1x, and 5X concentrations of CHAPS detergent, FRAP techniques were used to note the phase segregation of the protein in the different domains and to measure the varying diffusion coefficients. Further experiments were conducted with labeled 2C9 Cytochrome P450 to determine co-localization with Cytochrome P450 Reductase within the heterogeneous biomimetic lipid assembly.

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Presenters by Last Name Author Poster Title Sec.

Alcala, Piedad Effectiveness of Lactic Acid and Peroxyacetic Acid Treatments on Reducing Generic and Pathogenic E. Coli on Fresh Apples 5.1

Atlas, Rachel Cloud Condensation Nuclei Analysis of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds 2.1

Bahrami, Justin Construction of Nanoporous Materials Through Multiscale Modeling 3.1 Barco, Mario Understanding Resistance to ALS-inhibiting Herbicides by Prickly Lettuce 5.2 Birdinground, Burdette Scale Up of an Ultra-Low Cost In-Forest Thermal Processing of Biomass 1.1

Buffum, Maggie Moisture Content in Biomass Piles 1.2 Cheadle, Lucy Analysis of Bioproducts from Ultra-Low Cost Biomass Processing 1.3 Chen, Zeyuan Tracer Dispersion Experiment 2.2 Cisneros, Corinna Organic Polymer Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Poly (3-Hexythyophene) 3.2

Costello, Jacqueline

Satellite Ozone Retrieval and Comparison of AIRS and OMI Profiles to Ozonesonde Profiles 2.3

Do, Brady Assessing Risks of Arson in Biomass Piles 1.4

Doeden, Kallie Laboratory Generation of HO Radicals and Their Effects on Vehicle Emissions in TiO2 Coated Setting 2.4

Essman, Alyssa Mechanical Behavior of Polyethylene and its Composites Under Static and Dynamic Loadings 3.3

Fuchs, Madeline NARA Biofuels Production Emissions 1.5 Godinez-Velasco, Abdon Flatness Evaluation for a V-Flash Rapid Prototype (Rp) Machine 3.4

Golston, Levi Modeling of Large Wildfire Emissions in the Pacific Northwest 2.5

Graham, Trenton An Investigation of the Relationship Between Virulence and Transport of Listeria monocytogenes in Saturated Sand Columns 3.5

Guajardo Jr., Pedro Diluted Acid and Peroxide Pretreatments of Douglas Fir Biomass 1.6

Hall, Timothy Property Prediction for Developing Equations of State for Hydrogen Isotopologues 3.6

Handlin, Mzuri pH Dependence of the Physical and Electronic Structure of a Supramolecular Porphyrin Assembly 4.1

Heinen, Chloe Characterization of Nanoporous Metal-Carbon Nanotube Composite Arrays 4.2 Hunt, Jeronda Identification of Pectolytic Bacteria Found in the Pacific Northwest 5.3

Jones, Julian In-Season Heat Stress Affects Low Temperature Sweetening, Associated Gene Expression & Processing Quality of Stored Potato Tubers 5.4

Klages-Mundt Naeh

Application of Host-Induced RNA Interference as a Means of Silencing Haustoria-Specific Puccinia graminis Genes and Conferring Resistance in Wheat

5.5

Knie, Bonnie Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogen Comparison of Controls to Converters 6.1

Lathrop, Anthony Effect of Hot Water Extraction on Mechanical Properties of Ponderosa Pine Chips 1.7

LeGrant, Brittany Optimizing In vitro Culture of Vitis vinifera Varieties 5.6

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Leperi, Kosette Deformation Behavior of Multilayer Molybdenum-Aluminum Oxide Composite 4.3

Leuba, Sequoia Characterization of Van Well Sweet Cherry Self-Incompatibility (S) Alleles 5.7 Loseke, Anna Cloning in Three Segments of the GLU1 Gene of Arabidopsis thaliana 6.2 Naranjo, Uriel Dynamic Cryogenic Seals to Support the Fueling of Fusion Tokomaks 3.7 Neiburgs, Hannah Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogens in Pre-Weaned Holstein Calves 6.3

Paradiso, Lydia Comparative Evaluation of Clustering Methods to Better Understand Bacterial Evolution 5.8

Phillips, Kara Characterization of Nanostructures Fabricated from meso-tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphine and meso-tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine 4.4

Post, Sam Motoring of a Flexible Resonant Engine to Estimate Associated Damping Losses 3.8

Prieto, Alejandro Measurements of the Surface Energy Budget and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Over Complex Terrain Using an Eddy-Covariance Method 2.6

Raszka, Hannah Purification and Characterization of HAD-like Phosphatases in the Riboflavin Biosynthesis Pathway 6.4

Redman, Chad Association of BTA3 with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Tissue Infection in Holsteins 6.5

Robinson, Andrew Air Assisted Marine Vehicles 3.9

Rodriguez, Eliana Static Performance of Power Augmented Ram Vehicles 3.10

Scott, Jasmine Time Travel with Apples: Can You See an Apple Before Time? 5.9

Seekins, Sean Microstructure Development in Tin-Silver-Copper Solder Bulk Solder Material 4.5

Simonsen, Ellen Biobased Curing Agent for Epoxy 1.8 Smith, Kassiopeia Growth and Structure of Carbon Nanotube Mats 4.6

Thomas, Natalie Evaluating the Relationship Between Inter-Annual Climate Variability and Nitrogen Deposition in the United States 2.7

Tsui, Michelle Soy Protein Coated Graphite Nanoplatelets in Polycarbonate Composite for Improved Static Dissipation Rate 4.7

Vance, Matthew Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Utilizing a Benzothiadiazole-based Oligomer 4.8

Viglione, Giuliana

A Tree’s Response to Stress: Quantification of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds 2.8

Vo, Linda Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) to Study Lattice Rotations in Deformed Aluminum 1050 4.9

Wallace, Marcus Structure of Phthalocyanine Films and Single Molecules Deposited on Au(111) 6.6

Warden, Kayla Nez Perce Formaldehyde Study 2011 2.9

Woods, Ross The Effectiveness and Benefits of an Undergraduate Research Experience : A Review of Literature 2.10

Wright, David The Distribution of Cytochrome P450 Reductase and Cytochrome 2C9 into Different Phase Domains of a Planar Biomimetic Lipid Assembly 6.7

Washington State University and its faculty, staff, and

students welcomed these and more undergraduate STEM

researchers to our campus in summer 2012 from universities

across the nation. We are pleased to present the results of

their work with more than 40 faculty mentors in programs and

special efforts at this poster symposium. For more information

about the students and their research, please visit our website at

UndergraduateResearch.wsu.edu.