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Pre-Historic Africa
Kingdom of Kush[295 BCE – 320 CE]
Nubia[modern-day
Sudan]
Pyramids of Kush at Meroë
Pyramids of Kush at Meroë
Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE
Kingdom of Axum [300-700]
Stele, Ezana’s Royal Tomb,Aksum (4c)
Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]
Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]
Coptic Christian Priest
AXUM’SACHIEVEMENTSControlled
NE AfricanTrade
WrittenLanguage
Spread Christianityin No. & E.
Africa
TerraceFarming
BuiltStelae
Early African Kingdoms 600 CE – 1500’s
• Ghana• Mali• Songhay• Benin• Swahili• Great Zimbabwe
Trans-Saharan Trade & Islamic States in W. Africa
• After 300 CE – camels replaced horses & donkeys as transport
• Camels – quicken pace of communication
• Islamic merchants crossed desert & established relations
Berbers
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Gold-Salt Trade
Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
Ghana Empire [4c-11c]
Salt
Kingdom of Ghana -- Gold-Salt Trade
• Most important commercial site in W. Africa
• Provided gold, ivory, & slaves for traders from N. Africa
• In exchange for salt, horses, cloth, & manufactured goods
• Capital = Ghana – thriving commercial center
• Ghana kings convert to Islam by 10th cent. – tolerant
Mali Empire [13c-15c]
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Sundiata [1210-1260]
“Lion Prince”
Mali Empire• Sundiata
– “Lion Prince”– Built Mali Empire
• Controlled gold-salt trade (post-Ghana)
• Taxed all trade in W. Africa
• Caravans linked Mali & N. Africa
• Many prosperous cities
Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1337]
Mansa Musa
• Greatest king of Mali• Sundiata’s grandnephew• Known for pilgrimage to Mecca
(Hajj)– huge caravan
• Effects of Hajj (Important)• Strengthened Islam, promoted
education, trade & commerce in Mali– Built mosques (Timbuktu, Gao
& Djenne)– Sent students to study
w/scholars in W. Africa– Estab. Islamic schools
• Timbuktu – Commercial & Intellectual center
of Mali
Mansa Musa – Hajj Stats
• 100 camel-loads of gold (300 lbs./each)
• 500 Slaves – each carrying a 4 lb. gold staff
• Thousands of his subjects• Senior Wife
– 500 attendants
• He was “making it rain” gold in Egypt & Mecca
• SO!! Mansa Musa ran out of $$$$. “He gave out so much gold… it caused its value to fall”
Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”
Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque
Tuaregs
Marketplace near the Niger River
Mosque in Gao
Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali
Distant Mosque at Djenne, Mali
European Map
Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492]
• Songhai take over from Mali (control gold-salt trade)
• Muslim leaders• Sunni Ali – ruler of Songhai• Worked to unify, strenghten &
enlarge the land (took over Timbuktu & Djenne)
• Brought stability & peace to Songhai
• Religiously tolerant
Askia Mohammed [r.1493-1529]
Great leader of Songhai
Serious Muslim
Supported Islamic education (Timbuktu flourished again)
Djenne became a center of learning
Organized govt. and laws based on Islamic principles
Created 1st standing army
Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]
Gao, Mali
Benin Empire [15c-19c]
Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)
Benin Bronze Leopard
Bantu
Migrations:
1000 BCE
To
500 CE
Islamic
Invasions
African Trade Routes
Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa
SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic
Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar
Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
Great Zimbabwe Street
Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe
Manamotopa Empire [1450-1630]
Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c
African Trade [15c-17c]