Sudan Wikipedia

8/11/2019 Sudan Wikipedia

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Sudan 1

Sudan

Republic of the Sudan

Jumhryat as-Sdn

Flag Emblem

Motto: (Arabic)"An-Naar li-n""Victory is ours"

Anthem: Nanu Jund Allah, Jund Al-waan (transliteration) We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the Motherland

Location of Sudan(dark blue) in Africa(light blue & dark grey) in the African Union(light blue)

Capital Khartoum1538N 03232E [1]

Largest city Omdurman[2][3]

Official languages Arabic English

Demonym Sudanese

Government Federal presidential republic

- President Omar al-Bashir (NCP)
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Sudan 2

- Vice President Ali Osman Taha (NCP) Adam Yousef(NCP)

Legislature National Legislature

- Upper house Council of States

- Lower house National Assembly

Establishment

- Nubian kingdoms 3500 BC

- Sennar dynasty 1504[4]

- Unified with Egypt 1821

- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899

- Independence (from the United Kingdom and Egypt) 1 January 1956

- Current constitution 9 January 2005

Area

- Total 1,886,068 km2 (16th)728,215 sq mi

Population

- 2008 census 30,894,000(disputed) [5](40th)

- Density 16.4/km2

42.4/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2012 estimate

- Total $85.272 billion[]

- Per capita $2,544

GDP (nominal) 2012 estimate

- Total $59.941 billion[]

- Per capita $1,788[]

Gini (2009) 35.3[]

medium

HDI (2011) 0.408[6]

low 169th

Currency Sudanese pound (SDG )

Time zone East Africa Time (UTC+3)

- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+3)

Date format dd/mm/yyyy

Drives on the right

Calling code +249

ISO 3166 code SD

Internet TLD .sd

Sudan (Arabic: as-Sdn i /sudn/ or /sud n/;[]), officially theRepublic of the Sudan[] (Arabic: Jumhryat as-Sdn ) and sometimes calledNorth Sudan,[7][8][9]is an Arab state in North Africa
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Sudan 3

and the Middle East bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to thenorthwest. Internally, the Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves.[10]The population of Sudan is acombination of indigenous inhabitants of the Nile Valley and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula.The overwhelming majority of the population today adhere to Islam.[11]

The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquitythat is intertwined with the history of Egypt.Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First SudaneseCivil War (1955 1972) followed by theSecond Sudanese Civil War between central government of Northern Sudan and the SPLA/M of SouthernSudan.[12][13]This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and militarystruggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'tat by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimedhimself President of Sudan.[] The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement whichgranted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan.[14][]

A member of the United Nations, Sudan also maintains membership with the African Union, the Arab League, theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as serving as an observer in the

World Trade Organization.[] Its capital is Khartoum, which serves as the political, cultural and commercial centre of the nation. Officially a federal presidential representative democratic republic, the politics of Sudan are widelyconsidered by the international community to take place within an authoritarian system because of the control of theNational Congress Party (NCP) of the judiciary, executive and legislative branches of government.[15]

History

Part ofa serieson the

History of Sudan

Chronological

Early Sudan to c. 650Islamization c. 650 19thcentury

Ali dynasty 1821 1885The Mahdiyah 1885 1899

Anglo-Egyptian rule 1899 1956Independent Sudan 1956 present

First Civil War 1955 1972Nimeiri era 1969 1985Revolutionary Command 1969 1971Second Civil War 1983 2005Military Council 1985 1986

Coalitions / al-Bashir 1986 present
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Sudan 4

Salvation Council 1989 1993

By region

Darfur

By topic Economic Military Social

Timeline

Sudan portal

Prehistoric SudanBy the eighth millennium BC, people of a Neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified

mud-brick villages, where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the Nile with grain gathering and cattleherding.[16]During the fifth millennium BC migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the NileValley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed socialhierarchy over the next centuries become the Kingdom of Kush (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BCAnthropological and archaeological research indicate that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan UpperEgypt were ethnically, and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonickingship by 3300 BC.[17]Together with other countries lies on Red Sea, Sudan is considered the most likely locationof the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt (or "Ta Netjeru", meaning "God's Land"), whose first mentiondates to the 25th century BC.[18]

Kingdom of Kush

Nubian pyramids in Meroe.

The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centered on theconfluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara. It wasestablished after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of theNew Kingdom of Egypt, centered at Napata in its early phase. AfterKing Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, theKushite kings ruled as Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egyptfor a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. Atthe height of their glory, the Kushite conquered an empire thatstretched from what is now known as South Kordofan all the way tothe Sinai. King Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East,

but was thwarted by the Assyrian king Sargon II. The Kingdom of Kush is mentioned in the Bible as having savedthe Israelites from the wrath of the Assyrians, although disease among the besiegers was the main reason for thefailure to take the city.[19]The war that took place between King Taharqa and the Assyrian King Sennacherib was adecisive event in western history, with the Nubians being defeated in their attempts to gain a foothold in the NearEast by Assyria. Sennacherib's successor Esarhaddon went further, and invaded Egypt itself, deposing Taharqa anddriving the Nubians from Egypt entirely. Taharqa fled back to his homeland where he died two years later. Egyptbecame an Assyrian colony; however, king Tantamani, after succeeding Taharqa, made a final determined attempt toregain Egypt. Esarhaddon died while preparing to leave the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in order to eject him.However, his successor Ashurbanipal sent a large army into southern Egypt and routed Tantamani, ending all hopes
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of a revival of the Nubian Empire. During Classical Antiquity, the Nubian capital was at Mero. In early Greekgeography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia (a term also used earlier by the Assyrians whenencountering the Nubians). The civilization of Kush was among the first in the world to use iron smeltingtechnology. The Nubian kingdom at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD. After the collapse of the Kushiteempire several states emerged in its former territories, among them Nubia.

Christianity and Islam

Ruins of Old Dongola.

By the 6th century, fifty states had emerged as the political and culturalheirs of the Meroitic Kingdom. Nobatia in the north, also known asBallanah, had its capital at Faras, in what is now Egypt; the centralkingdom, Muqurra (Makuria), was centred at Dunqulah, about13 kilometres (10 miles) south of modern Dunqulah; and Alawa(Alodia), in the heartland of old Meroe, which had its capital at Sawba(now a suburb of modern-day Khartoum). In all three kingdoms,warrior aristocracies ruled Meroitic populations from royal courts

where functionaries bore Greek titles in emulation of the Byzantinecourt. A missionary sent by Byzantine empress Theodora arrived in

Nobatia and started preaching Christianity about 540 AD. The Nubian kings became Monophysite Christians.However, Makuria was of the Melkite Christian faith, unlike Nobatia and Alodia.

After many attempts at military conquest failed, the Arab commander in Egypt concluded the first in a series of regularly renewed treaties known as Albaqut al-sharim (pactum) with the Nubians that governed relations betweenthe two peoples for more than 678 years. Islam progressed in the area over a long period of time throughintermarriage and contacts with Arab merchants and settlers, particularly the Sufi nobles of Arabia. Additionally,exemption from taxation in regions under Muslim rule were also a powerful incentive for conversion.[20]In 1093, a

Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood ascended the throne of Dunqulah as king. The two most important Arab tribesto emerge in Nubia were the Jaali and the Juhayna. Today's northern Sudanese culture often combines Nubian andArabic elements.During the 16th century, a people called the Funj, under a leader named Amara Dunqus, appeared in southern Nubiaand supplanted the remnants of the old Christian kingdom of Alwa, establishing As-Saltana az-Zarqa (the BlueSultanate), also called the Sultanate of Sennar. The Blue Sultanate eventually became the keystone of the FunjEmpire. By the mid-16th century, Sennar controlled Al Jazirah and commanded the allegiance of vassal states andtribal districts north to the Third Cataract and south to the rainforests. The government was substantially weakenedby a series of succession arguments and coups within the royal family. In 1820, Muhammad Ali of Egypt sent 4,000troops to invade Sudan. His forces accepted Sennar's surrender from the last Funj sultan, Badi VII.
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Sudan 6

Egyptian Turks Period

Ismail Pacha Sultan of Egypt &Sudan

In 1821, the Albanian-Ottoman ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, had invaded andconquered northern Sudan. Although technically the Wli of Egypt under theOttoman Sultan, Muhammad Ali styled himself as Khedive of a virtuallyindependent Egypt. Seeking to add Sudan to his domains, he sent his third son

Ismail (not to be confused with Ismail the Magnificent mentioned later) toconquer the country, and subsequently incorporate it into Egypt. This policy wasexpanded and intensified by Ibrahim's son, Ismail I, under whose reign most of the remainder of modern-day Sudan was conquered. The Egyptian authoritiesmade significant improvements to the Sudanese infrastructure (mainly in thenorth), especially with regard to irrigation and cotton production. In 1879, theGreat Powers forced the removal of Ismail and established his son Tewfik I in hisplace. Tewfik's corruption and mismanagement resulted in the Orabi Revolt,which threatened the Khedive's survival. Tewfik appealed for help to the British,who subsequently occupied Egypt in 1882. Sudan was left in the hands of theKhedivial government, and the mismanagement and corruption of its officials.[21]During the 1870s, European initiatives against the slave trade caused aneconomic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces.[22]

Eventually, a revolt broke out in Sudan, led by Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, the Mahdi (Guided One), whosought to end foreign presence in Sudan. Mahdi revolution succeed in January 1885. Later that year, the Mahdi'sforces attacked and entered KhartoumWikipedia:Please clarify, which had been defended by the BritishGovernor-General, Charles George Gordon (also known as Gordon of Khartoum), who was killed. Egypt and Britainsubsequently withdrew forces from Sudan leaving the Mahdi and his successor to form a 14 year rule of Sudan.

Mahdist Sudan

Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi ruler of Sudan.

Al Mahdi who set out from Aba Island with a few followers armedwith sticks and spears ended by making himself master of almost allthe territory formerly occupied by the Egyptian government. His mainaim was to conquer Egypt and to follow his conquests by attackingEurope.

The Muslim religion was engrained in him. He offered to the ansars(his followers) and those who surrendered to him a choice betweenadopting Islam or being killed. The following proclamation was

published by the Mahdi: Let all show penitence before God, andabandon all bad and forbidden habits, such as the use of wine andtobacco, lying, degrading acts of the flesh etc. All those who do notpay attention to these principles disobey God and his Prophet and theyshall be punished in accordance with the law. These precepts wereferociously enforced. Flogging to death and the cutting off of the handswere the penalties enforced as according to Islamic law.

During the month of Ramadan when absolute austerity was enforced upon his followers, huge crowds awaited themasters appearance at prayers but they had little notion on what was going on inside the Mahdis house. There wereseveral different accounts of his death. Some say that he was poisoned while others assert that typhus or small pox

were the cause of his death. He died on 22 June 1885 exactly 5 months after the killing of Gordon.
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After a power struggle amongst his deputies, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, with the help primarily of the BaqqaraArabs of western Sudan, overcame the opposition of the others and emerged as unchallenged leader of theMahdiyah. After consolidating his power, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad assumed the title of Khalifa (successor) of theMahdi, instituted an administration, and appointed Ansar (who were usually Baqqara) as emirs over each of theseveral provinces.

Regional relations remained tense throughout much of the Mahdiyah period, largely because of the Khalifa's brutalmethods to extend his rule throughout the country. In 1887, a 60,000-man Ansar army invaded Ethiopia, penetratingas far as Gondar. In March 1889, king Yohannes IV of Ethiopia, marched on Metemma; however, after Yohannesfell in battle, the Ethiopian forces withdrew. Abd ar Rahman an Nujumi, the Khalifa's general, attempted an invasionof Egypt in 1889, but British-led Egyptian troops defeated the Ansar at Tushkah. The failure of the Egyptianinvasion broke the spell of the Ansar's invincibility. The Belgians prevented the Mahdi's men from conqueringEquatoria, and in 1893, the Italians repelled an Ansar attack at Akordat (in Eritrea) and forced the Ansar to withdrawfrom Ethiopia.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt &Sudan

Plaque in the Cloisters of Westminster Abbey,London, UK, to commemorate the British in

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1898-1955

In the 1890s, the British sought to re-establish their control over Sudan,once more officially in the name of the Egyptian Khedive, but inactuality treating the country as a British colony. By the early 1890s,British, French and Belgian claims had converged at the Nileheadwaters. Britain feared that the other powers would take advantageof Sudan's instability to acquire territory previously annexed to Egypt.Apart from these political considerations, Britain wanted to establishcontrol over the Nile to safeguard a planned irrigation dam at Aswan.

Lord Kitchener led military campaigns against the Mahdists from 1896

to 1898. Kitchener's campaigns culminated in a decisive victory in theBattle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898. Following this, in 1899,Britain and Egypt reached an agreement under which Sudan was runby a governor-general appointed by Egypt with British consent. Inreality, much to the revulsion of Egyptian and Sudanesenationalists[citation needed ], Sudan was effectively administered as aBritish colony. The British were keen to reverse the process, startedunder Muhammad Ali Pasha, of uniting the Nile Valley under Egyptianleadership, and sought to frustrate all efforts aimed at further unitingthe two countries. During World War II, Sudan was directly involved

militarily in the East African Campaign. Formed in 1925, the SudanDefence Force (SDF) played an active part in responding to the earlyincursions (occupation by Italian troops of Kassala and other borderareas) into the Sudan from Italian East Africa during 1940. In 1942, theSDF also played a part in the invasion of the Italian colony by Britishand Commonwealth forces. From 1924 until independence in 1956, theBritish had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separateterritories, the north (Muslim) and south (Christian). The last BritishGovernor-General was Sir Robert Howe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_George_Howehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_East_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassalahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan_Defence_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan_Defence_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_African_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile_Valleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_colonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Omdurmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahdistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchenerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aswanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APlaque_in_the_Cloisters_of_Westminster_Abbey_to_commemorate_the_British_in_Sudan.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khedivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akordathttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatoriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd_ar_Rahman_an_Nujumihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metemmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yohannes_IV_of_Ethiopiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ansar_%28Sudan%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalifhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baqqarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad


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Independence and National RuleThe continued British occupation of Sudan fueled an increasingly stridentnationalist backlash in Egypt, withEgyptian nationalist leaders determined to force Britain to recognise a single independent union of Egypt and Sudan.With the formal end of Ottoman rule in 1914, Hussein Kamel was declared Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, as was hisbrother and successor Fuad I. They continued their insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state even when the

Sultanate was retitled as the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan, but the British continued to frustrate such reaches forindependence.The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 finally heralded the beginning of the march towards Sudanese independence.Having abolished the monarchy in 1953, Egypt's new leaders, Muhammad Naguib, whose mother was Sudanese, andlater Gamal Abdel-Nasser, believed the only way to end British domination in Sudan was for Egypt to officiallyabandon its claims of sovereignty over Sudan.The British on the other hand continued their political and financial support for the Mahdi successor Sayyid AbdelRahman who, they believed, could resist the Egyptian pressures for Sudanese independence. Rahman was able toresist the pressures, but his regime was plagued with political ineptitude, which garnered him a loss of support innorthern and central Sudan. Egypt and Britain both sensed a great political instability forming, and opted to allow theSudanese in the north and south to have a free vote on independence to see whether they wished for a Britishwithdrawal.

Sudan's flag raised at independence ceremony on1 January 1956 by the Prime Minister Ismail

al-Azhari and in presence of opposition leaderMohamed Ahmed Almahjoub

A polling process was carried out resulting in composition of ademocratic parliament and Ismail al-Azhari was elected first PrimeMinister and led the first modern Sudanese government.[23] On 1January 1956, in a special ceremony held at the People's Palace, theEgyptian and British flags were lowered and the new Sudanese flag,composed of green, blue and white stripes, was raised in their place bythe prime minister Ismail al-Azhari.

Coup d'tat

On 30 June 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir led a group of army officersin ousting the unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiqal-Mahdi in a bloodless military coup.[] Under al-Bashir's leadership,the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.[]

He then became Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (a newly established bodywith legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of chief of state, prime minister, chief of the armed forces, and minister of defense.[] Following al-Bashir's accession asChairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation, he allied himself with Hassan al-Turabi,the leader of the National Islamic Front (NIF), who, along with al-Bashir, began institutionalising Sharia law in thenorthern part of Sudan. Later al-Bashir carried out purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banningof associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.[24]

On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir's powers increased when he appointed himself "President"of the country, after whichhe disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council and all other rival politicalparties. The executive and legislativepowers of the council were taken by al-Bashir.[25]In the 1996 national election, where he was the only candidate bylaw to run for election,[15]al-Bashir transformed Sudan into a single-party state and created the National CongressParty (NCP) with a new parliament and government consisting solely of members of the NCP.[26]During the 1990s,

Hassan al-Turabi, then Speaker of the National Assembly, reached out to Islamic fundamentalist groups, as well asallowing them to operate out of Sudan, even personally inviting Osama bin Laden to the country.[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osama_bin_Ladenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osama_bin_Ladenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osama_bin_Ladenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osama_bin_Ladenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Congress_%28Sudan%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Congress_%28Sudan%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single-party_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Sudanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Islamic_Fronthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_al-Turabihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_ministerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadiq_al-Mahdihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadiq_al-Mahdihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omar_al-Bashirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismail_al-Azharihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASudan_independence.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayyid_Abdel_Rahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayyid_Abdel_Rahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamal_Abdel-Nasserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Naguibhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuad_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_of_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt


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The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism.[] The U.Sbombed Sudan in 1998 andU.S. firms werebarred from doing business in Sudan. Later, al-Turabi's influence and that of his party's"'internationalist' andideological wing" waned, "in favor of the 'nationalist' or more pragmatic leaders who focus ontrying to recover from Sudan's disastrous international isolation and economic damage that resulted from ideologicaladventurism."[27] At the same time Sudan worked to appease the United States and other international critics byexpelling members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave.[28] Before the 2000presidential election, al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President's powers, prompting al-Bashir to dissolveparliament and declare a state of emergency. When al-Turabi urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaignand signed an agreement with Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir suspected they were plotting to overthrowhim and the government,[] which resulted in the jailing of Hassan al-Turabi that same year.[29]Because of significantcultural, social, political, ethnic and economic changes occurring in a short period of time, conflictsevolved inwestern and eastern provinces of Sudan, in addition to anescalating conflict in Southern Sudan. Since the 2005Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), several violent struggles between the Janjaweed militia and rebel groupssuch as the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice andEquality Movement (JEM) in the form of guerilla warfare in the Darfur, Red Sea and Equatoria regions had

occurred. These conflicts resulted in death tolls between 200,000[]

and 400,000,[][][]

over 2.5 million people beingdisplaced[30]and diplomatic relations between Sudan and Chad being put under very great strain.[31]

The Sudanese government supported the use of recruited Arab militias in guerrilla warfare, such as in the ongoingconflict in Darfur.[][]Since then, thousands of people have been displaced and killed, and the need for humanitariancare in Darfur has attracted worldwide attention. The conflict has since been described as a genocide,[32] and theInternational Criminal Court (ICC) has issued two arrest warrants for al-Bashir, the current President of Sudan.[][33]

Sudan has also been the subject of severe sanctions because of alleged ties with Egyptian Islamic Jihad andal-Qaeda.[][]Sudan has scored medium in human development in the last few years,[34]ranking number 150 in 2009,between Haiti and Tanzania. Statistics indicate that about seventeen percent of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.[35]Among Sudan's population of 30 million people, nearly all follow Sunni Islam,[] while Arabic is

the Lingua franca spoken by all Sudanese, and English is also an official language.[36]Sudan has achieved great economic growth by implementing macroeconomic reforms. Rich in natural resources suchas petroleum, Sudan's economy is amongst the fastest growing in the world.[37]The People's Republic of China andJapan are the main export partners of Sudan.[38]

Civil wars and secession of South SudanIn 1955 a civil war began between Northern and Southern Sudan. The southerners, anticipating independence, fearedthe new nation would be dominated by the north. Historically, the north of Sudan had closer ties with Egypt and waspredominantly Arab or Arabized and Muslim while the south was predominantly non-Arabized andanimist or

Christian. It had been illegal for people living north of the 10th parallel to go further south and for people south of the 8th parallel to go further north since 1924. The law was ostensibly enacted to prevent the spread of malaria andother tropical diseases that had ravaged British troops, and to facilitate spreading Christianity among thepredominantly animist population while stopping the Arabic and Islamic influence from advancing south. The resultwas increased isolation between the already distinct north and south and arguably laid the seeds of conflict in theyears to come.The resulting conflict lasted from 1955 to 1972. The 1955 war began when Southern army officers mutinied and thenformed the Anya-Nya guerilla movement. A few years later the first Sudanese military regime took power underMajor-General Abboud. Military regimes continued into 1969 when General Gaafar Nimeiry led a successfulcoup.[39]

In 1972, a cessation of the north-south conflict was agreed upon under the terms of the Addis Ababa Agreement,following talks which were sponsored by the World Council of Churches. This led to a ten-year hiatus in the national
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conflict with the south enjoying self-government through the formation of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region.In 1983, the civil war was reignited following President Nimeiry's decision to circumvent the Addis AbabaAgreement[citation needed ]. Nimeiry attempted to create a federated Sudan including states in southern Sudan, whichviolated the Addis Ababa Agreement that had granted the south considerable autonomy. He appointed a committeeto undertake "a substantial review of the Addis Ababa Agreement, especially in the areas of security arrangements,

border trade, language, culture and religion".[40]

Mansour Khalid, a former foreign minister, wrote: "Nimeiri hadnever been genuinely committed to the principles of the Addis Ababa Agreement".[41]When asked about revisionshe stated "The Addis Ababa agreement is myself and Joseph Lagu and we want it that way... I am 300 percent theconstitution. I do not know of any plebiscite because I am mandated by the people as the President".[42] Southerntroops rebelled against the northern political offensive, and launched attacks in June 1983.

In September 1983, the situation was exacerbated when Nimeiry imposed new Islamic Shari'a laws on all of Sudan,including the non-Muslim south, followed by the imposition of martial law in May 1984.[43]

In 1995, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter negotiated the longest ceasefire in the history of the war to allowhumanitarian aid to enter Southern Sudan, which had been inaccessible owing to violence.[] This ceasefire, whichlasted almost six months, has since been called the "Guinea Worm Ceasefire."[]

Since 1983, a combination of civil war and famine has taken the lives of nearly 2 million people in Sudan.[44] It isestimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slavery during the Second Sudanese Civil War.[45]Thewar continued even after Nimeiry was ousted and a democratic government was elected with Al Sadiq Al Mahdi'sUmma Party having the majority in the parliament. The leader of the SPLA John Garang refused to recognize thegovernment and to negotiate with it as representative of Sudan but agreed to negotiate with government officials asrepresentative of their political parties.[citation needed ] The Sudanese Army successfully advanced in the south,reaching the southern borders with neighbouring Kenya and Uganda. The campaign started in 1989 and ended in1994. During the fight the situation worsened in the tribal south causing casualties among the Christian and animistminority.[46]Rebel leader Riek Machar subsequently signed a peace agreement with the Sudanese government andbecame Vice President of Sudan. His troops took part in the fight against the SPLA during the government offensivein the 1990s. After the Sudanese army took control of the entire south with the help of Machar, the situationimproved. In time, however, the SPLA sought support in the West by using the northern Sudanese government'sreligious propaganda to portray the war as a campaign by the Arab Islamic government to impose Islam and theArabic language on the animist and Christian south.The war went on for more than twenty years, including the use of Russian-made combat helicopters and militarycargo planes that were used as bombers to devastating effect on villages and tribal rebels alike. "Sudan's independenthistory has been dominated by chronic, exceptionally cruel warfare that has starkly divided the country onethnic,racial, religious, and regional grounds; displaced an estimated four million people (of a total estimatedpopulation of thirty-two million); and killed an estimated two million people."[47]It damaged Sudan's economy and

led to food shortages, resulting in starvation and malnutrition. The lack of investment during this time, particularly inthe south, meant a generation lost access to basic health services, education and jobs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonov_An-26https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mil_Mi-24https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riek_Macharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Garanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umma_Party_%28Sudan%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadiq_al-Mahdihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_modern_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dracunculiasishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceasefirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Carterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Sudan_autonomous_region_%281972%E2%80%931983%29


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Sudan 11

Peace agreement dancers in Kapoeta, EasternEquatoria

Peace talks between the southern rebels and the government madesubstantial progress in 2003 and early 2004. The peace wasconsolidated with the official signing by both sides of the NairobiComprehensive Peace Agreement on 9 January 2005, grantingSouthern Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a

referendum about independence. It created a co-vice president positionand allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally, but alsoleft both the north's and south's armies in place. John Garang, thesouth's peace agreement appointed co-vice president, died in ahelicopter crash on 1 August 2005, three weeks after being sworn in.This resulted in riots, but peace was eventually restored. The UnitedNations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) was established under the UNSecurity Council Resolution 1590 of 24 March 2005. Its mandate is tosupport implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, andto perform functions relating to humanitarian assistance, and protection

and promotion of human rights. In October 2007 the former southernrebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) withdrew fromgovernment in protest over slow implementation of a landmark 2005peace deal which ended the civil war.

The referendum was negotiated under the auspices of Intergovernmental Organization Authority for DevelopmentIGAD, the regional organization of which Sudan is a member. Despite its role in finalizing the peace process, thedebate around it increasingly became argumentative. According to a Wikileaks cable, the Khartoum Governmentalong with the Egyptian government had been trying to delay or indefinitely adjourn the referendum. However, thesouthern leadership, the United Nations, and the whole region remained determined to hold vote as scheduled. As

such, the vote continued. On 9 January 2011, the referendum was held worldwide; the South Sudanese diaspora whovoted included those from the U.S., the U.K., Australia, Europe and East Africa. The result showed 98.9% in favourof secession.

The southern region became independent on 9 July 2011, with the name of South Sudan. Despite this result, manycrucial issues are yet unresolved. The threats to people of South Sudan after referendum are numerous, with securitytopping the list. Other threats include disputes over the region of Abyei, control over oil fields, the borders, and theissue of citizenship.

As of 23 April 2012, Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan, has declared he is unwilling to negotiate with officials inSouth Sudan. After South Sudan took control of the territorially contested Heglig for 10 days, Sudan forces pushedthem out of the oil town, to the south. Even after South Sudan's withdrawal from Heglig, Sudanese MiG 29 fighterplanes dropped three bombs in South Sudan. With Sudanese attacks as far as 10 km into South Sudan, SouthSudanese officials cited this as both a "violation of the territory" and "clear provocation."[48]Hostility is inflating asboth nations scramble to bulk up their military forces. President Bashir stated: "We will not negotiate with theSouth's government, because they don't understand anything but the language of the gun and ammunition...Our talkswith them were with guns and bullets."[48]
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Conflict in AbyeiThe issue of Abyei is a grave matter in terms of bringing lasting peace to the country. According to theComprehensive Peace Agreement, the region of Abyei must hold its own referendum, and decide whether to go withthe south, or remain with Sudan. As such, the CPA set forth two referenda in Sudan, the South Sudan referendum asto whether to split from Sudan and the Abyei referendum as to whether to join South Sudan in its secession.

Nevertheless, the voting in Abyei did not happen as stipulated largely because of the dispute over who has the rightto vote in the region. Until now the referendum on Abyei is yet to be rescheduled, and the tension is rising in theregion. The Government of Sudan is calling for all the residents of Abyei to take part in the referendum while theSPLA/M wants to exclude non-Dinka residents. Recently, the standing Abyei Committee has formed a newcommittee called the Joint Technical Committee to look at the case again, as well as the case of Kadugli.Many humanitarian aid and relief services, such as the World Food Program, World Vision, Oxfam, Cordaid andCare International, have a presence in the area. Secession from Sudan will not necessarily solve the economicproblems for Abyei. Further, the situation in Abyei is worsening in terms of security and disputes over land now thatSouth Sudan has become independent.

War in Darfur

Map highlighting the Darfur region of Sudan

Just as the long north-south civil war was reaching a resolution, someclashes occurred in the Muslim western region of Darfur in the early1970s between the pastoral tribes. The rebels accused the centralgovernment of neglecting the Darfur region economically. Both thegovernment and the rebels have been accused of atrocities in this war,although most of the blame has fallen on Arabic speaking nomadsmilitias known as the Janjaweed, which are armed men appointed bythe Al Saddiq Al Mahdi administration to stop the longstanding chaotic

disputes between Darfur tribes. According to declarations by the U.S.government, these militias have been engaging in genocide, the UnitedNations and African Union does not agree with the genocide label; thefighting has displaced hundreds of thousands of people, many of themseeking refuge in neighbouring Chad. The government claimed victory over the rebels after capturing a town on theborder with Chad in early 1994. However, the fighting resumed in 2003.

On 9 September 2004, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell termed the Darfur conflict a genocide, claiming it as theworst humanitarian crisis of the 21st century.[49] There have been reports that the Janjaweed has been launchingraids, bombings, and attacks on villages, killing civilians based on ethnicity, raping women, stealing land, goods, andherds of livestock. So far, over 2.5 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is variously estimatedfrom 200,000[] to 400,000 killed.[] These figures have remained stagnant since initial UN reports of the conflicthinted at genocide in 2003-2004. Genocide has been considered a criminal offense under international humanitarianlaw since the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.[50]

On 5 May 2006, the Sudanese government and Darfur's largest rebel group, the SLM (Sudanese LiberationMovement), signed the Darfur Peace Agreement, which aimed at ending the three-year-long conflict.[51] Theagreement specified the disarmament of the Janjaweed and the disbandment of the rebel forces, and aimed atestablishing a temporal government in which the rebels could take part.[] The agreement, which was brokered by theAfrican Union, however, was not signed by all of the rebel groups.[] Only one rebel group, the SLA, led by MinniArko Minnawi, signed the agreement.[52]

Since the agreement was signed, however, there have been reports of widespread violence throughout the region. Anew rebel group has emerged called the National Redemption Front, which is made up of the four main rebel groups
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that refused to sign the May peace agreement.[] Recently,Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates andnumbers#Chronological items both the Sudanese government and government-sponsored militias have launchedlarge offensives against the rebel groups, resulting in more deaths and more displacements. Clashes among the rebelgroups have also contributed to the violence.[] RecentWikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronologicalitems fighting along the Chad border has left hundreds of soldiers and rebel forces dead and nearly a quarter of amillion refugees cut off from aid.[53] In addition, villages have been bombed and more civilians have been killed.UNICEF recentlyWikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items reported that around eightyinfants die each day in Darfur as a result of malnutrition. The hunger in the Darfur region is still concerning manydeveloped countries in the world.The people in Darfur are predominantly non-Arabized members of the Darfur tribe who adhere to Islam. While theJanjaweed/Baggara militia is made up of Arabized indigenous Africans and few Arab Bedouin; the majority of otherArab groups in Darfur remain uninvolved in the conflict.[54]

On 27 April 2007, the International Criminal Court warrant for the arrest of Ahmad Muhammad Harun, charginghim with 20 counts of crimes against humanity and 22 counts of war crimes. Harun is accused of recruiting, fundingand arming the Janjaweed militia. Haurn is currently the governor of South Kordofan, which borders South Sudan,

where a brutal counterinsurgency campaign is raging, most severely in the Nuba mountains. Additionally, on thesame day, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, one of the most senior leadersin the Janjaweed militia and a member of the Popular Defence Force. He is charged with 22 counts of crimes againsthumanity and 28 counts of war crimes. Ali Kushayb is accused of issuing orders to the Janjaweed militia and thearmed forces including mass rape, killings, torture, inhumane acts, pillaging and looting of residences andmarketplaces, and the displacement of the resident community.[]

On 1 March 2012, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Abdel Raheem Muhammad Hussein, who is one of Bashir'sclosest allies and currently serves as the Minister of National Defense of the Sudanese Government. Reports indicatethat Hussein has recruited, armed and funded police forces and the Janjaweed militia in Darfur.[]

Conflict with ChadThe Chad-Sudan Conflict (2005 2007) officially started on 23 December 2005, when the government of Chaddeclared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the "commonenemy"[] the United Front for Democratic Change, a coalition of rebel factions dedicated to overthrowing ChadianPresident Idriss Dby (and who the Chadians believe are backed by the Sudanese government), and Sudanese janjawid, who have been raiding refugee camps and certain tribes in eastern Chad. Dby accuses Sudanese PresidentOmar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir of trying to "destabilize our country, to drive our people into misery, to createdisorder and export the war from Darfur to Chad."The problem prompting the declaration of war was an attack on the Chadian town of Adr near the Sudanese border

that led to the deaths of either one hundred rebels (as most news sources reported) or three hundred rebels. TheSudanese government was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days,[55]but Sudaneseforeign ministry spokesman Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim denied any Sudanese involvement, "We are not for anyescalation with Chad. We technically deny involvement in Chadian internal affairs." The Battle of Adr led to thedeclaration of war by Chad and the alleged deployment of the Chadian air force into Sudanese airspace, which theChadian government denies.[56]The leaders of Sudan and Chad signed an agreement in Saudi Arabia on 3 May 2007to stop fighting from the Darfur conflict along their countries' 1,000-kilometre (600 mi) border.[57]
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Eastern Front

Beja nomads

Rashaida in the east

The Eastern Front, whose chairman is the current presidential adviserMr. Musa Mohamed Ahmed, was a coalition of rebel groups operatingin eastern Sudan along the border with Eritrea, particularly the states of Red Sea and Kassala. While the Sudan People's Liberation Army

(SPLA) was the primary member of the Eastern Front, the SPLA wasobliged to leave by the January 2005 agreement that ended the SecondSudanese Civil War. Their place was taken in February 2004 after themerger of the larger Hausa and Beja Congress with the smallerRashaida Free Lions, two tribal-based groups of the Arabized Beja andthe Arab Rashaida people, respectively.[58]

Both the Free Lions and the Beja Congress stated that governmentinequity in the distribution of oil profits, and for the Beja the oftenuncompromising Arabization campaign of the central government, was

the cause of their rebellion. They demanded to have a greater say in thecomposition of the national government, which has been seen as adestabilizing influence on the agreement ending the conflict inSouthern Sudan.[citation needed ]

The Eritrean government in mid-2006 dramatically changed itsposition on the conflict. From being the main supporter of the EasternFront, it decided that bringing the Sudanese government around thenegotiating table for a possible agreement with the rebels would be inits best interests.[citation needed ]

It was successful in its attempts and on 19 June 2006, the two sidessigned an agreement on declaration of principles.[59]This was the startof four months of Eritrean-mediated negotiations for a comprehensivepeace agreement between the Sudanese government and the EasternFront, which culminated in signing of a peace agreement on 14

October 2006, in Asmara. The agreement covers security issues, power sharing at a federal and regional level, andwealth sharing in regards to the three Eastern states Kassala, Red Sea and Al Qadarif.[citation needed ] One of theagreements made between the Khartoum government and the Eastern Front was that Khartoum would push forinternational arbitration to solve the situation in the disputed Hala'ib Triangle which has been under Egyptianmilitary annexation since 1995.

In July 2007, many areas in the western and southern parts of the country were devastated by flooding, prompting animmediate humanitarian response by the United Nations and partners, under the leadership of acting United NationsResident Coordinators David Gressly and Oluseyi Bajulaiye.[60] Over 400,000 people were directly affected, withover 3.5 million at risk of epidemics.[61] The United Nations allocated US$ 13.5 million for the response from itspooled funds, and launched an appeal to the international community to cover the gap.[62]The humanitarian crisis isin danger of worsening. Following attacks in Darfur, the U.N. World Food Programme announced it could stop foodaid to some parts of Darfur.[63] Banditry against truck convoys is one of the biggest problems, as it impedes thedelivery of food assistance to war-stricken areas and forces a cut in monthly rations.
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Government and politics

Sudan President Omar al-Bashir (January 2009)

Officially, the politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of afederal presidential representative democratic republic, where thePresident of Sudan is head of state, head of government andcommander-in-chief of the Sudan People's Armed Forces in amulti-party system. Legislative power is vested in both the governmentand the bicameral parliament the National Legislature, with itsNational Assembly (lower chamber) and the Council of States (upperchamber). The judiciary is independent and obtained by theConstitutional Court.[]

However, following the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983 2005) andthe now-low-scale war in Darfur, Sudan is widely recognized as anauthoritarian state where all effective political power is obtained byPresident Omar al-Bashir and the ruling National Congress Party

(NCP). The political system of the country was restructured followinga military coup on 30 June 1989, when al-Bashir, then a colonel in theSudanese Army, led a group of officers and ousted the government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi. Under al-Bashir's leadership, the newmilitary government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.[]

He then became Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (a newly established bodywith legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of chief of state, prime minister, chief of the armed forces and minister of defense.[] Further on, after institutionalizing Sharialaw in the northern part of the country along with Hassan al-Turabi, al-Bashir issued purges and executions in theupper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers and theimprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.[24]

In 1993, Sudan was transformed into an Islamic authoritarian single-party state as al-Bashir abolished theRevolutionary Command Council and created the National Islamic Front (NIF) with a new parliament andgovernment obtained solely by members of the NIF. At the same time, the structure of regional administration wasreplaced by the creation of twenty-six states, each headed by a governor, thus making Sudan a federal republic. As aresult, the Second Sudanese Civil War with the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) would only escalate in thefollowing years.[][29]

Following the signing of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the government of al-Bashirand the SPLA, a government of national unity was installed in Sudan in accordance with the Interim Constitution

whereby a co-Sudan Vice President position representing the south was created in addition to the northern SudaneseVice President. This allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally,[64] but also left both the north's andsouth's armies in place. Following the Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006, the office of senior presidential advisor wasallocated to Minni Minnawi, a Zaghawa of the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA), and, thus, became thefourth-highest constitutional post.Executive posts are divided between the NCP, the SPLA, the Sudanese Eastern Front and factions of the UmmaParty and Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). This peace agreement with the rebel group SPLA granted SouthernSudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum about independence in 2011.

According to the new 2005 constitution, the bicameral National Legislature is the official Sudanese parliament and isdivided between two chambers the National Assembly, a lower house with 450 seats, and the Council of States,an upper house with 50 seats. Thus the parliament consists of 500 appointed members altogether, where all areindirectly elected by state legislatures to serve six-year terms.[]
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Despite his international arrest warrant, al-Bashir was a candidate in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election, thefirst democratic election with multiple political parties participating in twenty-four years.[] In the build-up to thevote, Sudanese pro-democracy activists say they faced intimidation by the government[65] and the InternationalCrisis Group reported that the ruling party had gerrymandered electoral districts.[66]A few days before the vote, themain opposition candidate, Yasir Arman from the SPLM, withdrew from the race.[67]The U.S.-based Carter Center,which helped monitor the elections, described the vote tabulation process as "highly chaotic, non-transparent andvulnerable to electoral manipulation."[68]Al-Bashir was declared the winner of the election with sixty-eight percentof the vote.[] There was considerable concern amongst the international community of a return to violence in therun-up to the January 2011 southern Sudan referendum, with post-referendum issues such as oil-revenue sharing andborder demarcation not yet resolved.[69]

Foreign relations

Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi head of Arab League monitors in Syria (January 2012)

Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours andmuch of the international community, owing to what is viewed as itsradical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, Uganda, Kenya and

Ethiopia formed an ad-hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" withsupport from the United States to check the influence of the NationalIslamic Front government. The Sudanese Government supportedanti-Ugandan rebel groups such as the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).But in the early 1980s, at the time of President Gaafar Nimeiry, whotook power on 25 May 1969, Sudan had a good relationship with theWest. In early 1983, South Sudanese revolted against the governmentand formed the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) movement. Like many other African nationalistmovements, SPLA was initially tied with Cuba, Russia, and other communist states. For this reason, the Khartoumgovernment used the links effectively to woo Western states for support in its war against the SPLA. Nevertheless,the relationship was short-lived. In 1998, the Khartoum government was sanctioned for collaborating with terroristorganizations. From the mid-1990s, Sudan gradually began to moderate its positions as a result of increased U.S.pressure following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, in Tanzania and Kenya, and the new development of oil fieldspreviously in rebel hands. Sudan also has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Hala'ib Triangle. Since 2003, theforeign relations of Sudan have centred on the support for ending the Second Sudanese Civil War and condemnationof government support for militias in the war in Darfur.

Shortly after the Islamic Conservatists seized power in a coup in 1989, Sudan increasingly became a fundamentalistIslamic state. In addition, the National Islamic Front engaged in both regional and international terrorism. Forexample the NIF was accused of supporting Egyptian Jihad against former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. The

assassination attempt against the Egyptian president was largely blamed on the Khartoum government. Sudan'srelation with its eastern neighbour Eritrea was very rocky for the same reason. In December 1995, Eritrea accusedKhartoum of supporting its Islamic rebels. As a result, Eritrea severed ties with the Khartoum government. Otherneighboring countries such as Uganda and Chad have taken the same course. Hence, the National Islamic Frontultimately stands alone in the region. In 1990s, Al Qaeda leaderbin-Laden joined the regime and Sudan became asafehaven for terrorism. As the National Islamic Front regime in Khartoum gradually emerged as a real threat to theregion and the world, the U.S. began to list Sudan on its list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. Before that, the Clintonadministration bombed a Khartoum suspected site in 1998, known as Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory. The U.S.thought that the place was used for chemical weapons and thought it was connected with the Al Qaeda network.According to Bob Edward, the Secretary of State Warren Christopher has added Sudan to the list of countries that

sponsor terrorist in the State Department. After the US listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism, the NIF decidedto develop relations with Iraq, and later Iran, the two most controversial countries in the region. Accusations against
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Christopherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Sponsors_of_Terrorismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Christopherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Islamic_Fronthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Christopherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Sponsors_of_Terrorismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosni_Mubarakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Islamic_Fronthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Darfurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hala%27ib_Trianglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanzaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_United_States_embassy_bombingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaafar_Nimeiryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord%27s_Resistance_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Islamic_Fronthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Islamic_Fronthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ugandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AArab_League_monitors_in_Syria.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Ahmed_Mustafa_al-Dabihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum%2C_2011https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carter_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrymanderedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Crisis_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Crisis_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_general_election%2C_2010


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the National Islam Front of Khartoum range from state sponsor terrorism to its affiliation with radical group such asPalestinian and Iranian regimes.Sudan has extensive economic relations with China. China obtains ten percent of its oil from Sudan. According to aformer Sudanese government minister, China is Sudans largest supplier of arms.[70]

On 23 December 2005, Sudan's neighbour to the west, Chad, declared war on Sudan and accused the country of

being the "common enemy of the nation[Chad] ." This happened after the 18 December attack on Adr, which leftabout one hundred peo

Documents

Sudan Wikipedia