suciu_3

7–17.

Star¹evo-Criº Cul ture in West ern part of Ro ma nia –Transylvania, Banat, Criºana, Maramureº, Oltenia

and West ern Muntenia: re pos i tory, dis tri bu tion map,state of re search and chro nol ogy

Sabin Adrian Luca1, Cosmin Ioan Suciu2 and Florian Dumitrescu-Chioar1

1 The Na tional Brukenthal Mu seum, Brukenthal Pal ace, Piaþa Mare, Nr. 4, Sibiu, Ro ma nia; [email protected], [email protected]

2 "Lucian Blaga" Uni ver sity, Fac ulty of His tory and Pat ri mony, 5-7, Victoriei Street, Sibiu, 550024, Ro ma nia;[email protected]

IN TRO DUC TIONThe neolithisation of the Bal kan Pen in sula was descri-

bed as a mi gra tion or dif fu sion pro cess, or both (Bogucki2004, 201; Price 2000; Lazarovici 1996, 22). From The-ssaly area the neolithisation goes for ward to the North Bal -kans along three routes: the first one, which con nects The-ssaly with Vardar-Morava (the dis cov er ies from Anzabe-govo, Vršnik) and then the Iron Gate of the Dan ube area,the Mid dle Ba sin of Dan ube and the Mid dle Ba sin of Mureº(the dis cov er ies from Donja Brajevina, Grivac, Cârcea,Ocna Sibiului, Miercurea Sibiului, Gura Baciului, Szarvas-Fea ture 23). The sec ond route con nects Strimon-Struma re -gion from So fia Ba sin (the dis cov er ies from Kovaèevo,Gãlâbnik, Kremikovici). The third route con nects the Southarea with the cen tre of Bul garia through Mariþa Val ley, with Karanovo dis cov er ies (Lazarovici 1996, 22).

EARLY NEO LITHIC IN RO MA NIA –TER MI NOL OGY AND CHRO NO LOG I CAL SYS TEM USED

The or i gin of the North Danubian Neo lithic was ex -plained based on two hy poth e ses: the autochthons the oryand the mi gra tion the ory (Luca & Suciu 2007). Af ter thedis cov er ies made in the set tle ment of Argissa, in 1956(Milojèic 1956), a group of Ro ma nian re search ers tried toprove the ex is tence of an aceramic Neo lithic also in Ro ma -nia, and the neolithisation of the epipaleolithic pop u la tionsaround the Dan ube as an in de pend ent pro cess (Berciu 1958; 1961; Pãunescu 1958; Boroneanþ 1968). These state mentswere based on the dis cov er ies made at Bãile Herculane-Peºtera Hoþilor (Nicolãescu Plopºor 1957); Schela Clado-vei-Peºtera la Adam (Berciu 1958); Dârþu-Ceahlãu (Pãu-nescu 1958); Cremenea (Nicolãescu Plopºor 1958). Af ter -wards these the o ries were dis proved (Dumitrescu 1970,

187–200; Vlassa 1964, 463–464). An other hy poth e sis,agreed in most of the lat est stud ies, as sumes that the NorthDanubian ter ri tory was set tling down due to a mi gra tionfrom South, started from the Near East (Vlassa 1966;Lazarovici 1977; 1979; 1984; 1996; Paul 1989; Draºovean2007; Luca 1999; Luca & Suciu 2005; 2007; Luca et al.2004; Ciutã 2009).

Con sid er ing the early Neo lithic oc cur rences from Ro -ma nia as a com po nent piece of the neolithisation of theSouth-East Eu rope, and not as a lo cal phe nom e non, Gh.Lazarovici de fines the first Neo lithic ex hi bi tions as part ofthe Protosesklo – Sesklo – Starèevo-Criº – Körös – Kara-novo I – Kremnikovæ cul tural com plex (Lazarovici 1979;1983; 1984; 2005) and for Ro ma nia he uses the Starèevo-Criº Cul ture term (Lazarovici 1969; 1977; 1979; 1984). The chro no log i cal sys tem ac cepted by the most of the re search -ers for Starèevo-Criº Cul ture is the one de vel oped by Gh.Lazarovici (Lazarovici 1977; 1979; 1984; 1996; 2005;Maxim 1999; Luca & Suciu 2007; Luca et al. 2008; Ursu-lescu 1984; Mirea 2005; Draºovean 2007; 2009; An dre-escu, Mirea 2008; Andreescu et al. 2009; Popuºoi 2005;Tulugea 2008; Ciutã 2009, 73; El Susi 2008; Ciubotaru1998).

As a re sult of pub li ca tion of a mono graph for KörösCul ture from the Hun gar ian Plain in early ‘50 (Kutzián1944), the Ro ma nian re search ers will use the Criº Cul tureterm (trans la tion of the Hun gar ian term Körös) to de fineEarly Neo lithic (Nestor 1957; Horedt 1956; Vlassa 1966).The prob lem ap peared be cause Transylvania is hav ing set -tle ments evolv ing from first stage to the last one and theterm Criº de fined the last stages. Based on the ex ca va tionsfrom Ocna Sibiului-Triguri, I. Paul de fines the first Neo -lithic ho ri zon from Transylvania with the Precriº (be foreCriº) Cul ture term (Paul 1989, 11; Ciutã 2005). The sys temwas based on the stra tig ra phy re la tions from Ocna Sibiului:

S.A. Luca et al.: Star¹evo-Criê Cul ture ...

7

Precriº I, Precriº II, Criº (Paul 1989, 11). The names for the first stages hold a dis pute on be cause of: the in di vid u al ity of ex ca va tors; of geo graph ical area of dis cov ery; the cul turalpol icy of the area.

As a re sult of the ex ca va tions made in Oltenia, at Câr-cea-La Hanuri (Nica 1976), Cârcea-Via duct (Nica 1977)and Grãdinile-Islaz (Nica 1981), Marin Nica pro posed theterm: Cul tural Group Cârcea (Nica 1985), as an oc cur rence pre vi ous to Starèevo Cul ture.

Based on Milojèiæ’s sys tem (Milojèiæ 1949), Gh. Laza-rovici sug gests a chro no log i cal sys tem based on four mainphases I-IV, add ing an other three phases IA, IB, IC for thefirst phase and two phases for the oth ers IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB (Lazarovici 1969, 21; 1977, 34–42; 1979, 24;1984, 54–55; 2005), sys tem cre ated ini tially for Banat andthen ex tended for the whole Ro ma nia. The lack of ra dio car -bon data forced Gh. Lazarovici to build his sys tem on ty po -logi cal ba sis (Ta ble 1).

FEPRE RE POS I TORY – METH OD OL OGYUSED FOR RO MA NIA

The ac tiv ity of reg is ter ing all Early Neo lithic sites wasmade na tion ally by Gheorghe Lazarovici, lat est in 1984,when he found 131 points for en tire Ro ma nia. Other ma te ri -als were pub lished lo cally af ter this (Draºovean 1981;Criºan et al. 1999; Moga & Ciugudean 1995; Luca 2006;

2008; Luca & Gudea 2010; Luca et al. 2003; Costea 2004;Németi 1999; Criºan et al. 1992; Cavruc et al. 1998; Cavruc et al. 2000; Lazãr 1995; Nica & Rãdoiescu 2001–2002;Mirea 2005; Luca & Suciu 2007).

The re quire ment from FEPRE man age ment was to re -cord all the sites from Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia andfrom the West ern Muntenia.

We cre ated a da ta base in Microsoft Ac cess with all theEarly Neo lithic sites. We also used an other da ta base with all the ra dio car bon data avail able to us re gard ing the Neo-Eneolithic from Ro ma nia. We used the for mat of Ra don Da -ta base de signed by Johannes Müller (http://www.jung-steinsite.uni-kiel.de; Rinne 2009). In the last year we cor re -lated with data from early Bal kan Neo lithic from CANEWsys tem (Reingruber 2005) and Con text da ta base (Böhner etal. 2006) as with in di vid ual data.

The first step was to iden tify in the lit er a ture all the ref -er ences for Early Neo lithic ma te ri als and to plot them, onthe map, us ing the de scrip tion gave by the au thors. Thereare a lot of bad de scrip tions mak ing it hard to iden tify siteswith a small er ror (max. 100 m). For Transylvania wewalked on the main sites with a GPS de vice. In most of thecases we were able to find the ex act point lo ca tion us ing aGPS Garmin Etrex Vista. In some cases we con tacted the ar -chae ol o gists from the area to try to spot the points better.For the sites with poor de scrip tion we ap prox i mated the po -si tion.

A pro gram used by our Garmin de vice fit per fect forour pur poses. It is a top o graphic map, one of the most im -por tant handheld maps used in Ro ma nia, R.O.A.D. 2008,ver sion by Sheba com pany des ig nated for off road land -scape with ad min is tra tive bor ders, up dated off road names,caves, for ests, rivers, moun tains, etc. (Fig. 1)

We iden ti fied some of the rea sons which made it harder to spot the points: ter rain mod i fy ing in the last years (chan -nels, dams, roads); point names changed dur ing time (eg: inTransylvania some names were trans lated from Hun gar ianto Ro ma nian or from Ro ma nian to Hun gar ian); time it selfchanged land scape mem ory a lot, some points were re latedto build ings or streets or pri vate own ers that are hard to befind in our days; the way the ex ca va tions were pub lished

Early Neo lithic sites (Star¹evo-Criê) on the ter ri tory of Ro ma nia

8

Ta ble 1Rel a tive chro nol ogy frame and main sys tems used for Early Neo lithic, Star¹evo-Criê com plex (Schier 1995, 297)

Miloj¹iæ1949, 1950

Garaëanin1954

Dimitrijeciæ1969, 1974

Srejoviæ 1971 Lazarovici 1979 Makkay 1987

IV (¥berlappung mitVin¹a A ?)

IIIFinal (¦dralovi - A1

IIIIV B - Vin¹a A3 ¥bergang zu Vin¹a

Spiraloid B - Vin¹a A1 IV A - Vin¹a A2 Proto-Vin¹a sp¬t

III II bSpiraloid A

IIIII B - Vin¹a A1 Proto-Vin¹a frò

Girlandoid III A KØrØs-Star¹evoklassische Phase

II II aLinear B I (Lep. Vir. IIIb) II B

Linear A Proto-Star¹evo II II A

KØrØs-Star¹evFròhphase (Wei¢ auf

Rot)I I

Monochrom B Proto-Star¹evo I I C

Monochrom A (Lepenski Vir IIIaGrubenhorizont)

I B

I A (hypothet.)

Fig. 1. R.O.A.D 2008 Garmin topo map used to re cord accura-telly sites.

was prob lem atic – with space lim its, with short re ports, with few ma te rial pub lished and not so many ex ca va tion draw -ings; for many times, the pub lished maps were hand made,not so ex actly as was needed; ac cu rate maps were for bid den to print be cause of mil i tary re stric tion; the ex actly GPS co -or di nates were pro vided by au thors only in 2 or 3 cases; theex ca va tion re sults were in most cases only short re ports sus -tained by few ma te ri als or anal y ses; the ac cess to for eign ar -ti cles and books was hard in com mu nist times; the rel a tivechro nol ogy was in de bate in last de cades and made it hardfor non spe cial ists in Neo lithic and Eneolithic to date ma te -ri als found ac ci den tally or in ex ca va tions; the ra dio car bondata se ries ar rived only re cently for this pe riod.

We have few sites where the er ror is around 2 km. Still,for most of the sites the er ror is around 50 to 100 m. For thepoints with no re cord or de scrip tion we choose the mid dleof set tle ment (ex am ple of usual de scrip tion: From vil lage Xwere re cov ered some SC sherds).

RE SULTSThe Starèevo-Criº da ta base, re corded in FEPRE Pro -

ject, count 320 points for Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia, Cri-ºana, Maramureº and West ern Muntenia (Fig. 2)

From all the points, only 135 points (42%) had rel a tivechro nol ogy as sign ment (Fig. 3). The ex pla na tion is that inthe most points were found few ma te ri als.


9

Fig. 2. Map dis tri bu tion – Star¹evo-Criº points re corded inFEPRE pro ject, Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia and West ernMuntenia.

Fig. 3. Graphic with per cent ages of dated and un dated sites.

Fig. 4. Site dis tri bu tion across the phases as re ported in lit er a -ture.

Ta ble 2Rel a tive chro nol ogy frame and main sys tems used for Early Neo lithic, Starèevo-Criº com plex (Schier 1995, 297)

Table 2. Phase SC IA_IB_IC SC IC_IIA SC_II SC_III SC_IV Late SC- SC IA_IB_IC

Nr. of sites 10 14 57 61 40 17 10

Fig. 5. Set tle ment dis tri bu tion across river bas ins.

From dated sites we could see the dis tri bu tion acrossphases. We can ob serve the low pro por tion of sites for firstphase (5%). Some sites were re ported as SC IC-IIA (7%). In the sec ond phase the re ported sites grow (29%) to reachmax i mum in third phase (31 %). In the forth phase we have

only 20% (Ta ble 2, Fig. 4). Other sites were des ig nated asLate SC, mostly sites from last phase.

River bas ins (Fig. 5) set tle ment dis tri bu tion sug gests adis per sion fol low ing rivers val leys. Mureº River Ba sinholds 23% of all sites fol lowed closely by Olt River ba sin


10

Fig. 6. Ra dio car bon data from Ro ma nia (IPCTE Ra dio car bon Da ta base).

with 20%. Mureº and Olt hold a large area and are quitelong. Dan ube River count only 10 % of sites, but with a high con cen tra tion in the Dan ube Gorges area. Someº River Ba -sin holds 9%.

Al most all the sites are nearby the first ter race of themain rivers but we have 13 cave sites sug gest ing moun tainhab i tat ex ploi ta tion.

First phase – Starèevo-Criº IThe sub-phases of the first phase could be fit well with

ra dio car bon data be tween 7200–7000 (6100/6000–5900/5800 BC). The first clus ter is formed by data com ing fromGura Baciului (GrA-24137) and Ocna Sibiului (GrN-28110) be fore 6000 BC, fol lowed closely by data fromMiercurea Sibiului (GrN-28520, Poz-24697, GrN-29954), euºa (GrN-28114) and Foeni-Sãlaº (GrN-28454). All thesites with ra dio car bon data from this phase fit well to therel a tive chro nol ogy. Transylvanian sites were well rep re -sented with ra dio car bon data (Gura Baciului, Ocna Sibiuluiand Miercurea Sibiului), Banat area is hav ing one site(Foeni) and Oltenia was not rep re sented. For Muntenia,some data is un pub lished (from Mãgura) (Fig. 6).

Some data were pro cessed in FEPRE pro gram, but un -for tu nately only few sam ples were pro vided af ter the workdone by Biagi and his team in 2004. Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº was ex ca vated in the last years, so we have a datafrom level Ib, com plex B17 (phase SC_IC-IIA – Poz-24697, 7030±50 BP, 5990BC-5870BC. Were pro cessed sam plesfrom South ern Ro ma nia, from Grãdinile and Mãgura sites.The sam ples are spe cial, col lected from a se ries of woodenob jects, the old est re cov ered from this time in the East ernEu rope.

The Grãdinile site was ex ca vated by Marin Nica andwas pub lished lo cally, in Ro ma nia, in 1983 (Nica 1983). He found wooden frag ments of pots, brace lets in 1980 cam -paign and an en tire wooden pol ished pot in side the house 4,in 1981.

The sam ple was taken from the en tire pot (Fig. 7) andwas dated, us ing AMS at Poznan lab o ra tory, at 36700±800BP (Poz-25226). The data is out of Starèevo-Criº range.The per cent age of old car bon in the sam ple is 90% whichex clude the pos si bil ity of ar ti fi cially in tro duc tion of suchquan tity of car bon.

We tried to col lect an other sam ple from the wooden ob -jects found in the Starèevo-Criº set tle ment from Mãgura-Buduiasa, kindly helped by ex ca va tor Pavel Mirea. Somewooden ob jects were pub lished re cently (Andreescu et al.2009). The fi nal data will be pub lish soon, but is con firm ing the data from Grãdinile. Be tween both set tle ments there is a79 km dis tance in straight line, but the re sults show the same pat tern. A pos si ble ex pla na tion could be that the Early Neo -lithic com mu ni ties used in ten tion ally fos sil wood as rawma te rial for dif fer ent ob jects. This means ad vanced knowl -edge about the prop er ties of fos sil wood. These dis cov er iesshow that we un der es ti mate the use of wood in pre his tory.

The data from Starèevo-Criº I are closed to the datafrom Anzabegovo, Gyálarét –Szilágyi, Donja Branjevina,Magareæi Mlin-Apatin and Blagotin-Poljna (Biagi et al.2005; Whit tle et al. 2002; Thissen 2009; IPCTE Ra dio car -bon Da ta base). For Bul garia the mo ment is al most the samedoc u mented at Early Neo lithic sites from Galabnik, Èavdar, Kovaèevo, Tell Azmak, Karanovo and Polyanitsa (Kohl,Quitta 1966; Reingruber et al. 2005; Hiller et al. 1997;Boyadzhiev 2009).

The first Early Neo lithic sites from Oltenia and West ern Muntenia are sit u ated on a par al lel line with the Dan ube, not so far from the wa ter course. An other clus ter is the olderone sit u ated close to the South-West of Transylvania, nearthe Mid dle Mureº Val ley and in the North-West part, onSomeº. This is the first mi gra tion from the South fol low ingthe Timoc Val ley to Oltenia and from there to Transylvania(Fig. 8) (Luca, Suciu 2007, 84).

A new mi gra tion seems to hap pen in Starèevo-Criº IC(Fig. 10), but it im poses with all el e ments in the Starèevo-


11

Fig. 7. Wooden pot from Grãdinile-Islaz, a. orig i nal draw ing (Nica 1983, fig. 4/1); b. photo Cosmin Suciu 2008.

Criº IIA phase (Lazarovici 1996, 28–29) (Fig. 11). The mo -ment is catch by some au thors un der the term Starèevo-CriºIC-IIA (Fig. 10).

Sub-phases from Starèevo-Criº I stage have al most allchar ac ter is tics com mon, the evo lu tion is de fined mostly in a sta tis ti cally way, and the lo cal evo lu tion is im por tant.

Starèevo-Criº IA Phase we un der stand the ho ri zon ofthe first mi gra tion which starts the neolithization pro cess.This phase is char ac ter ized by mono chro matic pot tery, wellpol ished and well burned, sim i lar shapes with the ones from Gura Baciului I. This ho ri zon is only hy po thet i cal, be causeat Gura Baciului were found ma te ri als, but not in ex plicitfea tures (Lazarovici 2005, 23–78; 1977, 34; 1984, 55).How ever, Gh. Lazarovici con sid ers this phase un ques tion -able, so that if there are dis cov ered ear lier ma te ri als than

Gura Baciului I level, the terms “Proto – Pre Starèevo”would not be used (Lazarovici 1979, 39–40). The char ac ter -is tics of this ho ri zon can not be spec i fied, be cause of thelack of cer tain data from the ear li est fea tures from GuraBaciului, Ocna Sibiului, Cârcea (Lazarovici 1984, 55).

Starèevo-Criº IB Phase – the char ac ter is tics of thisphase were de fined based on the ma te ri als dis cov ered inlevel I from Gura Baciului. The ce ramic type is Protosesklo, but with shapes sim i lar to Fruhkeramik, good qual ity andwell pol ished ce ramic, pol ished with a me tal lic gloss, withhusk and sand as grease re mover, red, black, yel lowcolours, not very high burn ing tem per a ture. The as pect ofthe un painted ce ramic is mono chrome. The shape of thepots is spher i cal. The main ce ramic types are the pot, bowl,spher i cal bowl. The paint ing is made with white col our,sim ple mo tifs, ob long bow lines, dots dis posed in line, ver ti -cal lines, tri an gles (Lazarovici 1977, 34; 1979, 40; 1984,55–56). To this phase be long the dis cov er ies from GuraBaciului: B2A, B1 (Lazarovici, Maxim 1995); Cârcea I (La- zarovici 1977, 34; 1979, 40; 2005, 23–78.); Ocna Sibiului I(Paul 1989), Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº Nivelul Ia, B10; B19;G26 (Luca et al. 2008, 9).

Starèevo-Criº IC Phase was de fined based on the ma te -ri als from Cârcea-Hanuri and Ocna Sibiului-Triguri. Dur -ing this phase the mix ture with husk and red engobe. Speak -ing of the shapes it can be no ticed a grow ing of the widepots and a re duc tion of spher i cal ves sel, the pots are ob latewith cy lin dri cal neck and the cups have bitronconical walls.Nail im pres sions are used more of ten, in the so called im -press style, the grease re mover for coarse ce ramic is huskand for the fine and semi fine one is re fined sand, the whitepaint ing is main tained, the bow lines are or ga nized in tri an -gles, rhomb, line com bi na tions and bow lines. Char ac ter is tic for this pe riod is the paint ing tech nique named solid style(points on the lines), wavy lines (Lazarovici 1979, 41; 1984, 58). For this phase we have the set tle ments from CârceaHanuri, Ocna Sibiului, Grãdinile I, Cuina Turcului, ValeaRãii, Verbiþa, Gura Baciului B8 (Lazarovici 1977, 35; 1979, 41–42; 1984, 58–60); Foeni-Sãlaº (Draºovean 2007, 71;2009, 272); Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº nivelul Ib, B17; B20;B1 (Luca et al. 2008, 11–12); Ceriºor-Peºtera Cauce (Lucaet al. 2004, 101).

Af ter map ping the Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA sites we canob serve that site num ber grows slightly in Transylvania,around older sites, which could sug gest a better ex ploi ta tion of the hab i tat. We also have a move ment to the west, fol -low ing the Mureº River. Around Gura Baciului the sit u a tion is al most the same. This sit u a tion be came more clearly seenon the phase Starèevo-Criº IIA for both cen tres.

Sec ond phase – Starèevo-Criº IIMap ping the sites as signed as Starèevo-Criº II phase

(Fig. 10), it is be com ing clearly the ten dency from Starèevo- Criº IC-IIA (Fig. 11), in in creas ing of the site num beraround the Mid dle Mureº Val ley to the West and to theNorth on Someº River. The Banat area is now fully set tled.The same sit u a tion could be ob served in the south ern part of Oltenia, where the Dan ube River plays an im por tant role.

From ra dio car bon point of view we have no data forStarèevo-Criº IIA (Fig. 7). In ter est ing is that we have two


12

Fig. 8. Dis tri bu tion map Star¹evo-Criº I (SC_A, SC_B andSC_IC sub-phases).

Fig. 9. Sites re ported of SC_IC-IIA.

data des ig nated as Starèevo-Criº IC-IIA at Miercurea Sibiu- lui-Petriº (Poz-25226 and GrN-28521). The data are start -ing from the end of Starèevo-Criº I. The data for Starèevo-Criº IIB phase are close to the end of Starèevo-Criº IC too.This means that Starèevo-Criº IIA is short in time and cor re -lated with ac cel er ate grow of the set tle ment num ber sup -ports the sec ond mi gra tion the ory (Lazarovici 1996, 29;Luca & Suciu 2007, 85) and is start ing around 7000 BP(5950/5850 BC) (Fig.7).

Cou ples of data for Starèevo-Criº phase IIB are mainlycom ing from Banat and Oltenia: Dudeºtii Vechi (GrN-28111, GrN-28113, GrA-26951), Foeni-Gaz (GrA-25621)and Mãgura (Wk-14435, Wk-14436, Wk-14437). The datafit be tween 7000–6750 BP (5950/5850–5800/5700BC). For Transylvania the ra dio car bon data are miss ing.

Starèevo-Criº IIA Phase – the char ac ter is tics of phaseII A were es tab lished based on the ma te ri als dis cov ered atCârcea, Grãdinile and Verbiþa (Nica 1983, 23–26). Gheor-ghe Lazarovici iden ti fied three main groups for this phase:the dis cov er ies from Oltenia area, where is main tained thecon nec tion with the South-Bal kan area; South of Banat,where the com mu ni ties are con nected to the ones in Ser bia,with the epipaleolithic com mu ni ties and with the South ofBal kan Pen in sula; the com mu ni ties from Someº, Mureº and Criº bas ins which are al most iso lated of the Bal kan world.The shapes of this phase are sim i larly to the pre vi ous ones,and as a char ac ter is tic for this phase is the cone plat ter withlow foot. This phase is char ac ter ized by the in crease ofimpresso dec o ra tion and the de crease of white painted or na -ments, the dis ap pear ance of the mo tifs with bow lines andpearls, the gen er al iza tion of red painted pots, the paint ingwith geo met ri cal mo tifs, the lack of barbotine and the ap pa -ri tion of pseudo-barbotine (Lazarovici 1984, 60–61). Forthis phase we have the ma te ri als from: Cârcea II, Beºenova,Cenad, Grãdinile I, Uioara de Sus (Lazarovici 1984, 49–104), Valea Rãii, Verbiþa (Lazarovici 1977, 36; 1979, 42.),Gura Baciului G29, G2a, G18, B20, B23 (Lazarovici,Maxim 1995, 79–89).

Starèevo-Criº IIB Phase. In this phase oc cur somechanges in the Starèevo-Criº com plex, in some ar eas con tin -u ing the paint ing with white and in other ar eas oc cur ring the paint ing with black, as well as el e ments like or ga nized orsplashed barbotine, in ci sions. The paint ing with black col -our is as so ci ated with al tars and seals which are stronglycon nected to the south-Danubian civ i li za tions, es pe ciallywith Sesklo. The char ac ter is tics of this phase were es tab -lished based on the ex ca va tions made at Cârcea and CuinaTurcului (Lazarovici 1984, 62–64). The qual ity of the ce -ramic is good, also the pol ish ing, it’s no ticed an in crease ofthe ce ramic with red slip, it ap pears and de vel ops the paint -ing with dark colours on red back ground, usual with lin earmo tifs. An other char ac ter is tic is the in crease of the ce ramicdec o rated with im pres sions with the nail or fin ger, ini tiallyap pears the splashed barbotine fol lowed by the or ga nizedone. The shapes of the pots re main the same with a smallevo lu tion, the rect an gu lar pot with per fo rated foot, thespherical pot, pot with pear-shape (Lazarovici 1984, 62–64). For this phase we have the sites from Gornea – Locurile Lungi, Gornea Cãuniþa de Sus, Dubova Cuina Turcului(Lazarovici 1977, 36; 1979, 43–46.), Cârcea, Grãdinile,

Verbiþa, Basarabi, Ocna Sibiului, Nandru – Peºtera Spur-catã, (Lazarovici 1984, 49–104; Draºovean 1981, 33–44.) ?IIA-IIB Iosaº-Anele (Luca & Barbu 1992–1994, 13–23.),Gura Baciului G19, G22 (Lazarovic &, Maxim 1995, 90–93.); Miercurea Sibiului-Pustia; Pojejena-Nucet (Luca1995, 9), Foeni-Gaz (Draºovean 2009, 276).

Third Phase – Starèevo-Criº IIIFor the third phase we can pres ent a gen eral over view

re lat ing all set tle ments (Fig. 11), but the phase dis tri bu tionis in ter est ing be cause some au thors in di cate to a third mi -gra tion pro cess (Lazarovici 1996, 31) at the end of the phase dur ing the tran si tional phase be tween IIIB and IVA and oc -cur at the im pulse of the Vinèa Cul ture and what is knownas Polychrome Com plex.


13

Fig. 10. Dis tri bu tion map of Star¹evo-Criº II phase.

Fig. 11. Dis tri bu tion map of Star¹evo-Criº III.

From ra dio car bon data point of view we have data forStarèevo-Criº IIIA (Fig.13) from: Dudeºtii Vechi (GrA-24115, GrN-28876), and Parþa (GrN-28460) which over lapon Starèevo-Criº IIB pe riod of time. Those data are sup -ported by the dis tri bu tion maps which have the same bound -ary as pect.

The phase known as Starèevo-Criº IIIB (Fig. 14) isstart ing around 6750 BP (5800/5700BC) and it is com ing tothe end around 6550 BP (5600/5500 BC). The area fromNorth-West Transylvania is set tled now, along the Someºand Barcãu rivers. Cou ple of data co mes from this mo ment:

Giulvãz (GrN-28456), La Hoþu Cave (Sac-2001), Parþa(GrN-28459), Limba (GrN-29052, GrN-28457). Once withStarèevo-Criº IIIB the East ern part of Transylvania is set -tled, show ing a move ment to Moldavia through South-Eastdi rec tion, con firmed by ra dio car bon data from Trestiana(GrN-17003, 6665±45, Mantu 2000, 98).

In the chro no log i cal sys tem of Lazarovici the Starèevo-Criº IIIB should be con tem po rary with Vinèa Cul ture, A1

phase. Un for tu nately we do not have ra dio car bon data forthe first wave of ad vance for Vinèa Cul ture at Gornea orLiubcova. On sta tis tic and rel a tive anal o gies it is pos si ble to have two mo ments IIIB phase (IIIB1 and IIIB2), and IIIB to be lon ger in time. At Liubcova-Orniþa site, we have a mo -ment (named IIIB1) when Vinèa Cul ture did not touchedDan ube Gorges area and a sec ond one (named IIIB2) whenVinèa A1 dis placed some Starèevo-Criº com mu ni ties (Luca1998, 99).

The new est ra dio car bon data (Biagi et al. 2007, Fig.3;Suciu 2009; IPCTE Ra dio car bon Da ta base) dated the Vinèa A2 mo ment (GrA-33127, 6475±40) just around 5450 BC,which goes well with Karanovo III data and Dudeºti data(IPCTE Ra dio car bon Da ta base). So it is pos si ble to have for Vinèa A1 mo ment data with 150 years older and the rel a tivechro nol ogy to be sus tained.

Starèevo-Criº IIIA Phase (Fig. 12) – it is char ac ter izedby a good qual ity ce ramic, con tin u ing the red pol ished slip,and a large va ri ety of colours for the mono chro matic pot -tery. As grease re mover for the coarse ce ramic it is still used husk, and for fine an semi fine ce ramic is used sand or sandwith husk, the pot tery is gen er ally well but not very strongburned, better pol ish ing es pe cially in side the pots. The potshapes are very var ied, the dishes are higher evolv ing to -wards bowls, the dec o ra tions are in creas ing, the barbotinevar ies, the im pres sion wit the nail are or ga nized, the in ci -sions can rarely be found. It ap pears the dec o ra tion withpinches, are used plas tic dec o ra tions, al ve o lar belts. Thepre dom i nant paint ing is the paint ing with black but some -times it oc curs the paint ing with white, the black dots are as -so ci ated with black curveiliniar dec o ra tions, gar lands un derthe rim (Lazarovici 1984, 64–66). For this phase we havethe set tle ments from Beºenova, Cenad, Dubova-Peºtera luiMaovãþ, (Lazarovici 1979, 47–48), Ostrovu Golu, Giulvãz,Cârcea, Jupa, Sebeº (Draºovean 1981, 33–44.) Gura Baciu-lui G8, Platforma PV (Lazarovici, Maxim 1995, 95–97),Miercurea Sibiului-Petriº Nivelul Ic (Luca et al. 2008, 14),Miercurea Sibiului-Pustia (Luca et al. 2004, 101), Arad-Grãdiºte 1, Cârcea-Hanuri, Grãdinile-Fântâna lui Duþu,Gornea-Locurile Lungi (Lazarovici 1984, 66).

Starèevo-Criº IIIB Phase. At this level can be no ticedthe first Vinèa in flu ences (Luca 1988–1991, 1–12), thisphase be ing char ac ter ised by two im por tant phe nom e non: adif fu sion phe nom e non which led to the neolithisation ofsome pe riph eral ar eas like the north of Criºana, Carei area,the in fe rior ba sin of Someº, Moldavia (Fig. 13), and a newphe nom e non de ter mined by a south ern in flu ence determi-ned by the Bal kan-Ana to lian chalcolithic (Lazarovici 1984,66). The Bal kan-Ana to lian chalcolithic has two main char -ac ter is tics, one be ing the ap pa ri tion of the black, pol ishedce ramic, the blacktoped type, char ac ter is tic to Vinèa A1

phase, and an other char ac ter is tic is rep re sented by the ce -


14

Fig. 12. Dis tri bu tion map of Starcevo-Criº III A.

Fig. 13. Dis tri bu tion map of Starcevo-Criº IIIB.

ramic wit polychrome paint ing, barbotine, bitronconicalshapes (Lazarovici 1984, 66; Luca 1998, 96). This is therea son why IIIB phase was frag mented in two sub phases –IIIB1 when Vinèa el e ments are still not pres ent and IIIB2

with the ear li est Vinèa A1 el e ments in Ro ma nia. Some set -tle ments con tinue their evo lu tion, like the one from Giul-vãz, but oth ers end their evo lu tion sud denly – Gornea-Locurile Lungi, Liubcova-Orniþa (here was no ticed themost ob vi ous suc ces sion be tween Starèevo-Criº andVinèa). The qual ity of the ce ramic is dif fer ent in the twocases, for the lo cal one is used as grease re mover more sand, the burn ing is strong, the coarse as pect mak ing nec es sary abetter pol ish ing on the in te rior of the ves sel, fact no ticed inthe set tle ments from Ostrovu Golu II, Gornea-Cãuniþa deSus, Cuina Turcului III, Arad-Grãdiºte 1, Fughiu, Suplacude Barcãu, Zãuan. In the set tle ments in flu enced by the Bal -kan-Ana to lian chalcolithic, like the sites from Leþ I, Tres-tiana I, Cârcea-Via duct, the ce ramic has a good qual ity, asgrease re mover is used the fine sand, some times in mix turewith husk, very good burn ing (Lazarovici 1984, 67). Thepre dom i nant shape of the ves sel is the bowl. Re mark ableare the cups, bitronconical cups, cups with in ci sions orpainted, there is a va ri ety of foot ves sel, the paint ing is rep -re sented by spi ral mo tifs, the paint ing with white dis ap -pears. Was no ticed an in crease of the in cised or na ments and of the al ve oli, we as sist at the ap pa ri tion of the cuts andprom i nent or na ments which are quan ti ta tive in creas ing. Inthe con tact ar eas with Vinèa A1 phase are de vel oped the in -ci sions, the short cut tings and the or gan ised barbotine, andin the pe riph eral ar eas are used barbotine and pinches(Lazarovici 1984, 66–68). Rep re sen ta tive for this pe riod are the sites from: Dubova-Cuina Turcului II, Gornea-LocurileLungi, Leþ (Lazarovici 1979, 49–50), Cârcea-Via duct,Hunedoara-Biserica Reformatã, Giulvãz, Sebeº-CasaJampa, Gura Baciului P 5a, G14, Platforma 21a (Lazarovici& Maxim 1995, 97–100; Lazarovici 1984, 66–68; Draºo-vean 1981, 33–44), Liubcoviþa-Orniþa (Luca 1998, 96–97),Orãºtie-Dealul Pemilor X8 (Luca 2005, 112).

Fourth phase – Starèevo-Criº IV (Fig. 14)Un der the pres sure from the South and the set tle down

of Vinèa com mu ni ties along the Dan ube and in the South -ern Transylvania we can ob serve a de crease of the site num -ber in the Mid dle Mureº Val ley, in Banat and Oltenia. Theset tle ments are in creas ing along Someº, Barcãu, Tisa, andin East ern Part of Transylvania con nected with Moldavia.The most im por tant Moldavian set tle ments start in Star-èevo-Criº IIIB and with a max i mum reached in Starèe-vo-Criº IV, with around 250 points re ported for Moldaviare gion (Lazarovici, Lazarovici 2006, 67; Vãleanu 2003),sup port ing Lazarovici s third mi gra tion model.

The ra dio car bon data sug gest a start ing point forStarèevo-Criº IV at around 6550 BP (5600/5500 BC) andthe end is not uni tary, de pend ing by re gion. It is very hard to date the ma te ri als be cause of the close con nec tion withStarèevo-Criº IIIB phase. On the pe riph ery of the com plexnew civ i li za tions are born with a strong Starèevo-Criº com -po nent. Other sites sur vive for a long time, in a re tar da tionpro cess, very hard to catch in time, with out more ra dio car -bon data. Many sites are des ig nated as Late Starèevo-Criº.

Starèevo-Criº IVA Phase. In most of the ar eas the evo -lu tion of Starèevo-Criº cul ture ends in this phase. In Banat,be cause of some Vinèa com mu ni ties, the de vo lu tion of Star- èevo-Criº com mu ni ties will end sooner, be ing also no tice aco hab i ta tion phe nom e non with the Vinèa com mu ni ties inthe Dan ube Gorge at Gornea-Cãuniþa de Sus, MoldovaVeche-Rît, Ostrovu Golu. In Criºana, Vinèa and late Star-èevo-Criº in flu ences, plus west ern el e ments will lead to theap pa ri tion of the lin ear cul tural groups, and in Moldavia this pe riod rep re sents the apo gee of this com plex. The char ac -ter is tics re main the same with the ones from IIIB phase, asgrease re mover is used the sand in stead of husk, in somecases be ing used ooze and crushed pot sherds, good burn ing, an in crease of the quan tity of black, the pol ish ing is not asgood as be fore, the fine ce ramic de creases at 40%. As or na -ments, at this ho ri zon, the in ci sions are very of ten used, be -ing fol lowed by barbotine and pinches. Char ac ter is tic forthis phase are the pol ished or na ments. In Oltenia the poly-chrome paint ing is pre pon der ant (Lazarovici 1984, 68–70).For this phase we have the set tle ments from Cipãu, Homo-rodul de Sus, Iernut-Bideºcutul Mare, Leþ II-III, Zãuan,Sfântu Gheorghe Bedehaza (Lazarovici 1979, 51–53), Câr-cea Via duct II, Dubova-Cuina Turcului III, Giulvãz, Glãvã- neºtii Vechi, Iacobeni, Perieni, Þaga, Valea Lupului (Laza-rovici 1984, 68–70).

Starèevo-Criº IVB Phase. In this phase most of the set -tle ments dis ap pear: some of them are as sim i lated by theVinèa com mu ni ties, and oth ers stop their evo lu tion. InTransylvania the evo lu tion is dif fer ent than in Banat, eachset tle ment hav ing dif fer ent char ac ter is tics. In the Dan ubeGorge area based on the syn the sis of Starèevo-Criº IIIBphase and Vinèa A phase ap pears the Starèevo IV phe nom e -non, in the set tle ments from Gornea, Moldova Veche, Parþa. In Oltenia was no ticed a re tar da tion pro cess of the com mu -ni ties with painted ce ramic, the lat est ma te ri als be ing dis -cov ered Cârcea-La Haltã. In North-West of Transylvania,based on Starèevo-Criº com mu ni ties de vel oped liniar ce -ramic com mu ni ties (Lazarovici & Németi 1983, 26). Alsoin Transylvania at Pãnade-Tãul Pãnãzii set tle ment wereiden ti fied ce ramic ma te ri als made with Starèevo-Criº tech -nique but the dec o ra tions be long to a cul tural ho ri zon which


15

Fig. 14. Dis tri bu tion map of Star¹evo-Criº IV.

syn the sizes late Starèevo-Criº, Vinèa and Lin ear ce ramic el -e ments (Luca et al. 2000, 51). The ce ramic paste of thisphase con tains sand and peb ble, a small amount of or ganicre mains, well burned, plissés and flut ings on the fine andsemi fine ce ramic. Be side the old shapes there also ap pearsome new ones: bitronconical dishes, with flared rim,bitronconical pots. There is an in crease of in cised and plas -tic dec o ra tions and of the or ga nized barbotine (Lazarovici1979, 54–55; 1984, 70–71).

CON CLU SIONThe be gin ning of the Early Neo lithic in Ro ma nia be -

longs to Starèevo-Criº Cul ture. The de vel op ment of new ra -dio car bon se ries is help ing to finely de fine the rel a tive chro -nol ogy, which is tempted to be come lon ger. Some times dif -fer ent phases from rel a tive chro nol ogy over lap, but we canob serve re gional dif fer ences.

The work done sup ports the three main mi gra tionswaves of Lazarovici s chro no log i cal sys tem, sup ported both by ab so lute chro nol ogy and the sites dis tri bu tion.

The late phases of Starèevo-Criº Cul ture should havemore ra dio car bon data and more stud ies re lat ing the evo lu -tion to the new cul tural as pects.

Some ar eas show lack of re search. The same prob lemseems to be for moun tain ar eas where caves dis cov ered inthe last year sug gest a higher ex ploi ta tion of moun tain hab i -tat.

Ac knowl edge mentThanks to Pro fes sor dr. Ja nus K. Kozlowski for op por tu nity

to work in FEPRE pro ject and for kindly advices. Also thanks toprof. dr Gh. Lazarovici, dr. Dragoº Diaconescu, Cristian Din,Pavel Mirea, dr. Paolo Biagi, dr. Ridiche Flo rin and AdrianBeniamin Pãrãu for their help.

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