2004 SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKES

OTHER NAMES:

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami South Asian Tsunami

Boxing Day Tsunami Christmas Tsunami

I.) PROPERTIES

1. MAGNITUDE

Mw = 8.8 (Initial Magnitude, several minutes after the Main Event)

Mw = 9.0 (February 2005, Scientific Data) Mw = 9.1 (USGS Data)

Mw = 9.2 (Dr. HirooKanamori Data) Mw = 9.1 to 9.3 (2006, Scientific Data)

Mw = 9.15 (Official Data)

2. INTENSITY

Indonesia IX at Banda Aceh

VIII at Meulaboh

IV at Medan and Sampali

III at Bukittinggi, Parapat and Payakumbuh

Felt at Jakarta

India VII at Port Blair, Andaman Islands

IV at Madras

III at Bengaluru and Vishakhapatnam

Felt at Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Calcutta and

Kochi

Malaysia V at Gelugor Estate

IV at Sungai Ara

III at AlorSetar, George Town, Kampong

TanjongBunga, Kuala Lumpur and Kulim

Thailand V at Hat Yai

IV at Bangkok

III at Chiang Mai and Phuket

Myanmar IV at Mandalay

III at Rangoon

Singapore II on Singapore

Bangladesh III at Dhaka

Felt at Chittagong

Sri Lanka II at Kandy and in other parts of Sri Lanka

Maldives IV at Male (nearly 2500 km from the epicenter)

Guam

Felt by people in a high rise building at Hagatna

(more than 5400 km from the epicenter)

3. OTHER FACTS

Size of the fault that produce the Earthquake

Length = 1200-1300 km parallel to Sunda Trench

Width = 100 km perpendicular to Earthquake Source

Majority of Slip is concentrated at 400 km of rupture

Maximum Displacement on the rupture surface between

the plates = 20m

Maximum Displacement of the sea bottom above the Earthquake Source = 10m

Angle of Subduction = 10O East North East

Energy Released:

= 20 x 1017 joules = 475,000 kilotons of TNT

= 23,000 Nagasaki bombs

Duration:

Rupture duration = 3 to 4 minutes Duration (depends on Earth properties of several affected

Areas)

Effects on the rotation of Earth Change in Length of Day = -2.676 microseconds

Polar motion excitation X: -0.670 milliarcseconds

Y: 0.475 milliarcseconds

II.) LOCATION:

Epicenter Location: 3.316O N, 95.854O E (160 km west of Sumatra)

Hypocentre (Focus): 160 km (100 mi.) (from Main Earthquake)

Location Uncertainty: +/- 5.6 km (3.5mi.), Depth = Fixed

Depth: 30 km (18.6 mi.) set by location program

Region: Off the west coast of northern Sumatra

Distances relative certain Places

250 km SSE of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 300 km W of Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia

1260 km SSW of Bangkok, Thailand 1590 km NW of Jakarta, Java, Indonesia

Location 1. Map Showing the places relative to the Epicenter (B),

shown in light circles are Aceh, and Medan both are severely Affected. Location of USM, Kabacan, Cotabato is shown in (A). The Thick Circles are Bangkok and Jakarta.

Location 2. Map showing the Location of the Epicenter.

III.) EVENTS: Time & Dates

A. Time of The Great Earthquake

Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC

Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 07:58:53 AM at Epicenter

Time in the Philippines: Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 08:58:53 AM

B. Events

Number of Events before the Great Disaster (January 1, 2004 to

December 25, 2004)

= approximately 260 events

- Less than Magnitude 5 = approximately 241 events

- Between Magnitude 5 to Magnitude 6 = approximately 18

events

- Greater than Magnitude 6 = 1 event (Magnitude 6.2, depth

21 km)

Depth Ranges

40km approximately 46 events

< 40 km to 30 km ~ 15 events

< 30 km to 20 km ~ 37 events

< 20 km to 0 km ~ 162

Seismic quiescence (November 27,2004 to December 25, 2004)

Last event (Magnitude 5.3, depth = 41km/Location = 1.97N, 97.89E/

November 27, 2004)

C. AFTERSHOCKS

1. TOTAL (December 26, 2004 to February 07, 2005)

~ 1065 events

2. Magnitude Range:

Magnitude 3.8 to Magnitude 7.4

3. Frequency of Strong Earthquake (6.0 and up):

~ 13 Events (Magnitude 7.1 occur after 3 hours of the Main Event)

LIST OF NUMBER OF EVENTS AND THEIR DATES

DATE

Number of Events

December 26, 2004 193

December 27, 2004 207

December 28, 2004 35

December 29, 2004 49

December 30, 2004 30

December 31, 2004 40

January 01, 2005 25

January 02, 2005 23

January 03, 2005 8

January 04, 2005 14

January 05, 2005 5

January 06, 2005 15

January 07, 2005 20

January 08, 2005 19

January 09, 2005 52

January 10, 2005 10

January 11-15, 2005 52

January 16-20, 2005 60

January 21-25, 2005 25

January 26-27, 2005 58

January 28-30, 2005 93

February 01-07, 2005 32

IV.) TECTONIC SUMMARY

Reason:

Thrust Faulting on the Interface of Indian Plate (India-Australian Plate) and Burma Plate (Part of Eurasia plate).

Figure 1 .Showing the Reason for Sumatra-Andaman 2004 Earthquake

Movement:

India-Australia plate = NNE with respect to interior of Eurasia plate

Eurasia plate = 60 mm/year

Zone of Aftershocks:

~1300 km long

Figure 2.The Sumatran Subduction Zone, the area where the

Indian/Australian plate and the Eurasian plate overlap.The darker the blue, the more shallow the water.

Figure 3. Two tourist still not retreating even the Ocean Waves

disappear hundreds of meter back to the ocean, Lack of Knowledge about the signs of Tsunami contribute to the

increase number of Deathtolls

V.) TSUNAMI PROPERTIES

DISTANCE WAVE TRAVELLED INLAND

~ Up to 2 km (1.24 mi.)

SIGNS:

a. East of Earthquake Rupture:

NEGATIVE WAVE Recession of Ocean Waves

The following are taken from a Video taken from A tourist Spot in

Indonesia:

Figure 4. The Ocean waves disappeared

Figure 5.Tourist getting an exposed shellfish. The small boats are seen to be in the land, but before the recession of ocean waves,

these boats are floating in the ocean

b. West of Earthquake rupture

POSITIVE WAVES no recession of Ocean waves prior to the Tsunami Disaster

ARRIVAL OF TSUNAMI AFTER THE MAIN EVENT:

Northern Sumatra 30 minutes Thailand 1.5 hours to 2 hours Sri Lanka 2 to 3 hours

Figure6.Tsunami travel time in hours

WAVE HEIGHTS

Sumatra 10 to 15 meters Sri Lanka 5 to 10 meters India 5 to 6 meters Andaman Islands 5 meters Thailand 3 to 5 meters Kenya 2 to 3 meters

The Following are Pictures from Boen_Sumatra:

Figure 7. The Red Arrows indicate the water level when the tsunami hit the nearby town of Banda Aceh

Figure 8. The devasted Effects of the Tsunami on Banda Aceh

Figure 9. Inundation Height in Meulaboh and the Tsunami

Run - Up Height in LhokNga

VI.) DAMAGES, DISASTER AND HUMANITARIAN CRISIS STATISTICS

Total Estimated Damage cost:

10 Billion USD (Damage Cost greatly varies)

Number of people affected:

Up to 5 million people lost homes, or access to food and water

Number of children affected :

Around a third of the dead are children, and 1.5 million have been wounded,

displaced or lost families

Number of people left without the means to make a living:

One million

Number of World Heritage Sites destroyed or damaged:

Five, including:

The Old Town of Galle in Sri Lanka,

The Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra in Indonesia The Sun Temples of Konarak in India

Estimated cost of tsunami early warning technology in Indian Ocean:

$20 million

Estimated cost of aid and reconstruction following tsunami:

$7.5 billion

Total international aid promised to Tsunami-ravaged nations:

$7 billion

VII.) CASUALTIES AND DAMAGES

TOTAL DEATHS: 283,100

Displaced: 1,126,900

STATISTICS FOR SEVERELY AFFECTED AREAS:

1. Aceh and Sumatera Utara Provinces, Indonesia

Deaths: 108,100

Missing: 127,700 missing or presumed dead

Displaced: 426,800 Small-scale Fishing Fleet destroyed: 70%

2. Sri Lanka

Deaths: 30,900 Missing: 5,400 missing or presumed dead

Displaced: 552,600 Small-scale Fishing Fleet destroyed: 66%

Number of Fishing Harbor damaged: 10 out of 12

3. Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu And

Andaman & Nicobar islands, India

Deaths: 10,700

Missing: 5,600 missing or presumed dead Displaced: 112,500

4. West coast of Thailand

Deaths: 5,300

Injured: 8,400 Missing: 3,100 missing or presumed dead

VIII.) OTHER FACTS

1) The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an

earthquake that is thought to have had the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs.

2) The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was under the Indian Ocean

near the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

3) The violent movement of sections of the Earths crusts known as tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of water, sending powerful

shock waves in every direction.

4) The tectonic plates in this area had been pushing against each other, building pressure for thousands of years they continue to do so and will likely cause underwater earthquakes and tsunamis in the future.

5) The shifting of the earths plates in the Indian Ocean on Dec. 26, 2004 caused a rupture more than 600 miles long, displacing the seafloor above the rupture by perhaps 10 yards horizontally and several yards vertically. As

a result, trillions of tons of rock were moved along hundreds of miles and caused the planet to shudder with the largest magnitude earthquake in 40

years.

6) Within hours of the earthquake, killer waves radiating from the epicenter slammed into the coastline of 11 Indian Ocean countries,

damaging countries from east Africa to Thailand.

7) A tsunami is a series of waves, and the first wave may not be the most dangerous. A tsunami wave train may come as surges five minutes to an hour apart. The cycle may be marked by the repeated retreat and advance

of the ocean.

8) Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by

surprise because there were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general populace living around the

ocean.

9) The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as far as 3,000 miles to Africa and still arrived with sufficient force to kill people and destroy property.

10) Many people in Indonesian reported that they saw animals fleeing for

high ground minutes before the tsunami arrived very few animal bodies were found afterward.

11) The earthquake-induced tsunami resulted in at least 155,000 fatalities,

500,000 injuries, and damages that exceeded $10 billion. Also, it is estimated that 5 million people lost their homes or access to food and water.

IX.) PHOTOS

Photo 1. Above: Waves heights are greatly exaggerated relative to water depth in this computer model of the December 26, 2004,

Indian Ocean tsunami. Image shows the tsunami 30 minutes after it was triggered by the earthquake. Land areas are green, with

Sumatra to the right of the tsunami and India and Sri Lanka at the top of the image. The ocean floor is gray (blue in the cutaway at

bottom left), with light shading to show its bathymetry. Heights of waves and sea-floor features have been vertically exaggerated to

make details easier to see.

Photo 2.Comparison of some major Slip-Through Earthquakes to the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake.

Photo 3. Shows the level of severity on all affected Areas and its

Neighbors.

Photo 4.The red arrows show

how fast and in what direction the India/Australia

plate moves relative to the Sunda shelf, which is the

local region of the Eurasian

plate and is a continental shelf. The black arrows are

model results. The Thick Black Line is the Boundary

between the two interfacing plates. The purple arrows

and lines are the extensions of the rupture fault.

Photo 5.An island suddenly uplifted after the Dec 2004 quake.

Before the quake the island was only as large as the green area covered in trees.

Photo 6. Map of Sumatra region

showing the extent of the ruptured fault lines

for the three most

recent giant quakes. Green shows 2004, red

shows 2005, and blue and yellow show 2007.

Photo 7. Geologist John

Galetzka measuring the height of exposed coral on

Simeleu Island, which gives

the amount of uplift caused by the Dec 2004 quake. At

this location, the uplift is 46 cm (1.5 feet).

Photo 8.An island suddenly subsided after the Dec 2004

quake.

Photo 9.Fishing boats in Puddukuppan, India

PHOTOS OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGES

a. Engineered Buildings

Photo 11.A five-storey high hotel. Buildings with three or more storeys are more likely to be damaged by the Earthquake

Photo 10. The massive energy released by the earthquake can destroy even the most

reinforced structure. Shown here is the PantePirak Supermarket which is mostly reinforced concrete and designed to be prestressed.

b. Non-Engineered Buildings

- Burnt Brick Masonry with sand and cement mortar.

- Timber Buildings

c. Damage of Infrastructures

i. Roads

ii. Bridges

iii. Ports

iv. Telecommunications

v. Water Supply

vi. Power Supply

vii. Industrial Structures