Upload
merilyn-mcdowell
View
219
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ancient History
Prehistoric tools along the Nile date from 65,000 BC (Early Khartoum)
Region of Nubia Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt Along the banks of the Nile Homeland of Africa's earliest black culture. Trading route between Mediterranean &
tropical Africa.
Nubia Nubian Civilization dates from 3,100
BC. Artifacts Monuments Written accounts from Egypt and Rome
Land of the bowmen Archaeology (much of Nubian land was submerged under the Aswan Dam and other large projects 1960s- emergency excavation.
Key Periods in Sudan's History
1750 BC rise of the Kerma from scattered kingdoms – one of the oldest urban areas in Africa.
1500 BC conquered by Eygptians 1000 BC Egyptian empire shattered & rise
of Kush Empire 200 BC Meroe capitol – Kushites turned
towards south rather than north to Eygpt.
Sudan's History 500 AD Christians in Sudan Mid 14th Century became Islamic and
adopted arabic lanuage. 1821 Mohamed Ali Pasha, Ottoman
Turkish ruler of Egypt, conquered Sudan 1881 Mahdi overthrew colonial Egyptian
goverment 1898 British Lord Kitchener overthrew
Mahdi Anglo-Egyptian colonial rule 1956 Independence
Kerma Ta-Sety (“the Land
of the Archers’ Bow”)
most ancient urban civilization outside Egypt
hub of trading network -sub-Saharan Africa, Red Sea and Mediterranean
Gold, Ivory and ebony
Grave studies: Kerma sites round or oval pits 4 to 5 ft deep food offerings &
belongings bodies always
flexed, on R sides,hands in front of faces, feet to the W, heads to the E, looking N. Source: : C.Bonnet,
Tomb of archer, Kerma 2200 BC
Burials
Excavations in Kerma reveal the beginnings of a custom of human sacrifice (in some cases several 100s).
The belief in an afterlife in which servants would be necessary for the noble & wealthy.
Jebel Barkal
Historical city of Nepata – southern most limit of Egyptian Empire (1500-1080 BC).
Later center of independent kingdom of Kush (8thC BC) Source: Timothy Kendall
Jebel Barkal: World Heritage Site
Ancients and Egyptians were intrigued by the unusual rock formations.
Egptians thought it was the birthplace & home of their supreme diety, Amun – built a large temple here.
Nubians' primary religious and coronation site in the eighth century B.C.
At least 3 palaces, 17 temples and 9 pyramids
Nubian PyramidPhoto: Ben Lory, DISCOVER Vol. 26 No. 12 | December 2005 | Anthropology
One of 9 at Jebel Barkal.
45ft high Ist Century
B.C. Nubians made
180 pyramids (2 x number Egyptians constructed)
Gold artifacts
Many of the artifacts were looted from the site
Hinged bracelet of gold with enamel decoration showing a seated figure of the goddess Hathor and geometrical pattern; two hinges; loop on each end.
Meroe Artifacts
Nubians moved their capitol south to Meroe.
Many treasures like this Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Amulet of feline-headed goddess Nubian, Napatan
Period, 435–431 B.C.
Pharaonic tradition - stelae & pyramids centralized political system - employed
artisans' skills, large work force. Good irrigation - high population density Ist C BC - hieroglyphs gave way to
Meroitic script that adapted the Egyptian writing system to an indigenous, Nubian-related language.
Succession - matriarchal royal family member deemed most worthy often became king. The queen mother's role was crucial . The crown appears to have passed from brother to brother (or sister) and only when no siblings remained from father to son.
Christians In Sudan500 AD to 1400AD
1960s excavation turned into a sensation at Faras- Nubian center
Found cathedral with over 120 wall-paintings, 8th to 12th century
Influence: Byzantine art, Egyptian Coptic art. & Palestinian
Five pillars of Islam
Shahada or profession of faith is the affirmation "There is no god but God (Allah) and Muhammad is his prophet."
Salat: prayer at five specified times of the day.
Sawm: fasting. Ramadam Zakat: almsgiving (helping poor) Haii: pilgrimage to Mecca